Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D243/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing seven-membered rings having two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D243/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing seven-membered rings having two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the nitrogen atoms in positions 1 and 4
  • C07D243/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing seven-membered rings having two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the nitrogen atoms in positions 1 and 4 condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D243/14—1,4-Benzodiazepines; Hydrogenated 1,4-benzodiazepines
  • C07D243/16—1,4-Benzodiazepines; Hydrogenated 1,4-benzodiazepines substituted in position 5 by aryl radicals
  • C07D243/18—1,4-Benzodiazepines; Hydrogenated 1,4-benzodiazepines substituted in position 5 by aryl radicals substituted in position 2 by nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atoms
  • C07D243/24—Oxygen atoms
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
  • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D243/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing seven-membered rings having two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D243/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing seven-membered rings having two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the nitrogen atoms in positions 1 and 4
  • C07D243/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing seven-membered rings having two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the nitrogen atoms in positions 1 and 4 condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D243/14—1,4-Benzodiazepines; Hydrogenated 1,4-benzodiazepines
  • C07D243/16—1,4-Benzodiazepines; Hydrogenated 1,4-benzodiazepines substituted in position 5 by aryl radicals
  • C07D243/18—1,4-Benzodiazepines; Hydrogenated 1,4-benzodiazepines substituted in position 5 by aryl radicals substituted in position 2 by nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atoms
  • C07D243/24—Oxygen atoms
  • C07D243/26—Preparation from compounds already containing the benzodiazepine skeleton
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
  • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D403/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
  • C07D403/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing three or more hetero rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D413/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing three or more hetero rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
  • C07D417/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing three or more hetero rings

Definitions

• the present invention relates to antimicrobial compounds for use in treating microbial infections.
• the invention extends to the compounds per se, pharmaceutical
• compositions, methods of making the compounds and methods of treating microbial infections are provided.
• fluorine-containing compounds have played a key role in the development of new pharmaceuticals, crop protection agents and insecticides 2 ⁇ where a significant number of these products contain one or more fluorine atoms 1 .
• the interest in the use of fluorine as a design component in medicinal chemistry has been largely due to its ability to affect the physicochemical and biological properties of compounds where it is incorporated.
• the low steric impact of the small van der Waals ratio coupled with its high electronegativity, the ability to participate in hydrogen bonding and the inherent carbon-fluorine bond stability to metabolic transformation are well known features.
• fluorinated pyridine and pyrimidine nuclei remain relatively understudied and their effects on drug properties relatively undocumented. There is therefore a need to provide new antimicrobial compounds, which incorporate fluorine.
• the present invention arose due to the inventor's interest in the development of methodologies to incorporate fluorinated pyridine and pyrimidine nuclei into drug structures with a strong provenance to act as the basis for the development of novel screening collections.
• the inventors believe the chemical family they have identified is novel per se.
• R t is H or a Ci -5 straight or branched alkyl or alkenyl
• R 2 is H or a Ci -5 straight or branched alkyl or alkenyl
• R 3 is any amino acid side chain; and R 4 is H or a Ci -5 straight or branched alkyl or alkenyl; or R 3 and R 4 , together with the atoms to which they are attached, combine to form a five-membered heterocyclic ring;
• R 5 is a six membered ring optionally substituted with one or more substituents, wherein the or each substituent is independently a Ci -5 straight or branched alkyl or alkenyl, a halogen, SR6, S0 2 R6, OR6, or NR 6 R 7 ;
• m is o, l, 2, 3 or 4;
• n is o, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5;
• the or each X t is independently selected from a Ci -5 straight or branched alkyl or alkenyl, a halogen, SR6, S0 2 R6, OR6 or NR 6 R 7 ;
• the or each X 2 is independently selected from a Ci -5 straight or branched alkyl or alkenyl, a halogen, SR6, S0 2 R6, OR6 or NR 6 R 7 ;
• the or each R 6 is independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, a Ci -5 straight or branched alkyl or alkenyl, C 3 -6 cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, C 3 -6 heterocyclyl or heteroaryl, C 2 - 4 methane sulphonyl alkyl, C 2 - 4 dialkylaminoalkyl and P ;
• the or each R 7 is independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, a Ci -5 straight or branched alkyl or alkenyl, C 3 -6 cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, C 3 -6 heterocyclyl or heteroaryl, C 2 - 4 methane sulphonyl alkyl, C 2 - 4 dialkylaminoalkyl and P ;
• R 6 and R 7 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached independently form a 3-7 membered ring which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents, wherein the or each substituent is independently a Ci -5 straight or branched alkyl or alkenyl, a halogen, C(0)Ri 0 , SRi 0 , S0 2 Ri 0 , ORi 0 or NR 10 Rn;
• the or each R 10 is independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, a Ci -5 straight or branched alkyl or alkenyl, C 3 -6 cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, C 3 -6 heterocyclyl or heteroaryl, C 2 - 4 methane sulphonyl alkyl, C 2 - 4 dialkylaminoalkyl and P ;
• the or each R n is independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, a Ci -5 straight or branched alkyl or alkenyl, C 3 -6 cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl, C 2 - 4 methane sulphonyl alkyl, C 2 - 4 dialkylaminoalkyl and p is l, 2, 3, 4 or 5; and
• a method of treating, ameliorating or preventing a microbial infection comprising administering, to a subject in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, tautomeric form or polymorphic form thereof.
• salt may be understood to refer to any salt of a compound provided herein which retains its biological properties and which is not toxic or otherwise undesirable for pharmaceutical use. Such salts may be derived from a variety of organic and inorganic counter-ions well known in the art.
• Such salts include, but are not limited to: (1) acid addition salts formed with organic or inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric, sulfamic, acetic, trifluoroacetic, trichloroacetic, propionic, hexanoic, cyclopentylpropionic, glycolic, glutaric, pyruvic, lactic, malonic, succinic, sorbic, ascorbic, malic, maleic, fumaric, tartaric, citric, benzoic, 3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic, picric, cinnamic, mandelic, phthalic, lauric, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, 1,2-ethane-disulfonic, 2- hydroxyethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic, 2- naphthalenesulfonic,
• ethylenediamine lysine, arginine, ornithine, choline, N,N'-dibenzylethylene-diamine, chloroprocaine, diethanolamine, procaine, N-benzylphenethylamine, N- methylglucamine piperazine, tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane,
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts may include, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, tetraalkylammonium and the like, and when the compound contains a basic functionality, salts of non-toxic organic or inorganic acids, such as hydrohalides, e.g. hydrochloride and hydrobromide, sulfate, phosphate, sulfamate, nitrate, acetate, trifluoroacetate, trichloroacetate, propionate, hexanoate,
• hydrohalides e.g. hydrochloride and hydrobromide
• sulfate phosphate, sulfamate, nitrate, acetate, trifluoroacetate, trichloroacetate, propionate, hexanoate
• cyclopentylpropionate glycolate, glutarate, pyruvate, lactate, malonate, succinate, sorbate, ascorbate, malate, maleate, fumarate, tartarate, citrate, benzoate, 3-(4- hydroxybenzoyl)benzoate, picrate, cinnamate, mandelate, phthalate, laurate, methanesulfonate (mesylate), ethanesulfonate, 1,2-ethane-disulfonate, 2- hydroxyethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate (besylate), 4-chlorobenzenesulfonate, 2- naphthalenesulfonate, 4-toluenesulfonate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, 4- methylbicyclo[2.2.2]-oct-2-ene-i-carboxylate, glucoheptonate, 3-phenylpropionate, trimethyl
• solvate may be understood to refer to a compound provided herein or a salt thereof, that further includes a stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amount of solvent bound by non-covalent intermolecular forces. Where the solvent is water, the solvate is a hydrate.
• the microbial infection which may be treated by the compound of Formula (I) may comprise a fungal infection.
• the microbial infection which may be treated by the compound of Formula (I) may comprise a bacterial infection.
• the bacterial infection may comprise a gram-positive bacterial infection.
• the bacterial infection may comprise a gram-negative bacterial infection.
• the microbial infection which may be treated preferably comprises a viral infection.
• a viral infection which may be treated with compounds of the invention include: Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), Dengue Virus, Ebola virus, Hepatitis B Virus, and Influenza virus.
• the compound is for use in treating, ameliorating, or preventing an infection caused by Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV).
• Ri may be a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group or a pentyl group. In one preferred embodiment, Ri is a methyl group. However, in a more preferred embodiment, Ri is a hydrogen, and the compound has
• R 2 may be a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group or a pentyl group.
• R 4 may be a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group or a pentyl group.
• R 2 is a methyl group.
• R 4 is methyl group.
• R 2 is a hydrogen.
• R 4 is hydrogen.
• both R 2 and R4 are hydrogen and the compound has the formula (lb):
• m is 4. Accordingly, an X t group will be present on each of the position 6, 7, 8 and 9 carbons of the benzodiazepine ring structure.
• an X t group may be bonded to one of the position 6, 7, 8 and 9 carbons of the benzodiazepine ring structure, and a hydrogen will be bonded to each of the three remaining carbons.
• an X t group may be bonded to two of the position 6, 7, 8 and 9 carbons of the benzodiazepine ring structure, and a hydrogen will be bonded to each of the two remaining carbons.
• m is 3
• an X t group may be bonded to three of the position 6, 7, 8 and 9 carbons of the benzodiazepine ring structure, and a hydrogen will be bonded to the remaining carbon.
• m is 1, and the Xi group is bonded to the 7 position carbon and the compound has a formula (Id):
• Xi may be any halogen, such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
• Xi is chlorine or fluorine.
• m is 1, and the Xi is a chlorine bonded to the 7 position carbon.
• n is o and the compound has a formula (Ie):
• n 5
• an X 2 group will be present on each of the position 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 carbons of the phenyl ring structure.
• n 1
• an X 2 group may be bonded to one of the position 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 carbons of the phenyl ring structure, and a hydrogen will be bonded to each of the four remaining carbons.
• n 2
• an X 2 group may be bonded to two of the position 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 carbons of the phenyl ring structure, and a hydrogen will be bonded to each of the three remaining carbons.
• an X 2 group may be bonded to three of the position 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 carbons of the phenyl ring structure, and a hydrogen will be bonded to the two remaining carbons.
• an X 2 group may be bonded to four of the position 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 carbons of the phenyl ring structure, and a hydrogen will be bonded to the remaining carbon.
• n is 1, and the X 2 group is bonded to the 4 position carbon.
• X 2 may be any halogen, such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
• X 2 is chlorine.
• X 2 is preferably fluorine.
• X 2 is preferably bromine.
• R 3 is the side chain of any amino acid.
• R 3 is the side chain of any naturally occurring amino acid.
• R 3 may be an arginine side chain, a histidine side chain, a lysine side chain, an aspartic acid side chain, a glutamic acid side chain, a serine side chain, a threonine side chain, an asparagine side chain, a glutamine side chain, a cysteine side chain, a cysteine side chain, a selenocysteine side chain, a glycine side chain, a proline side chain, an alanine side chain, a valine side chain, an isoleucine side chain, a leucine side chain, a methionine side chain, a phenylalanine side chain, a tyrosine side chain or a tryptophan side chain.
• a glycine side chain is hydrogen
• an alanine is methyl
• a valine is isopropyl
• a phenylalanine is benzyl.
• R 3 and R 4 together with the atoms to which they are attached, combine to form a five-membered heterocyclic ring.
• R 3 may be a nucleophilic amino acid side chain, which may be selected from serine, threonine and cysteine. Preferably, however, R 3 is not a cysteine side chain.
• R 3 may be a hydrophobic amino acid side chain, which may be selected from valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine and proline.
• R 3 may be an aromatic amino acid side chain, which may be selected from phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, aspartic acid and glutamic acid.
• R 3 may be an amide amino acid side chain, which may be selected from asparagine and glutamine.
• R 3 may be a basic amino acid side chain, which be selected from histidine, lysine and arginine. In yet another embodiment, R 3 may be the side chain of a small amino acid, which may be either glycine or alanine.
• R 3 is a glycine side chain, i.e. R 3 is a hydrogen, and the compound has the formula (Ifa):
• R 3 is an alanine side chain, i.e. R 3 is a methyl, and the compound has the
• R 3 is a valine side chain, i.e. R 3 is an isopropyl, and the compoun
• R 3 is a phenylalanine side chain, i.e. R 3 is a phenyl, and the compound has the formula (Ifd):
• R 3 is proline side chain, i.e. R 3 and R4, together with the atoms to which they are attached, combine to form a five- membered heterocyclic ring, and the compound has the formula (Ife):
• the compound of Formula (I) comprises an amino acid linker
• the amino acid linker maybe a D amino acid linker, i.e.: However, in a preferred embodiment the amino acid linker is an L amino acid linker, i.e. :
• R 5 is an aromatic ring optionally substituted with one or more substituents. Accordingly, R 5 may be a phenyl, a pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl or a pyrimidinyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents. More preferably, R 5 is a phenyl, pyridine or pyrimidine optionally substituted with one or more substituents. Accordingly, R 5 may be selected from the group consisting of:
• q is o, l, 2, 3 or 4;
• r is o, 1, 2 or 3;
• s is o, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5;
• X 3 is independently a -5 straight or branched alkyl or alkenyl, a halogen, SR6, S0 2 R6, OR 6 , or NR 6 R 7 .
• R 5 is selected from the group consisting of:
• the phenyl, pyridinyl or pyrimidinyl group is substituted with one or more X 3 groups.
• X 3 is a Ci -5 straight or branched alkyl or alkenyl then X 3 may be a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group or a pentyl group.
• X 3 when X 3 is a halogen then X 3 may be fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
• R 6 and/or R 7 is a Ci -5 straight or branched alkyl or alkenyl then Re and/or R 7 may independently be a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group or a pentyl group.
• Re and/or R 7 is a C 3 -6 cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl
• the or each C 3 -6 cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl may independently be cyclohexyl or phenyl.
• Re and/or R 7 is a C 3 -6 heterocyclyl or heteroaryl
• the or each C 3 -6 heterocyclyl or heteroaryl may independently be pyridyl, pyrimidyl, furanyl, imidazolyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, pyrrolidinyl, thiomorpholinyl or thiomorpholinyl S,S dioxide.
• Re is a Ci -5 straight or branched alkyl or alkenyl, and more preferably R6 is a methyl group.
• Re is a Ci -5 straight or branched alkyl or alkenyl, and more preferably R6 is a methyl group.
• Re is a Ci -5 straight or branched alkyl or alkenyl, and more preferably R6 is an ethyl group.
• Re is a Ci -5 straight or branched alkyl or alkenyl and R 7 is hydrogen.
• R6 is a methyl group, an ethyl group or a propyl group.
• Re when X 3 is NR 6 R 7 then Re is a Ci -5 straight or branched alkyl or alkenyl and R 7 is a Ci -5 straight or branched alkyl or alkenyl.
• R6 and R 7 are each independently a methyl group, an ethyl group or a propyl group. In one embodiment, both Re and R 7 are an ethyl group.
• X 3 when X 3 is NP6R 7 then R 6 and R 7 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached independently form a 3-7 membered ring which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents.
• the or each 3-7 membered ring may be a 4 membered ring, a 5 membered ring or a 6 membered ring which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents.
• the four membered ring maybe azetidine which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents.
• the 5 membered ring may be pyrrolidine which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents.
• the 6 membered ring may be piperidine, piperazine, morpholine, thiomorpholine or thiomorpholine S,S dioxide which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents.
• the 3-7 membered ring may be substituted with a Ci -5 straight or branched alkyl or alkenyl.
• the Ci -5 straight or branched alkyl or alkenyl may independently be a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group or a pentyl group.
• the 3-7 membered ring may be substituted with a halogen.
• the halogen may be fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
• the halogen is fluorine or chlorine.
• the 3-7 membered ring may be:
• the 3-7 membered ring may be substituted with C(0)Ri 0 .
• Rio may be a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group or a pentyl group.
• Ri 0 is a methyl group.
• -7 membered ring may be:
• the 3-7 membered ring may be substituted with SRi 0 or S0 2 Rio Rio may be a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group or a pentyl group.
• Ri 0 is a methyl group.
• the 3-7 membered ring may be:
• the 3-7 membered ring may be substituted with ORi 0 .
• Rio may be a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group or a pentyl group.
• the 3-7 membered ring may be substituted with NR 10 Rn.
• Rio and Rn may each independently be a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group or a pentyl group.
• R and/ or R 7 When R and/ or R 7 is P then Rg and R 9 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached independently form a 3-7 membered ring.
• the or each 3-7 membered ring may be a 4 membered ring, a 5 membered ring or a 6 membered ring.
• the four membered ring may be azetidine.
• the 5 membered ring may be pyrrolidine.
• the 6 membered ring may be piperidine, piperazine, morpholine, thiomorpholine or thiomorpholine S,S dioxide.
• R 5 is a phenyl group, optionally substituted with one or more X 3 groups, and the compound has formula (Ig):
• s is 5.
• at least one X 3 group is a halogen. More preferably, at least two X 3 groups are halogens, at least three X 3 groups are halogens, or at least four X 3 groups are halogens. Most preferably, all X 3 groups are halogens.
• the or each halogen is a fluorine.
• R 5 is a phenyl group, s is o and the compound has formula (Ih):
• R 5 is a pyridinyl group, optionally substituted with more X 3 groups.
• the compound may have formula (Ii):
• the compound may have formula (Iia):
• R 5 is a pyridinyl group and q is 4.
• the compound may have formula (Ij) or (Ija):
• At least one X 3 group is a halogen. More preferably, at least two X 3 groups are halogens. Even more preferably, at least three X 3 groups are halogens. Preferably, the or each halogen is a fluorine.
• R 5 is a pyridinyl group
• q is 4
• three X 3 groups are a halogen and one X 3 group comprises OP6.
• each halogen is fluorine.
• P6 is an ethyl group.
• the compound has formula (Ik):
• R 5 is a pyridinyl group
• q is 4
• each of the four X 3 groups is a halogen.
• each halogen is fluorine.
• the compound may have formula (II):
• R 5 is a pyridinyl group
• q is 4
• three X 3 groups are a halogen and one X 3 group comprises S0 2 R6-
• each halogen is fluorine.
• R6 is an methyl group.
• each halogen is fluorine.
• the compound has formula (Ila):
• R 5 is a pyridinyl group
• q is 4
• three X 3 groups are a halogen and one X 3 group comprises NR 6 R 7 .
• each halogen is fluorine.
• R6 and R 7 may each independently be a hydrogen or a Ci -5 straight or branched alkyl or alkenyl.
• R6 and R 7 may each independently be methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl or pentyl. More preferably R6 and R 7 are each ethyl.
• the compound has formula (lib):
• the piperazine ring is substituted with C(0)Ri 0 , and more preferably Ri 0 is methyl.
• the compound has formula (lie):
• R6 and R 7 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached independently form a thiomorpholinyl S,S dioxide ring which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents.
• the thiomorpholinyl S,S dioxide ring is unsubstituted.
• the compound has formula (lid):
• R6 and R 7 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached independently form a morpholine ring which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents.
• the morpholine ring is unsubstituted.
• the compound has formula (He
• R 5 is a pyrimidine group, optionally substituted with one or more X 3 groups.
• the compound may have formula (Ilg):
• r may be 1, 2 or 3.
• R 5 is a pyrimidine group and r is 1.
• the compound may have formula (Ilh):
• X 3 is a halogen or S0 2 R6- More preferably, X 3 is a chlorine or S0 2 Me. It will be appreciated that compounds described herein possess a chiral centre at the position 3 carbon of the benzodiazepine ring structure. Accordingly, in one preferred embodiment, the compound may have an S chiral centre and a formula (Im):
• Ri is hydrogen
• R 2 is hydrogen
• R 3 is hydrogen
• R 4 is hydrogen
• L is absent
• R 5 is a phenyl group
• m is o
• n is o
• s is o
• the compound has an S chiral centre. Accordingly, the compound may have formula (In):
• Ri is hydrogen
• R 2 is hydrogen
• R 3 is hydrogen
• R4 is hydrogen
• L is absent
• R 5 is a pyridinyl group
• m is o
• n is o
• q is 4
• three X 3 groups are fluorine
• one X 3 group is ORs
• Rs is ethyl and the compound has an S chiral centre. Accordingly, the compound may have formula (Io):
• Ri is hydrogen
• R 2 is hydrogen
• R 3 is hydrogen
• R 4 is hydrogen
• L is absent
• R 5 is a pyridinyl group
• m is o
• n is o
• q is 4 and all X 3 groups are fluorine. Accordingly, the compound may have formula (Ip):
• Ri is hydrogen
• R 2 is hydrogen
• R 3 is hydrogen
• R 4 hydrogen
• L is absent
• R 5 is a pyridinyl group
• m is o
• n is o
• q is 4
• all X 3 groups are fluorine and the compound has an S chiral centre. Accordingly, the compound may have formula (Iq):
• the compound may be selected from:
• the compounds described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, tautomeric form or polymorphic form thereof may be used in a medicament which may be used in a monotherapy (i.e. use of the compound alone), for treating, ameliorating, or preventing a microbial infection.
• the compounds or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, tautomeric form or polymorphic form thereof may be used as an adjunct to, or in combination with, known therapies for treating, ameliorating, or preventing a microbial infection.
• known antivirals for treating respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) which may be administered with compounds of Formula I, include ribavirin or bronchodilators.
• compositions having a number of different forms depending, in particular, on the manner in which the composition is to be used.
• the composition may be in the form of a powder, tablet, capsule, liquid, ointment, cream, gel, hydrogel, aerosol, spray, micellar solution, transdermal patch, liposome suspension or any other suitable form that may be administered to a person or animal in need of treatment.
• vehicle of medicaments according to the invention should be one which is well- tolerated by the subject to whom it is given.
• Medicaments comprising the compounds described herein may be used in a number of ways. For instance, oral administration may be required, in which case the compound may be contained within a composition that may, for example, be ingested orally in the form of a tablet, capsule or liquid. Compositions comprising the compounds of the invention may be administered by inhalation (e.g.
• compositions may also be formulated for topical use. For instance, creams or ointments may be applied to the skin.
• Compounds according to the invention may also be incorporated within a slow- or delayed-release device. Such devices may, for example, be inserted on or under the skin, and the medicament may be released over weeks or even months. The device may be located at least adjacent the treatment site. Such devices may be particularly advantageous when long-term treatment with compounds used according to the invention is required and which would normally require frequent administration (e.g. at least daily injection).
• compounds and compositions according to the invention may be administered to a subject by injection into the blood stream or directly into a site requiring treatment. Injections may be intravenous (bolus or infusion) or subcutaneous (bolus or infusion), or intradermal (bolus or infusion).
• the amount of the compound that is required is determined by its biological activity and bioavailability, which in turn depends on the mode of administration, the physiochemical properties of the compound, and whether it is being used as a monotherapy, or in a combined therapy.
• the frequency of administration will also be influenced by the half-life of the compound within the subject being treated.
• Optimal dosages to be administered may be determined by those skilled in the art, and will vary with the particular compound in use, the strength of the pharmaceutical composition, the mode of
• a daily dose of between o.o ⁇ g/kg of body weight and 500mg/kg of body weight of the compound according to the invention may be used for treating, ameliorating, or preventing a microbial infection depending upon which compound or analogue is used. More preferably, the daily dose is between o.oimg/kg of body weight and 400mg/kg of body weight, more preferably between o.img/kg and 200mg/kg body weight, and most preferably between approximately lmg/kg and loomg/kg body weight.
• the compound may be administered before, during or after onset of the microbial infection to be treated. Daily doses may be given as a single administration (e.g. a single daily injection).
• the microbial infection may require administration twice or more times during a day.
• compounds according to the invention may be administered as two (or more depending upon the severity of the microbial infection being treated) daily doses of between 25mg and 7000 mg (i.e. assuming a body weight of 70 kg).
• a patient receiving treatment may take a first dose upon waking and then a second dose in the evening (if on a two dose regime) or at 3- or 4-hourly intervals thereafter.
• a slow release device may be used to provide optimal doses of the compounds according to the invention to a patient without the need to administer repeated doses.
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to the first aspect, or a
• the pharmaceutical composition can be used in the therapeutic amelioration, prevention or treatment in a subject of a microbial infection.
• the composition is preferably an antimicrobial pharmaceutical composition, most preferably an antiviral pharmaceutical composition.
• the composition of the fifth aspect is an anti-RSV pharmaceutical composition.
• the compound has any of the formulae shown as formula I, Ia-Iq.
• the invention also provides, in a sixth aspect, a process for making the composition according to the fifth aspect, the process comprising contacting a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the first aspect, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, tautomeric form or polymorphic form thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.
• the compound has any of the formulae shown as formula I, Ia-Iq.
• a "subject” may be a vertebrate, mammal, or domestic animal.
• compounds, compositions and medicaments according to the invention may be used to treat any mammal, for example livestock (e.g. a horse), pets, or may be used in other veterinary applications. Most preferably, however, the subject is a human being.
• a “therapeutically effective amount” of compound is any amount which, when administered to a subject, is the amount of drug that is needed to treat the target disease, or produce the desired effect, i.e. inhibit microbial infections, preferably RSV infections.
• the therapeutically effective amount of compound used may be from about 0.01 mg to about 800 mg, and preferably from about 0.01 mg to about 500 mg. It is preferred that the amount of compound is an amount from about 0.1 mg to about 250 mg, and most preferably from about 0.1 mg to about 20 mg.
• a "pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle” as referred to herein, is any known compound or combination of known compounds that are known to those skilled in the art to be useful in formulating pharmaceutical compositions.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle may be a solid, and the composition may be in the form of a powder or tablet.
• a solid pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle may include one or more substances which may also act as flavouring agents, lubricants, solubilisers, suspending agents, dyes, fillers, glidants, compression aids, inert binders, sweeteners, preservatives, dyes, coatings, or tablet-disintegrating agents.
• the vehicle may also be an encapsulating material.
• the vehicle is a finely divided solid that is in admixture with the finely divided active agents (i.e. the compound according to the first, second and third aspects) according to the invention.
• the active compound may be mixed with a vehicle having the necessary compression properties in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired.
• the powders and tablets preferably contain up to 99% of the active compound.
• Suitable solid vehicles include, for example calcium phosphate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugars, lactose, dextrin, starch, gelatin, cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidine, low melting waxes and ion exchange resins.
• the pharmaceutical vehicle may be a gel and the composition may be in the form of a cream or the like.
• the pharmaceutical vehicle may be a liquid, and the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of a solution.
• Liquid vehicles are used in preparing solutions, suspensions, emulsions, syrups, elixirs and pressurized compositions.
• the compound according to the invention may be dissolved or suspended in a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid vehicle such as water, an organic solvent, a mixture of both or pharmaceutically acceptable oils or fats.
• the liquid vehicle can contain other suitable pharmaceutical additives such as solubilisers, emulsifiers, buffers, preservatives, sweeteners, flavouring agents, suspending agents, thickening agents, colours, viscosity regulators, stabilizers or osmo-regulators.
• liquid vehicles for oral and parenteral administration include water (partially containing additives as above, e.g. cellulose derivatives, preferably sodium carboxymethyl cellulose solution), alcohols (including monohydric alcohols and polyhydric alcohols, e.g. glycols) and their derivatives, and oils (e.g.
• the vehicle can also be an oily ester such as ethyl oleate and isopropyl myristate.
• Sterile liquid vehicles are useful in sterile liquid form compositions for parenteral
• the liquid vehicle for pressurized compositions can be a halogenated hydrocarbon or other pharmaceutically acceptable propellant.
• Liquid pharmaceutical compositions which are sterile solutions or suspensions, can be utilized by, for example, intramuscular, intrathecal, epidural,
• the compound may be prepared as a sterile solid composition that may be dissolved or suspended at the time of administration using sterile water, saline, or other appropriate sterile injectable medium.
• the compound and compositions of the invention may be administered in the form of a sterile solution or suspension containing other solutes or suspending agents (for example, enough saline or glucose to make the solution isotonic), bile salts, acacia, gelatin, sorbitan monoleate, polysorbate 80 (oleate esters of sorbitol and its anhydrides copolymerized with ethylene oxide) and the like.
• the compounds used according to the invention can also be administered orally either in liquid or solid composition form.
• compositions suitable for oral administration include solid forms, such as pills, capsules, granules, tablets, and powders, and liquid forms, such as solutions, syrups, elixirs, and suspensions.
• forms useful for parenteral administration include sterile solutions, emulsions, and suspensions. The inventors believe that their method of manufacturing the compound of the first aspect is also novel.
• a method of manufacturing the compound of the first aspect comprising contacting a compound of formula (II), or a salt or solvate thereof:
• R l5 R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , Xi, X 2 , m and n are as defined above;
• R12 is H or a C1-5 straight or branched alkyl or alkenyl.
• Ri 2 maybe a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group or a pentyl group. In one preferred embodiment, Ri 2 is a methyl group. However, in a more preferred embodiment, R12 is a hydrogen.
• the compound of Formula (III) is a compound of Formula (Ilia): Formula (Ilia)
• the compound of Formula (III) is a compound of Formula (Illb):
• the compound of Formula (III) is a compound of Formula (IIIc):
• the compounds of Formula (II) and Formula (III) are contacted in the presence of a base.
• the base is trimethylamine.
• the compounds of Formula (II) and Formula (III) are contacted in the presence of a coupling reagent.
• the coupling reagent is 2-(iH-benzotriazol- i-yl)-i,i,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU).
• the reaction may be carried out in a solution comprising dimethyl formamide (DMF), tetrahydrofuran (THF) and/ or acetonitrile.
• DMF dimethyl formamide
• THF tetrahydrofuran
• acetonitrile Preferably, the reaction is carried out in a solution comprising dimethyl formamide.
• the solution is stirred for at least 1 hour. More preferably, the solution is stirred for at least 2, 3, 4 or 5 hours. Most preferably, the solution is stirred for at least 10 or 15 hours.
• the solution is stirred at a temperature between o°C and 50°C. More preferably, the solution is stirred at a temperature between 5°C and 40°C or between io°C and 30°C. Most preferably, the solution is stirred at about room temperature.
• the method may comprise subsequently contacting the resultant compound with a nucleophile.
• the nucleophile may comprise an alcohol, a thiol, a thiolate, an amine or a salt thereof.
• the alcohol may comprise methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol or pentanol.
• the thiol may comprise methanethiol, ethanethiol, propanethiol, butanthiol or pentanthiol.
• the thiolate may comprise methanethiolate, ethanethiolate, propanethiolate, butanthiolate or pentanthiolate.
• the amine may comprise
• the inventors may first manufacture an intermediate compound.
• the inventors believe that their method of manufacturing the intermediate compound is also novel.
• R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are as defined above and
• R13 is H or a Ci -5 straight or branched alkyl or alkenyl
• each further substituent is independently a Ci -5 straight or branched alkyl or alkenyl, a halogen, SR6, S0 2 R6, OR6, or NR 6 R 7 and R6 and R 7 are as defined above;
• the reaction is conducted in a sealed vessel.
• the sealed vessel prevents the benzene, pyridine or pyrimidine from escaping to the atmosphere.
• Ri 3 is a Ci -5 straight or branched alkyl or alkenyl. It will be understood that R13 may be a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group or a pentyl group. In one preferred embodiment, Ri 3 is a methyl group.
• the leaving group may be any halogen, such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
• X 4 is fluorine.
• the benzene, pyridine or pyrimidine is selected from the group consisting of:
• the method comprising contacting the compound of formula (V) with the pyridine or pyrimidine. More preferably, the method comprising contacting the compound of formula (V) with the pyridine.
• the pyridine comprises:
• the pyridine is pentafluoropyridine.
• the compound of Formula (V) and the benzene, pyridine or pyrimidine are contacted in the presence of a base.
• the base is trimethylamine.
• the reaction may be carried out in a solution comprising dimethyl formamide (DMF), tetrahydrofuran (THF) and/ or acetonitrile.
• DMF dimethyl formamide
• THF tetrahydrofuran
• acetonitrile Preferably, the reaction is carried out in a solution comprising dimethyl formamide.
• the solution is stirred for between 1 minute and 180 minutes. More preferably, the solution is stirred for between 5 minutes and 120 minutes, or between 10 minutes and 60 minutes. Most preferably, the solution is stirred for between 20 minutes and 40 minutes.
• the solution is stirred at a temperature between o°C and 50°C. More preferably, the solution is stirred at a temperature between 5°C and 40°C or between io°C and 30°C. Most preferably, the solution is stirred at about room temperature.
• the method may comprise subsequently contacting the resultant compound with a metal hydroxide.
• the method may produce a compound of Formula (Illb) or (IIIc).
• the metal hydroxide may comprise an alkali metal hydroxide, such as lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.
• the metal hydroxide comprises lithium hydroxide.
• the step of subsequently contacting the resultant compound with a metal hydroxide may be carried out in an aqueous solution.
• the aqueous solution is stirred for at least 1 hour. More preferably, the solution is stirred for at least 2, 3, 4 or 5 hours. Most preferably, the solution is stirred for at least 10 or 15 hours.
• the aqueous solution is stirred at a temperature between o°C and 50°C. More preferably, the aqueous solution is stirred at a temperature between 5°C and 40°C or between io°C and 30°C. Most preferably, the aqueous solution is stirred at about room temperature.
• the aqueous solution may be quenched with an acid.
• the acid is preferably hydrogen chloride.
• R t is H or a Ci -5 straight or branched alkyl or alkenyl
• R 2 is H or a Ci -5 straight or branched alkyl or alkenyl
• R 3 is any amino acid side chain; and R 4 is H or a Ci -5 straight or branched alkyl or alkenyl; or R 3 and R 4 , together with the atoms to which they are attached, combine to form a five-membered heterocyclic ring;
• R 5 is a six membered ring optionally substituted with one or more substituents, wherein the or each substituent is independently a Ci -5 straight or branched alkyl or alkenyl, a halogen, SR6, S0 2 R6, OR6, or NR 6 R 7 ;
• m is o, l, 2, 3 or 4;
• n is o, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5;
• the or each X t is independently selected from a Ci -5 straight or branched alkyl or alkenyl, a halogen, SR6, S0 2 R6, OR6 or NR 6 R 7 ;
• the or each X 2 is independently selected from a Ci -5 straight or branched alkyl or alkenyl, a halogen, SR6, S0 2 R6, OR6 or NR 6 R 7 ;
• the or each R 6 is independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, a Ci -5 straight or branched alkyl or alkenyl, C 3 -6 cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, C 3 -6 heterocyclyl or heteroaryl, C 2 - 4 methane sulphonyl alkyl, C 2 - 4 dialkylaminoalkyl and P ;
• the or each R 7 is independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, a Ci -5 straight or branched alkyl or alkenyl, C 3 -6 cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, C 3 -6 heterocyclyl or heteroaryl, C 2 - 4 methane sulphonyl alkyl, C 2 - 4 dialkylaminoalkyl and P ;
• p 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5;
• Re and R 9 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached independently form a 3-7 membered ring; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, tautomeric form or polymorphic form thereof.
• Figure l shows the structure of N- ⁇ (3S)-2-oxo-5-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-iH-i,4- benzodiazepin-3-yl](tetrafluoropyridin-4-ylamino) acetamide.
• LC ES MS positive ion was performed on a QToF Premier mass spectrometer equipped with an Acquity UPLC (Waters Corp.). The LC separation was achieved on a C18 BEH chromatography column (2.1 mm x 100 mm and 1.7 um particle size) using a reverse phase gradient of 100% aqueous (0.1% formic acid in water) to 100% organic (0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile) at 0.6 mL/min.
• Silica gel plates Supelco. S-A (Fluorescence Indicator at 254nM) (Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH Riedstr. 2D-8955T, Steinheim 497329-970, Germany) were used for TLC testing.
• Pentafluoropyridine (0.4ml) in DMF (2ml) was treated with triethylamine (0.5ml) and glycine methyl ester hydrochloride (250mg) in a sealed vessel at room temperature and stirred there for 30 minutes. The mixture was partitioned between water and EtOAc. The layers were separated and the EtOAc layer washed with water (5 ), a portion of brine, dried over sodium sulphate, decanted and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting solid was triturated with hexane to provide the title compound as a white solid. Yield: 0.221 g (87%); m.pt.
• DMEM Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
• FCS foetal calf serum
• CPE Cytopathic effect
• A549 cells and HeLa cells were used to seed a set of 96 well plates grown until 50% confluent, a 2 fold serial dilution of the compound was performed on each cell line with DMSO (only) as control starting with 100 ⁇ of the compound.
• Medium used was DMEM + 2 % FCS (normal medium for viral growth).
• A549 cells and HeLa cells were used to seed a set of 96 well plates grown until 50% confluent, a 2 fold serial dilution of the compound was performed on each cell line with DMSO (only) as control starting with 100 ⁇ of the compound.
• Medium used was DMEM + 2 % FCS (normal medium for viral growth).
• Cells were allowed to grow for 6-8 days to mimic a TCID50 assay after which cell viability was determined by adding Almar blur (similar to XTT) and reading at 600 nm (excitation 540 nm).
• CC50 for all three of the compounds was significantly higher than the CPE IC50 value. This suggests that the compounds are not toxic at concentrations which may be used to treat RSV.
• Vero cells were seeded in 96-well plates in a volume of 100 ⁇ , of Optimem
• virus/compound solution 50 ⁇ L/w Y.
• Cells were incubated for 2 h in a 37°C + 5% C0 2 humidified incubator to allow infection. Inoculum was removed and media
• IC 50 values for compounds were derived from dose response curves [three variable log(inhibitor) vs response] obtained using Graphpad Prism software.
• the plaque reduction assay supports the data showing that the compound may be used to treat RSV.
• the compounds were tested against RSV in two further formats: first compounds were added during infection only and removed during the replication phase and in a second format the compounds were added only during the replication phase, post infection Since the IC50 value of the second plaque reduction is much higher than the standard plaque reduction assay this suggests that the compound is not effective in the first two hours of infection. Similarly, since the IC50 values for the standard and second format plaque reduction assays are similar, it strongly suggests that the compound acts relatively late in the viral life cycle. In turn, this suggests that the compound is a viral replication inhibitor.
• Vero cells were seeded in 96-well plates in a volume of 100 ⁇ , Optimem media supplemented with 1% FBS at a concentration of 1 x 10 4 cells per well. After an overnight incubation at 37°C in a humidified 5% C0 2 atmosphere, the monolayer of cells should be approximately 90% confluent.
• Compound 2 was titrated in pre-warmed Serum Free (SF) Optimem in a U-bottom 96 well plate. For compounds in a DMSO solution, titration in 100% DMSO was performed first and each concentration added individually to a 2 x final concentration at 4% DMSO. Media was then removed from cells and replaced with titrated compounds (iooul/well). Cells were incubated at 37°C in a humidified 5% C0 2 atmosphere for 48 hours.
• SF Serum Free
• the MTT solution on Optimem (4mg/ml) was prepared and 2ul added to each well before it was incubated for 2 hours at 37°C in a humidified 5% C0 2 atmosphere. Media was then removed from the cells and DMSO added (soul/well). Plates were placed on a shaker prior to reading in a Spectromax at 570nm. Data was normalised relative to untreated controls (1% DMSO only) and CC50 values determined using non-linear regression analysis with Graphpad Prism software. Using this method compound 2 was found to have a CC50 value of 63 ⁇ . The difference in cytotoxicity values observed for compound 2 may be due to a cell line difference (Vero versus A549) coupled with biological variability. It should also be noted that the different experiments were performed in different labs at different times, which could also lead to a degree of variability.
• MDRi-MDCK cells obtained from the NIH (Rockville, MD, USA) are used between passage numbers 6 - 30. Cells are seeded onto Millipore Multiscreen Transwell plates at 3.4 x 105 cells/cm 2 . The cells are cultured in DMEM and media is changed on day 3. On day 4 the permeability study is performed. Cell culture and assay incubations are carried out at 37 °C in an atmosphere of 5 % CO2 with a relative humidity of 95 %. On the day of the assay, the monolayers are prepared by rinsing both basolateral and apical surfaces twice with Hanks Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) at the desired pH warmed to 37 °C.
• HBSS Hanks Balanced Salt Solution
• HBSS HBSS
• the dosing solutions are prepared by diluting compound 2 with assay buffer to give a final compound 2 concentration of 10 ⁇ (final DMSO concentration of 1 % v/v).
• the fluorescent integrity marker lucifer yellow is also included in the dosing solution.
• Analytical standards are prepared from test compound DMSO dilutions and transferred to buffer, maintaining a 1 % v/v DMSO concentration.
• HBSS is removed from the apical compartment and replaced with compound 2 dosing solution.
• the apical compartment insert is then placed into a companion plate containing fresh buffer (containing 1 % v/v DMSO).
• fresh buffer containing 1 % v/v DMSO
• Fresh buffer is added to the apical compartment insert, which is then placed into the companion plate.
• Compound 2 permeability is assessed in duplicate. Compounds of known permeability characteristics are run as controls on each assay plate.
• Compound 2 and control compounds are quantified by LC-MS/MS cassette analysis using an 8-point calibration with appropriate dilution of the samples.
• the starting concentration (C 0 ) is determined from the dosing solution and the experimental recovery calculated from C 0 and both apical and basolateral compartment
• Microsomes (final protein concentration 0.5 mg/mL), 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7.4 and compound 2 (final substrate concentration 3 ⁇ ; final DMSO concentration 0.25 %) are pre-incubated at 37 °C prior to the addition of NADPH (final concentration 1 mM) to initiate the reaction.
• the final incubation volume is 50 ⁇ ,.
• a control incubation is included for each compound tested where 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7.4 is added instead of NADPH (minus NADPH). Two control compounds are included with each species. All incubations are performed singularly for each test compound.
• the compound was formulated in solution in 40:60 DMA:saline and was administered at 1 mg/kg via the tail vein.
• For oral administration the compound was formulated in suspension in water containing 1% methyl cellulose and 0.1% Tween8o, and was administered at 10 mg/kg by oral gavage.
• Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by non-compartmental analysis of mean concentration data using Phoenix WinNonlin V6.4. The data obtained is shown in Table 6.
• Pentafluoropyridine (3.293 mL, 30 mmol) was added to a cooled (o °C) solution of glycine ieri-butyl ester hydrochloride (2.514 g, 15 mmol) and triethylamine (4.39 mL, 31.5 mmol) in DMF (45 mL) and stirred at o°C for 6 h. The reaction was allowed to attain rt and stirred for 18 h. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue purified by flash chromatography (Si0 2 , 0-45% EtOAc in heptane) to afford a white solid.
• meia-Chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m-CPBA) ( ⁇ 77% pure, 384 mg, 1.710 mmol) was added to a cooled (o °C) solution of ieri-butyl 2-[(2,3,5-trifluoro-6- methylsulfanylpyridin-4-yl)amino]acetate (intermediate 3A) (176. mg, 0.570 mmol) in CH2CI2 (5 mL) and stirred for 3 h. The reaction was diluted with saturated aqueous NaHC0 3 solution (15 mL) and extracted with CH 2 C1 2 (3x20 mL).
• Triethylamine (0.07 mL, 0.48 mmol) was added followed by i-[bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-iH-i,2,3-triazolo[4,5-3 ⁇ 4]pyridinium 3-oxid hexafluorophosphate (HATU) (123 mg, 0.32 mmol) and the mixture stirred at rt for 17 h.
• Water (15 mL) was added and the mixture extracted with EtOAc (3 10 mL). The combined organics were washed successively with water (3 ⁇ ⁇ mL), brine (10 mL) and dried (MgS0 4 ).
• DMEM Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
• FCS foetal calf serum
• Viral maintenance medium was DMEM + 2% (v/v) FCS.
• the RSV plaque reduction assay is an infectivity assay which allows quantification of the number of infectious units in a distinct foci of RSV infection. This is indicated by zones of viral antigen detected by specific antibody staining within a monolayer of otherwise healthy tissue culture cells. As each plaque originates from a single infectious virus particle an accurate calculation of the anti-viral effect can be obtained by counting plaques in the presence and absence of an anti-viral compound.
• HEp-2 cells ATCC, CCL23
• FBS fetal bovine serum
• plaque forming unit (PFU)/well of RSV RSV A2 VR-1540
• 100 serial dilutions of compound 100 ⁇ , of the virus/compound mixtures was added to confluent HEp-2 cell monolayers.
• the cells and virus/compound mixtures were incubated at 35 °C in a humidified 5% CO2 incubator for 1 day.
• Plaque counts were used to calculate % infection relative to the mean of the spot count (SC) in the virus control wells for RSV.
• IC50/IC90 values were calculated as 50% or 90% reduction in signal, respectively, by interpolation of inhibition curves fitted with a 4-parameter nonlinear regression with a variable slope in GraphPad 5.0 (Prism).
• HepG2 cells in media supplemented with 10 % fetal bovine serum (FBS), were seeded at 4 xi05 cells/well into white walled 96 well plates and incubated at 37 °C, 5 % C0 2 . Twenty-four hours post seeding media was removed and replaced with media supplemented with 2 % FBS and containing final compound concentrations equal to those tested in parallel virus plaque assays. Following a further 48-hour incubation cell cytotoxicity was determined using the CellToxTM Green (Promega) kit and luminescence read using an appropriate protocol on a GloMax® Explorer System (Promega). During analysis DMSO containing wells were used as a negative control and lysed cells as a positive control.
• FBS fetal bovine serum
• Compounds described herein have been shown to be inhibitors of RSV. Furthermore, the compounds are effective at non-toxic concentrations. One of these compounds (compound 2) is orally bioavailable in mice.

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