WO2019184958A1 - 组合结构及其制作方法 - Google Patents

组合结构及其制作方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2019184958A1
WO2019184958A1 PCT/CN2019/079937 CN2019079937W WO2019184958A1 WO 2019184958 A1 WO2019184958 A1 WO 2019184958A1 CN 2019079937 W CN2019079937 W CN 2019079937W WO 2019184958 A1 WO2019184958 A1 WO 2019184958A1
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Prior art keywords
cavity
pressure
strength
region
piston
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PCT/CN2019/079937
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
王哲
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王哲
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Publication of WO2019184958A1 publication Critical patent/WO2019184958A1/zh

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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/84—Walls made by casting, pouring, or tamping in situ
    • E04B2/86—Walls made by casting, pouring, or tamping in situ made in permanent forms
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/30—Columns; Pillars; Struts
    • E04C3/34—Columns; Pillars; Struts of concrete other stone-like material, with or without permanent form elements, with or without internal or external reinforcement, e.g. metal coverings
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
    • E04G21/00—Preparing, conveying, or working-up building materials or building elements in situ; Other devices or measures for constructional work
    • E04G21/02—Conveying or working-up concrete or similar masses able to be heaped or cast

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of buildings and bridges, in particular to a combined structure and a manufacturing method thereof.
  • the concrete in the concrete-filled steel tube structure will shrink, which will cause separation between the concrete and the inner wall of the steel pipe, affecting the synergistic work between the two, and thus affecting the mechanical properties of the combined structure.
  • the first type is to change the shrinkage characteristics of concrete materials, to reduce the amount of shrinkage as much as possible, or to let the material expand. This type of method has nothing to do with the present invention and will not be described again.
  • the second type of method is to apply pressure to the concrete after it has been filled into the steel pipe. There are two methods for applying pressure.
  • the first method of pressurizing is to install a thin pipe near the end of the steel pipe of the combined structure, the pipe is connected with a pressurizing device other than the steel pipe, and the pressurizing device applies pressure to the concrete inside the thin pipe, when the concrete has sufficient After the strength, the thin tube containing the concrete is sawn off.
  • the pressing device will squeeze the concrete in the thin pipe into the inside of the steel pipe to fill the volume of the concrete contracted.
  • the concrete in the steel pipe will shrink.
  • the second method of pressurization is as follows: the steel pipe of the combined structure has two sections, one section is thick and thin, and the thick sleeve is on the outside. After the steel pipe is filled with concrete, the two steel pipes are put together, and pressure is applied along the axial direction by the press, and the two pipes are relatively slid along the axial direction, thereby exerting pressure on the concrete in the steel pipe. When the pressure is reached, the two steel tubes are joined together and they cannot move relative to each other. There are also deficiencies in this approach. The volume shrinkage occurs both before and after solidification of the concrete. When the two steel pipes are fixed together, the concrete is still shrinking. When the concrete shrinks, the tangential tensile strain of the steel pipe decreases, and the pressure applied by the steel pipe to the concrete side is also reduced. Even the concrete and the inner surface of the steel pipe are reduced. Separation.
  • the third method of pressurization is to provide a "piston" at both ends of the steel pipe, and the “piston” can be moved axially inside the steel pipe.
  • the concrete inside the steel pipe is pressed, two “pistons” are pressed by the loading device, and the “pistons” move toward the concrete in the extruded steel pipe. Maintain the pressure applied to the piston until the concrete reaches a certain strength.
  • the problem with this method is that if the aspect ratio (length to diameter ratio) of the steel pipe is long, the technical effect is not so good. For example, take an aspect ratio of 7 (in most cases, the actual value is larger than this value).
  • the axial compressive stress of the concrete in the middle of the longitudinal direction of the steel pipe is smaller than the axial compressive stress at both ends, and the larger the aspect ratio, the smaller the axial compressive stress of the concrete in the middle portion of the steel pipe.
  • the radial compressive stress of the concrete in the middle of the length direction also decreases with the shrinkage of the concrete. If the diameter of the steel pipe is large, there is even a detachment of the concrete from the steel pipe.
  • the strength of the cement stone is related to the voids in the cement stone, and the less the void, the higher the strength. In the cement hardening process, allowing the cement to shrink or compress sufficiently helps to reduce the voids in the cement stone and increase the strength of the cement stone.
  • the strength of cement mortar and concrete is related to the strength of cement stone. The higher the strength of cement stone, the higher the strength of the corresponding material.
  • the matrix material of reactive powder concrete is a mixture of cement, silica fume, quartz powder and the like, and the hydrated product is different from the traditional cement stone, but its strength is also related to the void content, and the lower the void. The higher the intensity.
  • the axial strength of cement stone, cement mortar, concrete and reactive powder concrete is related to its lateral compressive stress. The greater the lateral compressive stress, the higher the strength.
  • the problems to be solved by the present invention are: (1) improving the uniaxial compressive strength of the cement-based material in the combined structure; (2) increasing the triaxial strength of the cement-based material, including increasing the side pressure and the internal friction angle; (3) improving The shear resistance between the cement-based material and the inner wall of the steel pipe, so that the cement-based material and the steel pipe can fully cooperate.
  • the technical route is that for a composite structure similar to steel tube concrete, the water-based pressure is applied to the cement-based material after the cement-based material is completely filled into the cavity. In order to obtain good results, the process of applying hydrostatic pressure should start as early as possible, last as long as possible, and the applied pressure should be as large as possible.
  • the present invention proposes the following technical solutions.
  • a combined structure comprising an A portion and a B portion; wherein the A portion encloses a cavity, the B portion is filled in the cavity, and the B portion includes a B1 portion and a B2 portion.
  • the B2 portion is filled at least in a space between the B1 portion and the A portion, and/or filled in a surrounding or partially enclosed space of the B1 portion.
  • the combined structure satisfies at least one of the following:
  • At least a portion of the boundary of the portion B2 is in direct contact with the inner wall of the portion A;
  • At least a portion of the boundary of the portion B1 is in direct contact with the inner wall of the portion A;
  • At least a portion of a boundary of the portion B1 is in direct contact with at least a portion of a boundary of the portion B2;
  • At least a portion of the boundary of the portion B1 is separated from at least a portion of the boundary of the portion B2 by an isolating device.
  • the combined structure further includes a thin layer material for separating at least a portion of a boundary of the B2 portion from an inner wall of the A portion, and/or at least a portion of a boundary of the B1 portion with the A The inner wall of the portion is separated; the sheet material comprises an extension of the retarding friction reducing layer or the layered isolating device.
  • the B1 partial material and the B2 partial material are both settable materials; in the process of filling the B1 partial material and the B2 partial material into the cavity, the B1 and B2 partial materials are in a flowable state; At some point after the completion of the filling, the B1 and B2 portions of the material are in a solidified state, and the solidification process is completed inside the cavity.
  • the B1 part material and the B2 part material are solidified, they are also subjected to pre-compression stress or residual pre-compression stress;
  • the meaning of the residual pre-compression stress means that after some of the materials of B1 and B2 are solidified, some materials of B1 and/or B2 will shrink, and the original pre-stressing stress in the material will become smaller and become smaller.
  • the pre-compression stress is the residual pre-stress.
  • the materials of the B1 and/or B2 portions are in a flowable state stage, and in one of the time periods, or a plurality of time periods, or all of the stages, the B1 and B2 portions are subjected to pre-compression stress.
  • the B1 and B2 portions of the material are subjected to pre-stressing stress or residual pre-compressive stress during one of the time periods, or a plurality of time periods, or all of the stages. effect.
  • the combined structure further includes a built-in volume compensation device located inside the cavity for applying a pre-compression stress to the B1 and/or B2 material in the cavity; when the B1 portion and/or When the volume of the B2 portion changes, the built-in volume compensation device can also change its volume to compensate for the volume change of the B1 portion and/or the B2 portion.
  • a built-in volume compensation device located inside the cavity for applying a pre-compression stress to the B1 and/or B2 material in the cavity; when the B1 portion and/or When the volume of the B2 portion changes, the built-in volume compensation device can also change its volume to compensate for the volume change of the B1 portion and/or the B2 portion.
  • the built-in volume compensation device is
  • An air bag built into the cavity, surrounded by B2 and/or B1 material; and/or,
  • the balloon or sac is surrounded by B2 material.
  • the built-in volume compensating device is an air bag
  • the compressed gas is exhausted therein, and the air bag is filled with a solidizable material
  • the built-in volume compensating device is a liquid bladder, the liquid therein is drained and filled with a solidizable material.
  • the combined structure further includes a pressurizing piston; the pressurizing piston is used in combination with a piston hole, the piston hole is disposed on the A portion, a sealing ring is disposed in the hole, and the pressing piston is installed in the piston hole Wherein the piston is slidable therein; if the pressurized piston is inserted into the region of the B1 and/or B2 portion of the cavity, the piston squeezes the B1 and/or B2 material in the cavity to increase its pressure;
  • a compression piston is a device that applies a pre-stress to a B1 and/or B2 material in a cavity.
  • the pressurized piston is removed; preferably, the exposed portion of the piston rod is sawed directly from the root.
  • the upper limit of the pre-stress applied to the B2 and/or B1 portions of the cavity is: 0.1 to 7 MPa, or 7 to 15 MPa, or 15 to 30 MPa, or 30 to 60 MPa, or 60 to 90 MPa, Or 90 to 120 MPa, or greater than 120 MPa.
  • the A portion is a solid material; preferably, the solid material comprises a metal material, a polymer material, an inorganic non-metal material, a fiber composite material, and a laminate.
  • the part B1 is a cement-based material; preferably, the part B1 is cement stone, cement mortar, concrete containing coarse aggregate, reactive powder concrete, fiber cement mortar, fiber concrete, fiber reactive powder concrete.
  • the B2 part material includes one or a combination of the following:
  • a mixture of cement-based materials, polymer materials, polymer materials and cement-based materials preferably, retarding cement-based materials, retarding polymer materials, mixing of retarding polymer materials and cement-based materials, and polymer materials a mixture of a cement-based material, a mixture of a retarding polymer material and an inorganic non-metallic solidifying material, a retarding polymer material, and a solid particle mixture not participating in a chemical reaction;
  • the retarding cement-based material comprises one or a combination of the following, each of which is provided with a retarder: ordinary concrete, fine stone concrete, reactive powder concrete, mortar, cement net paddle, quartz powder, cement and water mixture , quartz powder, active admixture, a mixture of cement and water;
  • the active admixture comprises one or a combination of the following: silica fume, fly ash, granulated blast furnace slag.
  • the combined structure further includes an isolating device located in the cavity; the isolating device is between the B1 portion and the B2 portion; the B1 and B2 portions have a common boundary, and/or are isolated The devices are separated.
  • the isolating device is a tubular structure with one end open or both ends open.
  • the combined structure further includes a fixing device of the isolation device between the isolation device and the A portion.
  • the A portion includes a tube, and a lower sealing plate and an upper sealing plate connected to the tube.
  • the combined structure has an axis
  • the combined structure of the combined structure with the axis is one of the following four types, an I-shaped section, a II-shaped section, a III-shaped section, and an IV-shaped section.
  • the region of the B1 material is a single connected region, and all or most of the boundary line of the region is also the inner boundary line of the B2 material region, or is separated from the inner boundary of the B2 by only one layer. Isolation device; in cross section, the B2 material region is between the B1 portion and the A portion.
  • the portion B2 is a single connected region, and all or most of the boundary line of the B2 region is an inner boundary line of the B1 region, or is separated from the inner boundary of the B1 by a layer isolation device.
  • the B1 material area is between the B2 material area and the A area;
  • a retarding antifriction layer is disposed between the A portion and the B1 material.
  • the core region on the III-shaped cross section is a single-connected region filled with B21 material; all or most of the boundary of the B21 material region on the cross-section overlaps with some boundary of the B1 material region, or is separated from it a layer of isolation device; all or most of the outer boundary of the B1 material region is surrounded by the B22 material region, the B1 material region is in direct contact with the B22 material region, or there is an isolation device between the two; the B22 material region is at B1 Between the material area and the A part area;
  • the B21 material is the same material as the B22 material.
  • the area of the B1 portion and the area of the B22 portion are both annular regions.
  • the three-dimensional space region corresponding to the B21 portion and the three-dimensional space region corresponding to the B22 portion are connected or separated only by a thin layer material in some sections.
  • the entire area in the cavity on the IV section is divided into two areas B1 and B2, and the two areas are respectively in contact with or separated from the inner wall of the part A, between the B1 and B2 areas.
  • the B21 and B22 portions of the material have relatively high fluidity compared to the B1 portion of the material.
  • the combined structure further includes a retarding antifriction layer disposed between the portion B1 and the portion A for reducing or eliminating shear stress at the interface between the two; preferably, the retarding friction reducing layer The moment of loss of mobility, later than the moment when the contraction turning point of B1 material appears,
  • the combined structure is a compressive member, including a columnar structure having a straight line and a curved arch having an axis; preferably, the cross section of the columnar structure is a circle, an ellipse, and a polygon.
  • the combined structure is reworked to make another member.
  • the pressure member is fabricated, one or both of the end plates are removed, or a portion of the tube is removed and processed into another member.
  • the shape of the combined structure is a hexahedron or a cube; the hexahedron or cube is used to assemble into a pillar or a wall.
  • a method for fabricating a combined structure comprising:
  • Filling the portion B into the cavity and applying pressure includes filling the B1 portion and the B2 portion into the cavity, applying pressure to the B1 and/or B2 portions.
  • the B2 portion is filled in a space between the B1 portion and the A portion; and/or the B2 portion is filled in a space surrounded or partially surrounded by the B1 portion.
  • At least a portion of the boundary of the portion B1 is in direct contact with the inner wall of the portion A,
  • At least a portion of a boundary of the portion B1 is in direct contact with at least a portion of a boundary of the portion B2,
  • At least a portion of the boundary of the portion B1 is separated from at least a portion of the boundary of the portion B2 by an isolating device.
  • the boundary of the portion B2 is separated from the inner wall of the portion A by a thin layer of material, and/or at least a portion of the boundary of the portion B1 is separated from the inner wall of the portion A;
  • the layer material comprises an extension of the retarding friction reducing layer or the layered isolating device.
  • the B2 portion transfers pressure to the B1 portion; and/or, when the B1 material has fluidity, if When the pressure is applied to the portion B1, the portion B1 transmits pressure to the portion B2.
  • the A portion is a solid material
  • the B portion is a solidizable material
  • the B1 portion is an inorganic non-metal curable material.
  • the B1 portion is a cement-based material;
  • the cement-based material refers to a material containing cement and accompanied by cement hydration during solidification.
  • the material of the portion B2 includes at least one of the following materials:
  • a mixture of cement-based materials, polymer materials, polymer materials and cement-based materials preferably, retarding cement-based materials, retarding polymer materials, mixing of retarding polymer materials and cement-based materials, and polymer materials a mixture of a cement-based material, a mixture of a retarding polymer material and an inorganic non-metallic solidifying material, a retarding polymer material, and a solid particle mixture not participating in a chemical reaction;
  • the B1 and B2 portions of the material are in a flowing state; at some point after the completion of the filling, they begin to solidify in the cavity.
  • the A portion of the combined structure is a cylindrical structure, and the length in the axial direction is greater than the distance between any two points on the cross section of the cylindrical structure; preferably, the cylindrical structure having the axis is one of the following : cylinder, prism cylinder, round cylinder, prism cylinder, and combinations thereof.
  • the combined structure is a compression member, including a columnar structure having a straight line and a curved arch having an axis.
  • the combined structure is a polyhedron for assembling structures of complicated shapes.
  • the A portion surrounding the cavity is made, including:
  • the tube is a steel tube.
  • the method further comprises: installing the isolation device into the tube .
  • isolation device is one of the following:
  • the tubular structure is closed at one end, and the other end is partially blocked, but an opening is left.
  • isolation device is one of the following:
  • a mesh material having a certain rigidity and a water-impermeable flexible film or a water-permeable flexible woven fabric; the mesh material is used as a skeleton, and the film or the woven fabric is fixed on the mesh material.
  • the cross section of the isolating device is corrugated.
  • the B2 portion material has a relatively high fluidity compared to the B1 portion material.
  • the B2 portion material starts from a static shear strength of the B1 portion material until the static shear strength reaches an intermediate strength.
  • the intermediate strength is 10% or 20% or 30% or 40% or 50% or 60% or 70% or 80% or 90% or 95% of the final static strength Or 98%.
  • the B1 part material has a static shear strength and the volume shrinkage turning point appears, at least in the process, the B2 part material ratio B1 part
  • the material has a relatively high fluidity
  • the B2 portion material is more than the B1 portion.
  • the material has a relatively high fluidity; the moment after the occurrence of the shrinkage turning point is determined by a time ratio, which is the age of the B1 portion of the material at the moment of arrival and the B1 material when the volume shrinking turning point is reached. Ratio of age; the ratio is equal to 1.25 or 1.5 or 1.75 or 2.0 or 2.5 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 10 or 15 or 20 or 30 or 40 or 50 or 75 or 100.
  • the method further includes:
  • the B1 portion and the B2 portion material are provided, and the time at which the B2 portion of the material in the cavity begins to lose fluidity is later than when the B1 portion of the material in the cavity begins to lose fluidity.
  • the method further includes:
  • the B2 portion material having a flowable time length greater than a length of time during which the B1 portion material appears from the completion of the mixing to the shrinking turning point; the completion of the mixing means that all components of the B1 material are mixed together And has been stirred evenly.
  • the method further includes:
  • the B1 portion and the B2 portion material are provided, and the time at which the B2 portion of the material in the cavity begins to lose fluidity is later than the moment when the shrinking turning point of the B1 portion of the material in the cavity occurs.
  • the method further includes:
  • the time at which the B2 portion material begins to lose fluidity is later than the time after the contraction turning point of the B1 portion material appears
  • the moment after the occurrence of the contraction turning point is determined by a time ratio which is the ratio of the age of the material arriving at the moment B1 to the age of the B1 material at the point of reaching the contraction turning point; the ratio is equal to 1.25 or 1.5 or 1.75 or 2.0 or 2.5 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 8 or 10 or 15 or 20 or 30 or 60 or 100.
  • the method further includes:
  • the B2 portion material begins to lose fluidity at a later time than the B1 portion of the material's static strength reaches an intermediate strength corresponding At the moment, the intermediate strength is 10% or 20% or 30% or 40% or 50% or 60% or 70% or 80% or 90% or 95% or 98% of the final static strength.
  • fluidity is one of the following characteristics:
  • the material does not have static shear strength or hardly has static shear strength regardless of whether it is subjected to hydrostatic pressure; the almost no static shear strength refers to the final static shear strength with the settable material. In contrast, the static shear strength at the moment is very small, only tens of thousands to tenth of the final strength;
  • the material does not have static uniaxial compressive strength, or hardly has static uniaxial compressive strength; the almost no static compressive strength means that compared with the final static compressive strength of the settable material, The static compressive strength at the moment is very small, only tens of thousands to tenth of the final strength;
  • the method further includes:
  • the time range in which the pressure is applied is determined, which means increasing the pressure and/or maintaining a constant pressure.
  • the upper limit of the pressure applied to the B1 and/or B2 partial materials is: 0.1-7 MPa, or 7-15 MPa, or 15-30 MPa, or 30-60 MPa, or 60-90 MPa, or 90-120 MPa, Or greater than 120MPa.
  • the B2 part of the material in the cavity is directly squeezed, so that the pressure of the part of the B2 material is reached.
  • the scope of the design requirements, the B2 part of the material is then transferred to the B1 part.
  • the pressure of the material of the portion B2 in the cavity is maintained within a preset pressure range for a continuous period of time;
  • the starting time of the continuous time period is in a time range of one of the following:
  • Both the B1 and B2 materials in the cavity have a time range of fluidity
  • the end time of the continuous time period is in a time range of one of the following:
  • the method of applying pressure to the B1 and/or B2 portion of the material includes at least one of the following:
  • a built-in volume compensating device is installed in the cavity, and the B1 and/or B2 portions are applied with pressure by the volume compensating device.
  • the built-in volume compensating device is placed in a portion B2 of the cavity, when the material of the B1 portion inside the cavity shrinks, and the material of the B2 portion has fluidity or can undergo rheology,
  • the volume compensating device expands, applying pressure to the portion B2, pushing the material of the portion B2 to fill the volume of the B1 portion that is shrunk.
  • the built-in volume compensation device is a balloon or a sac
  • the air bag is connected to the air pump outside the combined structure through a pipeline, and the air pressure in the airbag is gradually increased when the air pump is working, and the air pressure in the airbag is almost equal to the pressure applied by the airbag to the surrounding medium, and the air pressure in the airbag enters the design. After the range, the maintaining air pressure changes within the range;
  • the sac is connected to a hydraulic source outside the combined structure through a pipeline, and the hydraulic source pushes the pressure of the liquid to increase, and the hydraulic pressure in the sac is almost equal to the pressure applied by the sac to the surrounding medium, when the pressure enters the range required by the design.
  • the hydraulic pressure is maintained within this range.
  • the method of applying pressure to the B1 and/or B2 portions is:
  • An external volume compensation device is disposed outside the combined structure, and the external volume compensation device is used to help maintain the pressure of the portion B2 in the cavity within the design requirements;
  • the external volume compensating device is a device having a function of a hydraulic accumulator, and when the volume of the flowable medium therein changes, the pressure is almost constant or the change is small.
  • the sac is connected to the accumulator through a pipeline in addition to a hydraulic source other than the combined structure, and the accumulator is used to help maintain the pressure within the range required by the design.
  • the B2 material region in the cavity is also used with one or more tubes filled with a flowable B2 material. Connecting the volume compensation device;
  • a valve is disposed on the pipeline connecting the A portion cavity and the external volume compensating device; the valve is turned on during the process of maintaining the pressure of the B2 material in the cavity within the design range.
  • the medium in the pipeline can flow in and out; at some point before the B2 material loses fluidity, the valve is closed, and the medium in the pipeline cannot flow; the external volume compensation device is removed, and the solidified material therein is cleaned so that Allow the external volume compensation device to be reused.
  • the other end of the conduit is connected to the pressurizing device.
  • the loading device maintains the pressure in the pipeline within the design requirements; a valve is disposed on the pipeline, and at some point before the fluidity of the B2 material is lost, the valve is closed, the pressurizing device is removed, and the pressurizing device is cleaned. For reuse.
  • the pressure applied to the outer end of the piston rod is maintained until the B2 material has a predetermined strength; the predetermined strength can resist the removal a change in stress caused by the pressure at the outer end of the piston rod;
  • the medium pressure in the built-in volume compensation device is maintained until both the B2 and B1 materials have a predetermined strength, which is resistant to the built-in volume.
  • the compensating device generates a stress change without providing pressure.
  • the B2 portion of the material in the cavity has a relatively high fluidity compared to the B1 material, in a certain period of time, or a certain period of time, or the entire process, for the B2 material in the cavity Squeeze to allow the squeezing device to increase the squeezing force or maintain a constant squeezing force.
  • the B2 portion of the material in the cavity has a relatively high fluidity compared to the B1 portion of the material, and the B1 material has a shear strength; in the time range under which the condition is satisfied, the B2 material in the cavity is extruded, so that The squeezing device increases the pressing force or maintains a constant squeezing force.
  • the pressing of the B2 material uses a pressurized piston and/or a built-in volume compensating device; when the pressing device is a piston, the application of a constant pressing force means that the load applied to the outer end of the piston is maintained constant; When the squeezing device is a built-in volume compensating device, the application of a constant squeezing force means that the fluid pressure in the air bag or the oil sac is kept constant.
  • the post-processing of the pressurizing device is also performed by one of the following methods:
  • pressurizing device is a pipe communicating with the cavity and an external pressurizing device, the pressurizing device is removed, and the B2 material pipe is cut off;
  • the pressurizing device is a built-in volume compensating device, the gas or liquid therein is discharged, and the settable material is injected therein.
  • the method further comprises: charging the cavity with carbon dioxide gas.
  • the blocking plate at one end or both ends is removed and continues to be used as a column.
  • the thin-walled section of the isolating device in the II-shaped cross section includes a curve or a fold line protruding toward the B2 material region enclosed by the B2 material, and the tangent method of the isolating device when the B2 material pressing the isolation device near the position moves outward There is almost no tensile stress or only a small tensile stress.
  • a combined structure is produced by the method described.
  • the invention adopts the above technical solutions and has remarkable technical effects, and the concrete-filled steel tubular column is taken as an example for illustration.
  • the cement-based material creates voids due to chemical shrinkage. Since the material is subjected to compressive stress, the apparent volume of the material shrinks much more than the contraction without pressure, and accordingly the void inside the material is greatly reduced. This aspect can increase the strength of the cement-based material; on the other hand, the amount of shrinkage afterwards can be greatly reduced.
  • the cement-based material B1 inside the steel pipe can avoid excessive reduction of the lateral pressure of the steel pipe to the cement-based material due to self-shrinkage, and can avoid the separation of the two.
  • This technical solution makes the uniaxial strength of the cement-based material itself increase, and even the internal friction angle is improved; the side pressure provided by the steel-based material by the steel pipe is not lowered by the shrinkage of the cement-based material B1 itself, or is not greatly increased.
  • the ground reduction which makes the triaxial compressive strength of the cement-based material is improved; the shear resistance between the cement-based material and the inner surface of the steel pipe is improved, thereby improving the synergistic effect between the cement-based material and the steel pipe.
  • the combined effect of this solution is to greatly increase the carrying capacity of the combined structure.
  • Figure 1 has a combined structure of I-sections with isolation devices.
  • Figure 2 has a combined structure of I-sections without isolation.
  • Figure 3 B2 area is a shape of the II section
  • Figure 4 B2 area is a cross-shaped II section
  • Figure 5 is a cross-sectional view of the over-axis of the combined structure in the first embodiment, corresponding to Figure 6.
  • Fig. 6 is a cross-sectional view showing the combined structure of the embodiment 1, and the A-A section in Fig. 5, which is an I-shaped cross section.
  • Figure 7 is a cross-sectional view of the over-axis of the combined structure of Embodiment 2, corresponding to Figure 8.
  • Fig. 8 is a cross-sectional view showing the combined structure of the embodiment 2, and the section A-A in Fig. 7, which is a section II.
  • Figure 9 is a cross-sectional view of the over-axis of the combined structure of the embodiment 3, corresponding to Figure 10.
  • Fig. 10 is a cross-sectional view showing the combined structure of the embodiment 3, and the cross section taken along the line A-A in Fig. 9, which is a section II.
  • Figure 11 is a cross-sectional view of the over-axis of the combined structure in the embodiment 4, and a cross-sectional view taken along line B-B in Figure 12 .
  • Fig. 12 is a cross-sectional view showing the combined structure of the embodiment 4, and the cross section taken along the line A-A in Fig. 11, which is a section II.
  • Fig. 13 is a cross-sectional view showing the over-axis of the combined structure in the fifth embodiment, corresponding to Figs. 14 and 15.
  • Fig. 14 is a cross-sectional view showing the combined structure of the embodiment 5, and the cross section taken along the line A-A in Fig. 13, which is a section III.
  • Fig. 15 is a cross-sectional view showing the combined structure of the embodiment 5, and the cross section taken along the line B-B in Fig. 13, which is a section II.
  • Fig. 16 is a cross-sectional view showing the over-axis of the combined structure in the sixth embodiment, corresponding to Figs. 17 and 18.
  • Figure 17 is a cross-sectional view of the upper plugging plate of the combined structure of Embodiment 6, and the A-A cross section of Figure 16.
  • Fig. 18 is a cross-sectional view showing the combined structure of the embodiment 6, and the section B-B in Fig. 16, which is a section III.
  • Fig. 19 is a cross-sectional view showing the over-axis of the combined structure in the seventh embodiment, corresponding to Fig. 20.
  • Figure 20 is a cross-sectional view of the combined structure in Embodiment 7, and a cross section taken along line B-B in Figure 19.
  • Figure 21 is a cross-sectional view of the over-axis of the combined structure of the eighth embodiment, corresponding to Figure 22.
  • Fig. 22 is a cross-sectional view showing the combined structure of the embodiment 8 corresponding to the A-A section in Fig. 21.
  • Figure 23 is a cross-sectional view showing the combined structure of the embodiment 9, which is an IV-shaped cross section.
  • the pre-compression stress is the stress applied to the B1 and B2 portions of the material in the cavity of the composite structure by artificially pressing the B2 and/or B1 portion of the material before a certain moment.
  • a thin tube is used to connect the material of the B2 portion of the cavity to the pressurizing device outside the cavity, and the tube is also filled with the B2 portion.
  • the pressurizing device applies a constant pressure to the material in the tube until the material in the tube solidifies and reaches sufficient strength.
  • the B1 and B2 materials in the cavity of Part A are still subjected to the previously applied pressure, which is the pre-compression stress. Since the B1 and/or B2 material may undergo volumetric contraction under pressure, the pre-compressive stress may decrease with time at a certain spatial point of the B portion inside the cavity; In this part B, the distribution of the pre-stressing stress may also change over time.
  • the thin layer material is a thinner material characterized by a small bending stiffness.
  • the thin layer material includes an extension of the thin layered isolation device and a retarding antifriction layer.
  • the portion of the C-shaped isolating device 31 of Fig. 12 that is in contact with the inner wall of the portion A is a thin layer of material which is an extension of the isolating device.
  • piston Pressurized piston
  • the meaning of the cavity surrounded by the A portion of the combined structure includes but is not limited to the following:
  • the characteristic is: the shape is a round table, and the cross section is a ring.
  • the shape is a prism and the cross section is the enclosed area between two concentric polygons.
  • the shape is a prism, and the cross section is a closed area between two concentric polygons.
  • the I-shaped cross-section is characterized in that, in the cross-section, the region of the B1 material is a single connected region, and all or most of the boundary line of the region is also the inner boundary line of the B2 material region, or is separated from the inner boundary line of B2.
  • a layer of isolation means is provided; in cross section, all or most of the outer boundary line of the B2 material region is the inner boundary line of the A portion.
  • the cross-section of the combined structure shown in Figures 1 and 2 is an I-shaped cross section.
  • the single-connected region 21 in Figure 1 is filled with B1 material
  • the annular region 22 is filled with B2 material
  • the B1 and B2 materials are separated.
  • the device 3, B2 material is in direct contact with the entire inner surface of the side wall 1 of the A portion.
  • the cross section shown in Figure 6 is also an I-shaped cross section.
  • the advantage of the I-section is that after the B1 material solidifies, the B2 material is in a flowable state. If hydrostatic pressure is applied to the B2 material, the B1 material on the cross-section is subjected to hydrostatic pressure everywhere, regardless of the time and before B1. Whether the material shrinks. Also, even if the B1 material shrinks at this stage, if the pre-compression stress of the B2 material is kept constant, the contraction of the B1 portion does not reduce the pre-compression stress.
  • the type II section is characterized in that, in the section, the B2 portion is a single connected region, and all or most of the boundary line of the B2 region is the inner boundary line of the B1 region, or is separated from the boundary line of B1 by only one layer.
  • Isolation device the length of the overlap between the outer boundary line of the B1 region and the inner boundary line of the A portion, or the length of the portion of the retarded friction reducing material or the retarding wear-reducing layer, which is the outer boundary line of the B1 region All or most of them, and corresponds to all or most of the inner boundary of Part A.
  • the cross-section of the combined structure shown in Figures 3 and 4 is a section II, in which the region 21 is filled with B1 material, the region 22 is filled with B2 material, and the B2 material region 22 is surrounded by the isolating device 3, the isolating device The majority of the outer boundary of 3 is surrounded by the B1 material region 21, the outer end of the spacer is in contact with the inner surface of the A portion 1, and the outer surface of the B1 material is in contact with the inner surface of the A portion 1.
  • the advantage of the Type II section is that the isolation device is small in size and easy to manufacture; the B2 area can be adjusted in width and can be applied to B2 material with a slightly larger viscosity; it is convenient to apply a pre-compression stress with a pressurized piston.
  • the B2 material is in a flowable state. If hydrostatic pressure is applied to the B2 material, the pressure experienced in the B1 region of the cross section is not ideal for hydrostatic pressure but close to hydrostatic pressure.
  • the B2 material after the B1 material has solidified, the B2 material is in a flowable state. If hydrostatic pressure is applied to the B2 material, the B1 material may be subjected to tensile force in the tangential direction, especially when the cavity diameter is large. Larger. If the cavity diameter is small, and/or the amount of shrinkage after solidification of the B1 material is small, the cross section shown in Figure 8 can be used.
  • the core region on the cross section is a single connected region filled with B21 material; all or most of the boundary of the B21 material region on the cross section overlaps with some boundaries of the B1 material region, or is separated by a layer of isolation device; B1 material All or most of the outer boundary of the area is surrounded by the B22 material area, the B1 material area is in direct contact with the B22 material area, or there is an isolation device between the two; the B22 material area is in the B1 material area and the A part area between.
  • the B21 material is the same material as the B22 material;
  • the area of the B1 portion and the area of the B22 portion are both annular regions.
  • the B21 and B22 materials have relatively high fluidity compared to the B1 material.
  • the three-dimensional space region corresponding to the B21 portion, and the three-dimensional space region corresponding to the portion B22 are connected or separated only by a thin layer material in some sections.
  • both region 221 and region 22 are filled with B2 material, and region 21 is filled with B1 material.
  • the B1 material region 21 is between the B2 material regions 221 and 22, there is an isolation device between the region 221 and the region 21, and there is also an isolation device between the regions 22 and 21.
  • the region 224 and the region 221 are filled with the B2 material, and the region 21 is filled with the B1 material.
  • the advantage of the III section is that it can be used in conjunction with the I-section, leaving more possibilities for designing the shape of the three-dimensional area of B1 and B2.
  • the three-dimensional regions of the B1 and B2 portions in the cavity are as shown in Figs. 13 to 18, the three-dimensional regions B1 and B2 containing the III-shaped cross-section have the advantages of both the I-type and the II-shaped cross-section. It is convenient to load with the squeeze piston, and the parts of B1 are only affected by hydrostatic pressure. Even after the B1 material has solidified, the B2 material is in a flowable state, and hydrostatic pressure is applied to the B2 material, and shear stress is not generated everywhere in the B1 portion.
  • the IV section is characterized in that the entire area in the cavity on the section is divided into two regions B1 and B2, each of which is in contact with or adjacent to the inner wall of the portion A, between the B1 and B2 regions. Have a common boundary or be separated by an isolation device.
  • the advantage of the IV section is that the isolation device is easy to manufacture, and the disadvantage is that the section is asymmetrical, and is not used for making a linear axis column with a large aspect ratio, but is suitable for making an arched compression member. It is necessary to ensure that the B1 and B2 regions on the section are symmetrical about the plane in which the arch axis lies.
  • Solidification in the present invention means a process in which a material is converted from a shear strength of zero or almost zero to a shear strength.
  • Solidification includes but is not limited to:
  • the inorganic non-metallic settable material in the present invention means an inorganic non-metallic material which can be solidified without being reacted with components in the air.
  • This material includes, but is not limited to, lime, gypsum, cement, and the like.
  • the cement-based material in the present invention means a material containing cement and accompanied by hydration of cement during solidification.
  • Cement based materials include but are not limited to:
  • cement active admixture and/or inactive admixture, a mixture of solid particles and water.
  • the active admixture refers to a material capable of chemically reacting or physicochemically reacting with a product of cement or cement, including but not limited to: fly ash, slag, silica fume, calcium hydroxide powder, and the like.
  • inactive admixtures include, but are not limited to, limestone, quartz sand, and slow cold slag.
  • the admixture is characterized by the fact that there is no static shear strength until the static shear strength reaches a certain lower value, and the process takes longer than the ordinary polymer material, for example, the process is in all time. Ten hours to several months, or longer.
  • the lower value of the static shear strength is set according to requirements, such as 0.1MPa, 0.5MPa, 1MPa, etc.; when the static shear strength value is reached, the solidification process of the material is not completed, and the static shear strength afterwards It will also rise over time.
  • the static shear strength is zero or almost zero within the time range required by the design, only tens of thousands to ten minutes of the final static shear strength of the retarding antifriction material.
  • the retarding friction reducing layer is a layered material made of a retarding friction reducing material, which is used between the B1 and/or B2 material in the cavity and the inner surface of the A portion.
  • the production methods include the following:
  • the moment when the retarding antifriction layer loses fluidity must be later than the moment when the B1 material in the cavity begins to solidify, preferably later than the moment when the shrinking turning point of the B1 material appears, so as to weaken or eliminate the B1 material facing the A part. Shear stress on the surface of the inner wall. If there is no retarding friction reducing layer, due to the volume shrinkage of the B1 part of the material, there will be shear stress at the interface between the B1 material and the A part inner wall.
  • the fluidity of the material means that the material has at least one of the following characteristics.
  • the material does not have static shear strength or hardly has static shear strength regardless of whether it is subjected to hydrostatic pressure; the almost no static shear strength refers to the final static shear strength with the settable material. In contrast, the static shear strength at the moment is very small, only tens of thousands to tenth of the final strength;
  • the material does not have static uniaxial compressive strength, or hardly has static uniaxial compressive strength; the almost no static compressive strength means that compared with the final static compressive strength of the settable material, The static compressive strength at the moment is very small, only tens of thousands to tenth of the final strength;
  • Static strength refers to the strength measured by the static strength measurement method specified in the specification.
  • the strength measured by the static strength measurement method is the final static strength of the material when the static strength of the material does not change or hardly changes over time.
  • the final static strength corresponding to the static tensile, compressive and shear strength of the material is called the final static tensile strength, the final static compressive strength, and the final static shear strength.
  • the material After all the ingredients of the material have been mixed, the material has a duration of fluidity.
  • both material A and material B are subjected to the same stress.
  • the stress does not change with time and its offset is not zero. If the strain rate of material A is higher than the strain rate of material B, then the material is called Relatively high fluidity than material B.
  • the material When the material is fluid, the material is in a flowable state.
  • the absolute volume after hydration is less than the sum of the volume of water before hydration and the other components involved in hydration.
  • the pressure on the material is changed at least at the beginning, and the temperature experienced can be varied;
  • the point is the contraction turning point.
  • the characteristic of this point is that the curvature of the curve is the largest at this point, and the volumetric strain rate after this point is much lower than the average rate of the previous stage, which is only a few tenths of a fraction of the previous rate. One, even lower.
  • the material already has a certain static shear strength.
  • the curve in the second stage can be turned into a turning point. If the material is still in a flowable state at the beginning of the second phase, then the turning point will be found. Even at the beginning of the second phase, the material has a certain static shear strength, and if the strength is not high enough, a turning point can occur.
  • the starting time is the time when the pressure of the fresh cement-based material is put into the closed environment and the pressure is just beginning to rise;
  • the end time is the time corresponding to the turning point in the curve; the length of the time from the starting point to the end point is called arrival.
  • a device that can provide pressure to a fluid such as a pump, an accumulator, and the like.
  • the range of pressure sources that directly drive the volume compensation device in the flowable B2 material flow is: a grout pump, an accumulator, and a piston pressurizing device.
  • the piston pressurizing device is similar to the hydraulic jack.
  • the B2 material is used instead of the hydraulic oil. When a load is applied to the piston, the pressure of the B2 material in the "cylinder" will increase, and the material will be injected into the combination along the pipe connected thereto. The B2 region in the structural cavity.
  • the post-treatment method is to saw off the exposed portion of the piston.
  • the material in contact with the piston in the cavity is to be of sufficient strength to withstand the stress changes imparted to the B1 and B2 materials after the piston rod loses its external force.
  • the post-treatment method is to remove the pressurizing device and saw the tube filled with the B2 material.
  • the B1 or B2 material near the nozzle of Part A in the cavity should be of sufficient strength to prevent it from being crushed due to stress redistribution.
  • the post-processing method is to discharge the gas or liquid therein, and inject the curable material therein.
  • the strength of the B1 and B2 materials meets the following requirements.
  • the material has sufficient strength to resist the pressure imbalance caused by the volume compensation device; the change of the stress state of the material in the cavity is not reduced or decreased. Reduce the long-term strength of the corresponding material.
  • Example 1 Section I section ( Figures 5 and 6)
  • Part A consists of a steel pipe 11, a lower sealing plate 12 and an upper sealing plate 13.
  • a threaded circular hole 121 is provided at the center of the lower sealing plate 12, and a threaded circular hole is also provided at the center of the upper sealing plate 13, which is connected to a construction pipe 51.
  • the construction pipe 51 will be removed or sawn off.
  • the steel pipe 11 of Part A is made of Q345 steel and has a yield strength of 345 MPa.
  • the steel pipe 11 is a seamless steel pipe having an outer diameter of 245 mm and a wall thickness of 12 mm.
  • the fluid pressure in the cavity that can be tolerated at both ends of section A is greater than that of the side wall.
  • An isolating device 3 is mounted in the cavity of the portion A.
  • the isolating device includes a side wall and upper and lower end plates, the lower end plate seals the lower end, and a central portion of the upper end plate leaves a circular hole 331.
  • the thickness of the side wall of the isolator is 1mm
  • the thickness of the upper and lower end plates is 2mm
  • the material is A3 steel.
  • a fixing device 41 is disposed between the isolating device and the side wall 11 of the A portion, and is coupled to the lower blocking plate 12 of A by a fixing device 42.
  • the material of part B1 of Part B1 is cement mortar, the cement is PI type Portland cement, and the final setting time is less than 6 hours.
  • the material of part B2 of the B2 is a slow-setting active powder concrete which has fluidity at the age of 10 hours.
  • the B1 material is in the cavity inside the isolating device 3; the B2 material is in the gap between the isolating device 3 and the A portion; the inner wall of the A portion is only in contact with B2 and is not in contact with the B1 material.
  • the construction pipe 51 is first connected to the circular hole in the upper end portion 13 of A, and then the work of injecting the material is performed. During the injection process or after the injection is completed, the exciter can be fixed on the side wall of A, and vibration is applied to the entire steel pipe to make the B1 and B2 materials dense and discharge the air mixed therein.
  • Cement mortar (B1 material) is injected into the internal cavity 21 of the isolator device 3 through the construction pipe 51, and the perfusion hole 121 is kept unblocked during the injection to remove air.
  • B1 material is injected, the construction pipe 51 can be inserted into the opening 311 of the isolation device; after the injection of B1 is completed, the construction pipe is lifted so that the lower end enters the gap between the isolation device and the inner wall of the A. After the B1 injection is completed, the B1 material attached to the inner wall of the construction pipe 51 is removed.
  • B1 is filled or nearly filled with the internal cavity of the isolating device 3, (cannot be higher than the isolating device 3)
  • the gap between the isolating device 3 and the A portion is filled with retarding RPC (B2) until Material B2 is near the position of the cavity filling the construction tube 51. If the previously filled B1 material is not filled with the isolation device, B2 will fill the rest.
  • the method of injecting B2 is to connect a pipe to the pouring hole 121, and the retarding RPC (B2) is pushed through the pipe into the gap between the isolating device 3 and the A portion 1, and finally into the hole 52 of the pipe. During the injection of B2, air is discharged from the construction pipe.
  • the difference between the injection height of B1 and the injection height of B2 is kept within the required range, the B1 and B2 materials are injected simultaneously, or the B1 and B2 materials are alternately injected.
  • a supply pipe is passed through the construction pipe hole 52, inserted into the cavity of the isolator, through which the B1 material is injected.
  • a gap is left between the supply pipe and the inner wall of the construction pipe 51 so that air can be removed from the gap when the B1 and B2 materials are injected.
  • the B2 material is injected by attaching a thin tube to the circular hole 121 of the lower end sealing plate 12 of the A portion, and injecting the B2 material through the thin tube.
  • the tube connected to the lower end hole 121 of the A portion is removed, and the filling hole 121 is sealed with a wire plug.
  • the volume compensating device (pressing device) is connected to the construction pipe 51. Pressure is applied to the B2 material in the construction tube bore 52 over the time range of the design and the pressure range of the design.
  • the hydrostatic pressure maximum value P M is determined according to the maximum internal pressure of the cavity that can be withstood in Part A. When designing the end of section A, ensure that the hydrostatic pressure at the end of section A is greater than or equal to the side wall of the tube. Calculate the maximum pressure P M that the side wall of Part A can withstand according to the thin-walled cylinder formula.
  • the moment when the cement in the B1 material is mixed with water is the zero point of its age.
  • the injection of B1 and B2 materials into the cavity of Part A is completed before the age of the B1 material reaches 40 minutes.
  • pressure is applied to the B2 material by the volume compensating device, and the pressure is applied to 33 MPa within 10 minutes, after which the pressure in the construction pipe hole 52 is maintained constant, and the constant pressure is maintained.
  • the end time is later than when the B2 material begins to lose fluidity.
  • the volume compensation device is removed, and then the construction pipe is removed and post-treated. There are at least three methods for removing the construction pipe and the post-treatment.
  • the first method is to saw off the construction pipe from the root of the construction pipe together with the internal hardened RPC.
  • the second method is to twist the construction pipe with a tool, twist the solidified B2 material in the pipe, and remove the construction pipe; then, fill the pit left after the construction pipe is removed with a proper amount of solidified material, and smooth it. surface.
  • the third method is the same as the first steps of the second method, except that after the construction pipe is removed, the threaded cylinder is used instead of the construction pipe to be screwed into the hole, and the construction pipe can be left before the screwing.
  • the pit is filled with a portion of the settable material.
  • a part of the volume compensation device is equipped with RPC, which is scrapped together after the RPC solidifies. This part is a disposable consumable.
  • Example 2 Type II section (Fig. 7, Fig. 8)
  • Part A of this structure consists of a steel pipe 11, a lower plugging plate 12 and an upper plugging plate 13.
  • a feed circular hole 131 is left in the eccentric position of the upper plugging plate 13 for injecting B1 material; in the center position of the upper plugging plate, a piston hole is provided, and a pressurizing piston 6 is inserted into the hole to pressurize the piston surface Smooth, a seal is placed between the piston and the wall of the hole.
  • An isolation device 3 is arranged inside the steel pipe.
  • the device is an iron pipe with a distributed circular hole on the surface. The diameter of the circular hole is 5-7 mm.
  • the metal mesh is wrapped on the outside of the iron pipe, the mesh is square, and the eye width can be 0.5-2 mm. Choose between.
  • the iron pipe used as the isolating device is fixed to the upper and lower sealing plates of the portion A.
  • the internal fluid pressure that can be tolerated in Part A is 55 MPa, and the pressure applied to the B1 and B2 materials in the cavity is 50 MPa.
  • B1 material is high-strength concrete containing coarse aggregate; B2 material is retarded active powder concrete, and the maximum particle size of quartz sand used is 0.635mm.
  • the B2 material has a fluidity time under a pressure of 50 MPa, which is at least 15 hours longer than the time when the compressive strength of the B1 material reaches 20 MPa under the same pressure.
  • the B1 material is injected into the inside of the steel pipe through the feed circular hole 131, and the steel pipe is vibrated during or after the injection.
  • the feed hole 131 is sealed with a wire plug.
  • the B2 material is injected into the cavity 22 of the isolating device 3 through the cylindrical hole through the thin tube, and the filling is stopped when it is nearly filled. Then, place the seal into the piston bore and insert the piston into the bore.
  • the piston 6 is pushed into the cavity of A, the B2 material is pressed, and the B2 material flows out of the distribution hole of the iron pipe to apply pressure to the B1 material. If too much B2 material flows out of the iron pipe hole, the metal mesh will be torn, which is allowed.
  • the B1, B2 material was loaded into the corresponding cavity within 35 minutes after the cement was mixed with water, and the pressure of the B2 material was applied to 50 MPa within the next 15 minutes, and then the pressure was maintained. If the load applied to the outer end of the pressurizing piston 6 is constant, the compressive stress in the B2 material in the flowing state is also constant. The load applied to the outer end of the piston 6 is maintained constant until the strength of the B2 material satisfies the following requirements: When the outer end load of the piston is removed, the deformation and movement of the piston does not affect the long-term strength of the B1 and B2 materials in the cavity.
  • Example 3 Type II section (Fig. 9, Fig. 10)
  • the concrete-filled steel tube composite structure is as shown in Figs. 9 and 10, and the A portion is composed of a steel pipe 11, a lower sealing plate 12 and an upper sealing plate 13.
  • An isolation device is provided in the cavity of the portion A, which is composed of corrugated iron plates 31 and 32 which are fixed to the inner wall of the steel pipe.
  • the corrugated board enveloping region 22 is filled with the material B2, the regions 211 and 212 between the steel pipe and the corrugated plate are filled with the B1 material, and the retarding antifriction material is applied to all the areas in the inner wall of the portion A which are in contact with the B1 material.
  • the maximum value of the part A capable of withstanding the fluid pressure in the cavity is 55 MPa, and after the B1 and B2 materials are filled into the cavity, a pressure of 50 MPa is applied thereto.
  • the B1 material is reactive powder concrete and the B2 material is retarded reactive powder concrete.
  • the time for the B1 material to reach the shrinkage turning point is 20 hours, and the flowable time for the B2 material is greater than 25 hours.
  • the B1 material is filled into the right cavity 211 and the left cavity 212 through the holes 121 and 122, respectively, until the filling is completed; the B2 material is filled into the region 22 surrounded by the corrugated plate through the construction pipe hole 52 until the B2 material is nearly filled with the construction pipe. Hole 52.
  • the filling of the B1 and B2 materials into the steel tube cavity is completed within 40 minutes after the cement is mixed with the water. Subsequently, the pressure of the B2 material in the cavity was added to 50 MPa within 20 minutes; then, the pressure was maintained constant until the B2 material lost fluidity. Thereafter, the B2 material in the construction pipe hole is kept undisturbed, and when the B2 material has sufficient strength, the construction pipe 51 is sawn.
  • the time standard for selecting the sawing construction pipe is to remove the pressure imbalance caused by the construction pipe and not affect the long-term strength of the B1 and B2 materials in the combined structure.
  • Example 4 Type II section (Fig. 11, Fig. 12)
  • the combined structure is as shown in Figs. 11 and 12, except that the isolation device is the same as that in the third embodiment.
  • the isolator consists of a C-shaped corrugated plate 31 and an inverted C-shaped corrugated plate 32.
  • the corrugated plate is placed directly into the cavity of the steel pipe and is not connected to the steel pipe and the upper and lower sealing plates.
  • a plurality of point supports are placed between the two corrugated plates so that when the B1 material is injected into the regions 211 and 212, a proper gap can be maintained between the two corrugated plates.
  • the method of filling the cavity with the B1 and B2 materials is to first inject the B1 material into the regions 211 and 212, and then inject the B2 material into the region 22 when injected to the appropriate height or filled.
  • the lateral end of the corrugated plate may be adhered to the inner wall of the steel pipe by tape or the like before the injection.
  • the B2 portion is applied with an external volume compensating device in the same manner as in the third embodiment.
  • Example 5 - Type I and Type III sections (Fig. 13, Fig. 14, Fig. 15)
  • the concrete-filled steel tubular structure is shown in Figs. 13, 14, and 15, and the A portion is composed of a steel pipe 11, a lower sealing plate 12, and an upper sealing plate 13.
  • An isolation device is installed in the cavity of the portion A, and the isolation device includes a lower end plate 32, a thin-walled cylinder 31, an upper end plate 33, an inner thin-walled cylinder 34, and an anti-backflow 35.
  • the anti-backflow function is to prevent the B1 material from flowing upward in the region 21 during the injection of the B1 material; and to allow the B2 material in the inner thin-walled cylinder 34 to be applied during the application of pressure to the flowable B2 material. Flowing down.
  • the upper plugging plate 13 of the portion A is provided with a circular hole 131 facing the circular hole 331 of the upper end plate of the separating device.
  • the sealing plate 13 is provided with a circular hole in the center thereof, a pressing piston 6 is inserted in the circular hole, and a sealing ring is installed between the piston and the wall of the circular hole.
  • B1 material is reactive powder concrete
  • B2 material is retarded active powder concrete
  • the area 21 is filled with B1 material
  • the areas 22 and 221 are filled with B2 material.
  • the filling method of the B1 and B2 materials includes the following steps.
  • the height of the pressurizing piston is adjusted so as to be able to block the central circular hole of the upper plugging plate 13, but is not inserted into the thin-walled cylinder 34 in the isolating device.
  • the B2 material is injected inward from the lower end hole 121 of A, and the upper end circular hole 131 is opened at the time of injection to discharge the air. After the B2 material fills all the gap regions 22 and the region 221, the lower end circular hole 121 and the upper end circular hole 131 of the A are sealed with a wire plug.
  • Example 6 Type III section (Fig. 16, Fig. 17, Fig. 18)
  • the concrete-filled steel tubular structure is shown in Figs. 16, 17, and 18, wherein the portion A includes the steel pipe 11, the lower plugging plate 12, and the upper plugging plate 13.
  • the isolation device includes an outer cylinder 31, a lower end plate 32, and an inner cylinder 34.
  • a support rod 412 is disposed between the inner cylinder 34 and the outer cylinder 31.
  • Fixing devices 411 and 42 are provided between the isolating device and the A portion.
  • An eccentric circular hole 131 and a central circular hole are provided in the upper blocking plate of the portion A, and the pressurized piston 6 can pass through the central circular hole and enter the hole of the inner cylinder 34 of the isolator.
  • the B1 material is reactive powder concrete and the B2 material is retarded reactive powder concrete.
  • the B1 material is in the region 21 between the inner and outer cylinders of the isolating device, and the B2 material is in the inner portion 221 of the steel portion A in the portion A, the inner region 222 in the lower blocking plate 12, the inner region 223 in the upper blocking plate 13, and
  • the isolation device inner cylinder 34 encloses the region 224.
  • the B1 material is filled by injecting B1 material into the region 21 through the small hole 131 through the thin tube, and stops when B1 is filled to the upper edge of the inner and outer cylinders of the isolation device.
  • the B2 material is filled by passing a thin tube through the pressurized piston bore and the inner tube of the isolator to the lower end region 222, and injecting the B2 material with the tube until all the remaining areas in the cavity of the portion A are filled.
  • the larger area 21 of the cavity A is filled with B1 material
  • the inner area 22 of the upper sealing plate is filled with B2 material
  • a retarding friction reducing layer is adhered to all of the side walls of the cavity and the inside of the lower sealing plate.
  • B1 is ultra-high strength concrete containing coarse aggregate
  • B2 material is retarded active powder concrete.
  • the flowable time of the B2 material is at least 10 hours longer than the time at which the B1 material reaches the shrinkage turning point.
  • the external volume compensation device is connected to the central circular hole of the upper sealing plate of the A through the construction pipe 51, and the volume compensation device is also filled with the B2 material.
  • Pressure is applied to the B2 material in the cavity of Part A, and the maintenance pressure is varied within the required upper and lower limits after reaching the design value.
  • the B2 material also has fluidity.
  • the valve between the construction pipe and the pressure source is closed, and the pressure source is removed.
  • the pressure source can be a pump or a device similar to a hydraulic jack, replacing the hydraulic oil with B2 material, and by pushing the piston, pressure can be applied to the B2 material.
  • the steel pipe cement mortar composite structure is shown in Figure 21 and Figure 22 at a certain stage in the production process.
  • Part A consists of a steel pipe 11, a lower sealing plate 12 and an upper sealing plate 13.
  • a threaded circular hole 121 is disposed at a center of the lower sealing plate 12; a piston hole is disposed at a center of the upper sealing plate 13, and a pressure piston 51 is inserted into the hole, and the surface of the pressurized piston is smooth, and the piston and the piston A sealing ring is arranged between the walls of the holes.
  • An isolating device 3 is installed in the cavity of the portion A, and the isolating device is the same as in the first embodiment.
  • the inside of the isolator device is filled with B1 material through the piston hole of the upper end plate 13 and the hole 331 of the isolating device 3, and the B1 material is active powder concrete until it is nearly filled. During the filling process, the B1 material cannot enter the area outside the isolation device.
  • the cavity of A is filled with the B2 material through the central hole 121 of the lower end plate 12, and the B2 material is a retarded active powder concrete, and the time at which the fluidity begins to correspond is higher than the time at which the B1 material has a shrinking turning point. 10 hours late.
  • the hole 121 is coupled to the volume compensating device by a pipe, so that the pipe and the volume compensating device are filled with the B2 material in a flowing state.
  • the volume compensating device is similar to an accumulator in which an air bag is provided to squash the flowable B2 material in the accumulator.
  • the pressurizing piston 51 is mounted in the central bore of the upper end plate 13, pushing the piston down, and the piston passes through the B2 region inside the upper end plate into the B1 material in the isolator.
  • the piston is fixed and prevented from moving.
  • the B1 material pushes the B2 material to flow, causing the B2 material to squeeze the airbag in the accumulator, the airbag volume shrinks, and the pressure increases slightly.
  • the position of the pressurizing piston 51 is kept constant, and when the B1 and B2 materials contract, the airbag expands to fill the volume change of the two materials.
  • the sectional section of the combined structure is as shown in Fig. 23.
  • the larger area 21 and the smaller area 22 of the cavity of the A portion 1 are filled with B1 and B2 materials, respectively, and there is an isolating device 3 between the B1 and B2 materials.
  • B1 is ultra-high strength concrete containing coarse aggregate
  • B2 material is retarded active powder concrete.
  • the fluidity of the B2 material ends at a time 5 hours later than the time when the B1 material shrinks the turning point.
  • the combined structure of the present invention is not limited to the cylindrical structure, and may be other shape structures, which do not affect the implementation of the present invention.
  • the present invention can provide an example of parameters containing specific values, but these parameters need not be exactly equal to the corresponding values, but can approximate the corresponding values within acceptable error tolerances or design constraints.
  • the directional terms used in the embodiments are merely referring to the directions of the drawings and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
  • the order of the above steps is not limited to the above, and may be varied or rearranged depending on the desired design, unless specifically described or necessarily occurring in sequence.
  • the above embodiments may be used in combination with other embodiments or based on design and reliability considerations, that is, the technical features in different embodiments may be freely combined to form more embodiments.

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Abstract

一种高承载力组合结构，包括A部分和B部分。A部分有空腔，B部分为充填在空腔中的可凝固材料，凝固过程中受到压力的作用。B部分包括B1部分和B2部分，B1材料为水泥基材料，B2材料为可凝固材料，B2材料比B1材料具有相对高流动性。设置有内置或/和外置体积补偿装置。当B1和/或B2材料发生收缩并且B2材料具有流动性时，内置体积补偿装置发生膨胀，或者，外置体积补偿装置向空腔内部的B2材料区域挤入流动、半流动的可凝固材料或固体材料。体积补偿装置填补收缩掉的体积，维持空腔内部B2材料的压力，进而维持B1材料的压力。优选地，B2材料的可流动时间大于B1材料的到达收缩转折点的时间，压力维持的时间至少超过B1材料的收缩转折点出现的时间。

Description

组合结构及其制作方法 技术领域
本发明涉及建筑、桥梁领域，具体涉及组合结构及其制作方法。
背景技术
钢管混凝土组合结构中的混凝土会收缩，这会使得混凝土与钢管内壁之间出现分离，影响二者之间的协同工作，进而影响组合结构的力学性能。
在现有文献中，解决这个问题有两大类方法，第一类是改变混凝土材料的收缩特性，尽可能降低收缩量，或者让材料膨胀。这种类方法与本发明无关，不做赘述。
第二类方法是在混凝土充填到钢管内之后，对之施加压力。施加压力的方法有以下两种。
第一种加压方法是，在组合结构的钢管端部附近安装一个细管子，此管子与钢管之外的加压装置相连，加压装置对细管子内部的混凝土施加压力，当混凝土有足够的强度之后锯掉含有混凝土的细管子。在混凝土处在流动状态时，如果钢管内部混凝土发生收缩，加压装置会把细管子中的混凝土挤入钢管内部，填补混凝土收缩掉的体积。但是，当混凝土具有强度之后，钢管内的混凝土还会收缩，由于混凝土不能流动，细管子中的混凝土无法进入钢管内部去填补混凝土的收缩体积；这将造成钢管作用到混凝土侧面上的压力降低，甚至还会造成混凝土与钢管内表面分离。
第二种加压方法是：组合结构的钢管有两节，一节粗一节细，粗的套在细的外面。当钢管内充填完混凝土之后，把两节钢管套在一起，用压力机沿着轴向它们施加压力，两节管子沿着轴向发生相对滑动，进而对钢管内的混凝土也施加了压力。当压力达到要求之后，把两节钢管联接在一起，它们不能发生相对移动。这种方法也存在不足。混凝土在凝固之前和凝固之后都发生体积收缩。当两节钢管固定在一起之后，混凝土还一直在收缩，混凝土收缩时钢管的切向拉应变随之减小，钢管施加到混凝土侧面的压力也会随之减小，甚至混凝土会与钢管内表面分离。
第三种加压方法是，在钢管的两端都设置|“活塞”，“活塞”可以在钢管内部沿着轴向移动。当对钢管内部的混凝土进行挤压时，用加载装置挤压两个“活塞”，“活塞”相向移动挤压钢管中的混凝土。维持施加到活塞上的压力，直到混凝土达到一定强度。这种方法存在的问题是，如果钢管的长径比(长度与直径之比)较长，其技术效果不太好。例如，取长径比为7(实际工程中多数情况下比这个数值要大)，当混凝土充填到钢管中之后，就对两端“活塞”施加一个恒力，直到混凝土达到足够的强度。由于混凝土在凝固之后，甚至在具有一定的强度之后，还会发生收缩，而这时由于混凝土具有的强度，以及它与钢管内壁之间的粘结力和摩擦力都可以抵消或削减活塞的压力，使得钢管长度方向中部的混凝土的轴向压应力要小于两端的轴向压应力，长径比越大，钢管中部混凝土的轴向压应力越小。长度方向中部的混凝土的径向压应力也会随着混凝土的收缩而减小，如果钢管直径较大，甚至还会出现混凝土与钢管的脱离。
发明内容
(一)要解决的技术问题
水泥在凝结硬化的过程中，会发生化学收缩，即，水化后的绝对体积小于水化前的水和其它参与水化的各种成分的体积之和。在钢管混凝土组合结构中，钢管内部的混凝土的体积收缩，经常会导致混凝土与钢管内壁不能充分接触，甚至造成分离，这使得钢管和混凝土不能很好地协同工作。高强混凝土、超高强混凝土以及活性粉末混凝土，由于其中的水泥和活性掺料较多，硬化过程中体积收缩量更大，钢管与之不能协同工作表现的更为严重。
水泥石的强度与水泥石中的空隙有关，空隙越少强度越高。在水泥凝结硬化过程中，让水泥 充分收缩或被压缩有助于降低水泥石中的空隙，提高水泥石的强度。水泥砂浆、混凝土的强度都与其中的水泥石的强度有关，水泥石的强度越高，相应材料的强度也越高。活性粉末混凝土中基体材料是水泥、硅灰、石英粉等与水的混合物，其水化后的产物虽然与传统的水泥石的成分不同，但其强度同样与其中的空隙含量相关，空隙越低，强度越高。
水泥石、水泥砂浆、混凝土、活性粉末混凝土的轴向强度都与其侧向压应力有关，侧向压应力越大，强度越高。
本发明要解决的问题是：(1)提高组合结构中水泥基材料的单轴抗压强度；(2)提高水泥基材料的三轴强度，包括提高侧压力和内摩擦角；(3)提高水泥基材料与钢管内壁之间的抗剪能力，以便让水泥基材料与钢管能够充分地协同工作。技术路线是，对于类似于钢管混凝土的组合结构，当水泥基材料完全充填到空腔之后，对水泥基材料施加净水压力。为了获得好的效果，施加静水压力的过程开始的时间要尽可能地早，持续的时间要尽可能地长，另外，施加的压力也要尽可能地大。
(二)技术方案
为了实现上述目的，本发明提出了以下的技术方案。
一种组合结构，包括A部分和B部分；其中，所述A部分包围有空腔，所述B部分充填于所述空腔中，且所述B部分包括B1部分和B2部分。
进一步的，所述B2部分至少充填于所述B1部分与A部分之间的空间中，和/或充填于所述B1部分的包围或部分包围的空间中。
进一步的，所述组合结构至少满足以下其中之一：
所述B2部分至少有一部分边界与A部分的内壁直接接触；
所述B1部分至少有一部分边界与A部分的内壁直接接触；
所述B1部分的至少一部分边界与所述B2部分的至少一部分边界直接接触；
所述B1部分的至少一部分边界与所述B2部分的至少一部分边界被隔离装置分开。
进一步的，所述组合结构还包括薄层材料，用于将所述B2部分的至少一部分边界与所述A部分的内壁分开，和/或，将所述B1部分的至少一部分边界与所述A部分的内壁分开；所述薄层材料包括缓凝减摩层或层状的隔离装置的延伸部分。
进一步的，所述B1部分材料和B2部分材料均为可凝固材料；在所述B1部分材料和B2部分材料充填到所述空腔的过程中，所述B1和B2部分材料为可流动状态；在过了充填完成之后的某一时刻，所述B1和B2部分材料为凝固状态，且凝固过程在所述空腔内部完成。
进一步的，在所述B1部分材料和B2部分材料都凝固之后，还受到预压应力或残留预压应力的作用；
所述残留预压应力的含义是指，在B1和B2部分材料都凝固之后，B1和/或B2部分材料还会发生收缩，这时材料中原来的预压应力会变小，变小之后的预压应力就是所述残留预压应力。
进一步的，在所述B1和/或B2部分的材料处在可流动状态阶段，在其中的一个时间段、或多个时间段、或全阶段，所述B1和B2部分材料都受到预压应力的作用；和/或
在所述B1和/或B2部分材料的凝固过程中，在其中的一个时间段、或多个时间段、或全阶段，所述B1和B2部分材料都受到预压应力或残留预压应力的作用。
进一步的，所述的组合结构还包括内置体积补偿装置，该装置位于所述空腔内部，用来对空腔中的B1和/或B2材料施加预压应力；当所述B1部分和/或所述B2部分的体积变化时，所述内置体积补偿装置还能够随之改变自身的体积，补偿B1部分和/或所述B2部分的体积变化。
进一步的，所述内置体积补偿装置是，
气囊，内置于空腔之内，被B2和/或B1材料所包围；和/或，
液囊，内置于空腔之内，被B2和/或B1材料所包围；
优选地，所述气囊或液囊被B2材料所包围。
进一步的，当所述B1和B2材料达到一预定强度之后，
如果所述内置体积补偿装置是气囊，则排掉其中的压缩气体，向气囊中充填满可凝固材料；
如果所述内置体积补偿装置是液囊，则排掉其中的液体，向其中充填满可凝固材料。
进一步的，所述的组合结构还包括加压活塞；所述加压活塞与活塞孔配套使用，所述活塞孔设置在A部分上，在孔中设置有密封圈，加压活塞安装在活塞孔中，活塞在其中能够滑动；如果加压活塞插入到空腔中的B1和/或B2部分的区域中，则活塞挤压空腔中的B1和/或B2材料，使其压力升高；加压活塞是对空腔中的B1和/或B2材料施加预压应力的装置。
进一步的，当空腔中的所述B1和B2材料达到一预定强度之后，拆除加压活塞；优选地，直接从根部锯断活塞杆的外露部分。
进一步的，对所述空腔中B2和/或B1部分施加的预压应力的上限所在区间为：0.1～7MPa，或7～15MPa，或15～30MPa，或30～60MPa，或60～90MPa，或90～120MPa，或大于120MPa。
进一步的，所述A部分为固体材料；优选的，所述固体材料包括金属材料、高分子材料、无机非金属材料、纤维复合材料、层合板。
进一步的，所述B1部分为水泥基材料；优选地，所述B1部分为水泥石、水泥砂浆、含粗骨料的混凝土、活性粉末混凝土，纤维水泥砂浆、纤维混凝土、纤维活性粉末混凝土。
进一步的，所述B2部分材料包括以下之一或其组合：
水泥基材料、高分子材料、高分子材料与水泥基材料的混合物；优选的，缓凝水泥基材料、缓凝高分子材料、缓凝高分子材料与水泥基材料的混合、高分子材料与缓凝水泥基材料的混合物、缓凝高分子材料与无机非金属可凝固材料的混合物、缓凝高分子材料和不参与化学反应的固体颗粒混合物；
所述缓凝水泥基材料包括以下之一或其组合，在每种当中加有缓凝剂：普通混凝土，细石混凝土，活性粉末混凝土，砂浆，水泥净桨，石英粉、水泥与水的混合物，石英粉、活性掺料、水泥与水的混合物；
所述活性掺料包括以下其中之一或其组合：硅灰、粉煤灰、粒化高炉矿渣。
进一步的，所述的组合结构，还包括隔离装置，位于所述空腔中；隔离装置处在所述B1部分与B2部分之间；B1与B2部分之间有共同边界，和/或被隔离装置分开。
进一步的，所述隔离装置为一端开口或两端开口的筒状结构。
进一步的，所述组合结构，还包括所述隔离装置的固定装置，位于所述隔离装置与所述A部分之间。
进一步的，所述A部分包括管子、及与所述管子连接的下封堵板和上封堵板。
进一步的，所述组合结构具有一个轴线，以所述轴线为法线的所述组合结构的横截面是以下四种之一，I型截面、II型截面、III型截面、IV型截面。
进一步的，在该I型横截面上，B1材料的区域是单连通区域，该区域边界线的全部或绝大部分也是B2材料区域的内边界线，或者与B2内边界线只隔着一层隔离装置；在横截面上，B2材料区域处在B1部分与A部分之间。
进一步的，所述II型截面上，B2部分是单连通区域，B2区域的边界线的全部或绝大部分，是B1区域的内边界线，或者与B1内边界线只隔着一层隔离装置；B1材料区域处在B2材料区域与A区域之间；
优选地，在A部分与B1材料之间设置有缓凝减摩层。
进一步的，所述III型截面上的核心区域是单连通区域，充填着B21材料；截面上B21材料区域的边界的全部或绝大部分与B1材料区域的某些边界重叠，或与之隔着一层隔离装置；B1材料区域的外边界的全部或绝大部分被B22材料区域包围着，B1材料区域与B22材料区域直接接触，或者二者之间存在一个隔离装置；B22材料区域处在B1材料区域与A部分区域之间；
优选地，B21材料与B22材料是同一种材料。
进一步的，所述B1部分的区域和所述B22部分的区域均为环形区域。
进一步的，在整个组合结构中，与所述B21部分对应的三维空间区域，和与B22部分对应的 三维空间区域，在某些截面上是联通的或只隔着薄层材料。
进一步的，所述IV型截面上空腔中的整个区域分割成B1和B2两个区域，两个区域分别都与A部分的内壁接触或与之隔着一个薄层材料，B1和B2区域之间有共同边界或被隔离装置分开。
进一步的，从所述B1部分材料在三轴受压应力状态下具有静态抗剪强度的时刻开始至所述B1部分材料中的水泥完成水化时刻为止，在这个时间范围内至少存一个时间段，所述B21和B22部分材料比所述B1部分材料具有相对高流动性。
进一步的，从所述B1部分材料在三轴受压应力状态下刚具有静态抗剪强度的这一时刻开始，至所述B1部分材料中的水泥水化完成时刻为止，在这个时间范围内至少存在一个时间段，B2部分材料比B1部分材料具有相对高流动性。
进一步的，所述组合结构还包括缓凝减摩层，设置在所述B1部分与所述A部分之间，用来减弱或消除二者界面上的剪应力；优选地，缓凝减摩层失去流动性的时刻，晚于B1材料的收缩转折点出现的时刻，
进一步的，所述组合结构是受压构件，包括轴线为直线的柱状结构、轴线是曲线的拱形结构；优选地，所述柱状结构的截面是圆形、椭圆形、多边形。
进一步的，在制作完成之后，对所述组合结构进行再次加工，将其制作成另一种构件。
进一步的，在受压构件制作完成之后，卸掉一个或两个端板，或去掉管子的其中一部分，将其加工成另一种构件。
进一步的，所述组合结构的外形是六面体或立方体；所述六面体或立方体用于组装成柱子或墙体。
一种组合结构的制作方法，包括：
制作包围有空腔的A部分；
将B部分充填到所述空腔中并施加压力，包括：将B1部分和B2部分充填所述空腔中，对所述B1和/或B2部分施加压力。
进一步的，所述B2部分填充于所述B1部分与A部分之间的空间中；和/或，所述B2部分充填于被B1部分包围的或部分包围的空间中。
进一步的，所述B2部分至少有一部分边界与A部分的内壁直接接触，
所述B1部分至少有一部分边界与A部分的内壁直接接触，
所述B1部分的至少一部分边界与所述B2部分的至少一部分边界直接接触，
所述B1部分的至少一部分边界与所述B2部分的至少一部分边界被隔离装置分开。
进一步的，利用薄层材料将所述B2部分的至少一部分边界与所述A部分的内壁分开，和/或，将所述B1部分的至少一部分边界与所述A部分的内壁分开；所述薄层材料包括缓凝减摩层或层状的隔离装置的延伸部分。
进一步的，当B2材料具有流动性时，如果对所述B2部分施加压力，则所述B2部分将压力传递至所述B1部分；和/或，当B1材料具有流动性时，如果对所述B1部分施加压力时，所述B1部分将压力传递至所述B2部分。
进一步的，所述A部分为固体材料，所述B部分为可凝固材料。
进一步的，所述B1部分为无机非金属可凝固材料。
进一步的，所述B1部分为水泥基材料；所述水泥基材料是指含有水泥并且在凝固过程中伴随有水泥水化的材料。
进一步的，所述B2部分的材料至少包括以下材料中的一种：
水泥基材料、高分子材料、高分子材料与水泥基材料的混合物；优选的，缓凝水泥基材料、缓凝高分子材料、缓凝高分子材料与水泥基材料的混合、高分子材料与缓凝水泥基材料的混合物、缓凝高分子材料与无机非金属可凝固材料的混合物、缓凝高分子材料和不参与化学反应的固体颗粒混合物；
进一步的，在向所述A部分包围的空腔中充填的过程中，所述B1和B2部分材料处于流动状 态；过了充填完成之后的某一时刻，它们开始在所述空腔中凝固。
进一步的，所述组合结构的A部分是筒状结构，其轴线方向的长度大于筒状结构横截面上任何两点之间的距离；优选地，所述有轴线的筒状结构是以下之一：圆柱筒、棱柱筒、圆台筒、棱台筒，以及它们的组合。
进一步的，所述组合结构是受压构件，包括轴线为直线的柱状结构、轴线是曲线的拱形结构。
进一步的，所述组合结构是多面体，用来拼装复杂形状的结构。
进一步的，制作包围有空腔的A部分，包括：
提供管子、下封堵板及上封堵板；
将所述下封堵板连接在所述管子下端，及将所述上封堵板连接在所述管子上端，完成所述包围有空腔的A部分的制作；
优选的，所述管子是钢管。
进一步的，在将所述下封堵板连接在所述管子下端之前，和/或，将所述上封堵板连接在所述管子上端之前，还包括：将隔离装置安装至所述管子内。
进一步的，所述隔离装置是以下之一：
两端通透的筒状结构，两端没有任何遮挡物；
一端封闭、另一端没有任何遮挡物的筒状结构；
一端封闭的筒状结构，另一端有部分遮挡，但留有开口。
进一步的，所述隔离装置是以下之一：
由不透水的、具有一定刚度的板材制成，板材的材料是金属、高分子材料或复合材料等；
由不透水的、具有一定刚度的板材制成，板材上设置有空洞或缝隙，板材的材料是金属、高分子材料或复合材料；
由不透水的柔性薄膜制成；
由透水的柔性编织物制成；
由透水的、具有一定刚度的网状材料制成；
由具有一定刚度的网状材料与不透水的柔性薄膜或透水的柔性编织物共同制成；网状材料做骨架，薄膜或编织物固定在网状材料上。
进一步的，所述隔离装置的横截面是波纹型的。
进一步的，从所述B1部分、B2部分充填到所述空腔开始，到所述B1部分材料的强度达到最终强度为止，在这个过程中的一段时间、或多段时间、或整个过程中所述B2部分材料比所述B1部分材料具有相对高流动性。
进一步的，在所述B1部分、B2部分材料充填到所述空腔之后，从所述B1部分材料具有静态抗剪强度开始，到其静态抗剪强度达到一中间强度为止，所述B2部分材料比所述B1部分材料具有相对高流动性；所述中间强度为最终静态强度的10％或20％或30％或40％或50％或60％或70％或80％或90％或95％或98％。
进一步的，在所述B1部分、B2部分材料充填到所述空腔之后，从B1部分材料刚具有静态抗剪强度开始，到体积收缩转折点出现为止，至少在这个过程中B2部分材料比B1部分材料具有相对高流动性；或者，
在所述B1部分、B2部分材料充填到所述空腔之后，从B1部分材料具有静态抗剪强度开始，到体积收缩转折点出现之后的一时刻为止，至少在这个过程中B2部分材料比B1部分材料具有相对高流动性；所述收缩转折点出现之后的所述一时刻由一时间比值决定，该比值是到达所述一时刻所述B1部分材料的龄期与到达所述体积收缩转折点时B1材料的龄期之比；所述比值等于1.25或1.5或1.75或2.0或2.5或3或4或5或10或15或20或30或40或50或75或100。
进一步的，在将B1部分和B2部分材料充填到所述空腔中之前，还包括：
提供B1部分和B2部分材料，空腔中的所述B2部分材料开始失去流动性的时刻晚于空腔中的所述B1部分材料开始失去流动性的时刻。
进一步的，在将B1部分和B2部分材料充填到所述空腔中之前，还包括：
提供B1部分和B2部分材料，所述B2部分材料的可流动时间长度大于B1部分材料从混合完成到收缩转折点出现的这段时间长度；所述混合完成是指B1材料的所有成分都混合在一起并已经搅拌均匀。
进一步的，在将B1部分和B2部分材料充填到所述空腔中之前，还包括：
提供B1部分和B2部分材料，空腔中的所述B2部分材料开始失去流动性的时刻晚于空腔中的所述B1部分材料的收缩转折点出现的时刻。
进一步的，在将B1部分和B2部分材料充填到所述空腔中之前，还包括：
提供B1部分和B2部分材料，当所述B1部分和B2部分材料充填到所述空腔中之后，所述B2部分材料开始失去流动性的时刻晚于B1部分材料的收缩转折点出现之后的一时刻；所述收缩转折点出现之后的所述一时刻由一时间比值决定，该比值是到达所述一时刻B1材料的龄期与到达收缩转折点时B1材料的龄期之比；所述比值等于1.25或1.5或1.75或2.0或2.5或3或4或5或8或10或15或20或30或60或100。
进一步的，在将B1部分和B2部分材料充填到所述空腔中之前，还包括：
提供B1部分和B2部分材料，当所述B1部分和B2部分材料充填到所述空腔中之后，所述B2部分材料开始失去流动性的时刻晚于B1部分材料的静态强度达到一中间强度对应的时刻，所述中间强度为最终静态强度的10％或20％或30％或40％或50％或60％或70％或80％或90％或95％或98％。
进一步的，所述流动性是以下特性之一：
(1)材料无论是否受到静水压力作用，都不具备静态抗剪强度，或几乎不具备静态抗剪强度；所述几乎不具备静态抗剪强度是指，与可凝固材料的最终静态抗剪强度相比，所述时刻的静态抗剪强度非常小，仅为最终强度的几万分之一至十几分之一；
(2)材料不具备静态单轴抗压强度，或几乎不具备静态单轴抗压强度；所述几乎不具备静态抗压强度是指，与可凝固材料的最终静态抗压强度相比，所述时刻的静态抗压强度非常小，仅为最终强度的几万分之一至十几分之一；
(3)受任何很小的切力作用时，都会发生连续变形；所述很小的剪切力是指，在施加剪切力的时刻，剪切力仅为可凝固材料的最终静态抗剪强度的几万分之一至十几分之一。
进一步的，在对所述B1和/或B2部分材料施加压力之前，还包括：
确定对所述B2和/或B1部分施加压力的范围；以及
确定施加压力的时间范围，所述施加压力是指增加压力和/或维持恒定压力。
进一步的，对所述B1和/或B2部分材料施加压力的上限所在区间为：0.1～7MPa，或7～15MPa，或15～30MPa，或30～60MPa，或60～90MPa，或90～120MPa，或大于120MPa。
进一步的，在B2部分材料具有流动性的时间范围内的某一时间段、或某几个时间段、或整个过程中，直接挤压空腔中的B2部分材料，使B2部分材料的压力达到设计要求的范围，所述B2部分材料再把压力传递到B1部分。
进一步的，在B2部分材料具有流动性的时间范围内，在一个连续的时间段内，维持空腔中B2部分材料的压力在预设压力范围内；
所述连续的时间段的开始时刻在以下其中之一的时间范围中：
处在空腔中的B1和B2材料都具有流动性的时间范围内；
处在B1材料失去流动性之后，B1材料的收缩转折点出现之前；
所述连续的时间段的结束时刻在以下其中之一的时间范围中：
B1材料失去流动性之后，B1材料的收缩转折点出现之前；
B1材料的收缩转折点出现之后，B2材料的流动性失去时刻之前。
进一步的，在对所述B1和/或B2部分材料施加压力的方法至少包括以下之一：
(1)用活塞挤压空腔中的B1部分和/或B2部分的材料，对所述B1和/或B2部分材料施加压 力；
(2)用与所述空腔联通的并且充满B2材料的管路，向空腔中的B2和/或B1部分所用材料传递压力；优选地，与所述空腔联通的并且充满B2材料的管路，连接到空腔中的B2部分所在区域；
(3)用与所述空腔联通的并且充满B1材料的管路，向空腔中的B2和/或B1部分材料传递压力；
(4)在所述空腔内安装内置体积补偿装置，利用所述体积补偿装置对所述B1和/或B2部分施加压力。
进一步的，所述内置体积补偿装置放置在空腔中B2部分区域内，当所述空腔内部的所述B1部分材料发生收缩，并且所述B2部分材料具有流动性或能够发生流变时，所述体积补偿装置发生膨胀，对所述B2部分施加压力，推动所述B2部分的材料填补所述B1部分收缩掉的体积。
进一步的，所述内置体积补偿装置是气囊或液囊；
所述气囊通过管路与组合结构之外的气泵连接，气泵工作时气囊中的气压逐步增加，气囊中的气压几乎等于气囊施加到周围介质上的压力，当气囊中的气压进入到设计要的范围内之后，维持气压在该范围内变化；
所述液囊通过管路与组合结构之外的液压源连接，液压源推动液体压力增加，液囊中的液压几乎等于液囊施加到周围介质上的压力，当压力进入设计要求的范围内之后，维持液压在该范围内变化。
进一步的，对所述B1和/或B2部分施加压力的方法是：
在所述组合结构之外设置有外置体积补偿装置，利用所述外置体积补偿装置帮助维持空腔中的B2部分的压力在设计要求的范围内；
所述外置体积补偿装置是具有液压蓄能器功能的装置，当其中的可流动介质的体积发生变化时，压力几乎不变或变化很小。
进一步的，所述液囊通过管路除了与组合结构之外的液压源连接之外，还与蓄能器连接，蓄能器用来帮助维持压力在设计要求的范围内变化。
进一步的，(1)当用活塞挤压空腔中的B1部分和/或B2部分的材料时，还用一个或多个充满了可流动的B2材料管子把空腔中的B2材料区域与外置体积补偿装置连接；
(2)当用与所述空腔联通的并且充满B2材料的管路，向空腔中的B2和/或B1部分所用材料传递压力时，还在与所述空腔联通的并且充满B2材料的管路上连接一个或多个外置体积补偿装置，或者，用一个或多个充满了可流动的B2材料管子把空腔中的B2材料区域与外置体积补偿装置连接起来。
进一步的，在连接A部分空腔与外置体积补偿装置的管路上设置有阀门；在维持空腔中的B2材料的压力在设计范围内变化的过程中，所述阀门是接通的，这时管路中的介质可以流入流出；在B2材料失去流动性之前的某一时刻，关闭阀门，管路中的介质不能流动；卸掉外置体积补偿装置，清理干净其中的可凝固材料，以便让外置体积补偿装置可以重复使用。
进一步的，用与所述空腔联通的并且充满B2材料的管路，向空腔中的B2和/或B1部分所用材料传递压力的过程中，管路的另一端连接在加压装置上，加载装置维持管路中的压力在设计要求的范围内；在所述管路上设置有阀门，在B2材料的流动性失去之前的某一时刻，关闭阀门，卸掉加压装置，清洗加压装置，以便重复使用。
进一步的，(1)当采用活塞挤压空腔中的B1部分和/或B2部分的材料时，维持施加到活塞杆外端的压力一直到B2材料具有一预定强度；该预定强度能够抵抗因去除活塞杆外端的压力而产生的应力变化；
(2)当采用管路来传递压力时，维持管路中的B2或B1材料的压力一直到B2或B1材料具有一预定强度；该预定强度能够抵抗因锯断管路而产生应力变化；所述管路是与所述空腔联通的，并且充满B2或B1材料的；
(3)当采用内置体积补偿装置来对B2和/或B1部分材料加压时，维持内置体积补偿装置中的介质压力一直到B2和B1材料都具有预定强度，该预定强度能够抵抗因内置体积补偿装置不提供压力而产生应力变化。
进一步的，在空腔中的B2部分材料比B1材料具有相对高流动性的时间范围内，在其中的某一时间段、或某几个时间段、或整个过程，对于空腔中的B2材料进行挤压，让挤压装置增加挤压力或维持恒定的挤压力。
进一步的，空腔中的B2部分材料比B1部分材料具有相对高流动性，并且B1材料具有抗剪强度；在满足这个条件下的时间范围内，对于空腔中的B2材料进行挤压，让挤压装置增加挤压力或维持恒定的挤压力。
进一步的，对B2材料进行挤压时使用加压活塞和/或内置体积补偿装置；当挤压装置是活塞时，所述施加恒定的挤压力是指，维持施加到活塞外端的荷载恒定；当挤压装置是内置体积补偿装置，所述施加恒定的挤压力是指，保持气囊或油囊中的流体压力恒定。
进一步的，在完成对空腔中的材料的施加压力的过程之后，还对所述加压装置进行的后处理，采用的方法是以下之一：
(1)如果加压装置是加压活塞，锯断活塞的外露部分；
(2)如果加压装置是与空腔联通的管路和外置的加压装置，卸掉加压装置，锯断充满B2材料管路；
(3)如果加压装置是内置体积补偿装置，放掉其中的气体或液体，向其中注入可凝固材料。
进一步的，在将B1部分充填所述空腔中之前或在将B2部分充填所述空腔中之前，还包括：向所述空腔中充入二氧化碳气体。
进一步的，所述组合结构在制作完成之后，拆卸其中的某些部分，使其作为另一种构件使用。
进一步的，在所述组合结构制作完成之后，卸掉一端或两端的封堵板，继续作为柱子使用。
优选地，II型截面中的隔离装置的薄壁截面中包含有凸向其包围的B2材料区域的曲线或折线，这些位置附近的B2材料挤压隔离装置向外移动时，隔离装置的切线方法几乎没有拉应力或者只有很小的拉应力。
一种组合结构，采用所述的方法制作而成。
(三)有益效果
从上述技术方案可以看出，本发明至少具有以下有益效果其中之一：
本发明由于采用了以上技术方案，具有显著的技术效果，以钢管混凝土柱为例来说明。在初龄期，包括终凝之前和终凝之后的一段时间，水泥基材料因化学收缩产生空隙。由于材料受到压应力的作用，材料的表观体积发生的收缩远大于无压力作用下的收缩，相应地材料内部的空隙大幅度地减少。这一方面可以提高水泥基材料的强度；另一方面可以使得之后的收缩量大幅度地减少。当对钢管内部的B2施加恒定的预压应力时，钢管内部的水泥基材料B1可而避免因自身收缩造成钢管对水泥基材料的侧向压力过多地降低，更能够避免二者的分离。此技术方案使得水泥基材料自身的单轴强度得意提高，甚至连内摩擦角也得以提高；水泥基材料受到钢管提供的侧压力不会因为水泥基材料B1自身收缩而降低，或者不会大幅度地降低，这使得水泥基材料的三轴抗压强度得以提高；水泥基材料与钢管内表面之间的抗剪能力得以提高，进而使得水泥基材料与钢管之间的协同工作效果得以提高。此方案的综合效果是，大幅度地提高组合结构的承载能力。
由于B1和/或B2材料的收缩、B2材料的流动、或者B1和B2材料的流动，空腔中的B1和/或B2材料存在有剪切变形。当在材料凝固过程中产生剪切变形时，材料内部会有剪应力。当B2部分材料具有相对高流动性时，即使B1和B2材料都具有抗剪强度，也有利于消除或减少空腔中的B1和B2部分的剪应力，此外还有利于消除和减少A部分内表面上的剪应力。消除组合结构内部的剪应力有利于提高承载能力。
附图说明
图1具有I型截面的组合结构，有隔离装置。
图2具有I型截面的组合结构，没有隔离装置。
图3 B2区域为一字形的II型截面
图4 B2区域为十字形的II型截面
图5实施例1中组合结构的过轴线的剖面图，与图6对应
图6实施例1中组合结构的横截面图，图5中的A-A剖面，此截面为I型截面。
图7实施例2中组合结构的过轴线的剖面图，与图8对应。
图8实施例2中组合结构的横截面图，图7中的A-A剖面，此截面为II型截面。
图9实施例3中组合结构的过轴线的剖面图，与图10对应。
图10实施例3中组合结构的横截面图，图9中的A-A剖面，此截面为II型截面。
图11实施例4中组合结构的过轴线的剖面图，图12中的B-B剖面。
图12实施例4中组合结构的横截面图，图11中的A-A剖面，此截面为II型截面。
图13实施例5中组合结构的过轴线的剖面图，与图14、图15对应。
图14实施例5中组合结构的横截面图，图13中的A-A剖面，此截面为III型截面。
图15实施例5中组合结构的横截面图，图13中的B-B剖面，此截面为II型截面。
图16实施例6中组合结构的过轴线的剖面图，与图17、图18对应。
图17实施例6中组合结构的上封堵板横截面图，图16中的A-A剖面。
图18实施例6中组合结构的横截面图，图16中的B-B剖面，此截面为III型截面。
图19实施例7中组合结构的过轴线的剖面图，与图20对应。
图20实施例7中组合结构的横截面图，图19中的B-B剖面。
图21实施例8中组合结构的过轴线的剖面图，与图22对应。
图22实施例8中组合结构的横截面图，与图21中的A-A剖面对应。
图23实施例9中组合结构横截面图，此截面为IV型截面。
具体实施方式
为使本发明的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚明白，以下结合具体实施例，并参照附图，对本发明进一步详细说明。
为便于对本发明的理解，以下先介绍本发明所涉及的技术术语。
术语定义
B1材料
是指，空腔中B1部分所用的那种材料。
B2材料
是指，空腔中B2部分所用的那种材料。
预压应力
预压应力是，在某一时刻之前人为地通过挤压B2和/或B1部分材料，施加到组合结构空腔中的B1和B2部分材料上的应力。
例如，在B1和B2材料充填的A部分包围的空腔中之后，用一个细管子把空腔中的B2部分的材料与空腔之外的加压装置相连，管子中也填满了B2部分所用材料。加压装置对管子中的材料施加一个恒定的压力，直到管子中的材料凝固并达到足够的强度。之后拆除A部分外表面之外的管子，显然，A部分空腔中的B1和B2材料仍然受到之前施加的压力作用，此压力就是预压应力。由于在压力作用下，B1和/或B2材料可能发生造成体积收缩的蠕变，因此，在空腔内部B部分的某个空间点上，预压应力可能会随着时间的增加而减小；在这个B部分上，预压应力的分布也可能随时间发生变化。
薄层材料
薄层材料是厚度较薄的材料，其特征是抗弯刚度很小。薄层材料包括薄层状隔离装置的延伸部分和缓凝减摩层。图12中的C形隔离装置31中与A部分内壁接触的部分就是薄层材料，它是隔离装置的延伸部分。
外置体积补偿装置
是具有液压蓄能器功能的装置，当其中的可流动介质的体积发生变化时，压力变化很小。
加压活塞(简称活塞)
是一个表面光滑的压杆，与A部分的活塞孔配合使用，活塞孔内设置有密封圈。
空腔
组合结构A部分包围的空腔的含义包含但不限于以下几种：
(1)两端通透的管子的内部空间，
(2)一端封闭、另一端通透的管子包围的空间，
(3)两端用封堵板封住，但在封堵板或管子上开有小孔的装置包围的空间，
(4)任一形状的装置包围的空间。
圆台筒
特征是：外形是圆台，横截面是圆环。
棱柱筒
外形是棱柱，横截面是两个同心多边形之间的封闭区。
棱台筒
外形是棱台，横截面是两个同心多边形之间的封闭区域，
I型截面
I型截面的其特征是，在该横截面上，B1材料的区域是单连通区域，该区域边界线的全部或绝大部分也是B2材料区域的内边界线，或者与B2内边界线只隔着一层隔离装置；在横截面上，B2材料区域的外边界线的全部或者绝大部分，是A部分的内边界线。
图1和图2所示组合结构的截面是I型截面，图1中单连通区域21中充填的是B1材料，环形区域22中充填的是B2材料，在B1与B2材料之间设置有隔离装置3，B2材料与A部分的侧壁1的全部内表面直接接触。图2中没有隔离装置3，其余部分都与图1相同。
图6所示横截面也是I型截面。
I型截面的优点是，在B1材料凝固之后，B2材料处于可流动状态阶段，如果对B2材料施加静水压力，则截面上B1材料的各处都受到静水压力的作用，无论这时以及之前B1材料是否发生收缩。并且，在这个阶段即使B1材料发生收缩，如果维持B2材料的预压应力恒定，则B1部分的收缩并不能够降低预压应力。
II型截面
II型截面的特征是：在该截面上，B2部分是单连通区域，B2区域的边界线的全部或绝大部分，是B1区域的内边界线，或者与B1内边界线只隔着一层隔离装置；B1区域的外边界线与A部分的内边界线重叠部分的长度，或者与之只隔着一层缓凝减摩材料或缓凝减磨层的那部分的长度，是B1区域外边界线的全部或者绝大部分，并且对应着A部分的内边界线的全部或绝大部分。
图3和图4所示组合结构的横截面是II型截面，其中的区域21中充填的是B1材料，区域22中充填的是B2材料，B2材料区域22被隔离装置3包围着，隔离装置3的外边界的绝大部分被B1材料区域21包围着，隔离装置的外端点与A部分1的内表面接触，B1材料的外表面与A部分1的内表面接触。
图8、图10和图12所示横截面也是II型截面。
II型截面的优点是：隔离装置尺寸较小，方便制作；B2区域宽度可调整，能够适用于粘度稍大一点的B2材料；便于用加压活塞来施加预压应力。
例如，图3中，在B1材料凝固之后，B2材料处于可流动状态阶段，如果对B2材料施加静水压力，截面上B1区域受到的压力虽然不是理想的静水压力状态，但接近于静水压力状态。
但对于图8所示的截面，在B1材料凝固之后，B2材料处于可流动状态阶段，如果对B2材料施加静水压力，可能会使B1材料在切线方向受到拉力作用，特别是当截面上空腔直径较大时。如果空腔直径较小，和/或，B1材料凝固之后的收缩量较小，则可选用图8所示截面。
III型截面
III型截面的特征是：
截面上的核心区域是单连通区域，充填着B21材料；截面上B21材料区域的边界的全部或绝大部分与B1材料区域的某些边界重叠，或与之隔着一层隔离装置；B1材料区域的外边界的全部或绝大部分被B22材料区域包围着，B1材料区域与B22材料区域直接接触，或者二者之间存在一个隔离装置；B22材料区域处在B1材料区域与A部分区域之间。
优选地，B21材料与B22材料是同一种材料；
优选地，所述B1部分的区域和所述B22部分的区域均为环形区域。
优选地，从B1部分材料在三轴受压应力状态下刚具有静态抗剪强度的这一时刻开始，到B1部分材料中的水泥完成水化为止，在这个时间范围内至少存在这样一个时间段，在该时间段内，与B1材料相比，B21和B22材料都具有相对高流动性。
优选地，在整个组合结构中，与所述B21部分对应的三维空间区域，和与B22部分对应的三维空间区域，在某些截面上是联通的或只隔着薄层材料。
图14和图18所示横截面都是III截面。
图14中，区域221和区域22都充填B2材料，区域21充填B1材料。B1材料区域21处在B2材料区域221与22之间，区域221与区域21之间有隔离装置，区域22与21之间也有隔离装置。
图18中，区域224和区域221充填的都是B2材料，区域21充填的是B1材料。
III型截面的优点是，可与I型截面联合使用，为设计B1、B2部分三维区域的形状留下更多的可能。例如，如果空腔中的B1和B2部分的三维区域如图13至18所示，则含有III型截面的B1和B2三维区域同时具有I型和II型截面的优点。既方便用挤压活塞加载，又使B1部分各处的都只受静水压力的作用。即使在B1材料凝固之后，B2材料处于可流动状态阶段，对B2材料施加静水压力，B1部分的各处仍然不会产生剪应力。
IV型截面
IV型截面的特征是，截面上空腔中的整个区域分割成B1和B2两个区域，两个区域分别都与A部分的内壁接触或与之隔着一个薄层材料，B1和B2区域之间有共同边界或被隔离装置分开。
IV型截面的优点是，隔离装置制作方便，缺点是截面不对称，不太使用于制作大长径比的直线轴线柱子，但适用于制作拱形受压构件。要保证截面上的B1和B2区域，关于拱轴线所在的平面对称。
凝固
在本发明中凝固是指，材料由抗剪强度为零或几乎为零转变成具有抗剪强度的过程。
凝固包含但不限于：
水泥净桨的、水泥砂浆的、混凝土的、活性粉末混凝土等的凝结硬化过程；高分子材料由可流动状态变成固体的过程。
强度升高
可凝固材料具有抗剪强度之后，其强度随着时间的增加而增加的过程。
无机非金属可凝固材料
本发明中无机非金属可凝固材料是指，不用借助与空气中的成分发生反应就能够凝固的、无机非金属材料。此材料包含但不限于石灰、石膏、水泥等。
水泥基材料
本发明中水泥基材料是指含有水泥并且在凝固过程中伴随有水泥水化的材料。
水泥基材料包含但不限于：
水泥净桨的、水泥砂浆的、混凝土等，以及
含有活性掺料的水泥砂浆、混凝土、活性粉末混凝土等，以及
水泥、活性掺料与水的混合物，以及
水泥、活性掺料和/或非活性掺料与水的混合物，以及，
水泥、活性掺料和/或非活性掺料、固体颗粒与水的混合物。
活性掺料是指，能够与水泥或水泥的生成物发生化学反应或物理化学反应的材料，包含但不限于：粉煤灰、矿渣、硅灰、氢氧化钙粉等。
非活性掺料的特性是，在常温下与石灰、石膏或硅酸盐水泥一起，加水拌合后不能发生水化反应或反应甚微，不能生成水硬性的水化产物。非活性掺料包含但不限于：石灰石、石英砂及慢冷矿渣。
缓凝高分子材料
该掺料的特征是：从没有静态抗剪强度开始，到静态抗剪强度达到某一较低数值结束，这个过程所用的时间比普通高分子材料用的时间长，例如这个过程所有时间在数十个小时到数个月之间，或者更长。较低数值的静态抗剪强度是根据需要设定的，例如设置为0.1MPa、0.5MPa、1MPa等；到达该静态抗剪强度数值时，材料的凝固过程并没有完成，之后的静态抗剪强度还会随时间升高。
在现有的缓凝高分子材料中，有的在半年之后还具有流动性，这些材料充填在缓粘结预应力钢绞线和其外套管之间。
缓凝减摩材料
此材料具有以下特征之一：
(1)配置完成之后，在设计要求的时间范围内，其静态抗剪强度为零或几乎为零，仅为缓凝减摩材料的最终静态抗剪强度的几万分之一至十几分之一；
(2)当时间超过一定长度之后，材料的内聚力和内摩擦角都有增长，逐渐取决于最终值；缓凝减摩材料和与其接触的固体表面之间的粘结力和摩擦系数都有增加，逐渐接近于最终值。
缓凝减摩层
缓凝减摩层是用缓凝减摩材料制作的层状材料，用在空腔中的B1和/或B2材料与A部分的内表面之间。制作方法包含以下几种：
把缓凝材料涂抹到透水的编织物上；
把缓凝材料涂抹到不透水的薄膜的一面或两面，与A部分内表面接触的薄膜表面上要有涂抹的缓凝减摩材料；
在A部分的内表面的某一区域上涂抹缓凝减摩材料，再在缓凝减摩材料上贴一层透水的编织物、或不透水的薄膜。
缓凝减摩层失去流动性的时刻，一定要晚于空腔中的B1材料开始凝固的时刻，最好要晚于B1材料的收缩转折点出现的时刻，以便于削弱或消除B1材料面向A部分内壁的那个表面上的剪应力。如果没有缓凝减摩层，由于B1部分材料发生体积收缩，B1材料与A部分内壁界面上会有剪应力。
流动性
材料具有流动性是指，材料至少具有以下特性之一。
(1)材料无论是否受到静水压力作用，都不具备静态抗剪强度，或几乎不具备静态抗剪强度；所述几乎不具备静态抗剪强度是指，与可凝固材料的最终静态抗剪强度相比，所述时刻的静态抗剪强度非常小，仅为最终强度的几万分之一至十几分之一；
(2)材料不具备静态单轴抗压强度，或几乎不具备静态单轴抗压强度；所述几乎不具备静态抗压强度是指，与可凝固材料的最终静态抗压强度相比，所述时刻的静态抗压强度非常小，仅为最终强度的几万分之一至十几分之一；
(3)受任何很小的剪切力作用时，都会发生连续变形；所述很小的剪切力是指，在施加剪切力的时刻，剪切力仅为可凝固材料的最终静态抗剪强度的几万分之一至十几分之一。
静态强度
静态强度是指，采用规范规定的静态强度测量方法测得的强度。
最终静态强度
当材料的静态强度随着时间的增加不再变化或者几乎不再变化之后，采用静态强度测量方法测得的强度就是材料的最终静态强度。材料的静态抗拉、抗压、抗剪强度对应的最终静态强度，分别称为最终静态抗拉强度、最终静态抗压强度、最终静态抗剪强度。
可流动时间
材料的所有成分混合之后，材料具有流动性的持续时间长度。
相对高流动性
在某一时刻，材料甲与材料乙都受到相同的应力作用，该应力不随时间变化并且其偏量不为零，如果材料甲的偏应变速率比材料乙的偏应变速率高，则称材料甲比材料乙具有相对高流动性。
可流动状态
当材料具有流动性时，材料就处在可流动状态。
化学收缩
水化后的绝对体积小于水化前的水和其它参与水化的各种成分的体积之和。
收缩转折点
把新拌水泥基材料放入封闭环境中，让其经历两个阶段：
(1)在第一阶段，材料受到的压力至少在刚开始阶段是变化的，经历的温度是可以变化的；
(2)在第二阶段，保持温度和压力不变，记录其体积应变与时间关系曲线。
在第二阶段，如果体积应变与时间关系曲线中存在一个具有以下特征的点，则该点就是收缩转折点。该点的特征是：在该点处曲线的曲率最大，在该点之后的体积应变速率远低于之前处在第二阶段的平均速率，仅为之前该速率的几十分之一到几分之一，甚至更低。在常用的水灰比或水胶比范围内，收缩转折点出现时，材料已经具有一定的静态抗剪强度。
如果在第二阶段，体积应变与时间关系曲线中没有出现转折点，说明第二阶段的开始时间太晚了，通过缩短第一阶段的时间长度，可使第二阶段中的曲线出现转折点。如果第二阶段开始时材料还处在可流动状态，则一定能够找到转折点。即使在第二阶段开始的时刻材料具有的一定的静态抗剪强度，如果强度不是足够高，还是能够出现转折点。
到达收缩转折点的时间
起点时间是，新拌水泥基材料放入封闭环境中之后，受到的压力刚开始升高的时刻；终点时间是，曲线中转折点对应的时刻；从起点到达终点的这段时间的长度称为到达收缩转折点的时间。
压力源
能够给流体提供压力的装置，如泵，蓄能器等。
直接驱动处在可流动状态的B2材料流动的体积补偿装置中的压力源的选择范围是：注浆泵、蓄能器，活塞加压装置。活塞加压装置类似于液压千斤顶，用B2材料替代液压油的，当对活塞施加荷载时，“油缸”中的B2材料的压力就会增加，材料会沿着与之连接的管路注入到组合结构空腔中的B2区域。
后处理方法
如果加压装置是加压活塞，后处理方法是锯断活塞的外露部分。在锯断时，空腔中与活塞接触的材料要达到足够的强度，以便能够抵抗因活塞杆失去外部作用力之后给B1和B2材料带来的应力变化。
如果加压装置是与空腔联通的管路和外置的加压装置，后处理方法是卸掉加压装置，锯断充满B2材料管路。锯断管路时，空腔中的A部分的管口附近的B1或B2材料要达到足够的强度，以防因应力重新发布而被挤坏。
如果加压装置是内置体积补偿装置，后处理方法是放掉其中的气体或液体，向其中注入可凝固材料。在进行上述处理时，B1和B2材料的强度要满足了以下要求，材料有足够的强度去抵抗因去除体积补偿装置带来的压力不平衡；空腔内材料应力状态的改变，不降低或少降低相应材料的远期强度。
实施例
下面结合实施例和附图详细介绍本发明组合结构及其制作方法。
实施例1.——I型截面(图5和图6)
钢管水泥砂浆组合结构，在制作过程中的某一阶段如图5和图6所示。A部分由钢管11、下封堵板12和上封堵板13组成。在下封堵板12的中心位置设置有一个带螺纹的圆孔121，在上封堵板13的中心位置也设置有一个带螺纹的圆孔，该孔连接着一个施工管51。当施工完成之后，施工管51将被卸掉或锯断。
A部分的钢管11采用Q345钢，屈服强度为345MPa。钢管11为无缝钢管，外径245mm，壁厚12mm。A部分两端能够耐受的空腔中流体压力大于侧壁的。
在A部分的空腔中安装有一个隔离装置3，隔离装置包含侧壁和上下端板，下端板封死下端，上端板中心区域留有圆孔331。隔离装置侧壁厚度为1mm，上下端板厚度为2mm，材料为A3钢。隔离装置与A部分的侧壁11之间设置有固定装置41，与A的下封堵板12之间用固定装置42联接。
B1部分21的材料为水泥砂浆，水泥是PI型硅酸盐水泥，终凝时间小于6个小时。B2部分22的材料为缓凝活性粉末混凝土，当龄期为10个小时时还具有流动性。B1材料处在隔离装置3内部的空腔中；B2材料处在隔离装置3与A部分之间的空隙中；A部分的内壁只与B2接触，不与B1材料接触。
1.A部分的、隔离装置的施工方法
(1)把A部分的钢管11与下封堵板12焊接在一起；
(2)把隔离装置3安装到钢管内部；
(3)把上封堵板连接到钢管上端。可采用焊接的方法连接；也可在钢管上端设置法兰盘，把上封堵板连接到法兰盘上。
2.B1和B2材料的注入方法
先把施工管51连接到A的上端部13上的圆孔中，然后再进行注入材料的工作。注入的过程中或注入完成之后，可把激振器固定在A的侧壁上，对整个钢管施加振动，使B1、B2材料变得密实，排出其中混入的空气。
方法1(两步注入)
(1)通过施工管51向隔离装置3的内部空腔21中注入水泥砂浆(B1材料)，注入过程中保持灌注孔121不被封堵，以便排除空气。注入B1材料时，可把施工管51伸入到隔离装置的开口311中；等B1的注入完成之后，再提升施工管，使其下端进入隔离装置与A的内壁之间的空隙中。B1注入完成之后，清理掉施工管51的内壁上附着的B1材料。
(2)待B1注满或接近注满隔离装置3的内部空腔之后，(不能高出隔离装置3)，向隔离装置3与A部分之间的空隙灌注缓凝RPC(B2)，一直到材料B2接近充填满施工管51的空腔位置。如果之前充填的B1材料没有填满隔离装置，B2会充填其剩余部分。注入B2的方法是用一个管子连接到灌注孔121上，缓凝RPC(B2)通过管子被挤入隔离装置3与A部分1之间的空隙中，最后进入到施工管的孔52中。注入B2的过程中，空气从施工管中排出。
方法2(同步或交错注入)
(1)保持B1的注入高度与B2的注入高度的差值处在要求范围内，同步地注入B1和B2材料，或交错地注入B1和B2材料。在这种方法中，用一个供料管穿过施工管孔52，插入到隔离装置的空腔中，通过此管子注入B1材料。供料管与施工管51的内壁之间留有间隙，以便在注入B1和B2材料时，空气能够从间隙中排除。注入B2材料的方法是，把一个细管子连接到A部分的下端封堵板12的圆孔121上，通过细管子注入B2材料。
(2)当材料B1充满或接近充满隔离装置3的空腔之后，停止注入B1材料，并把供料管从施工管51的孔中拔出。但继续注入B2材料，直到几乎充填满整个施工管孔52。
方法3(预注二氧化碳气体)
(1)向空腔中注入二氧化碳气体，替换掉原来的空气。
(2)保持B1的注入高度与B2的注入高度的差值处在要求的范围内，同步地注入B1和B2材料，或交错地注入B1和B2材料。B1材料直接从施工管51注入，B2材料从A的下端圆孔121注入，注入过程中不用考虑排除空气。
(3)当B1材料充满或接近充满隔离装置3之后，停止注入B1材料；但继续注入B2材料，直到几乎充填满整个施工管孔52为止。
由于二氧化碳能够溶于水，压力越大溶解度越高。在后面的加压过程中，二氧化碳会被RPC中的水分溶解，并最终与水泥砂浆及RPC中的成分发生反应而被转化成固体。所以在注入B1和B2的过程中，无需再排除二氧化碳。
3.加压方法
当完成B1和B2的注入后，卸掉与A部分下端圆孔121相连的管子，把灌注孔121用丝堵封住。把体积补偿装置(加压装置)与施工管51连接在一起。在设计的时间范围和设计的压力范围内，对施工管孔52中的B2材料施加压力。
(1)确定要施加的静水压力设计值P 0
根据A部分能够承受的空腔内部最大压力来确定静水压力最大值P M。在设计A部分端部时，要保证A部分端部能够承受的静水压力要大于或等于管子侧壁的。按照薄壁筒公式计算A部分侧壁能够承受的最大压力P M。
Figure PCTCN2019079937-appb-000001
对B2材料施加的静水压力P 0取为P 0＝33MPa，满足P 0＜P M。
(2)确定体积补偿的时间范围
记B1材料中的水泥与水混合的时刻为其龄期的零点。在B1材料的龄期达到40分钟之前，完成向A部分空腔中注入B1和B2材料。并且，在B1材料的龄期达到50分钟之前，开始用体积补偿装置对B2材料施加压力，在10分钟之内把压力加到33MPa，之后维持施工管孔52中的压力恒定，维持恒定压力的结束时刻要晚于B2材料开始失去流动性的时刻。
4.体积补偿装置的后处理方法
当B1和B2材料具有足够的强度后，卸掉体积补偿装置，然后再去除施工管并进行后处理。去除施工管和后处理的方法至少有以下三种。
第一种方法是，从施工管根部把施工管连同内部的已经硬化的RPC锯掉。
第二种方法是，用工具扭动施工管，把管中的凝固的B2材料扭断，卸掉施工管；然后，用适量的可凝固材料充填卸掉施工管之后留下的坑，磨平表面。
第三种方法与第二种方法的前几个步骤都相同，只是在卸掉施工管之后，用带有螺纹的圆柱体替代施工管拧到圆孔中，在拧之前可向施工管留下的坑中充填一部分可凝固材料。
建议尝试，在48～72小时的B2材料龄期范围内，锯掉或卸掉施工管，这时材料的强度能够抵抗去除施工管时带来的压力不平衡。
体积补偿装置中有一部分装有RPC，在RPC凝固后一起废掉，这部分是一次性的耗材。
实施例2.——II型截面(图7、图8)
接近完成的钢管混凝土组合结构如图7和图8所示。此结构的A部分由钢管11、下封堵板12和上封堵板13组成。在上封堵板13的偏心位置留有进料圆孔131，用来注入B1材料；在上封堵板的中心位置，设置有活塞孔，孔中插入有加压活塞6，加压活塞表面光滑，活塞与孔壁之间设置有密封圈。在钢管内部设置有隔离装置3，此装置是表面有分布圆孔的铁管，圆孔直径为5～7mm，在铁管外侧包裹有金属网，网眼为方形，眼宽可在0.5～2mm之间选择。用作隔离装置的铁管固定在A部分的上下封堵板上。
A部分能够耐受的内部流体压力为55MPa，取对空腔中B1、B2材料施加的压力为50MPa。
B1材料是含有粗骨料的高强混凝土；B2材料是缓凝活性粉末混凝土，使用的石英砂的最大粒径为0.635mm。B2材料在50MPa压力下具有流动性的时间，比B1材料在同样压力下抗压强度达到20MPa时的时间，至少要长15个小时。
在放置活塞6之前，把B1材料通过进料圆孔131注入到钢管内部，注入的过程中或注入完成之后对钢管施加振动。当B1材料注满时，用丝堵封住进料圆孔131。随后，用细管穿过活塞圆孔向隔离装置3的空腔22中注入B2材料，当接近注满时停止加注。然后，把密封圈放置到活塞孔中，再把活塞插入孔中。当把活塞6向A的空腔中推移时，会挤压B2材料，B2材料从铁管的分布孔中流出，给B1材料施加压力。如果从铁管孔中流出的B2材料过多，会撕破金属网，这是允许的。
在水泥与水混合之后的35分钟内把B1、B2材料装入到相应的空腔中，在之后的15分钟之内把B2材料的压力施加到50MPa，然后维持这个压力不变。如果施加到加压活塞6外端上的荷载是恒定的，则处在流动状态的B2材料中的压应力也是恒定的。维持施加到活塞6外端上的荷载恒定，直到B2材料的强度能够满足以下要求：去除活塞外端荷载时，活塞的变形和移动不影响空腔中B1、B2材料的远期强度。
实施例3.——II型截面(图9、图10)
钢管混凝土组合结构如图9和图10所示，A部分由钢管11、下封堵板12和上封堵板13组成。A部分的空腔中设置有隔离装置，它由波纹铁板31和32组成，波纹板固定在钢管的内壁上。波纹板包围区域22充填材料B2，钢管与波纹板之间的区域211和212充填B1材料，在A部分内壁中所有与B1材料接触的区域上都涂抹缓凝减摩材料。
A部分能够耐受空腔中流体压强的最大值是55MPa，在B1和B2材料充填到空腔之后，对其施加50MPa的压力。
B1材料是活性粉末混凝土，B2材料是缓凝活性粉末混凝土。在室温中，在50MPa静水压力作用下，B1材到达收缩转折点的时间是20小时，B2材料的可流动时间长度大于25小时。
通过孔121和122分别向右空腔211和左空腔212充填B1材料，直到充填满为止；通过施工管孔52向波纹板包围的区域22中充填B2材料，直到B2材料接近充填满施工管孔52。
在水泥与水混合之后40分钟之内完成向钢管空腔中充填B1和B2材料的工作。随后，在20分钟之内，把空腔中B2材料的压力加到50MPa；然后，维持压力恒定，一直到B2材料失去流动性为止。之后，保持施工管孔中的B2材料不被扰动，当B2材料具有足够的强度时，锯断施工管51。选择锯断施工管的时间标准是，去除施工管造成的压力不平衡，不影响组合结构中B1和B2材料的远期强度。
实施例4.——II型截面(图11、图12)
组合结构如图11、图12所示，其中除了隔离装置与实施例3中的不同之外，其余的都相同。隔离装置由一个C形波纹板31和一个反C形波纹板32组成，波纹板直接放入到钢管的空腔中，不与钢管及上下封堵板进行连接。在两个波纹板之间放置若干个点状支撑物，以便在向区域211和212注入B1材料时，两个波纹板之间能够保持适当的空隙。
在充填B1、B2材料之前，向A部分空腔的全部内壁涂抹缓凝减摩材料。
向空腔中充填B1和B2材料的方法是：先同步地向区域211和区域212注入B1材料，当注入到适当高度或注满时，再向区域22注入B2材料。为了防止刚开始注入时B1材料进入到波纹板与钢管之间，可在注入之前用胶带等把波纹板的横向端部粘贴到钢管内壁上。
当B1、B2材料充填完成之后，用外置的体积补偿装置对B2部分施加压力，方法与实施例3相同。
实施例5.——I型和III型截面(图13、图14、图15)
钢管混凝土组合结构如图13、图14和图15所示，A部分由钢管11、下封堵板12和上封堵板13组成。在A部分的空腔中安装有隔离装置，隔离装置包含下端板32、薄壁圆筒31、上端板33、内薄壁圆筒34以及防回流冒35。防回流冒的作用是：在注入B1材料的过程中，阻止区域21中B1材料向上流动；在对处在可流动状态的B2材料施加压力的过程中，允许内薄壁圆筒34中的B2材料向下流动。隔离装置与A部分之间有固定装置41和42。A部分的上封堵板13设置有圆孔131，与隔离装置上端板的圆孔331对着。A部分上封堵板13正中心设置有圆孔，圆孔中插着加压活塞6，活塞与圆孔壁之间安装有密封圈。
B1材料为活性粉末混凝土，B2材料为缓凝活性粉末混凝土。在区域21中充填的都是B1材料，区域22和221中充填的都是B2材料。
B1、B2材料的充填方法包含以下步骤。
(1)把一根供料细管穿过A部分的圆孔131和隔离装置的圆孔331插入到区域21中，通过此细管把B1材料注入到其中，直到注满或接近注满该区域。要注意不能让B1材料从隔离装置圆孔331中溢出。供料管的与圆孔331之间留有间隙，空气能够从中排出。
(2)调整加压活塞的高度，使其能够封堵住上封堵板13的中心圆孔，但没有插入到隔离装置内薄壁圆筒34中。
(3)从A的下端圆孔121向内注入B2材料，注入时上端圆孔131敞开着，用来排出空气。当B2材料充填满所有间隙区域22以及区域221后，用丝堵封住A的下端圆孔121和上端圆孔131.
当充填完成之后，对加压活塞施加荷载，直到B2材料的压力达到50MP为止，之后一直保持荷载恒定。当B2材料的强度达到要求值之后，从根部锯断加压活塞。
实施例6.——III型截面(图16、图17、图18)
钢管混凝土组合结构如图16、图17和图18所示，其中A部分包含钢管11、下封堵板12和上封堵板13。隔离装置包含外筒31、下端板32和内筒34，内筒34与外筒31之间设置有支撑杆412。隔离装置与A部分之间设置有固定装置411和42。在A部分的上封堵板中设置有偏心圆孔131和中心圆孔，加压活塞6可以穿过中心圆孔，进入到隔离装置的内筒34的孔中。
B1材料是活性粉末混凝土，B2材料是缓凝活性粉末混凝土。充填完成之后，B1材料处在隔离装置的内外筒之间的区域21中，B2材料处在A部分的钢管内侧区域221、下封堵板12内侧区 域222、上封堵板13内侧区域223以及隔离装置内筒34包围区域224中。
B1材料的充填方法是，用细管穿过圆孔131向区域21注入B1材料，当B1充填到接近隔离装置的内外筒的上沿时停止。B2材料的充填方法是，用细管穿过加压活塞孔和隔离装置内筒，到达下端区域222中，用此管注入B2材料，直到注满A部分的空腔内剩余的所有区域。
插入加压活塞，向下推移，直到B2材料的压应力达到设计值。施加到活塞外端的荷载与B2材料受到的压应力成正比。
实施例7.——(图19、图20)
组合结构如图19、图20所示，A部分空腔中较大的区域21充填的是B1材料，上封堵板内侧区域22充填的是B2材料，B1与B2材料之间没有隔离装置。在空腔中的全部侧壁和下封堵板内侧都粘贴有缓凝减摩层。
B1是含有粗骨料的超高强混凝土，B2材料是缓凝活性粉末混凝土。在相同温度和压力下，B2材料的可流动时间，比B1材料到达收缩转折点时间至少长10个小时。
当材料充填完成之后，把外置体积补偿装置通过施工管51与A的上封堵板的中心圆孔相连起来，体积补偿装置中充填的也是B2材料。对A部分的空腔中的B2材料施加压力，到达设计值后维持压力在要求的上下限范围内变动。B1材料的收缩转折点出现之后，B2材料还具有流动性时，这时关闭施工管与压力源之间的阀门，卸掉压力源。当B1、B2材料的强度足够高之后，锯断施工管51。压力源可以是泵，也可以是类似于液压千斤顶的装置，用B2材料替代液压油，通过推动活塞，可给B2材料施加压力。
实施例8.——I型截面(图21和图22)
钢管水泥砂浆组合结构，在制作过程中的某一阶段如图21和图22所示。
A部分由钢管11、下封堵板12和上封堵板13组成。在下封堵板12的中心位置设置有一个带螺纹的圆孔121；在上封堵板13的中心位置，设置有活塞孔，孔中插入有加压活塞51，加压活塞表面光滑，活塞与孔壁之间设置有密封圈。
在A部分的空腔中安装有一个隔离装置3，隔离装置与实施例1中的相同。
施工时先通过上端板13的活塞孔和隔离装置3的孔331向隔离装置内部充填B1材料，B1材料为活性粉末混凝土，直到接近填满。充填过程中，B1材料不能进入隔离装置之外的区域。
在B1充填完之后，通过下端板12的中心孔121向A的空腔中充填B2材料，B2材料是缓凝活性粉末混凝土，其开始失去流动性对应的时刻要比B1材料出现收缩转折点的时刻晚10个小时。
B2材料充填完成之后，用管子把孔121与体积补偿装置联接起来，让管路中和体积补偿装置中充满了处于流动状态的B2材料。体积补偿装置类似于蓄能器，其中设置有气囊，可挤压蓄能器中的可流动的B2材料。
把加压活塞51安装到上端板13的中心孔中，推动活塞下行，活塞穿过上端板内侧的B2区域，进入到隔离装置内的B1材料中。当作用到活塞上的荷载达到设计值时，把活塞固定住，不让其移动。活塞进入到B1材料区域的过程中，B1材料推动B2材料流动，使B2材料挤压蓄能器中的气囊，气囊体积收缩，压力有微小增加。之后，保持加压活塞51的位置不变，当B1和B2材料发生收缩时，气囊膨胀，填补这两种材料的体积变化。
实施例9.——IV型截面(图23)
组合结构截面如图23所示，A部分1的空腔中较大的区域21和较小的区域22分别充填的是B1和B2材料，B1与B2材料之间有隔离装置3。B1是含有粗骨料的超高强混凝土，B2材料是缓凝活性粉末混凝土。在相同温度和压力下，B2材料的流动性结束的时刻，比B1材料收缩转折点出现的时刻晚5个小时。
加压方法：
B2和B1材料充填完成之后，B2和B1材料都处在可流动状态时，开始对B2材料施加压力，当到达设计值之后维持压力在要求的范围内波动，维持压力结束时间是在B2材料具有一定的强度之后。
当然，本发明组合结构并不限于筒状结构，还可以是其他形状结构，均不影响本发明的实现。
至此，已经结合附图对本实施例进行了详细描述。依据以上描述，本领域技术人员应当对本发明有了清楚的认识。
需要说明的是，在附图或说明书正文中，未绘示或描述的实现方式，均为所属技术领域中普通技术人员所知的形式，并未进行详细说明。
还需要说明的是，本发明可提供包含特定值的参数的示范，但这些参数无需确切等于相应的值，而是可在可接受的误差容限或设计约束内近似于相应值。实施例中提到的方向用语，仅是参考附图的方向，并非用来限制本发明的保护范围。此外，除非特别描述或必须依序发生的步骤，上述步骤的顺序并无限制于以上所列，且可根据所需设计而变化或重新安排。并且上述实施例可基于设计及可靠度的考虑，彼此混合搭配使用或与其他实施例混合搭配使用，即不同实施例中的技术特征可以自由组合形成更多的实施例。
应注意，贯穿附图，相同的元素由相同或相近的附图标记来表示。在以下描述中，一些具体实施例仅用于描述目的，而不应该理解为对本发明有任何限制，而只是本发明实施例的示例。在可能导致对本发明的理解造成混淆时，将省略常规结构或构造。应注意，图中各部件的形状和尺寸不反映真实大小和比例，而仅示意本发明实施例的内容。
以上所述的具体实施例，对本发明的目的、技术方案和有益效果进行了进一步详细说明，所应理解的是，以上所述仅为本发明的具体实施例而已，并不用于限制本发明，凡在本发明的精神和原则之内，所做的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (44)

  1. 一种组合结构，包括A部分和B部分；其中，所述A部分包围有空腔，所述B部分充填于所述空腔中，且所述B部分包括B1部分和B2部分。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的组合结构，其特征是所述组合结构至少有以下一个特征：
    (1)所述B2部分至少有一部分边界与A部分的内壁直接接触，
    (2)所述B1部分至少有一部分边界与A部分的内壁直接接触，
    (3)所述B1部分的至少一部分边界与所述B2部分的至少一部分边界直接接触，
    (4)所述B1部分的至少一部分边界与所述B2部分的至少一部分边界被隔离装置分开。
  3. 根据权利要求1或2所述的组合结构，其特征是，
    所述组合结构还包括薄层材料，将所述B2部分的至少一部分边界与所述A部分的内壁分开，和/或，将所述B1部分的至少一部分边界与所述A部分的内壁分开；所述薄层材料包括缓凝减摩层或层状的隔离装置的延伸部分。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的组合结构，其特征是，所述B1部分材料和B2部分材料均为可凝固材料；在所述B1部分材料和B2部分材料充填到所述空腔的过程中，所述B1和B2部分材料为可流动状态；在过了充填完成之后的某一时刻，所述B1和B2部分材料为凝固状态，且凝固过程在所述空腔内部完成。
  5. 根据权利要求1或4所述的组合结构，其特征是，在所述B1部分材料和B2部分材料都凝固之后，还受到预压应力或残留预压应力的作用；
    所述残留预压应力的含义是，在B1和B2材料都凝固之后，B1和/或B2材料还会发生收缩，这时材料中原来的预压应力会变小，变小之后的预压应力就是所述残留预压应力。
  6. 根据权利要求1或5所述的组合结构，还包括内置体积补偿装置，该装置位于所述空腔内部，用来对空腔中的B1和/或B2材料施加预压应力；当所述B1部分和/或所述B2部分的体积变化时，所述内置体积补偿装置还能够随之改变自身的体积，补偿B1部分和/或所述B2部分的体积变化。
  7. 根据权利要求1或6所述的组合结构，其特征是，所述内置体积补偿装置是，
    气囊，内置于空腔之内，被B2和/或B1材料所包围；和/或，
    液囊，内置于空腔之内，被B2和/或B1材料所包围；
    优选地，所述气囊或液囊被B2材料所包围；当所述B1和B2材料达到足够的强度之后，
    如果所述内置体积补偿装置是气囊，则排掉其中的压缩气体，向气囊中充填满可凝固材料；
    如果所述内置体积补偿装置是液囊，则排掉其中的液体，向其中充填满可凝固材料。
  8. 根据权利要求1或5所述的组合结构，还包括加压活塞；所述加压活塞与活塞孔配套使用，所述活塞孔设置在A部分上，在孔中设置有密封圈，加压活塞安装在活塞孔中，活塞在其中能够滑动；如果加压活塞插入到空腔中的B1和/或B2部分的区域中，则活塞挤压空腔中的B1和/或B2材料，使其压力升高；加压活塞是对空腔中的B1和/或B2材料施加预压应力的装置；当空腔中的所述B1和B2材料达到足够的强度之后，拆除加压活塞；优选地，直接从根部锯断活塞杆的外露部分。
  9. 根据权利要求1至8之一所述的组合结构，还包括隔离装置，位于所述空腔中；隔离装 置处在所述B1部分与B2部分之间；B1与B2部分之间有共同边界，和/或被隔离装置分开。
  10. 根据权利要求1至9之一所述的组合结构，其中，所述A部分包括管子、及与所述管子连接的下封堵板和上封堵板。
  11. 根据权利要求1所述组合结构，其中，所述组合结构具有一个轴线，以所述轴线为法线的所述组合结构的横截面是以下四种之一，I型截面、II型截面、III型截面、IV型截面；
    所述I型截面的其特征是，在该横截面上，B1材料的区域是单连通区域，该区域边界线的全部或绝大部分也是B2材料区域的内边界线，或者与B2内边界线只隔着一层隔离装置；在横截面上，B2材料区域处在B1部分与A部分之间；
    所述II型截面的特征是，在该截面上，B2部分是单连通区域，B2区域的边界线的全部或绝大部分，是B1区域的内边界线，或者与B1内边界线只隔着一层隔离装置；B1材料区域处在B2材料区域与A区域之间；
    优选地，在A部分与B1材料之间设置有缓凝减摩层；
    所述III型截面的特征是：截面上的核心区域是单连通区域，充填着B21材料；截面上B21材料区域的边界的全部或绝大部分与B1材料区域的某些边界重叠，或与之隔着一层隔离装置；B1材料区域的外边界的全部或绝大部分被B22材料区域包围着，B1材料区域与B22材料区域直接接触，或者二者之间存在一个隔离装置；B22材料区域处在B1材料区域与A部分区域之间；
    优选地，B21材料与B22材料是同一种材料；优选地，所述B1部分的区域和所述B22部分的区域均为环形区域；
    所述IV型截面的特征是，截面上空腔中的整个区域分割成B1和B2两个区域，两个区域分别都与A部分的内壁接触或与之隔着一个薄层材料，B1和B2区域之间有共同边界或被隔离装置分开。
  12. 根据权利要求11所述组合结构，其中，在拥有III型截面的组合结构中，与所述B21部分对应的三维空间区域，和与B22部分对应的三维空间区域，在某些截面上是联通的或只隔着薄层材料。
  13. 根据权利要求1所述组合结构，其中，还包括缓凝减摩层，设置在所述B1部分与所述A部分之间，用来减弱或消除二者界面上的剪应力；优选地，缓凝减摩层失去流动性的时刻，晚于B1材料的收缩转折点出现的时刻。
  14. 根据权利要求1至13之一所述组合结构，其中，所述组合结构是受压构件，包括轴线为直线的柱状结构、轴线是曲线的拱形结构；优选地，所述柱状结构的截面是圆形、椭圆形、多边形。
  15. 一种组合结构的制作方法，包括：
    制作包围有空腔的A部分；
    将B部分充填到所述空腔中并施加压力，包括：将B1部分和B2部分充填所述空腔中，对所述B1和/或B2部分施加压力。
  16. 根据权利要求15所述的制作方法，其中，所述B2部分填充于所述B1部分与A部分之间的空间中；和/或，所述B2部分充填于被B1部分包围的或部分包围的空间中。
  17. 根据权利要求15所述的制作方法，其中，
    所述B2部分至少有一部分边界与A部分的内壁直接接触，
    所述B1部分至少有一部分边界与A部分的内壁直接接触，
    所述B1部分的至少一部分边界与所述B2部分的至少一部分边界直接接触，
    所述B1部分的至少一部分边界与所述B2部分的至少一部分边界被隔离装置分开。
  18. 根据权利要求15或17所述的制作方法，其特征是，
    所述组合结构还包括薄层材料，将所述B2部分的至少一部分边界与所述A部分的内壁分开，和/或，将所述B1部分的至少一部分边界与所述A部分的内壁分开；所述薄层材料包括缓凝减摩层或层状的隔离装置的延伸部分。
  19. 根据权利要求15所述的制作方法，其中，所述A部分为固体材料，所述B部分为可凝固材料。
  20. 根据权利要求15所述制作方法，其特征是，在向所述A部分包围的空腔中充填的过程中，所述B1和B2部分材料处于流动状态；过了充填完成之后的某一时刻，它们开始在所述空腔中凝固。
  21. 根据权利要求15至20之一所述的制作方法，其中，所述组合结构是受压构件，包括轴线为直线的柱状结构、轴线是曲线的拱形结构。
  22. 根据权利要求15所述的制作方法，其中，制作包围有空腔的A部分，包括：
    提供管子、下封堵板及上封堵板；
    将所述下封堵板连接在所述管子下端，及将所述上封堵板连接在所述管子上端，完成所述包围有空腔的A部分的制作；
    优选的，所述管子是钢管。
  23. 根据权利要求22所述的制作方法，其中，在将所述下封堵板连接在所述管子下端之前，和/或，将所述上封堵板连接在所述管子上端之前，还包括：将隔离装置安装至所述管子内。
  24. 根据权利要求23所述的制作方法，其中，所述隔离装置是以下之一：
    两端通透的筒状结构，两端没有任何遮挡物；
    一端封闭、另一端没有任何遮挡物的筒状结构；
    一端封闭的筒状结构，另一端有部分遮挡，但留有开口。
  25. 根据权利要求15、23或24所述的制作方法，其中，所述隔离装置是以下之一：
    由不透水的、具有一定刚度的板材制成，板材的材料是金属、高分子材料或复合材料等；
    由不透水的、具有一定刚度的板材制成，板材上设置有空洞或缝隙，板材的材料是金属、高分子材料或复合材料；
    由不透水的柔性薄膜制成；
    由透水的柔性编织物制成；
    由透水的、具有一定刚度的网状材料制成；
    由具有一定刚度的网状材料与不透水的柔性薄膜或透水的柔性编织物共同制成；网状材料做骨架，薄膜或编织物固定在网状材料上。
  26. 根据权利要求15至20之一所述的制作方法，其中，所述B1部分、B2部分材料至少具有以下特性之一：
    (1)从所述B1部分、B2部分充填到所述空腔开始，到所述B1部分材料的强度达到最终强度为止，在这个过程中的一段时间、或多段时间、或整个过程中所述B2部分材料比所述B1部分材料具有相对高流动性；
    (2)在所述B1部分、B2部分材料充填到所述空腔之后，从所述B1部分材料具有静态抗剪 强度开始，到其静态抗剪强度达到一中间强度为止，所述B2部分材料比所述B1部分材料具有相对高流动性；所述中间强度为最终静态强度的10％或20％或30％或40％或50％或60％或70％或80％或90％或95％或98％；
    (3)在所述B1部分、B2部分材料充填到所述空腔之后，从B1部分材料刚具有静态抗剪强度开始，到体积收缩转折点出现为止，至少在这个过程中B2部分材料比B1部分材料具有相对高流动性；或者，
    在所述B1部分、B2部分材料充填到所述空腔之后，从B1部分材料具有静态抗剪强度开始，到体积收缩转折点出现之后的一时刻为止，至少在这个过程中B2部分材料比B1部分材料具有相对高流动性；所述收缩转折点出现之后的所述一时刻由一时间比值决定，该比值是到达所述一时刻所述B1部分材料的龄期与到达所述体积收缩转折点时B1材料的龄期之比；所述比值等于1.25或1.5或1.75或2.0或2.5或3或4或5或10或15或20或30或40或50或75或100。
  27. 根据权利要求15所述的制作方法，其中，在将B1部分和B2部分材料充填到所述空腔中之前，还包括提供B1部分和B2部分材料；所述材料至少具有以下特性之一：
    (1)空腔中的所述B2部分材料开始失去流动性的时刻晚于空腔中的所述B1部分材料开始失去流动性的时刻；
    (2)空腔中的所述B2部分材料的可流动时间长度大于B1部分材料从混合完成到收缩转折点出现的这段时间长度；所述混合完成是指B1材料的所有成分都混合在一起并已经搅拌均匀；
    (3)空腔中的所述B2部分材料开始失去流动性的时刻晚于空腔中的所述B1部分材料的收缩转折点出现的时刻；
    (4)空气中的所述B2部分材料开始失去流动性的时刻晚于B1部分材料的收缩转折点出现之后的一时刻；所述收缩转折点出现之后的所述一时刻由一时间比值决定，该比值是到达所述一时刻B1材料的龄期与到达收缩转折点时B1材料的龄期之比；所述比值等于1.25或1.5或1.75或2.0或2.5或3或4或5或8或10或15或20或30或60或100；
    (5)空腔中的所述B2部分材料开始失去流动性的时刻晚于B1部分材料的静态强度达到一中间强度对应的时刻，所述中间强度为最终静态强度的10％或20％或30％或40％或50％或60％或70％或80％或90％或95％或98％。
  28. 根据权利要求27或27所述制作方法，其特征是，所述流动性是以下特性之一：
    (1)材料无论是否受到静水压力作用，都不具备静态抗剪强度，或几乎不具备静态抗剪强度；所述几乎不具备静态抗剪强度是指，与可凝固材料的最终静态抗剪强度相比，所述时刻的静态抗剪强度非常小，仅为最终强度的几万分之一至十几分之一；
    (2)材料不具备静态单轴抗压强度，或几乎不具备静态单轴抗压强度；所述几乎不具备静态抗压强度是指，与可凝固材料的最终静态抗压强度相比，所述时刻的静态抗压强度非常小，仅为最终强度的几万分之一至十几分之一；
    (3)受任何很小的切力作用时，都会发生连续变形；所述很小的剪切力是指，在施加剪切力的时刻，剪切力仅为可凝固材料的最终静态抗剪强度的几万分之一至十几分之一。
  29. 根据权利要求15所述的制作方法，其中，在对所述B1和/或B2部分材料施加压力之前，还包括：
    确定对所述B2和/或B1部分施加压力的范围；以及
    确定施加压力的时间范围，所述施加压力是指增加压力和/或维持恒定压力。
  30. 根据权利要求15所述的制作方法，其中，对所述B1和/或B2部分材料施加压力的上限所在区间为：0.1～7MPa，或7～15MPa，或15～30MPa，或30～60MPa，或60～90MPa，或90～120MPa，或大于120MPa。
  31. 根据权利要求15，或26至28中任一项所述的制作方法，其中，在B2部分材料具有流动性的时间范围内的某一时间段、或某几个时间段、或整个过程中，直接挤压空腔中的B2部分材料，使B2部分材料的压力达到设计要求的范围，所述B2部分材料再把压力传递到B1部分。
  32. 根据权利要求15，或26至28中任一项所述的制作方法，其中，在B2部分材料具有流动性的时间范围内，在一个连续的时间段内维持空腔中B2部分材料的压力在预设压力范围内；
    所述连续的时间段的开始时刻在以下其中之一的时间范围中：
    处在空腔中的B1和B2材料都具有流动性的时间范围内；
    处在B1材料失去流动性之后，B1材料的收缩转折点出现之前；
    所述连续的时间段的结束时刻在以下其中之一的时间范围中：
    B1材料失去流动性之后，B1材料的收缩转折点出现之前；
    B1材料的收缩转折点出现之后，B2材料的流动性失去时刻之前。
  33. 根据权利要求15，或26至28中任一项所述的制作方法，其中，在对所述B1和/或B2部分材料施加压力的方法至少包括以下之一：
    (1)用活塞挤压空腔中的B1部分和/或B2部分的材料，对所述B1和/或B2部分材料施加压力；
    (2)用与所述空腔联通的并且充满B2材料的管路，向空腔中的B2和/或B1部分所用材料传递压力；优选地，与所述空腔联通的并且充满B2材料的管路，连接到空腔中的B2部分所在区域；
    (3)用与所述空腔联通的并且充满B1材料的管路，向空腔中的B2和/或B1部分材料传递压力；
    (4)在所述空腔内安装内置体积补偿装置，利用所述体积补偿装置对所述B1和/或B2部分施加压力。
  34. 根据权利要求15、29或33所述的制作方法，其中，所述内置体积补偿装置放置在空腔中B2部分区域内，当所述空腔内部的所述B1部分材料发生收缩，并且所述B2部分材料具有流动性或能够发生流变时，所述体积补偿装置发生膨胀，对所述B2部分施加压力，推动所述B2部分的材料填补所述B1部分收缩掉的体积；
    优选地，所述内置体积补偿装置是气囊或液囊；
    所述气囊通过管路与组合结构之外的气泵连接，气泵工作时气囊中的气压逐步增加，气囊中的气压几乎等于气囊施加到周围介质上的压力，当气囊中的气压进入到设计要的范围内之后，维持气压在该范围内变化；
    所述液囊通过管路与组合结构之外的液压源连接，液压源推动液体压力增加，液囊中的液压几乎等于液囊施加到周围介质上的压力，当压力进入设计要求的范围内之后，维持液压在该范围内变化。
  35. 根据权利要求33所述的制作方法，其中，
    (1)当用活塞挤压空腔中的B1部分和/或B2部分的材料时，还用一个或多个充满了可流动的B2材料管子把空腔中的B2材料区域与外置体积补偿装置连接；
    (2)当用与所述空腔联通的并且充满B2材料的管路，向空腔中的B2和/或B1部分所用材料 传递压力时，还在与所述空腔联通的并且充满B2材料的管路上连接一个或多个外置体积补偿装置，或者，用一个或多个充满了可流动的B2材料管子把空腔中的B2材料区域与外置体积补偿装置连接起来。
  36. 根据权利要求31、32或35所述的制作方法，其中，在连接A部分空腔与外置体积补偿装置的管路上设置有阀门；在维持空腔中的B2材料的压力在设计范围内变化的过程中，所述阀门是接通的，这时管路中的介质可以流入流出；在B2材料失去流动性之前的某一时刻，关闭阀门，管路中的介质不能流动；卸掉外置体积补偿装置，清理干净其中的可凝固材料，以便让外置体积补偿装置可以重复使用。
  37. 根据权利要求33所述的制作方法，其中，用与所述空腔联通的并且充满B2材料的管路，向空腔中的B2和/或B1部分所用材料传递压力的过程中，管路的另一端连接在加压装置上，加载装置维持管路中的压力在设计要求的范围内；在所述管路上设置有阀门，在B2材料的流动性失去之前的某一时刻，关闭阀门，卸掉加压装置，清洗加压装置，以便重复使用。
  38. 根据权利要求33所述的制作方法，其中，
    (1)当采用活塞挤压空腔中的B1部分和/或B2部分的材料时，维持施加到活塞杆外端的压力一直到B2材料具有一预定强度；该预定强度能够抵抗因去除活塞杆外端的压力而产生的应力变化；
    (2)当采用管路来传递压力时，维持管路中的B2或B1材料的压力一直到B2或B1材料具有一预定强度；该预定强度能够抵抗因锯断管路而产生应力变化；所述管路是与所述空腔联通的，并且充满B2或B1材料的；
    (3)当采用内置体积补偿装置来对B2和/或B1部分材料加压时，维持内置体积补偿装置中的介质压力一直到B2和B1材料都具有预定强度，该预定强度能够抵抗因内置体积补偿装置不提供压力而产生应力变化。
  39. 根据权利要求15，或26至28中任一项所述的制作方法，其中，在空腔中的B2部分材料比B1材料具有相对高流动性的时间范围内，在其中的某一时间段、或某几个时间段、或整个过程，对于空腔中的B2材料进行挤压，让挤压装置增加挤压力或维持恒定的挤压力。
  40. 根据权利要求39所述的制作方法，其特征是，空腔中的B2部分材料比B1部分材料具有相对高流动性，并且B1材料具有抗剪强度；在满足这个条件下的时间范围内，对于空腔中的B2材料进行挤压，让挤压装置增加挤压力或维持恒定的挤压力。
  41. 根据权利要求39或40所述的制作方法，其特征是，对B2材料进行挤压时使用加压活塞和/或内置体积补偿装置；当挤压装置是活塞时，所述施加恒定的挤压力是指，维持施加到活塞外端的荷载恒定；当挤压装置是内置体积补偿装置，所述施加恒定的挤压力是指，保持气囊或油囊中的流体压力恒定。
  42. 根据权利要求38所述的制作方法，其特征是，在完成对空腔中的材料的施加压力的过程之后，还对所述加压装置进行的后处理，采用的方法是以下之一：
    (1)如果加压装置是加压活塞，锯断活塞的外露部分；
    (2)如果加压装置是与空腔联通的管路和外置的加压装置，卸掉加压装置，锯断充满B2材料管路；
    (3)如果加压装置是内置体积补偿装置，放掉其中的气体或液体，向其中注入可凝固材料。
  43. 根据权利要求15所述的制作方法，其中，在将B1部分充填所述空腔中之前或在将B2部 分充填所述空腔中之前，还包括：向所述空腔中充入二氧化碳气体。
  44. 一种组合结构，其特征是，其制作方法为如权利要求15至43中任一项所述制作方法。
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