Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/47—Quinolines; Isoquinolines
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
  • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
  • A61K31/195—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group
  • A61K31/196—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group the amino group being directly attached to a ring, e.g. anthranilic acid, mefenamic acid, diclofenac, chlorambucil
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
  • A61K9/0053—Mouth and digestive tract, i.e. intraoral and peroral administration
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P21/00—Drugs for disorders of the muscular or neuromuscular system

Definitions

• the present invention relates to tryptophan metabolites useful for the treatment and prevention of diseases related to muscle atrophy.
• the mechanisms involved are multiple and complex, such as a sedentary lifestyle, decreased physical activity, poor nutritional status, an underlying inflammatory state, but also hormonal and neurogenic factors, such as an imbalance between degradation and muscle protein synthesis that ultimately lead to atrophy of muscle fibers and reduction the ability to produce a force.
• myostatin levels (or GDF-8) known to be expressed in skeletal muscle and play an inhibitory role in growth and development muscle (Lee, 2010), atrogin-1 (or MAFbx) and MURF-1, mitochondrial aging and apoptosis (leading to programmed cell death) also contribute to this phenomenon, which can also be exacerbated by increased intramuscular fat in the case of sarcopenic obesity (Beyer et al., 2012).
• myostatin gene for example, increase skeletal muscle mass in animals due to both hyperplastic and hypertrophic growth of myofibers (McPherron and Lee, 2002 and 2003, Bass et al, 1999).
• TRP Tryptophan
• kynurenine a compound that influences the kynurenine (KP) pathway
• tryptophan generates many metabolites (at least a hundred) such as kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KA), anthranilic acid (AA), acid xanthurenic acid, quinolinic acid (QUIN), picolinic acid (PICO), quinaldic acid (QL- Die), 3-OH-kynurenine in particular (Widner B et al, 1997), and is also an important source for the de novo synthesis of NAD + or Nicotinamide-Adenine-Dinucleotide.
• KYN kynurenine
• KA kynurenic acid
• AA anthranilic acid
• QUIN quinolinic acid
• PICO picolinic acid
• QL- Die quinaldic acid
• 3-OH-kynurenine in particular (Widner B et al, 1997), and
• TRP supplementation in low protein diet mice has been shown to reduce muscle loss by increasing IGF-1 content in muscles and modifying the expression of genes that play a role. important role in protein synthesis, muscle development or fiber size (Dukes A. et al, 2015), while the effect of L-kynurenine varies with the dose tested (beneficial or negative). Older studies have already demonstrated the beneficial effect of TRP on muscle, its morphology, and protein synthesis (Sanfilippo et al, 1995, Lin et al, 1988). However, no document describes or suggests that tryptophan metabolites selected from kynurenic acid, anthranilic acid, quinolinic acid, picolinic acid and quinaldic acid may have a positive effect on muscle mass. On the contrary, it has even been proved in Example 1 according to the invention that one of the tryptophan metabolites, 30H-kynurenine, had no effect on protein synthesis in C2C12 cells.
• myostatin is a negative regulator of muscle development in many species such as humans, the inhibition of the activity of the enzyme and its expression represents a therapeutic approach or intervention of interest for the treatment and prevention of muscular dysfunctions.
• the present invention thus relates to one or more metabolites of Tryptophan (TRP) (also called product according to the invention) chosen from kynurenic acid (KA), anthranilic acid (AA), quinolinic acid (QUIN), l picolinic acid (PICO), quinaldic acid (QL-Dic) and mixtures thereof or an enantiomer, diastereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, tautomer, racemic mixture or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as a medicament for increase and / or maintenance of mass and / or muscular power in a mammal.
• TRP Tryptophan
• KA kynurenic acid
• AA anthranilic acid
• QUIN quinolinic acid
• PICO l picolinic acid
• QL-Dic quinaldic acid
• kynurenic acid which may be used alone or in combination with one or more of anthranilic acid (AA), quinolinic acid (QUIN), picolinic acid (PICO) and quinaldic acid (QL-Dic).
• AA anthranilic acid
• QUIN quinolinic acid
• PICO picolinic acid
• QL-Dic quinaldic acid
• the present invention relates to kynurenic acid (KA) or an enantiomer, diastereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, tautomer, racemic mixture or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as a medicament for the augmentation and / or maintaining mass and / or muscular power in a mammal.
• KA kynurenic acid
• enantiomer, diastereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, tautomer, racemic mixture or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as a medicament for the augmentation and / or maintaining mass and / or muscular power in a mammal.
• anthranilic acid or an enantiomer, diastereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, tautomer, racemic mixture or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as a medicament for the augmentation and / or maintenance of mass and / or muscle power in a mammal.
• quinolinic acid or an enantiomer, diastereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, tautomer, racemic mixture or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as a medicament for the augmentation and / or maintenance of mass and / or muscle power in a mammal.
• PICO picolinic acid
• an enantiomer, diastereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, tautomer, racemic mixture or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as a medicament for the augmentation and / or maintenance of mass and / or muscle power in a mammal.
• quinaldic acid or an enantiomer, diastereoisomer, hydrate, solvate, tautomer, racemic mixture or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as a medicament for the augmentation and / or maintaining mass and / or muscular power in a mammal.
• KA kynurenic acid
• AA anthranilic acid
• QUIN quinolinic acid
• PICO picolinic acid
• QL-Dic quinaldic acid
• the metabolite (s) / products according to the invention are intended for the treatment and / or prevention of muscular atrophy in mammals and / or for limiting muscular atrophy in mammals and / or for promoting Muscle enhancement of mammals exercising and aiming to increase mass and / or quality and / or muscular power, preventing the onset of sarcopenic symptoms or re-education following muscle loss and / or improvement recovery time after intense physical exertion.
• muscle atrophy is related to age and / or the consequences of drug treatment and / or disease related to dystrophin abnormalities and / or immobilization and / or cachexia and / or anorexia nervosa and / or a situation of undernutrition and / or dysphagia consistent with pathological situations.
• muscular atrophy is pre-sarcopenia, sarcopenia or severe sarcopenia.
• pre-sarcopenia, sarcopenia or severe sarcopenia is linked to aging, obesity or chronic diseases such as diabetes or heart failure.
• the muscular atrophy is related to a disease related to dystrophin abnormalities, in particular selected from Duchenne myopathy, Becker myopathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Steinert myotonic dystrophy.
• muscle atrophy is related to immobilization, particularly regardless of the cause, for example due to age-related weakness, muscle trauma or hospitalization (for example, post-fracture recovery, pre / postoperative bariatric surgery, burns), accident or surgery, such as knee or hip prosthesis.
• the muscular atrophy is related to cachexia, in particular cachexia associated with a chronic disease selected from cancer, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart failure, Hepatic insufficiency, tuberculosis, chronic end stage renal failure (CRIT) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
• AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
• COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• COTR chronic end stage renal failure
• IBD inflammatory bowel disease
• muscle atrophy is related to eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa.
• muscle atrophy is related to dysphagia consistent with pathological conditions (e.g., post stroke, Parkinson's disease, oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPDM)).
• pathological conditions e.g., post stroke, Parkinson's disease, oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPDM)
• the mammal to whom the metabolite / product according to the invention is administered furthermore suffers from metabolic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), diseases inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), cancer, renal or cardiac insufficiency, neurodegenerative diseases or psychiatric disorders such as depression.
• metabolic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), diseases inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), cancer, renal or cardiac insufficiency, neurodegenerative diseases or psychiatric disorders such as depression.
• the mammal suffers from these metabolic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), cancer, insufficiency renal or cardiac, neurodegenerative pathologies or psychiatric disorders such as depression
• these metabolic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), cancer, insufficiency renal or cardiac, neurodegenerative pathologies or psychiatric disorders such as depression
• the metabolite according to the invention will have a further favorable effect on this disease, apart from the effects described above.
• the metabolite / product according to the invention is also useful for promoting the muscular growth of the mammals exercising and aiming to increase the mass and / or the quality and / or the muscular power, by prevention of, for example, the appearance of age-related sarcopenic symptoms or re-education following muscle loss and / or to improve recovery time after intense physical exertion.
• the mammal may be an animal (a pet such as a dog or a cat) or another animal (cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, equines) or a human being, advantageously it is a human being.
• the inventors have discovered that the metabolites / products according to the present invention make it possible to increase the synthesis of proteins in C2C12 muscle cells, to reduce the expression of the myostatin gene in C2C12 muscle cells and / or to increase the diameter. myotubes of C2C12 cells and therefore the size of these muscle fibers.
• the present invention further relates to the use of a tryptophan metabolite / product according to the invention as defined above for the manufacture of a medicament for increasing and / or maintaining the mass and / or muscle power in a mammal and / or the treatment and / or prevention of mammalian muscle atrophy and / or the limitation of muscle atrophy in mammals and / or to promote muscle growth in mammals. mammals exercising and aiming to increase mass and / or quality and / or muscular power, preventing the onset of sarcopenic symptoms or re-education following muscle loss and / or improving recovery time after intense physical exertion.
• It also relates to a method for maintaining and / or increasing the mass and / or muscular power in a mammal, for treatment and / or prophylactic treatment and / or for delaying the onset of atrophy.
• mammalian muscle and / or to limit muscular atrophy in mammals and / or to promote the muscular growth of mammals exercising and aiming at increasing mass and / or quality and / or muscular power, in prevention of the appearance of sarcopenic symptoms or in reeducation following muscle loss and / or to improve the recovery time after intense physical exertion comprising the administration of an effective amount of a tryptophan metabolite / product according to invention to a subject who needs it.
• the effective amount will be adapted according to the nature and severity of the symptom to be treated, the route of administration and also the weight and age of the subject.
• the average dose unit will vary between a dose of 50 to 300 mg of metabolite / product, particularly kynurenic acid (KA), per day in one or more doses, when the subject is a human being.
• KA kynurenic acid
• the invention can thus be advantageously used in various situations of malnutrition, or situations associated with fragility or muscular atrophy: sarcopenia (related to aging, obesity or chronic diseases such as diabetes or heart failure), cachexia associated with certain diseases (such as cancer, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic end stage renal failure (CRTI)), dysphagia resulting from pathological conditions (eg post stroke, Parkinson's disease, oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPDM), muscle trauma or hospitalization (eg post-fracture recovery, pre / postoperative bariatric surgery, burns), anorexia nervosa, rare diseases (such as Duchenne myopathy (DM D), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), myotonic dystrophy (MD), ...)
• the invention can also be used in sports medicine to improve, for example, the recovery time after intense physical effort, or to return in the composition of veterinary products for increasing the mass and / or muscular quality of
• the metabolite / product according to the invention is in a purified form, for example obtained by chemical synthesis or in the form of a plant extract (crude or partially purified) obtained by well-known methods of the person skilled in the art (maceration, percolation, etc.) in a polar or organic solvent or a mixture thereof.
• tryptophan and its metabolites such as kynurenic acid for example are relatively abundant in the traditional diet or certain herbs such as tubers of potatoes, honey, broccoli, medicinal herbs (Turski MP et al, 2011, Turski MP et al, 2012, Donarski et al, 2010).
• the metabolite / product according to the invention is in the form of a pharmaceutical or veterinary composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. It can also be in the form of a nutraceutical composition or a dietary supplement intended for oral administration.
• the pharmaceutical, veterinary, nutraceutical or food supplement composition according to the present invention further comprises another active agent, advantageously having a complementary or synergistic effect.
• This second active agent may be administered in the same pharmaceutical or nutraceutical or veterinary composition or the same dietary supplement as the metabolite of the present invention. It can also be administered separately, either at the same time or over time.
• This active agent may be one or more drugs or dietary supplements or foods or veterinary products or antibodies commonly used in the prevention or treatment of muscle dysfunction or muscle mass reduction, which could create useful pharmacological synergies with metabolites according to the invention, depending on the situation (sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity, heart or kidney failure, anorexia, cancer-related cachexia or other chronic diseases, Duchenne myopathy (DMD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), myotonic dystrophy (MD) ), dysphagia related to certain pathologies, muscular traumatisms or hospitalizations, bariatric surgery, intense physical effort .
• sarcopenia sarcopenic obesity, heart or kidney failure, anorexia, cancer-related cachexia or other chronic diseases
• Duchenne myopathy (DMD) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), myotonic dystrophy (MD)
• dysphagia related to certain pathologies, muscular traumatisms or hospitalizations,
• This active agent may correspond to nutritional products such as mixtures of proteins (such as creatine) or amino acids (such as, for example, lysine, arginine, leucine, beta-hydroxy beta methylbutryrate, citrulline). vitamins (such as vitamin D, B vitamins, ...), minerals (such as magnesium, calcium, %), or other nutraceuticals known for their anti-inflammatory properties (such as as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (DHA, EPA)), or other active nutrients facilitating its cellular action such as phospholipids (eg phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine).
• proteins such as creatine
• amino acids such as, for example, lysine, arginine, leucine, beta-hydroxy beta methylbutryrate, citrulline.
• vitamins such as vitamin D, B vitamins, ...), minerals (such as magnesium, calcium, 7), or other nutraceuticals known for their anti-inflammatory properties (such as as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (D
• This active agent may also correspond to certain hormones (such as growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)) to optimize their effects and potentially diminish their side effects.
• This active agent may furthermore correspond to medicinal treatments (such as angiotensin II receptor antagonists, orrogen receptor modulators (SARMs), or inhibitors or antibodies to myostatin).
• This active agent may furthermore correspond to chondroprotective agents (such as glucosamine, chondroitin sulphate, hyaluronic acid, or hydrolysates of collagen) with the aim of reinforcing the muscular mass impaired by immobility in the affected individuals. osteoarthritis.
• chondroprotective agents such as glucosamine, chondroitin sulphate, hyaluronic acid, or hydrolysates of collagen
• pharmaceutically acceptable is meant that which is useful in the preparation of a pharmaceutical or veterinary composition which is generally safe, non-toxic and neither biologically nor otherwise undesirable and which is acceptable for veterinary use as well as human pharmaceutical.
• the term "pharmaceutically acceptable salts of a metabolite or product” means salts which are pharmaceutically acceptable, as defined herein, and which possess the desired pharmacological activity of the parent metabolite. These are organic and inorganic acid addition salts and base addition salts which are physiologically tolerated and do not produce any similar allergic or adverse reaction, such as dizziness, when administered to the body. a human being or an animal.
• salts include, but are not limited to: acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, cycopentylpropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, fumarate, flucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, iodhydrate, methanesulfonate 2-hydroxyethyl, lactate, maleate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, oxalate, palmoate, pectinate, persulfate, phenylpropionate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, succinate, tartrate,
• solvate of a metabolite or product is understood to mean any compound obtained by addition of a molecule of inert solvent to the metabolite / product according to the invention, the solvate being formed by reason of their strength of mutual attraction.
• the solvates are, for example, alcoholates of the compound.
• a hydrate is a solvate in which the inert solvent used is water. It can be mono, di or trihydrate.
• tautomer is intended to mean any isomer of constitution of the metabolites according to the present invention which are interconvertible by the reversible chemical reaction known as tautomerization.
• the reaction occurs by migration of a hydrogen atom accompanied by a change of localization of a double bond.
• an equilibrium between the two tautomers is created.
• the ratio of tautomers is then a function of the solvent, the temperature and the pH.
• the tautomerism is therefore the transformation of one functional group into another, most often by concomitant displacement of a hydrogen atom and a ⁇ bond (double or triple bond).
• tautomers are, for example, aldehyde / ketone-alcohol pairs or more precisely enol pairs; amides - imidic acids; lactams - lakes; imines - enamines; enamines - enamines.
• it may include a cycle-chain tautomerism that occurs when proton motion is accompanied by the transformation of an open structure to a cycle.
• excipient means a non-toxic agent used in the formulation of pharmaceutical, nutraceutical or veterinary compositions or dietary supplement to provide a medium, and / or a usable form for a pharmaceutical, nutraceutical or veterinary composition or a dietary supplement.
• a vehicle may comprise one or more of these agents, such as a stabilizer, or an aqueous pH buffered solution.
• pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or useful in a nutraceutical composition or dietary supplement include aqueous or solid buffer ingredients, including phosphate, citrate and other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid; low molecular weight polypeptides (less than about 10 residues); proteins such as serum albumin, gelatin or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, arginine or lysine; monosaccharides, disaccharides and other carbohydrates including glucose, mannose or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; sugar alcohols such as mannitol or sorbitol; salt forming counter ions such as sodium; and / or nonionic surfactants such as TWEEN ®, polyethylene glycol (PEG), and PLURON ICS
• the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical or veterinary composition or the food supplement is prepared in order to adapt to the mode of administration.
• Acceptable pharmaceutical or nutraceutical excipients are determined in part by the composition administered, as well as by the particular method used to administer the composition. Accordingly, there is a wide variety of suitable formulations of pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, veterinary or dietary supplement compositions that could contain the metabolites / products that are described herein. The dosage of these metabolites / products to be administered depends on the individual case and, as usual, must be adapted to individual circumstances to obtain an effective therapeutic amount and an optimum effect.
• the daily dose may be administered in a single dose or, particularly when larger amounts are administered, divided into several individual doses.
• compositions may be in solid, liquid or semi-solid form, suitable for the various routes of administration (oral, rectal, nasal, intraocular, local - for example, topical, transdermal, oral, vaginal or sublingual), parenteral (by subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous or intradermal example). Oral administration is preferred, this route is most appropriate for chronic treatments. However, administration by other routes is possible, for example intravenously and transdermally.
• Intravenous formulations contain the active ingredient dissolved, suspended or emulsified in a sterile vehicle, optionally in the presence of emulsifying agents, stabilizers, buffering agents and other conventional additives; they are normally distributed in infusion vials or vials, and may be stored as dry products for reconstitution with water or with a suitable vehicle before use.
• the solid pharmaceutical compositions may be tablets, capsules, powders, granules, pills, powders for reconstitution, etc.; they may contain conventional excipients such as binders, fillers, diluents, compressing agents, lubricants, detergents, colorants, flavoring agents and wetting agents.
• the tablets may be coated according to methods well known in the art.
• Suitable fillers include cellulose, mannitol, lactose and the like.
• Liquid compositions for oral administration may be in the form of aqueous or oily suspensions, solutions, emulsions, syrups or elixirs or may be presented as dry products for reconstitution with water or an appropriate vehicle before use; They may contain conventional additives, for example suspending agents such as sorbitol, syrup, methylcellulose, gelatin, hydroxyethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, aluminum stearate gel or hydrogenated edible fats, emulsifiers such as lecithin, sorbitan monooleate or gum arabic; non-aqueous carriers (which may include edible oils) such as almond oil, fractionated coconut oil, oily esters such as esters of glycerine, propylene glycol or ethyl alcohol; preservatives such as methyl or propyl p-hydroxybenzoate or sorbic acid and, if desired, conventional flavoring or coloring agents.
• prevention refers to a reduction in the risk of contracting or developing a disease or disorder (for example, ensuring that at least one of the clinical symptoms of the disease can not develop) in a subject who may be exposed to a pathogen, or predisposed to the disease before it appears.
• treatment means, in one embodiment, the amelioration of the disease or disorder (for example, by stopping the disease or reduction of the manifestation, extent or the severity of at least one of the clinical symptoms of it).
• compositions comprise an effective amount of the TP metabolites or product according to the invention, and an acceptable pharmaceutical carrier or excipient.
• Figure 1 shows the effect of kynurenic acid (KA) on protein synthesis in C2C12 muscle cells as a function of the dose used.
• Figure 2 shows the effect of anthranilic acid on protein synthesis in C2C12 muscle cells.
• KA kynurenic acid
• Figure 3 shows the effect of quinolinic acid on protein synthesis in C2C12 muscle cells.
• Figure 4 shows the effect of picolinic acid on protein synthesis in C2C12 muscle cells.
• Figure 5 shows the effect of 3-OH kynurenine on protein synthesis in C2C12 muscle cells.
• Figure 6 shows the effect of kynurenic acid on myostatin gene expression in C2C12 muscle cells.
• Figure 7 shows the effect of kynurenic acid on the morphometric parameters of muscle fibers C2C12 ( Figure 7A-B)
• Figure 8 shows the effect of kynurenic acid on muscle atrophy induced by immobilization of 7 days in normal mice.
• the cells are counted and inoculated at a density of 20000 cells per well in a 24-well plate in a DMEM medium containing glucose at 4.5 g / L and supplemented with fetal calf serum (10%) and antibiotics (penicillin and streptomycin ). Forty-eight hours later, myoblasts are differentially induced by partial deprivation in serum (2% instead of 10%) for 5 days. The cells are then placed in medium without glucose or leucine (Krebs medium) for 1h at 37 ° C.
• test products DMSO (control), Kynurenic acid or Anthralinic acid or Quinolinic acid or Picolinic acid or 30H-Kynurenine
• reference IGF-1, 100 ng / mL
• serum-free DMEM media containing 2.5 ⁇ Ci / mL radio-labeled leucine.
• the supernatants are removed and the cells are lysed in a 0.1N NaOH solution for 30 min.
• the results are expressed in cpm / ⁇ g of proteins after 150 min of incubation or in percentage relative to the control condition. The results are expressed in% of the control and a statistical test is carried out: Dunnett or Dun test (* p ⁇ 0.05, ** p ⁇ 0.01, *** p ⁇ 0.001 versus control).
• the results obtained with kynurenic acid, anthranilic acid, quinolinic acid, picolinic acid and 3-OH kynurenine are shown in FIGS. 1 to 5. They show that Kynurenic acid, Anthranilic acid Quinolinic acid and Picolinic acid significantly induce protein synthesis. Dose-dependent stimulation of protein synthesis is observed after 150 min of incubation in the presence of kynurenic acid. In contrast, 30H-Kynurenine, another metabolite of tryptophan, has no effect on protein synthesis.
• Example 2 Measurement of the Gene Expression of Myostatin in C2C12 Cells
• Myoblastic cells C2C12 (ATCC CRL-1772) are seeded in 24-well plates at the density of 30,000 cells per well and cultured in a medium.
• DMEM fetal calf serum
• antibiotics penicillin and streptomycin
• DMEM glucose-depleted medium
• IGF-1 100 ng / ml or Kynurenic acid
• IGF-1 100 ng / mL
• mRNAs messenger RNAs
• the cells are lysed in a solution of trizol (Sigma T9424) containing a strong acid and phenol.
• the mRNAs are separated from the proteins by addition of chloroform followed by centrifugation.
• RNA is then precipitated in isopropanol and then suspended at the concentration of in ultra pure water freed of RNases and DNAses.
• the mRNA is then converted by reverse transcription into complementary DNA by the AMV enzyme in the presence of a primer and a mixture of nucleotides according to the protocol given by the supplier (Applied Biosystems 4368814).
• Gene expression is studied by chain reaction initiated by a polymerase enzyme and commonly called PCR under quantitative conditions, hence the precise name of qPCR.
• the qPCRs are performed on a 7900HT Fast Real-Time PCR Detection System (Applied Biosystems).
• the programming conditions are standard and consist of 1 cycle at 95 ° C for 15 min, followed by 40 cycles at 95 ° C for 15 s and 60 ° C for 1 min and ended with a melt curve step of 60 ° C and 95 ° C.
• the analyzed samples all contain 100 ng of cDNA, a qPCR buffer including the enzyme, the oligonucleotide mixture and the intercalant (sybergreen), and the pair of specific primers of the studied gene, strategically chosen between two sequences. exonates and at the final concentration of 200 nM. Probes fluorescents bind to the double-stranded DNA and fluoresce only once attached to the DNA. A fluorescence threshold is established by the program of the machine.
• the primers used are recorded in the following table:
• the expression of the myostatin gene is measured by RT-QPCR and normalized with the household beta-actin gene.
• a statistical test is performed: Dunnett or Dun test (* p ⁇ 0.05, ** p ⁇ 0.01, *** p ⁇ 0.001 versus control).
• the results obtained with kynurenic acid are shown in FIG. 6.
• a significant dose-dependent inhibition of the expression of the myostatin gene is observed after 6 hours of incubation with Kynurenic acid.
• the C2C12 myoblastic cells (ATCC CRL-1772) are seeded in 8-well plates treated with glycerol, at the density of 10,000 cells per well and cultured. in a DMEM medium containing glucose at 4.5 g / L and supplemented with fetal calf serum (10%) and antibiotics (penicillin and streptomycin). Forty-eight hours later, the myoblasts are differentially induced by partial deprivation in serum (2% instead of 10%) for 3 days.
• the cells are then placed in a depleted glucose medium (DMEM containing 1 g / L of glucose) and devoid of serum in the presence of the test molecules (DMSO (control) or Kynurenic acid) or references (IGF-1 at the concentration 10 ng / mL or dexamethasone 10 ⁇ M) for 3 days.
• DMEM depleted glucose medium
• IGF-1 insulin growth factor-1 at the concentration 10 ng / mL or dexamethasone 10 ⁇ M
• the cells are rinsed and fixed with 2.5% Glutaraldehyde / 0.1% Triton solution for 1 h at room temperature.
• the cell layer is covered with DAPI (fluorescent labeling of the cell nucleus). After storage in the dark for 16h in the cold, the slides are observed under a fluorescence microscope (Cari Zeiss, AxioVert 200) and the images analyzed using the Axiovision 4.1 software to measure the diameter of the fibers.
• Immobilization of limbs is known to induce skeletal muscle atrophy involving mechanisms related to protein degradation, muscle fiber type changes, oxidative stress, or inflammatory mechanisms.
• male CD1 mice of 8-9 weeks of age were used.
• the foot of the left hind paw has immobilized for 7 days according to the procedure described by Caron et al. (2009), in the position of dorso-tibial flexion, by means of a surgical staple.
• the other foot (right hind paw) is used as a control.

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