WO2018047959A1 - 線虫の嗅覚に基づく匂い物質に対する走性行動の評価方法、並びに該評価方法に用いるシャーレおよび行動評価系 - Google Patents
線虫の嗅覚に基づく匂い物質に対する走性行動の評価方法、並びに該評価方法に用いるシャーレおよび行動評価系 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2018047959A1 WO2018047959A1 PCT/JP2017/032598 JP2017032598W WO2018047959A1 WO 2018047959 A1 WO2018047959 A1 WO 2018047959A1 JP 2017032598 W JP2017032598 W JP 2017032598W WO 2018047959 A1 WO2018047959 A1 WO 2018047959A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/483—Physical analysis of biological material
- G01N33/487—Physical analysis of biological material of liquid biological material
- G01N33/493—Physical analysis of biological material of liquid biological material urine
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
- B01L3/00—Containers or dishes for laboratory use, e.g. laboratory glassware; Droppers
- B01L3/50—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes
- B01L3/508—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes rigid containers not provided for above
- B01L3/5085—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes rigid containers not provided for above for multiple samples, e.g. microtitration plates
- B01L3/50853—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes rigid containers not provided for above for multiple samples, e.g. microtitration plates with covers or lids
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
- B01L2300/00—Additional constructional details
- B01L2300/08—Geometry, shape and general structure
- B01L2300/0809—Geometry, shape and general structure rectangular shaped
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
- B01L2300/00—Additional constructional details
- B01L2300/08—Geometry, shape and general structure
- B01L2300/0848—Specific forms of parts of containers
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a chemotaxis behavior evaluation method for odor substances based on the olfactory sense of nematodes, and a petri dish and behavior evaluation system used in the evaluation method.
- Nematodes are popular organisms that are widely bred and studied all over the world as model organisms in biological research, and are characterized by their easy breeding. Nematodes have all the nerves revealed at the cellular level, and research on behavioral analysis is actively conducted.
- Non-patent Document 1 and Patent Document 1 For the nematode behavioral evaluation, use a 9 cm round petri dish. This is because it is indispensable to maintain a long movement distance of the nematode in order to maintain the accuracy of the behavior evaluation of the nematode.
- the present inventors have demonstrated that cancer can be detected with high sensitivity and high accuracy by using the olfactory sense of nematodes (Non-patent Document 1 and Patent Document 1).
- the test substance and the nematode are placed on the petri dish while being separated from each other by a certain distance, and the chemotaxis behavior is nematode on the petri dish.
- the arrangement of was observed.
- the nematode's chemotaxis behavior fluctuates and does not necessarily move at the shortest distance with respect to the test substance, and may show chemotaxis while detouring. This is because, in order to improve, it was considered that a method of evaluating only nematodes that moved a certain distance over a certain distance was necessary as in general behavior evaluation.
- the odor can be transmitted remotely, it is possible to test by placing the test sample and the nematode at a large distance, and the test sample and the nematode are separated from each other by a large distance. Therefore, it was believed that the scent was suitable for an evaluation system that greatly separated the distance between the test sample and the nematode. Therefore, it has been assumed that a general behavior evaluation system is used in the evaluation of the chemotaxis behavior via the sense of smell.
- the present invention provides a method for evaluating chemotaxis behavior with respect to odor substances based on the sense of smell of nematodes, and a petri dish and behavior evaluation system used in the evaluation method.
- the present inventors surprisingly have a higher accuracy than conventional methods when the test sample and the nematode are placed at a short distance. We found that sexual behavior can be evaluated. Based on this finding, the present inventors have also invented a petri dish suitable for evaluating chemotaxis behavior via the olfactory sense of nematodes. The present invention is based on these findings and inventions.
- a petri dish having a bottom surface of a substantially square shape (for example, a substantially square shape having a longitudinal direction of 3 to 6 cm and a lateral direction of 1 to 3 cm or 3 cm to 6 cm), the bottom surface being one side in the longitudinal direction Is divided into at least three regions of a first region, a second region, and a third region from one end to another end, and the second region is a boundary between the first region and the third region.
- Petri dish which is arranged in.
- a method for evaluating the chemotaxis behavior of a nematode with respect to the odor of a test sample a) providing a petri dish in which a test sample is arranged, wherein the nematode is arranged in a region or region on the bottom surface 1 cm to 3 cm away from the test sample; b) observing the arrangement of the nematode on the bottom surface 3 to 15 minutes after the test sample and the nematode are arranged in the petri dish; c) assessing from the observed nematode placement whether the test sample has been attracted or repelled.
- test sample is a sample obtained from a subject suspected of being a cancer patient.
- test sample is urine obtained from a subject suspected of being a cancer patient.
- nematode exhibits an attracting action on the test sample in c)
- it is determined that the test sample contains an attractant derived from cancer, or the nematode is tested
- the petri dish according to any one of (1) to (3) above or any one petri dish included in the multiplate according to (4) is used. ) Any one of the methods.
- the present invention is also directed to a new problem that the number of nematodes embedded in the gap between the inner wall of the petri dish and the solid medium increases with the miniaturization of the petri dish according to the above invention, and the number of nematodes that can be observed decreases with time. Provide a solution.
- the present inventors form a planar depression that is greater than the thickness of the nematode on the solid medium, cover the depression completely, and perform chemotaxis behavior evaluation based on the sense of smell in the depression.
- chemotaxis behavior evaluation based on the sense of smell in the depression.
- a nematode running having a bottom surface of a substantially square shape for example, a substantially square shape having a longitudinal direction of 3 to 6 cm and a transverse direction of 1 to 3 cm or 3 to 6 cm
- the bottom surface is divided into at least three regions of a first region, a second region, and a third region from one end to another end in a longitudinal direction by a mark
- a chemotaxis behavior evaluation system in which the second region is arranged at the boundary between the first region and the third region.
- (2A) The chemotaxis behavior evaluation system according to (1A) above, wherein the mark is an uneven shape or printing on the upper surface of the bottom surface, or an uneven shape or printing on the lower surface.
- (3A) The chemotaxis behavior evaluation system according to (1A) or (2A) described above, which has a display for distinguishing between the first region and the third region.
- (4A) A multiplate in which a plurality of the chemotaxis behavior evaluation systems according to any one of (1A) to (3A) are connected.
- (5A) A substantially square shape indentation (for example, the longitudinal direction is 3 to 6 cm, the transverse direction is 1 to 3 cm or 3 to 6 cm), and the depth is not less than the thickness of the nematode and not more than 2 mm.
- An evaluation system for the chemotaxis behavior of nematodes comprising a petri dish having a solid medium introduced on the surface thereof and a plate covering the depression from above.
- (6A) Sites corresponding to the indentations on the bottom surface of the petri dish are at least three regions of a first region, a second region, and a third region from one end to another end in the longitudinal direction by a mark.
- the chemotaxis behavior evaluation system according to (5A) above which is divided into three regions, and the second region is arranged at the boundary between the first region and the third region.
- (12A) The nematode chemotaxis behavior evaluation system according to any one of (1A) to (11A) above, wherein the test sample is arranged in the first region or the third region.
- (13A) A method for evaluating the chemotaxis behavior of a nematode with respect to the odor of a test sample, a) providing a petri dish in which a test sample is arranged, wherein the nematode is arranged in a region or region on the bottom surface 1 cm to 3 cm away from the test sample; b) observing the arrangement of the nematode on the bottom surface 3 to 15 minutes after the test sample and the nematode are arranged in the petri dish; c) assessing from the observed nematode placement whether the test sample has been attracted or repelled.
- the test sample is a sample obtained from a subject suspected of being a cancer patient.
- test sample is urine obtained from a subject suspected of being a cancer patient.
- test sample is urine obtained from a subject suspected of being a cancer patient.
- the nematode exhibits an attracting action on the test sample in c)
- it is determined that the test sample contains an attractant derived from cancer, or the nematode is tested
- the method according to (14A) or (15A) further comprising determining that the attracting substance derived from cancer is not included in the test sample when the sample exhibits repellent behavior.
- 17.A The method according to any one of (13A) to (16A) above, wherein no nematicide is used.
- the following petri dish (I) A petri dish having a bottom surface of a substantially square shape (for example, a substantially square shape having a longitudinal direction of 3 to 6 cm and a lateral direction of 1 to 3 cm or 3 cm to 6 cm), the bottom surface being one side in the longitudinal direction Is divided into at least three regions of a first region, a second region, and a third region from one end to another end, and the second region is a boundary between the first region and the third region.
- a substantially square shape for example, a substantially square shape having a longitudinal direction of 3 to 6 cm and a lateral direction of 1 to 3 cm or 3 cm to 6 cm
- the bottom surface being one side in the longitudinal direction Is divided into at least three regions of a first region, a second region, and a third region from one end to another end, and the second region is a boundary between the first region and the third region.
- the accuracy of evaluation of chemotaxis behavior based on the olfactory sense of nematodes is improved, and the advantage that measurement time is greatly shortened and the use of deleterious substances such as sodium azide can be eliminated.
- FIG. 1A shows a plan view of a petri dish 100 according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- the two-dot chain line in the figure indicates the boundary line of the bottom segmentation pattern.
- FIG. 1B shows a front view of the petri dish 100 of the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 1C shows a plan view of a modification 100A of the first embodiment of the present invention.
- the two-dot chain line in the figure indicates the boundary line of the bottom segmentation pattern.
- FIG. 1D shows a front view of the petri dish 100 of the first embodiment of the present invention with the lid 150 covered.
- FIG. 1E shows a plan view of the lid 150.
- FIG. 1F shows a plan view of a modification 150 ⁇ / b> A of the lid 150.
- FIG. 1G shows a cross-sectional view taken along a straight line passing through 151 in one aspect of the modification 150A.
- FIG. 1H is a cross-sectional view taken along a straight line passing through 151 in one aspect of the modification 150A.
- FIG. 1I shows an AA cross-sectional view (see FIG. 1A) of the petri dish 100 according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2A shows a plan view of a petri dish 200 according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- the two-dot chain line in the figure indicates the boundary line of the bottom segmentation pattern.
- FIG. 2B shows a plan view of a modified example 200A of the second embodiment of the present invention.
- the two-dot chain line in the figure indicates the boundary line of the bottom segmentation pattern.
- FIG. 3A shows a plan view of an example 500 of the multiplate of the present invention.
- FIG. 3B shows a plan view of an example 500A of the multiplate of the present invention.
- FIG. 3C shows a front view of an example multi-plate 500 with a lid 600 of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 shows a photograph of a 5 cm ⁇ 2 cm square petri dish created in this example. In the picture, nematodes are shown by white dots.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing that when the petri dish of the present invention is used, the attracting action to the attracting substance (isoamyl alcohol) and the repelling action to the repellent substance (nonanone) can be measured with high sensitivity.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing that when the petri dish of the present invention is used, the attracting action to the attracting substance (isoamyl alcohol) and the repelling action to the repellent substance (nonanone) can be measured with high sensitivity.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing that the attracting behavior of cancer patients to urine and the avoidance behavior of healthy subjects to urine can be clearly evaluated in 5 minutes and 10 minutes using the petri dish of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the results of chemotaxis behavior evaluation on a urine sample based on the conventional method.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the results of chemotaxis behavior evaluation using urine (1/200 dilution) obtained from various cancer patients and healthy individuals.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing the results of evaluation of chemotaxis behavior using a 3 cm ⁇ 1 cm square petri dish.
- FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram comparing a conventional nematode chemotaxis behavior evaluation system and the evaluation system of the third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 11A is a plan view showing the solid medium surface of the evaluation system according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 11B is an AA sectional view showing the solid medium surface of the evaluation system according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 11C is a cross-sectional view of a mold for creating a recess.
- FIG. 12A is a plan view of an evaluation system according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 12B is a BB sectional view of the evaluation system according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 13 is a photograph of the evaluation system according to the third embodiment of the present invention constructed in Example B4.
- FIG. 14 shows the evaluation results (left) of the chemotactic behavior of nematodes using the evaluation system according to the third embodiment of the present invention constructed in Example B4 and the change over time in the proportion of nematodes remaining on the observation surface ( Right).
- nematode means Caenorhabditis elegans . Nematodes are popular organisms that are widely bred and studied all over the world as model organisms in biological research, and are characterized by easy breeding and excellent olfaction.
- cancer refers to cancers such as stomach cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, bile duct cancer, lung cancer, blood cancer, leukemia, and lymphoma. means.
- subject means a mammal, for example, a human.
- running behavior means attracting behavior or avoidance behavior. Attracting behavior means behavior that shortens the physical distance from a certain substance, and repelling behavior means behavior that widens the physical distance from a certain substance. Substances that induce attraction behavior are called attractants, and substances that induce repellent behavior are called repellent substances.
- C. elegans has the property of attracting attractants by olfaction and repelling repellents.
- the act of attracting an attracting substance is called attracting action, and the action of avoiding repellent substances is called repelling action.
- repelling action is collectively referred to as chemotaxis behavior.
- a behavior evaluation system for example, a petri dish shown in the following embodiment and its lid as necessary
- the petri dish and the lid can be made of a resin such as plastic, and can be made of a transparent resin.
- the expression “partition line” is used not to physically divide areas but to distinguish between areas as a mark. Nematodes can move beyond the dividing line to other areas during behavioral evaluation.
- the petri dish 100 in the present embodiment is a petri dish having a substantially square bottom as shown in FIG. 1A.
- the bottom surface of the petri dish 100 has at least two separation lines 25 and 35, and divides the region of the bottom surface into at least three regions in the longitudinal direction from one end to another end.
- the bottom surface is divided into at least three regions of the first region 20, the second region 30, and the third region 40.
- the second region 30 is divided into the first region 20 and the third region. It is arranged at the boundary with the region 40.
- the petri dish 100 has a side wall that extends upward so as to surround the bottom surface.
- the bottom inner surface 100a of the petri dish 100 is substantially perpendicular to the side wall.
- the inner surface 100a of the bottom surface of the petri dish 100 is substantially parallel to the outer surface 100b of the bottom surface.
- the petri dish 100 of the first embodiment may be a petri dish having a substantially square bottom surface, and the length of the bottom surface in the longitudinal direction is 3 cm to 6 cm and the length in the transverse direction is 1 cm to 3 cm or 3 cm to 6 cm.
- the length in the longitudinal direction can be preferably 4 cm to 6 cm, preferably 4.5 cm to 5.5 cm, preferably 5 cm.
- the length in the transverse direction can be preferably 1.5 cm to 2.5 cm, preferably 2 cm.
- the length in the transverse direction can be preferably 3.5 cm to 5.5 cm, preferably 4 cm to 5 cm.
- the petri dish 100 of the first embodiment has a substantially square bottom surface, the length of the bottom surface in the longitudinal direction is 4 cm to 6 cm, preferably 4.5 cm to 5.5 cm, and The length of the bottom surface in the transverse direction may be 1.5 cm to 2.5 cm or 3.5 cm to 5.5 cm.
- the petri dish 100 according to the first embodiment has a substantially square bottom surface, a length in the longitudinal direction of 4.5 cm to 5.5 cm, and a length in the transverse direction of 4.5 cm to 5.5 cm. There may be. Further, the petri dish 100 of the first embodiment can have a height of 1 cm to 3 cm.
- the second region 30 may be arranged so as to separate the first region 20 and the third region 40. As shown in FIG. 1A, the second region 30 can be preferably arranged such that the first region 20 and the third region 40 face each other with the second region 30 in between.
- the second region 30 may be 30% or less, 25% or less, 20% or less, 15% or less, 10% or less, or 5% or less of the total area of the bottom surface.
- the division may be made in any way as long as a human or machine can distinguish each of the at least three areas. In particular, the segmentation is only required to visually recognize the boundary between the regions, and does not completely hinder the movement between the nematode regions.
- the partitioning can be done so that the nematode can move between regions.
- the division is not particularly limited, and can be performed, for example, by printing on the bottom surface or an uneven shape on the bottom surface.
- the printing on the bottom surface or the concavo-convex shape on the bottom surface may be made on the upper surface of the bottom surface or on the lower surface.
- the division can be performed by dividing lines that are boundary lines such as the dividing line 25 and the dividing line 35.
- the separator line does not necessarily have to be a straight line, but can preferably be a straight line.
- the dividing line does not necessarily have an uneven shape.
- the first area 20 and the third area 40 may each have a display so as to distinguish which is the first area and which is the third area.
- the display may be a symbol such as ⁇ or ⁇ , a character, or some mark.
- the petri dish 100 may have a tag 90.
- the first region and the third region may have different areas, and may be distinguished from each other by using the different areas.
- the tag 90 can be used to distinguish a plurality of petri dishes 100, for example.
- the tag 90 may be provided with a display such as a barcode or a two-dimensional barcode, and the display may include management information of each petri dish 100.
- the petri dish 100 has a side wall at the edge of the bottom as shown in FIG. 1B and has a container shape.
- the petri dish 100 of the first embodiment is suitable for evaluating the chemotaxis behavior through the olfactory sense of nematodes.
- the petri dish 100 of 1st embodiment is used and the method of evaluating the chemotaxis action via the olfactory sense of a nematode is demonstrated.
- the petri dish 100 of the first embodiment can add a solid medium for nematodes inside.
- the solid medium is, for example, an agar medium.
- Those skilled in the art can prepare a medium such as a medium suitable for the survival of nematodes and add it to the petri dish.
- the nematode 60 can be sown in the second region 30.
- the nematode may be sown on the entire surface of the second region 30 or may be sown only on a part of the second region 30.
- the test sample can be arranged in the first region 20 or the third region 40, for example, at a position about 1 cm to 3 cm away from the region where the nematode is seeded.
- the nematode When a nematode is seeded on the petri dish 100 of the first embodiment in which the test sample is arranged, the nematode exhibits an attracting action on the test sample when the test sample is an attracting substance, and the test sample
- the test sample when the test sample is a repellent substance, the test sample exhibits repellent behavior and moves to a location away from the test sample. Therefore, by observing the place where the nematode has moved (from the observed arrangement of the nematode), it is possible to determine whether the test sample is an attractant or a repellent.
- the observation can be performed, for example, visually or with a microscope.
- the observation may be performed by imaging the arrangement information of the nematode and using the image.
- FIGS. 1A and 1B show the modification 100A of the first embodiment with respect to other components and how to use them, except that the division patterns (segmentation shapes) of the first, second, and third regions on the bottom surface are different. This is the same as the petri dish 100 of the first embodiment. Therefore, hereinafter, only the segmentation pattern will be described, and the same parts as those in the petri dish 100 of the first embodiment will be denoted by the same reference numerals and description thereof will be omitted.
- the second region 30A is the same as the petri dish 100 of the first embodiment in that the second region 30A is arranged at the boundary between the first region 20A and the third region 40A. is there.
- the modification 100A of the first embodiment differs from the petri dish 100 of the first embodiment in that the first region 20A and the third region 40A are in contact with each other.
- the second region 30A may have various shapes as long as it is a closed shape.
- it is divided into a substantially circular shape, but is not limited to a circular shape, and may be a substantially polygonal shape (for example, a substantially rectangular shape, a substantially hexagonal shape, or a substantially octagonal shape).
- the petri dish 100 of the first embodiment and its modification 100A may include a lid 150.
- the lid 150 will be described with reference to FIGS. 1D and 1E.
- the lid 150 is a lid that covers the upper surface of the petri dish 100.
- the shape of the lid 150 is not limited as long as it is a lid that covers the upper surface of the petri dish 100.
- the lid 150 is preferably a lid that covers the upper surface of the petri dish 100 and that can block the air flow between the inside and the outside of the petri dish 100 from the viewpoint of improving the accuracy of behavioral evaluation based on the sense of smell.
- the tag 90 may be provided on the lid 150.
- the lid 150 can be placed on a petri dish after the test sample and nematode are placed. Thereby, it may be possible to prevent the influence of outside air and effectively confine the odor inside the petri dish.
- Modification 150A of lid 150 A modification 150A of the lid 150 will be described below with reference to FIGS. 1D and 1F.
- the lid 150 ⁇ / b> A is the same as the lid 150 except that the lid 150 ⁇ / b> A includes a test sample arrangement site 151. Therefore, in the following, only the test sample arrangement site 151 will be described, and the same parts as those of the lid 150 are denoted by the same reference numerals and description thereof is omitted.
- the lid 150A includes a test sample arrangement portion 151 on a surface facing the petri dish bottom surface when the lid is closed.
- the test sample placement site 151 is formed in a region 1 to 3 cm away from the center in the longitudinal direction of the lid 150A.
- the test sample arrangement site 151 is illustrated in a circular shape, but is not limited thereto, and the test sample arrangement site 151 may have a substantially circular shape, a substantially linear shape, or a substantially square shape.
- the test sample placement site 151 has a boundary 153 between the test sample placement site 151 and the other region 152.
- the boundary 153 can be formed by printing or an uneven shape.
- the test sample placement site 151 and the other region 152 have a step at the boundary 153.
- the test sample arrangement site 151 may protrude toward the bottom of the petri dish when the lid is closed, rather than the other region 152.
- the test sample arrangement site 151 may be recessed with respect to the petri dish bottom surface when the lid is closed rather than the region 152.
- the material of the test sample arrangement site 151 is shown. May be the same as or different from the material of the region 152 and the lid 150A.
- the test sample placement site 151 has a hydrophilicity different from that of the other region 152 on the surface facing the petri dish bottom surface when the lid is closed.
- the test sample placement site 151 has a hydrophilic surface
- the other region 152 has a hydrophobic surface.
- the aqueous test sample can be accurately placed on the test sample placement portion 151.
- the test sample placement site 151 has a hydrophobic surface
- the other region 152 has a hydrophilic surface. As a result, the oily test sample can be accurately placed on the test sample placement site 151.
- the lid 150A can be placed on a petri dish after the test sample and nematode are placed. Thereby, it may be possible to prevent the influence of outside air and effectively confine the odor inside the petri dish.
- the test sample can be placed on the test sample placement site 151 of the lid 150A, and the nematode can be placed on the petri dish.
- the test sample and the nematode may be spaced apart from each other, and even in this case, the odor can diffuse in the air and reach the nematode .
- the test sample since the test sample is placed in the test sample placement site 151 of the lid 150A and the worm component reaches the nematode, it is suitable for evaluation of a part of the chemotaxis behavior through the olfaction. .
- the test sample has strong chemotaxis, it is suitable for evaluating the chemotaxis behavior via the olfactory sense of the odor component contained in the test sample.
- the test sample is placed on the lid 150A by introducing the test sample from under the lid with the surface facing the petri dish bottom surface facing downward when the lid of the lid 150A is closed. it can.
- the test sample is introduced from under the lid with the surface facing the petri dish bottom surface facing upward when the lid of the lid 150A is closed, and then inverted upside down. Can be done.
- the petri dish 200 of the second embodiment is the same as the petri dish 100 of the first embodiment shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, except that the bottom sectioning pattern is different. Accordingly, the same parts as those in the petri dish 100 of the first embodiment are denoted by the same reference numerals and description thereof is omitted.
- the first region 210, the second region 220, and the third region 30 have a bottom surface in the longitudinal direction from one end to another end.
- the fourth region 40 is divided into at least four regions.
- the difference from the petri dish 100 of the first embodiment is that the first region 10 is further divided into two parts, a first region 210 and a second region 220 in the petri dish 200 of the second embodiment. It is a point.
- the first region 210 and the second region 220 are separated by a line 215.
- the test sample can be arranged on the first region 210, the line 215, or both, for example. Since the arrangement region of the test sample is indicated by the division, the distance between the test sample and the nematode 60 (applied to part or all of the third region 30) is made constant between different tests. Easy to keep.
- the first region 210 and the third region 30 may have a distance of about 1 cm to 3 cm, about 1 cm to 2 cm, or about 1.5 cm to 2.5 cm, or about 1.5 cm to 2 cm, for example.
- Modification 200A of the second embodiment A modification 200A of the second embodiment will be described below with reference to FIG. 2B.
- the modification 200A of the second embodiment is the same as the petri dish 200 of the second embodiment shown in FIGS. 2A and 1B, except that the division pattern (segmentation shape) on the bottom surface is different. Therefore, hereinafter, only the division pattern will be described, and the same portions as those in the petri dish 200 of the second embodiment are denoted by the same reference numerals and description thereof is omitted.
- the third region 30A is the same as the petri dish 100 of the first embodiment in that the third region 30A is arranged at the boundary between the second region 220 and the fourth region 40A. is there.
- the modification 200A of the second embodiment differs from the petri dish 200 of the second embodiment in that the second region 220 and the fourth region 40A are in contact with each other.
- the third region 30A may have various shapes as long as it is a closed shape.
- it is divided into a substantially circular shape, but is not limited to a circular shape, and may be a substantially polygonal shape (for example, a substantially quadrangular shape, a substantially hexagonal shape, or a substantially octagonal shape).
- the petri dish of the present invention has been described for each embodiment.
- the bottom surface may be further finely divided.
- the classification may be performed in any manner as long as a human or a machine can distinguish each of the at least three regions.
- the multi-panel 500 of the present invention may be an assembly in which the petri dishes 100 of the first embodiment of the present invention are arranged vertically or horizontally.
- the multi-panel 500A of the present invention may be an assembly in which the petri dishes 100 of the first embodiment of the present invention are arranged vertically and horizontally.
- the multi-panel 500 or 500A of the present invention is not particularly limited.
- the petri dish 100 of the first embodiment of the present invention is 2 to 1000, 4 to 700, 6 to 600, 8 to 500. Or 10 to 300 pieces may be arranged.
- the petri dishes 100 of the first embodiment adjacent to each other may be directly connected or may be connected via a spacer.
- 3A and 3B show an example in which the petri dish 100 of the first embodiment is used as the petri dish, the petri dish may be the petri dish 200 of the second embodiment, or a modification 100A of the first embodiment. Or it is good also as modification 200A of 2nd embodiment.
- the multi-panel 500 or 500A of the present invention may further include a lid 600. With the side walls of the lid 600 and each petri dish, it can be expected to more effectively prevent the test sample in each petri dish from leaking to the adjacent petri dish.
- the lid 600 may include a test sample placement site 151 as with the lid 150A. Since the usage of the lid 600 is as described in the lid 150 and the lid 150A, the description is omitted.
- the third embodiment is a new technique in which the number of nematodes that enter the gap between the petri dish inner wall and the solid medium increases as the petri dish becomes smaller, and the number of nematodes that can be observed decreases with time.
- the solution to the problem is provided.
- the third embodiment is characterized not by the shape of the petri dish itself but by the shape of the solid medium surface (upper surface) formed after the solid medium is introduced into the petri dish. The third embodiment will be described below with reference to FIGS.
- FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram comparing the conventional evaluation system described in Patent Document 1 with the evaluation system of the third embodiment of the present invention.
- the surface on which the nematode is sowed is surrounded by the side wall of the petri dish.
- the evaluation system of the third embodiment of the present invention has a depression in the shape of a surface on the solid medium surface of the evaluation system, and evaluates chemotaxis behavior in the depression.
- this recess is referred to as a “behavioral observation plane” in this specification because the recess is covered and the nematode is confined in the recess.
- the solid medium surface 610 has a planar recess 600 having a substantially square shape.
- the substantially square planar recess 600 has a recess bottom surface 600a and a recess side surface 600b.
- the bottom surface 600a of the depression may have a length in the range of 3 cm to 6 cm in the longitudinal direction and a length in the lateral direction of 1 cm to 3 cm or 3 cm to 6 cm.
- the length of the bottom surface 600a of the indentation in the longitudinal direction is preferably 4 cm to 6 cm, preferably 4.5 cm to 5.5 cm, preferably 5 cm.
- the length of the bottom surface 600a of the indentation in the transverse direction is preferably 1.5 cm to 2.5 cm, preferably 2 cm.
- the length in the transverse direction can be preferably 3.5 cm to 5.5 cm, preferably 4 cm to 5 cm.
- the recess may have a length in the longitudinal direction of 4.5 cm to 5.5 cm and a length in the transverse direction of 4.5 cm to 5.5 cm.
- the depth (thickness) of the recess 600 or the height of the side surface 600b of the recess is equal to or greater than the thickness of the nematode, 5 mm or less, 4 mm or less, 3 mm or less, 2 mm or less, preferably 1 mm or less, more preferably 0.5 mm.
- it may be more preferably 0.3 mm or less, still more preferably 0.2 mm or less, for example, about 0.1 mm.
- the bottom surface 600a of the recess is substantially flat. This makes it easy to observe the entire behavior observation surface while keeping the focus of the microscope constant.
- the dent 600 can be completely covered with the lid 650 so that the nematode does not escape to the outside of the dent 600.
- the depth of the dent 600 can be made close to the thickness of the nematode (for example, about 0.1 mm). By doing so, it becomes difficult for the nematode to escape from the recess 600 when covered with the plate 650 that covers the recess 600, and at the same time, the nematode attached to the inner wall 650 a of the plate 650 is also removed from the recess 600. It can be observed in the same manner as nematodes attached to the bottom surface 600a.
- the inner surface of the indentation 600 is smoothly shaped. Smoothly shaped means that there are no gaps or holes into which nematodes can sink.
- a medium that has been melted by heating and solidifies when cooled is introduced into the petri dish, and cooled by applying a mold in the shape of the recess 600 from above the dissolved medium before solidifying.
- the mold in the shape of the recess 600 can be a mold 660 having a shape complementary to the shape of the recess 600, for example, as shown in FIG. 11C.
- the petri dish may be provided with two lines 620 (marks) indicating a central region when the bottom surface 600a of the depression is observed from above. Nematodes can be placed in the area indicated by the line 620, and the test sample can be placed in either of the areas outside the two lines 620 (the test sample may be placed on the lid).
- the bottom surface 600a (behavioral observation surface) of the indentation 600 has at least two separation lines 25 and 35 as marks as in the first embodiment and the second embodiment, and has one end in the longitudinal direction.
- the region of the bottom surface is divided into at least three regions from one end to the other end. As a result, the bottom surface is divided into at least three regions of the first region 20, the second region 30, and the third region 40.
- the second region 30 is divided into the first region 20 and the third region. It is arranged at the boundary with the region 40.
- the dividing line does not physically divide the area, but it is sufficient if it serves the purpose of distinguishing the boundary between different areas as a mark.
- the recess 600 is covered by a plate 650 that covers the entire recess during measurement.
- the plate 650 is on a plane.
- the plate 650 may be light transmissive when the petri dish is light transmissive, but may be light transmissive. If the plate 650 is light-transmitting, it is advantageous that the nematode can be observed with the plate 650 covering the depression 600 using a microscope from above.
- the petri dish is preferably light transmissive. In this case, nematodes can be observed from the lower part of the petri dish using an inverted microscope.
- the dividing line 620 may be provided on the bottom surface of the petri dish, or may be provided on the upper surface or the lower surface 650a of the plate 650.
- the present invention provides a combination of a petri dish, a plate 650 that covers the recess 600, and a mold 660 for generating the recess 600 for creating the behavior evaluation system of the third embodiment.
- the petri dish is located at a position corresponding to the shape of the depression 600 immediately below the part where the depression 600 is formed, the petri dish 100 of the first embodiment, the modified example 100A, the petri dish 200 of the second embodiment, Or you may have the division pattern similar to the division pattern in the bottom face of modification 200A.
- the plate 650 covering the depression 600 has a petri dish 100 of the first embodiment, the modified example 100A, the petri dish 200 of the second embodiment, or a deformation at a position corresponding to the depression 600 when the depression 600 is covered. You may have the same division pattern as the division pattern in the bottom face of Example 200A. By doing in this way, the place which arranges a nematode can be stabilized, and it becomes easy to distinguish attraction behavior and repellent behavior.
- a method for evaluating the chemotaxis behavior of a nematode with respect to the odor of a test sample a) providing a petri dish in which a test sample is arranged, wherein the nematode is arranged in a region or region on the bottom surface 1 cm to 3 cm away from the test sample; b) observing the nematode placement 3-15 minutes after sowing; c) assessing from the observed nematode placement whether the test sample has been attracted or repelled.
- a method is provided.
- a petri dish on which the test sample is arranged is used.
- the petri dish may not have a lid, but preferably a petri dish having a lid can be used.
- the petri dish can be added with a solid medium for nematodes.
- a solid medium for nematodes a solid medium for culturing or growing nematodes can be used.
- a known medium such as an agar medium can be used.
- the test sample is not particularly limited, but may preferably be disposed on the petri dish bottom surface, and particularly disposed near the periphery of the petri dish bottom surface.
- the test sample is not particularly limited, but may preferably be disposed on a surface (or a lower surface) facing the bottom surface of the petri dish on the lid of the petri dish, and particularly in the vicinity of the peripheral portion of the lower surface of the lid.
- the distance from the site where the test sample is placed to the site where the nematode is seeded is about 1 cm to 3 cm, about 1 to 2.5 cm, about 1.5 to 2 cm, about 1.5 cm to 2.5 cm, Or it can be about 2 cm.
- the number of nematodes to be seeded can be, for example, about 10 to 500, for example, about 100 to 500.
- test sample examples include a sample of a subject (eg, human) suspected of having cancer.
- the test sample can be, for example, a cell suspected of being a cancer cell, a tissue suspected of being a cancer tissue, or an extract or lysate thereof, or suffering from cancer.
- a body fluid sample of a subject suspected of being for example, blood (eg, plasma) or urine.
- Evaluation of chemotaxis via olfactory sense of nematodes can be performed as described in, for example, WO2015 / 088039.
- a nematicide for example, sodium azide
- nematocide does not need to be used in the method of the present invention.
- the petri dish provided with a) in which the test sample is arranged and the nematode is arranged in a region or a part 1 cm to 3 cm away from the test sample is a line after the test sample is arranged. It may be obtained by arranging insects or by arranging a test sample after arranging nematodes. In the case where the test sample is arranged after the nematode is arranged, the test sample may be arranged after the nematode is arranged and cultured and increased at the place to be arranged. As time elapses after the nematode is placed, the possibility that the nematode spreads widely on the bottom surface increases. Therefore, it is desirable to start observation immediately after placing the nematode.
- the test sample in a predetermined position of the petri dish, and then place the nematode in the predetermined position, and immediately start counting for 3 to 15 minutes in b) described later.
- the test sample is placed after the nematode is placed, it is desirable to place the test sample within 3 minutes, more preferably within 1 minute after placing the nematode.
- the nematode is preferably placed in an area that is 0.5 cm or more away from any side wall of the petri dish or its lid (however, , Does not prevent it from being placed in an area within 0.5 cm from the side wall).
- b) Observing the arrangement of the nematode on the bottom surface of the nematode 3 to 15 minutes after the test sample and the nematode are placed on the petri dish.
- the nematode places the test sample on the petri dish (or The nematode exhibits chemotaxis behavior as soon as it is placed in the petri dish where the test sample is placed. Wait about 3 to 15 minutes, preferably 3 to 12 minutes, more preferably 5 to 10 minutes, for example 5 minutes, 7.5 minutes or 10 minutes, and the nematode will have enough distance to evaluate chemotaxis behavior Can only move.
- c) if the ratio of the nematode approaching the test sample is lower than the ratio of the nematode moving away from the test sample, it is evaluated that the nematode showed repellent behavior with respect to the test sample. be able to. In c), when the ratio of nematodes approaching the test sample is equal to the ratio of nematodes moving away from the test sample, it may be evaluated that the nematode did not attract or repel behavior.
- a chemotaxis index may be obtained by the following formula to evaluate whether the nematode has shown an attracting action or a repelling action.
- Taxis index (taxis index) ⁇ (Number of nematodes in the area indicated by ⁇ ) ⁇ (number of nematodes in the area indicated by ⁇ ) ⁇ / total number of nematodes
- the chemotaxis index takes a value between -1 and +1, and takes a positive value when showing an attracting action and a negative value when showing a repelling action. And it can be interpreted that the greater the absolute value of the numerical value, the stronger the chemotaxis behavior.
- c) further comprises evaluating whether the test sample is an attractant, a repellent, or neither based on the chemotaxis behavior exhibited by the nematode on the test sample. But you can.
- nematodes exhibit attracting behavior against body fluids (for example, urine) of cancer patients and repellent behaviors for body fluids (for example, urine) of healthy individuals. It is clear to show. This is understood to be based on the fact that cancer-specific factors are released from the cancer cells and cancer tissues of the cancer patient into the body fluid of the cancer patient, which induces the nematode attracting behavior.
- the test sample can be a cell suspected of being a cancer cell, a tissue suspected of being a cancer tissue, or an extract or lysate thereof, or cancer.
- a body fluid sample from a subject suspected of suffering from for example, a human
- blood for example, plasma
- urine the sample may be cancer based on the chemotaxis behavior of the nematode. It can be determined whether or not an attracting substance derived from is included. The result of this determination is useful as one of basic information when the doctor diagnoses cancer, and assists the doctor in diagnosing cancer.
- a method for determining whether or not a test sample contains an attractant derived from cancer comprising the above a) to c), and A method is provided that further comprises, based on the chemotaxis behavior, determining whether the test sample contains an attractant derived from cancer.
- a method for diagnosing whether or not a subject has cancer including obtaining a test sample from the subject, and a) to c) above, and d) When the nematode exhibits an attracting action on the test sample, it is evaluated that the subject is suffering from cancer, or when the nematode shows repellent action on the test sample Provides a method comprising assessing that the subject is free of cancer.
- the method for evaluating the chemotaxis behavior of nematodes with respect to the odor of the test sample of the present invention the method for determining whether or not the test sample contains an attractant derived from cancer, and the subject has cancer
- the chemotaxis behavior via the olfactory sense of the nematode is evaluated, but a nematicide (for example, sodium azide) for stopping the movement of the nematode is evaluated.
- a nematicide for example, sodium azide
- the method of the present invention that does not use these has one practical restriction. This is beneficial in that it can be removed.
- the method for evaluating the chemotaxis behavior of nematodes with respect to the odor of the test sample of the present invention the method for determining whether or not the test sample contains an attractant derived from cancer, and the subject has cancer
- the petri dish or behavior evaluation system of the present invention described above can be used, and a multiplate can also be used.
- the method of using the petri dish, behavior evaluation system, and multi-plate of the present invention in the method of the present invention is as described above.
- Example 1 Construction of an evaluation system for chemotaxis behavior using the sense of smell of nematodes
- an attempt was made to construct a new evaluation system for chemotaxis behavior of nematodes.
- a square petri dish having a bottom surface of 5 cm ⁇ 2 cm was manufactured (see FIGS. 1A and B).
- a photograph of the petri dish actually produced is as shown in FIG.
- the nematode is sown in the area divided by two lines in the central part of the square petri dish, and the attracting substance or repellent substance is applied to the left end area, so that the attracting action or repelling of the nematode attractant is performed. Observed behaviors against the substance were observed.
- isoamyl alcohol was used as the attracting substance
- nonanone was used as the repellent substance.
- isoamyl alcohol was diluted 1000 times with water and 1 ⁇ L was applied to the left end region.
- Nonanon was applied to the left end region with 1 ⁇ L of the stock solution.
- wild-type C. elegans (10-50 animals / experiment) was used.
- the chemotaxis index explained below for the attracting and repelling behavior of nematodes was obtained, and the sensitivity of the constructed evaluation system was confirmed. Specifically, a region between a left end region to which an attractant or a repellent material is applied and a region where a nematode is seeded in the center in the longitudinal direction (region indicated by a circle in FIG. 4; first embodiment) And the number of nematodes that have moved to the area on the opposite side (area indicated by x in FIG. 4; corresponding to area 2 of the first embodiment). The difference in the number of individuals was obtained, and the chemotaxis index was obtained by dividing by the total number of nematode individuals.
- Taxis index (taxis index) ⁇ (Number of nematodes in the area indicated by the symbol “ ⁇ ”) ⁇ (Number of nematodes in the area indicated by the symbol “ ⁇ ”) ⁇ / Total number of nematodes
- FIG. 5 shows the chemotaxis index and standard error (SEM) measured only 10 minutes after nematode seeding.
- SEM standard error
- evaluation may be performed for the purpose of determining whether the test substance is an attractant, a repellent substance, or neither.
- evaluation system of the present invention it has been found that it is possible to determine whether a test substance is an attractant or a repellent substance with a surprising sensitivity in a short measurement time.
- chemotaxis behavior based on olfaction has been evaluated using a 9 cm round petri dish.
- the movable area of the nematode is wide, and the olfaction is sensitized during movement and runs immediately. It is known to show no sexual behavior and move around randomly.
- a countermeasure is taken such that a poison such as sodium azide is applied to the destination area.
- the evaluation system of the present invention was able to measure the chemotaxis behavior based on the olfactory sense of nematodes without using any toxic substances.
- Example 2 Evaluation of chemotaxis behavior via olfactory sense of nematode using urine of cancer patient Wild type nematode shows attracting behavior in urine of cancer patient and repellent behavior in urine of healthy subject It is clear that In this example, chemotaxis behavior with respect to urine derived from cancer patients was evaluated using the new evaluation system constructed in Example 1.
- the chemotaxis behavior was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the attractant or repellent substance was the urine of cancer patients (1/20 dilution) or the urine of healthy individuals (1/20 dilution). From the results of Example 1, the measurement time was 5 minutes or 10 minutes after seeding of the nematode. The result was as shown in FIG.
- the nematode run was performed under the same conditions as the experiment for obtaining the results of FIG. 6 except that the urine concentration was 1/200 dilution and the measurement time was 10 minutes. Sexual behavior was observed.
- urine urine obtained from different cancer patients was used. The result was as shown in FIG.
- nematodes showed attracting behavior for urine from any cancer patient, and nematodes showed repellent behavior for the urine of any healthy subject.
- the chemotaxis index was 0.1 to 0.2 even though urine was diluted at a high magnification, and the high sensitivity of this evaluation method could be demonstrated.
- the motility index of healthy subjects was -0.15 to -0.2, and the high sensitivity of this evaluation method could be re-verified.
- Example 3 Evaluation of chemotaxis behavior of nematodes using 3 cm x 1 cm square petri dish
- the chemotaxis behavior of nematodes was evaluated using a smaller square petri dish than in Example 1.
- the chemotaxis behavior of the nematode was observed under the same conditions as the experiment that obtained the results of FIG. 6 except that a 3 cm ⁇ 1 cm square petri dish was used. Evaluation was performed 5 minutes and 10 minutes after nematode seeding. The result was as shown in FIG.
- the cause of the decrease in sensitivity was examined. After 10 minutes, the nematode was climbing up the side wall of the petri dish, or the nematode dived into the culture medium from the side wall, so that the countable nematode population was It became clear that the decline was a factor. That is, it was revealed that the place where the nematodes are arranged should be at least 0.5 cm away from the side wall of the petri dish.
- Example B4 The chemotaxis behavior evaluation system according to the third embodiment
- a field (indentation 600) for evaluating the chemotaxis behavior is provided in the solid medium instead of the shape of the petri dish itself, and a line is formed in the field. It evaluates the chemotaxis behavior of insects.
- the chemotaxis behavior based on olfaction was evaluated using the nematode strain N2 Bristol strain. Nematodes were raised using NGM plates described in Table 1 below.
- Reagents were mixed in the medium composition of the assay plate, and after autoclaving, an appropriate amount was poured into a 9 cm petri dish, and a solid medium was hardened by cooling while pressing a 5 cm ⁇ 2 cm ⁇ 1 mm plastic plate on the surface. After the solid medium was hardened, the plastic plate was removed to form a recess having a length of 5 cm, a width of 2 cm, and a depth of 1 mm on the surface of the solid medium. In this manner, a petri dish having a solid medium having a depression on the surface as shown in FIGS. 11A and 11B was obtained.
- N (A) is the number of nematode individuals that have moved to the region A
- N (B) is the number of nematode individuals that have moved to the region B.
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Abstract
Description
(1)略角型形状(例えば、長手方向が3~6cm、横手方向が1~3cmまたは3cm~6cmである略角型形状)の底面を有するシャーレであって、底面は、長手方向に片側の末端から別の末端に向かって第一の領域、第二の領域および第三の領域の少なくとも3つの領域に区分けされ、第二の領域が、第一の領域と第三の領域との境界に配置されている、シャーレ。
(2)区分けが、底面の上面に対する凹凸形状若しくは印刷、または下面に対する凹凸形状若しくは印刷による区分けである、上記(1)に記載のシャーレ。
(3)第一の領域と第三の領域とを区別する表示を有する、上記(1)または(2)に記載のシャーレ。
(4)上記(1)~(3)のいずれかに記載のシャーレが複数連結した、マルチプレート。
(5)被検試料の匂いに対する線虫の走性行動を評価する方法であって、
a)被検試料が配置されたシャーレであって、被検試料から1cm~3cm離れた底面の領域または部位に線虫が配置されたシャーレを提供することと、
b)被検試料と線虫がシャーレに配置されてから3~15分後に線虫の底面上での配置を観察することと、
c)被検試料に対して誘引行動を示したか忌避行動を示したかを、観察された線虫の配置から評価することと
を含む、方法。
(6)被検試料が、がん患者であると疑われる対象から得られた試料である、上記(5)に記載の方法。
(7)被検試料が、がん患者であると疑われる対象から得られた尿である、上記(6)に記載の方法。
(8) c)において線虫が被検試料に対して誘引行動を示した場合には、被検試料にがんに由来する誘引物質が含まれると判定すること、または、線虫が被検試料に対して忌避行動を示した場合には、被検試料にがんに由来する誘引物質が含まれていないと判定することをさらに含む、上記(6)または(7)に記載の方法。
(9)殺線虫剤を用いない、上記(5)~(8)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(10) a)において、上記(1)~(3)のいずれかに記載のシャーレまたは上記(4)に記載のマルチプレートに含まれるいずれか1つのシャーレを用いる、上記(5)~(9)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(2A)目印が、底面の上面に対する凹凸形状若しくは印刷、または下面に対する凹凸形状若しくは印刷による目印である、上記(1A)に記載の走性行動評価系。
(3A)第一の領域と第三の領域とを区別する表示を有する、上記(1A)または(2A)に記載の走性行動評価系。
(4A)上記(1A)~(3A)のいずれかに記載の走性行動評価系が複数連結した、マルチプレート。
(5A)略角型形状(例えば、長手方向が3~6cm、横手方向が1~3cmまたは3cm~6cm)、深さが線虫の厚み以上であり2mm以下である略角型面形状のくぼみを表面に有する固形培地が導入されたシャーレと、前記くぼみを上部から覆う板を備えた線虫の走性行動評価系。
(6A)シャーレの底面の前記くぼみに対応する部位が、目印によって長手方向に片側の末端から別の末端に向かって第一の領域、第二の領域および第三の領域の少なくとも3つの領域に区分けされ、第二の領域が、第一の領域と第三の領域との境界に配置されている、上記(5A)に記載の走性行動評価系。
(7A)前記くぼみを上部から覆う板の前記くぼみに対応する部位が、目印によって長手方向に片側の末端から別の末端に向かって第一の領域、第二の領域および第三の領域の少なくとも3つの領域に区分けされ、第二の領域が、第一の領域と第三の領域との境界に配置されている、上記(5A)に記載の走性行動評価系。
(8A)目印が、底面の上面に対する凹凸形状若しくは印刷、または下面に対する凹凸形状若しくは印刷による目印である、上記(6A)または(7A)に記載の走性行動評価系。
(9A)第一の領域と第三の領域とが接しており、第二の領域が閉じた形状である、上記(1A)~(8A)のいずれかに記載の線虫の走性行動評価系。
(10A)蓋を閉じたときに前記底面に対向する面上に被検試料配置部位を備える蓋を備えた、上記(1A)~(4A)のいずれかに記載の線虫の走性行動評価系。
(11A)第二の領域上に線虫が配置された、上記(1A)~(10A)のいずれかに記載の線虫の走性行動評価系。
(12A)第一の領域または第三の領域に被検試料が配置された、上記(1A)~(11A)のいずれかに記載の線虫の走性行動評価系。
(13A)被検試料の匂いに対する線虫の走性行動を評価する方法であって、
a)被検試料が配置されたシャーレであって、被検試料から1cm~3cm離れた底面の領域または部位に線虫が配置されたシャーレを提供することと、
b)被検試料と線虫がシャーレに配置されてから3~15分後に線虫の底面上での配置を観察することと、
c)被検試料に対して誘引行動を示したか忌避行動を示したかを、観察された線虫の配置から評価することと
を含む、方法。
(14A)被検試料が、がん患者であると疑われる対象から得られた試料である、上記(13A)に記載の方法。
(15A)被検試料が、がん患者であると疑われる対象から得られた尿である、上記(14A)に記載の方法。
(16A)c)において線虫が被検試料に対して誘引行動を示した場合には、被検試料にがんに由来する誘引物質が含まれると判定すること、または、線虫が被検試料に対して忌避行動を示した場合には、被検試料にがんに由来する誘引物質が含まれていないと判定することをさらに含む、上記(14A)または(15A)に記載の方法。
(17A)殺線虫剤を用いない、上記(13A)~(16A)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(18A)a)において、上記(1A)~(3A)のいずれかに記載の走性行動評価系若しくは上記(4A)に記載のマルチプレート、または上記(5A)~(12A)のいずれかに記載の走性行動評価系のいずれか1つを用いる、上記(13A)~(17A)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(19A)a)において、以下のシャーレ:
(i)略角型形状(例えば、長手方向が3~6cm、横手方向が1~3cmまたは3cm~6cmである略角型形状)の底面を有するシャーレであって、底面は、長手方向に片側の末端から別の末端に向かって第一の領域、第二の領域および第三の領域の少なくとも3つの領域に区分けされ、第二の領域が、第一の領域と第三の領域との境界に配置されている、シャーレ;若しくは、
(ii)略角型形状(例えば、長手方向が3~6cm、横手方向が1~3cmまたは3cm~6cm)、深さが線虫の厚み以上であり2mm以下である略角型面形状のくぼみを表面に有する固形培地が導入されたシャーレと、前記くぼみを上部から覆う板を備えた線虫の走性行動評価系;または
(iii)上記(i)のシャーレまたは上記(ii)の走性行動評価系が複数連結したマルチプレートに含まれるいずれか1つを用いる、上記(13A)~(18A)のいずれかに記載の方法。
本発明の第一の実施形態を図1Aおよび1Bを参照しながら説明する。
第一の実施形態のシャーレ100は、線虫の嗅覚を介した走性行動を評価することに適している。以下では、第一の実施形態のシャーレ100を用いて、線虫の嗅覚を介した走性行動を評価する方法について説明する。
線虫60は、第二の領域30に播種することができる。線虫は、第二の領域30の全面に播種されてもよいし、第二の領域30の一部だけに播種されてもよい。被検試料は、第一の領域20または第三の領域40であって、例えば、線虫が播種される領域から1cm~3cmほど離れた位置に配置することができる。
第一の実施形態の変形例100Aについて、図1Cを参照しながら以下説明する。第一の実施形態の変形例100Aは、底面における第一、第二および第三の領域の区分けパターン(区分け形状)が異なる以外は、ほかの構成要素およびその使用法は図1Aおよび1Bに示される第一の実施形態のシャーレ100と同一である。したがって、以下では、区分けパターンについてのみ説明し、第一の実施形態のシャーレ100と同じ部分には同一符号を付して説明は省略する。
第一の実施形態のシャーレ100およびその変形例100Aは、蓋150を備えていてもよい。以下、蓋150について図1Dおよび1Eを参照しながら説明する。
蓋150は、被検試料と線虫を配置したら、シャーレにかぶせることができる。これにより、外気の影響を防ぎ、また、匂いをシャーレ内部に有効に閉じ込めることが可能となり得る。
蓋150の変形例150Aについて、図1Dおよび1Fを参照しながら以下説明する。蓋150Aは、図1Fに示されるように、被検試料配置部位151を備える以外は、ほかの構成要素およびその使用法は蓋150と同様である。したがって、以下では、被検試料配置部位151についてのみ説明し、蓋150と同じ部分には同一符号を付して説明は省略する。
ある態様では、被検試料配置部位151は、親水性表面を有し、それ以外の領域152は疎水性表面を有する。これにより、水性の被検試料は、被検試料配置部位151上に正確に配置され得る。ある態様では、被検試料配置部位151は、疎水性表面を有し、それ以外の領域152は親水性表面を有する。これにより、油性の被検試料は、被検試料配置部位151上に正確に配置され得る。
蓋150Aは、被検試料と線虫を配置したら、シャーレにかぶせることができる。これにより、外気の影響を防ぎ、また、匂いをシャーレ内部に有効に閉じ込めることが可能となり得る。
第二の実施形態のシャーレ200について、図2Aを用いて説明する。第二の実施形態のシャーレ200は、底面の区分けパターンが異なる以外は、図1Aおよび1Bに示される第一の実施形態のシャーレ100と同じである。したがって、第一の実施形態のシャーレ100と同じ部分には同一符号を付して説明は省略する。
第二の実施形態の変形例200Aについて、図2Bを参照しながら以下説明する。第二の実施形態の変形例200Aは、底面における区分けパターン(区分け形状)が異なる以外は、ほかの構成要素は図2Aおよび1Bに示される第二の実施形態のシャーレ200と同一である。したがって、以下では、区分けパターンについてのみ説明し、第二の実施形態のシャーレ200と同じ部分には同一符号を付して説明は省略する。
以下、本発明のマルチパネルについて図3を参照しながら説明する。
第三の実施形態は、シャーレの小型化に伴って、シャーレ内壁と固形培地の隙間に潜り込む線虫数が増大し、観察可能な線虫数が時間経過と共に減少するという新しい課題に対して、その解決手段を提供するものである。第三の実施形態は、シャーレ自体の形状ではなく、シャーレに固形培地を導入した後に形成される固形培地表面(上面)の形状に特徴がある。以下、第三の実施形態を図10~12により説明する。
区切り線620は、シャーレの底面に設けられてもよいし、板650の上面または下面650aに設けられていてもよい。
以下、線虫の嗅覚を介した走性行動の評価方法を説明する。
被検試料の匂いに対する線虫の走性行動を評価する方法であって、
a)被検試料が配置されたシャーレであって、被検試料から1cm~3cm離れた底面の領域または部位に線虫が配置されたシャーレを提供することと、
b)播種から3~15分後に線虫の配置を観察することと、
c)被検試料に対して誘引行動を示したか忌避行動を示したかを、観察された線虫の配置から評価することと
を含む、方法が提供される。
線虫を配置してから時間が経過すると線虫が底面上で広く拡散してしまう可能性が高まることから、線虫を配置した後は速やかに観察を開始することが望ましい。したがって、好ましくは、被検試料をシャーレの所定位置に配置し、その後、線虫を所定位置に配置して、すぐに後述するb)における3~15分の時間のカウントを開始することが好ましい。線虫を配置してから被検試料を配置する場合には、線虫を配置して、好ましくは3分以内、より好ましくは1分以内に被検試料を配置することが望ましい。
a)で提供されるシャーレにおいて、線虫が配置される場所は、好ましくは、シャーレまたはその蓋のいずれの側壁からも、0.5cm以上離れている領域に線虫が配置されている(ただし、側壁から0.5cm以内の領域に配置することを妨げない)。
b)では、線虫は、シャーレに被検試料を配置すると(または線虫は、被検試料が配置されたシャーレに配置すると)すぐに走性行動を示す。3~15分程度、好ましくは、3~12分、より好ましくは5~10分、例えば、5分、7.5分または10分待つと、線虫は走性行動を評価するに十分な距離だけ移動できる。そのため、被検試料または線虫のいずれか遅い方が配置されてから、3~15分程度、好ましくは、3~12分、より好ましくは5~10分、例えば、5分、7.5分または10分後に線虫の底面上での配置を観察することができ、これにより線虫の走性行動を評価することができる。この時間を、3分以上とすることにより、線虫の走性行動が十分に可視化できる程度に大きくなるので、走性行動の評価精度が向上する。また、この時間が15分以下だと、線虫の嗅覚が感作を受けて、線虫がシャーレ上をランダムに移動し始める可能性が低下し、走性行動の精度が向上する。シャーレの底面に線虫が配置され、蓋に被検試料が配置される場合には、「被検試料と線虫がシャーレに配置されたとき」とは、前記シャーレに前記蓋がかぶせられたときである。
c)では、観察された線虫の配置から線虫が被検試料に対して誘引行動を示したか、忌避行動を示したが、どちらも示さなかったかを評価することができる。c)では、被検試料に近づいた線虫の割合が、被検試料から遠ざかった線虫の割合よりも高い場合には、線虫が被検試料に対して誘引行動を示したと評価することができる。c)ではまた、被検試料に近づいた線虫の割合が、被検試料から遠ざかった線虫の割合よりも低い場合には、線虫が被検試料に対して忌避行動を示したと評価することができる。c)では、被検試料に近づいた線虫の割合が、被検試料から遠ざかった線虫の割合と同等の場合には、線虫が誘引行動も忌避行動もしなかったと評価してもよい。
(走性インデックス)=
{(○で示す領域の線虫個体数)-(×で示す領域の線虫個体数)}/全線虫個体数
本実施例では、新しい線虫の走性行動の評価系の構築を試みた。
(走性インデックス)=
{(記号"○"で示す領域の線虫個体数)-(記号"×"で示す領域の線虫個体数)}/全線虫個体数
また、忌避物質であるノナノンに対して走性インデックスが-0.8を下回る値を示した。この結果は、9割以上の線虫がこの短期間の間に忌避物質に対して忌避行動を示したものとして測定できたことを示す。
野生型線虫は、がん患者の尿には誘引行動を示し、健常者の尿には忌避行動を示すことが明らかとなっている。本実施例では、実施例1で構築した新しい評価系を用いて、がん患者由来の尿に対する走性行動を評価した。
本実施例では、実施例1よりもさらに小さな角型シャーレを用いて線虫の走性行動を評価した。
本実施例では、シャーレ自体の形状ではなく、固形培地に走性行動を評価するためのフィールド(くぼみ600)を設け、その内部で線虫の走性行動を評価するものである。
Claims (19)
- 略角型形状の底面と底面の周囲を囲む側壁とを有する線虫の走性行動評価系であって、底面は、目印によって長手方向に片側の末端から別の末端に向かって第一の領域、第二の領域および第三の領域の少なくとも3つの領域に区分けされ、第二の領域が、第一の領域と第三の領域との境界に配置されている、走性行動評価系。
- 目印が、底面の上面に対する凹凸形状若しくは印刷、または下面に対する凹凸形状若しくは印刷による目印である、請求項1に記載の走性行動評価系。
- 第一の領域と第三の領域とを区別する表示を有する、請求項1または2に記載の走性行動評価系。
- 請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の走性行動評価系が複数連結した、マルチプレート。
- 深さが線虫の厚み以上であり2mm以下である略角型面形状のくぼみを表面に有する固形培地が導入されたシャーレと、前記くぼみを上部から覆う板を備えた線虫の走性行動評価系。
- シャーレの底面の前記くぼみに対応する部位が、目印によって長手方向に片側の末端から別の末端に向かって第一の領域、第二の領域および第三の領域の少なくとも3つの領域に区分けされ、第二の領域が、第一の領域と第三の領域との境界に配置されている、請求項5に記載の走性行動評価系。
- 前記くぼみを上部から覆う板の前記くぼみに対応する部位が、目印によって長手方向に片側の末端から別の末端に向かって第一の領域、第二の領域および第三の領域の少なくとも3つの領域に区分けされ、第二の領域が、第一の領域と第三の領域との境界に配置されている、請求項5に記載の走性行動評価系。
- 目印が、底面の上面に対する凹凸形状若しくは印刷、または下面に対する凹凸形状若しくは印刷による目印である、請求項6または7に記載の走性行動評価系。
- 第一の領域と第三の領域とが接しており、第二の領域が閉じた形状である、請求項1~8のいずれか一項に記載の線虫の走性行動評価系。
- 蓋を閉じたときに前記底面に対向する面上に被検試料配置部位を備える蓋を備えた、請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の線虫の走性行動評価系。
- 第二の領域上に線虫が配置された、請求項1~10のいずれか一項に記載の線虫の走性行動評価系。
- 第一の領域または第三の領域に被検試料が配置された、請求項1~11のいずれか一項に記載の線虫の走性行動評価系。
- 被検試料の匂いに対する線虫の走性行動を評価する方法であって、
a)被検試料が配置されたシャーレであって、被検試料から1cm~3cm離れた底面の領域または部位に線虫が配置されたシャーレを提供することと、
b)被検試料と線虫がシャーレに配置されてから3~15分後に線虫の底面上での配置を観察することと、
c)被検試料に対して誘引行動を示したか忌避行動を示したかを、観察された線虫の配置から評価することと
を含む、方法。 - 被検試料が、がん患者であると疑われる対象から得られた試料である、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 被検試料が、がん患者であると疑われる対象から得られた尿である、請求項14に記載の方法。
- c)において線虫が被検試料に対して誘引行動を示した場合には、被検試料にがんに由来する誘引物質が含まれると判定すること、または、線虫が被検試料に対して忌避行動を示した場合には、被検試料にがんに由来する誘引物質が含まれていないと判定することをさらに含む、請求項14または15に記載の方法。
- 殺線虫剤を用いない、請求項13~16のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- a)において、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の走性行動評価系若しくは請求項4に記載のマルチプレート、または請求項5~12のいずれか一項に記載の走性行動評価系のいずれか1つを用いる、請求項13~17のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- a)において、以下のシャーレ:
(i)略角型形状の底面を有するシャーレであって、底面は、長手方向に片側の末端から別の末端に向かって第一の領域、第二の領域および第三の領域の少なくとも3つの領域に区分けされ、第二の領域が、第一の領域と第三の領域との境界に配置されている、シャーレ;若しくは、
(ii)深さが線虫の厚み以上であり2mm以下である略角型面形状のくぼみを表面に有する固形培地が導入されたシャーレと、前記くぼみを上部から覆う板を備えた線虫の走性行動評価系;または
(iii)上記(i)のシャーレまたは上記(ii)の走性行動評価系が複数連結したマルチプレートに含まれるいずれか1つを用いる、請求項13~18のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
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TWI772324B (zh) | 2022-08-01 |
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