Classifications

• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
  • D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
  • D01F6/00—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof
  • D01F6/58—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from homopolycondensation products
  • D01F6/62—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from homopolycondensation products from polyesters
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
  • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
  • B33Y70/00—Materials specially adapted for additive manufacturing
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
  • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
  • B33Y80/00—Products made by additive manufacturing
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G63/66—Polyesters containing oxygen in the form of ether groups
  • C08G63/668—Polyesters containing oxygen in the form of ether groups derived from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
  • C08G63/672—Dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy compounds
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
  • B29C64/10—Processes of additive manufacturing
  • B29C64/106—Processes of additive manufacturing using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material
  • B29C64/118—Processes of additive manufacturing using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material using filamentary material being melted, e.g. fused deposition modelling [FDM]
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
  • B29K2067/00—Use of polyesters or derivatives thereof, as moulding material
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
  • Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
  • Y10T428/2933—Coated or with bond, impregnation or core
  • Y10T428/2964—Artificial fiber or filament
  • Y10T428/2967—Synthetic resin or polymer
  • Y10T428/2969—Polyamide, polyimide or polyester

Definitions

• the disclosure generally relates to filaments for use in fused filament fabrication (FFF) and articles containing the aforementioned, and more particularly, filaments made of compositions comprising polyester thermoplastic elastomers.
• Fused fabrication also known as additive manufacturing or 3-dimensional printing (3D printing) is a process by which successive layers of a composition are deposited and fused to produce an article having a defined shape.
• the term “fused” is meant that the successive layers adhere to one another.
• Fused filament fabrication is a specific type of fused fabrication process in which the composition enters the 3D printing device as a filament, fiber, or strand and a 3D object is formed by extruding the composition through a nozzle to form layers as the composition hardens after extrusion, i.e., layer-by-layer deposition.
• Fused filament fabrication simplifies material handling and compaction of material to be deposited as compared to using pellets or powders.
• a first aspect of the present invention relates to a filament, comprising a polyester thermoplastic elastomer having a shore D hardness (ISO 868 1 second measurement) of 41 or greater, and thermal properties of: a) a melting peak temperature (A), when the temperature is increased at a rate of 10°C/minute, in a range from about 130 to about 205 °C; and b) a crystallization peak temperature (B), when the temperature is decreased at a rate of 10°C/minute, in a range from about 50 to about 140 °C; as measured by DSC.
• A melting peak temperature
• B crystallization peak temperature
• a second aspect of the present invention relates to a 3-dimensional article comprising a plurality of layers, wherein at least one layer is formed by additive manufacturing deposition of a filament comprising: a polyester thermoplastic elastomer having a shore D hardness (ISO 868 1 second measurement) of 41 or greater, and thermal properties of: a) a melting peak temperature (A), when the temperature is increased at a rate of 10°C/minute, in a range from about 130 to about 205° C; and b) a crystallization peak temperature (B), when the temperature is decreased at a rate of 10°C/minute, in a range from about 50 to about 140 °C; as measured by DSC.
• a melting peak temperature A
• B crystallization peak temperature
• the terms “about” and “at or about”, when used to modify an amount or value, refers to an approximation of an amount or value that is more or less than the precise amount or value recited in the claims or described herein.
• the precise value of the approximation is determined by what one of skill in the art would recognize as an appropriate approximation to the precise value.
• the term conveys that similar values, not precisely recited in the claims or described herein, can bring about results or effects that are equivalent to those recited in the claims or described herein, for which one of skill in the art would acknowledge as acceptably brought about by the similar values.
• the term “article” refers to an unfinished or finished item, thing, object, or an element or feature of an unfinished or finished item, thing or object.
• the term “article” may refer to any item, thing, object, element, device, etc. that has a form, shape, configuration that may undergo further processing in order to become a finished article.
• the term “article” refers to an item, thing, object, element, device, etc. that is in a form, shape, configuration that is suitable for a particular use/purpose without further processing of the entire entity or a portion of it.
• An article may comprise one or more element(s) or subassembly(ies) that either are partially finished and awaiting further processing or assembly with other elements/subassemblies that together will comprise a finished article.
• article may refer to a system or configuration of articles.
• any range set forth herein expressly includes its endpoints unless explicitly stated otherwise. Setting forth an amount, concentration, or other value or parameter as a range specifically discloses all possible ranges formed from any possible upper range limit and any possible lower range limit, regardless of whether such pairs of upper and lower range limits are expressly disclosed herein. Compounds, processes and articles described herein are not limited to specific values disclosed in defining a range in the description.
• Additive manufacturing also known as fused fabrication, is used to print or otherwise build 3D parts from digital representations of the 3D parts (e.g., AMF and STL format files) using one or more additive manufacturing techniques.
• additive manufacturing techniques include jetting, selective laser sintering, powder/binder jetting, electron-beam melting, and stereolithographic processes.
• the digital representation of the 3D part is initially sliced into multiple horizontal layers. For each sliced layer, a tool path is then generated, which provides instructions for the particular additive manufacturing system to print the given layer.
• FFF fused filament fabrication process
• FDM fused deposit modeling
• Thermoplastic material such as thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) having a combination of flexibility and strength are used to make shoes, sporting goods, various automotive and airplane parts, and various other articles via 3D printing processes.
• TPEs thermoplastic elastomers
• a number of soft TPEs have been developed for FFF such as: Ninjaflex® and Wolfblend TPU (thermoplastic polyurethane), and Arietitid, and PRIMALLOYTM (thermoplastic copoly esters).
• FFF thermoplastic elastomers
• FFF thermoplastic elastomers
• filaments comprising specific polyester thermoplastic elastomers address the industry needs described herein.
• medium to hard polyester TPE block copolymers typically not useful in FFF, can be made useful by modifying the composition of the block copolymer. The discovery is not simply changing the percent of hard segment to percent soft segment present in the block copolymer but instead modifying the chemical structure of the polymer itself.
• a filament comprising a polyester thermoplastic elastomer, said polyester thermoplastic elastomer having a Shore D hardness of 41 or greater measured according to ISO 868:2003 (1 second measurement) and comprising: a) 40 wt % to about 92 wt % hard segments, said hard segments prepared from:
• a crystallization peak temperature (B) when the temperature is decreased at a rate of 10°C/minute, in a range from 50° C to about 140° C; as measured by DSC; and wherein melting peak temperature (A) and crystallization peak temperature (B) are measured according to ISO 11357-3 :2001.
• Also disclosed herein is a method for preparing a 3D printed article from a filament, said filament comprising a polyester thermoplastic elastomer, said polyester thermoplastic elastomer having a Shore D hardness of 41 or greater measured according to ISO 868:2003 (1 second measurement) and comprising: a) 40 wt % to about 92 wt % hard segments, said hard segments prepared from:
• a crystallization peak temperature (B) when the temperature is decreased at a rate of 10°C/minute, in a range from 50° C to about 140° C; as measured by DSC; and wherein melting peak temperature (A) and crystallization peak temperature (B) are measured according to ISO 11357-3 :2001.
• 3-dimensional articles prepared from the filaments disclosed herein wherein the 3- dimensional articles exhibit reduced warpage, less cracks along the print line, improved strength in the vertical direction, and improved surface appearance.
• Polyester TPEs for use in filaments are disclosed herein.
• An example of a polyester TPE includes but is not limited to copoly ether-esters, or copoly ester-esters.
• polyester TPEs are described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,415,415;
• the block copolymer has a hard segment exhibiting crystallinity and a soft segment exhibiting flexibility.
• the hard segment of the polyester TPE block copolymer contains short chain ester units, alternatively referred to as polyester oligomers.
• short- chain ester units as applied to hard segments in a polymer chain of the copoly etherester refers to low molecular weight compounds or polymer chain units having molecular weights less than about 550. They are made by reacting a low molecular weight diol or a mixture of diols (molecular weight below about 250) with a dicarboxylic. Preferred diols are aliphatic diols containing 2-8 carbon atoms, and a more preferred diol is 1,4- butanediol. Equivalent ester-forming derivatives of diols are also useful.
• the hard segment may be present in a range from about 40 wt % to about 92 wt %, or
• Dicarboxylic acids that can react with the foregoing low molecular weight diols to produce the hard segment are aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic dicarboxylic acids of a low molecular weight, i.e., having a molecular weight of less than about 300.
• the term "dicarboxylic acids" as used herein includes functional equivalents of dicarboxylic acids that have two carboxyl functional groups that perform substantially like dicarboxylic acids in reaction with glycols and diols in forming copolyetherester polymers. These equivalents include esters and ester-forming derivatives such as acid halides and anhydrides.
• the dicarboxylic acids can contain any substituent groups or combinations that do not substantially interfere with the copolyetherester polymer formation.
• Aromatic dicarboxylic acids are dicarboxylic acids having two carboxyl groups each attached to a carbon atom in a carbocyclic aromatic ring structure. It is not necessary that both functional carboxyl groups be attached to the same aromatic ring and where more than one ring is present, the rings can be joined by aliphatic or aromatic divalent radicals or divalent radicals such as - O- or -S02-.
• Aromatic dicarboxylic acids are a preferred class for preparing the copolyetherester elastomer useful for this invention.
• the hard segment is 82 wt % of the block copolymer. In another embodiment, the hard segment is 49 wt %.
• the hard segment may comprise a polymer or a copolymer.
• the fraction of terephthalate with respect to total diacid ranges from about 95 mol% to about 60 mol%.
• An example of hard segment includes but is not limited to polybutylene terephthalate-polybutylene isophthalate
• the ratio of polybutylene terephthalate to polybutylene isophthalate therein may be in range from about 95 mol% : 5 mol% to about 60 mol% : 40 mol%. In an embodiment, the ratio of polybutylene terephthalate to polybutylene isophthalate 70 mol% : 30 mol%. In another embodiment, the ratio of polybutylene terephthalate to polybutylene isophthalate is 77.5 mol% : 22.5 mol%.
• the soft segment of the polyester TPE block copolymer may contain a polyalkylene glycol or polyalkylene ether glycol.
• the soft segment may be present in a range from about 8 wt % to about 60 wt%. In an embodiment, the soft segment is 18 wt % of the block copolymer. In another embodiment, the soft segment is 51 wt %.
• Examples of polyalkylene glycols for use as a soft segment include but are not limited to polytetram ethylene ether glycol.
• the polyester TPE block copolymer may contain about 20 wt% to about 92 wt% of hard segment and about 8 wt % to about 60 wt% soft segment.
• the polyester TPE block copolymer comprises 49 wt% to about 82 wt% of a hard segment and about 18 wt% to about 51 wt% of a soft segment.
• Non-limiting examples of polyester TPE block copolymers include those comprising 82 wt % of hard segment and 18 wt % soft segment or 49% of hard segment and 51% soft segment.
• Polyester TPE block copolymers for use in filaments disclosed herein include but are not limited to polybutylene terephthalate-polybutylene isophthalate
• polyester thermoplastic elastomers are block copolymer of polybutylene terephthalate-polybutylene isophthalate and
• polyester thermoplastic elastomer compositions useful for preparing filaments may be produced by feeding multiple polymers, and optionally other additives, into a device designed to mix molten thermoplastic polymers such as a single or twin screw extruder, Banbury® mixer, Farrel Continuous Mixer (FCMTM), or a two-roll mill. Such processes are well known in the art.
• the filaments comprise a polyester TPEs disclosed herein and the polyester TPEs may have a shore D hardness of 41 or greater according to ISO 868 1 second measurement.
• the polyester TPE may have a shore D hardness of 41 or greater.
• the polyester TPEs may also have a shore D hardness in a range from about 41 to about 85.
• the polyester TPE may also have a shore D hardness in a range from about 43 to about 61.
• the polyester TPEs may have a shore D hardness of 43.
• the polyester TPE may also have a shore D hardness of 61.
• the filaments useful in FFF may have certain thermal properties as disclosed herein. Filaments may have the same physical properties as the polymer resin from which they were made from, but one having ordinary skill in the art will recognize that filament extrusion can change the crystallization behavior (for example; if the extruder is dirty, the dirt could nucleate the material increasing the freeze point. Also, if you mix additives or colors during the extrusion you could change the freezing behavior).
• filament extrusion will recognize that certain properties of extruded filaments can be inherited from the polymer composition which is fed into the extruder.
• Filaments useful in preparing 3D printed articles by FFF may have diameters ranging from about 0.5 to 100 mm, preferably 1 to 4 mm. Filaments to be used for FFF processes may be wound onto a reel, spool, or other device such that the filament can be unwound for 3D printing. The wound filament reel or spool may be attached by a cartridge to a 3D printer for printing.
• the polyester TPEs may have a melting peak temperature (A), when the temperature is increased at a rate of 10°C/minute, in a range from about 130 to about 205° C; a crystallization peak temperature (B,) when the temperature is decreased at a rate of 10°C/minute, in range from about 50 C to about 140° C; as measured by DSC.
• A melting peak temperature
• B crystallization peak temperature
• polyester TPEs may have a shore D hardness of 41 or greater according to ISO 868 1 second measurement and may have a melting peak temperature (A), when the temperature is increased at a rate of 10°C/minute, in a range from about
• Additives to improve the ultraviolet stability or the thermo-oxidative stability of the polymers may be added before or during filament extrusion.
• Classes of additives are UV absorbers, hindered amine light stabilizers, primary antioxidants, secondary antioxidants, phosphites and phosphonites. These broad classes of additives are well known to those skilled in the art of resin formulation and are detailed in "Plastics
• the filaments described herein, strand, or fiber for use in a fused fabrication process may be formed by any method known in the art.
• pellets comprising the polyester thermoplastic elastomer described herein may be fed into an extruder in which the temperature in the extruder is at least 10 °C greater than the melting peak temperature of the polyester thermoplastic elastomer.
• the melted polymer composition is extruded through a die and subsequently cooled to form the filament, strand, or fiber of the desired diameter.
• Polyester TPEs described herein may be used to prepare filaments, fibers, and strands and the aforementioned then used for producing articles by fused fabrication processes.
• the polyester TPEs filaments described herein allow articles to be prepared using 3D printing techniques and in particular, FFF. Such articles exhibit desirable properties such as reduced warpage, less cracks along the print line, improved strength in the vertical direction, and improved surface appearance compared to articles not produced using polyester TPEs described herein.
• Articles may be prepared by fused filament fabrication wherein the temperature of the die is at least 10 °C less than the melting peak temperature of the polyester TPE filament.
• the polyester TPE filament is heated to a temperature of about 130 °C to about 310 °C, preferably from about 185 °C to about 280 °C.
• Fused filament fabrication is a process commonly used to prepare articles from filaments. Generally, in fused filament fabrication, a filament, comprising the polymer composition disclosed herein, is fed through a heated die wherein the temperature of the die is sufficiently high to melt the filament to a viscosity of at least 0.1 g/10 min.
• the molten filament exits the die and is deposited in a layer-by-layer fashion to form the desired article.
• Control of deposition rate may be varied by altering the filament feed rate, filament cross sectional dimensions, and the rate of motion of the die head and/or article.
• PBI polybutylene isophthalate
• PBT polybutylene terephthalate
• TPE-1 Polyester thermoplastic elastomer with 18% wt. PTMEG soft segment and 82%) wt. hard segment.
• the hard segment contains 30%> mol PBI and 70% PBT.
• TPE-2 Polyester thermoplastic elastomer with 51%> wt. PTMEG soft segment and 49% wt. hard segment. The hard segment contains 22.5% mol PBI and 77.5% PBT.
• TPE-3 Polyester thermoplastic elastomer with 18%> wt. PTMEG soft segment and 82%) wt. hard segment. The hard segment contains 100% PBT.
• TPE-4 Polyester thermoplastic elastomer with 40% wt. PTMEG soft segment and 60%) wt. hard segment.
• the hard segment contains 100% PBT.
• TPE-5 Polyester thermoplastic elastomer with 52% wt. PTMEG soft segment and 48%) wt. hard segment. The hard segment contains 100%) PBT.
• TPE-6 Polyester thermoplastic elastomer with 51% wt. PTMEG soft segment and 49%) wt. hard segment. The hard segment contains 15% mol PBI and 85% PBT.
• TPE-3, TPE-4 and TPE-5 are comparative examples and TPE-1, TPE-2 and TPE- 6 are examples of desirable TPEs as disclosed herein.
• Shore D hardness was measured according to ISO 868:2003 (1 second measurement).
• Type 1A bars It was printed in the vertical direction with two supporting side walls (20 mm length x 2 mm width x 85 mm height).
• the size of the rectangle was 65 mm length x 4 mm width x 162 mm height. It was printed in the vertical direction with two supporting side walls (38 mm length x 2 mm width x 165 mm height). In each case the rectangle and supporting side walls were further supported by the addition of a 20-line brim.
• An example of these structures along with a pressed bar from the rectangle are shown in Figure 2.
• "On-Edge" Type 1 A bars were printed with support material utilizing the same ionomer material as used in the tensile bar itself. The support material was easily removed with scissors.
• Type 5A bars were printing using a .stl file of 4 Type 5 A bars supported by a central pillar. The bars were easily separated from the central pillar with scissors. [0055] Tensile modulus was measured following ISO 527-2:2012 using type 1 A testing bars at a strain rate of 50 mm/min.
• Relative strength (RS) was calculated according to Equation (I) below, wherein the tensile strength at break and percent elongation at break are each measured pursuant to ISO 527.
• Filaments used in the examples were produced by feeding pellets of polyester thermoplastic elastomers of desired compositions into a Werner & Pfleiderer 28 mm twin screw extruder or a 1 and 1/4 inch (32 mm) Brabender single screw extruder equipped with a Zenith PEP-II melt pump. Both extruders produce filaments having essentially identical properties.
• the barrel temperatures and melt pump temperature were set between 170-240 °C depending on the specific polymer composition being used and determining the proper extrusion temperature is easily within one of skill in the art.
• the melt mixture extruded from the die was quenched in a water bath at a temperature between 5-60 °C to form a filament.
• the filament was moved by a strand puller at a rate to prevent breakage and wound into spools. Two diameters of filaments, 2.85 mm and 1.75 mm, were produced by adjusting the pulling rate.
• A4v3 (3ntr, Oleggio, Italy; also available from Plural AM of Portland, OR) equipped with two indirect drive and one direct drive extruder, all with 0.4 mm nozzles and utilizing nominally 2.85 mm filament
• Makergear M2 (Makergear, LLC; Beachwood, OH) equipped with a direct-drive extruder and utilizing nominally 1.75 mm filament.
• the curl or warpage of the material manifests itself by the ends of the test bar curling up, such that the test bar will bow or curl.
• the curl measurement involves identifying a line that connects the ends of test bar in the longest dimension and locating the midpoint along the length of the test bar between these ends.
• the amount of curl is then measured as the height of the displacement of the ends of the test bar measured from the line between the two ends of the test bar to the surface of the test bar at the midpoint. This height of the displacement may be measured with a micrometer and recorded in mm.
• a line is drawn between the edge of the two ends in the lengthwise direction (longest direction) of the test bar.
• the distance or height between the midpoint of the test bar in the lengthwise direction and the line created by the two ends of the test bar is the degree of curl in mm.
• Test bars having dimension of 80 mm X 10 mm X 4 mm were printed from filaments prepared from TPE-1, TPE-3, TPE-4, and TPE-6 for warpage or curl testing. Printing was performed on a polyether imide (PEI) print bed with nozzle temperatures of 180 to 280 °C and print bed temperature of 40 to 110 °C. TPE-1 printed nicely with good print bed adhesion and no warpage. TPE-3 test bar could not be printed due to severe warpage on the print bed which led to delamination of the partially finished bar from the print bed and printing had to be discontinued. TPE-4 behaves similarly to TPE-3.
• PEI polyether imide
• TPE-1 and TPE-3 were printed into test bars having dimensions 40 mm X 2 mm X 85 mm (L X W X H). When printed at a filament speed of 15 mm/second the nozzle temperature was 230-280 °C and 110 °C bed temperature. TPE-1 printed successfully, whereas the TPE-3 part delaminated from the print bed in the middle of printing process due to warpage.
• TPE-1 comprises 30% PBI
• TPE-3 comprises no PBI in the hard segment.
• the TPEs disclosed herein also have additional benefits such as less cracks along the print line, better accuracy of print, and better physical properties in the vertical direction. Table 3
• TPE-2 had over 500% nominal strain at break, while TPE-5 had much lower nominal strain at break of about 100%.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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• Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Textile Engineering (AREA)
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• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Optics & Photonics (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
• Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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• Artificial Filaments (AREA)

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• 2017
  • 2017-10-12 EP EP17797791.5A patent/EP3529401B1/en active Active
  • 2017-10-12 WO PCT/US2017/056264 patent/WO2018075322A1/en not_active Ceased
  • 2017-10-12 US US16/340,756 patent/US20210276245A1/en not_active Abandoned
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