WO2018016390A1 - 液晶素子、偏向素子、及び眼鏡 - Google Patents
液晶素子、偏向素子、及び眼鏡 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2018016390A1 WO2018016390A1 PCT/JP2017/025294 JP2017025294W WO2018016390A1 WO 2018016390 A1 WO2018016390 A1 WO 2018016390A1 JP 2017025294 W JP2017025294 W JP 2017025294W WO 2018016390 A1 WO2018016390 A1 WO 2018016390A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/133345—Insulating layers
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B3/00—Simple or compound lenses
- G02B3/02—Simple or compound lenses with non-spherical faces
- G02B3/08—Simple or compound lenses with non-spherical faces with discontinuous faces, e.g. Fresnel lens
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B3/00—Simple or compound lenses
- G02B3/10—Bifocal lenses; Multifocal lenses
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02C—SPECTACLES; SUNGLASSES OR GOGGLES INSOFAR AS THEY HAVE THE SAME FEATURES AS SPECTACLES; CONTACT LENSES
- G02C7/00—Optical parts
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02C—SPECTACLES; SUNGLASSES OR GOGGLES INSOFAR AS THEY HAVE THE SAME FEATURES AS SPECTACLES; CONTACT LENSES
- G02C7/00—Optical parts
- G02C7/02—Lenses; Lens systems ; Methods of designing lenses
- G02C7/04—Contact lenses for the eyes
- G02C7/041—Contact lenses for the eyes bifocal; multifocal
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1343—Electrodes
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1347—Arrangement of liquid crystal layers or cells in which the final condition of one light beam is achieved by the addition of the effects of two or more layers or cells
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/137—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/29—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the position or the direction of light beams, i.e. deflection
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/29—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the position or the direction of light beams, i.e. deflection
- G02F1/294—Variable focal length devices
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F2201/00—Constructional arrangements not provided for in groups G02F1/00 - G02F7/00
- G02F2201/12—Constructional arrangements not provided for in groups G02F1/00 - G02F7/00 electrode
- G02F2201/122—Constructional arrangements not provided for in groups G02F1/00 - G02F7/00 electrode having a particular pattern
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a liquid crystal element, a deflection element, and glasses.
- a liquid crystal cylindrical lens described in Patent Document 1 includes a first electrode, a plurality of second electrodes, a plurality of third electrodes, an insulating layer, a plurality of first high resistance layers, a plurality of second high resistance layers, and a liquid crystal layer. Is provided.
- the second electrode and the third electrode are adjacent to each other with a gap.
- a first voltage is applied to the second electrode, and a second voltage is applied to the third electrode.
- the frequency of the first voltage and the frequency of the second voltage are the same.
- the distance between the second electrode and the third electrode is substantially the same.
- the distance between the electrodes differs among the plurality of electrodes in one liquid crystal lens (hereinafter referred to as “first case”). To be described.)
- the electrode spacing between a plurality of liquid crystal lenses with different specifications Are different (hereinafter referred to as “second case”).
- the preferred frequency of the voltage applied to the electrodes and the preferred electrical resistivity of the high resistance layer vary depending on the electrode spacing.
- the first case it may be required to determine a plurality of suitable frequencies corresponding to the electrode interval for one liquid crystal lens. Furthermore, it may be required for one liquid crystal lens to determine a plurality of suitable electrical resistivities corresponding to the electrode spacing and to prepare a plurality of high resistance layers each having a plurality of suitable electrical resistivities. is there. Therefore, the design of the liquid crystal lens becomes complicated, and the manufacturing cost of the liquid crystal lens increases.
- the liquid crystal lens design is complicated and the manufacturing cost of the liquid crystal lens is increased as compared with the case where a plurality of liquid crystal lenses having different specifications share a suitable frequency and a common preferred electrical resistivity.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a liquid crystal element, a deflection element, and glasses capable of suppressing changes in the preferred frequency and the preferred electrical resistivity depending on the electrode spacing. It is in. Another object of the present invention is to provide a liquid crystal element, a deflecting element, and glasses that can form a potential gradient suitable for a Fresnel lens.
- the liquid crystal element refracts and emits light.
- the liquid crystal element includes a first electrode, a second electrode, an insulating layer which is an electrical insulator, a resistance layer, a liquid crystal layer containing liquid crystal, and a third electrode.
- the insulating layer is disposed between the first electrode, the second electrode, and the resistance layer, and insulates the first electrode, the second electrode, and the resistance layer.
- the electrical resistivity of the resistive layer is greater than the electrical resistivity of the first electrode and smaller than the electrical resistivity of the insulating layer.
- the resistance layer and the liquid crystal layer are disposed between the insulating layer and the third electrode.
- the resistance layer is disposed between the insulating layer and the liquid crystal layer.
- the insulating layer has a thickness smaller than that of the resistance layer.
- the insulating layer preferably has a thickness of 1/5 or less of the thickness of the resistance layer.
- the first electrode and the second electrode constitute a unit electrode, and a plurality of the unit electrodes are provided.
- the width of one unit electrode is different from the width of the other unit electrode, and the width of the unit electrode is the first electrode and the second electrode. It is preferable to indicate the interval.
- the liquid crystal element according to the second aspect of the present invention refracts and emits light.
- the liquid crystal element includes a plurality of unit electrodes each including a first electrode and a second electrode, a resistance layer, a liquid crystal layer including a liquid crystal, and a third electrode.
- the electrical resistivity of the resistive layer is greater than the electrical resistivity of the first electrode and smaller than the electrical resistivity of the insulator.
- the liquid crystal layer is disposed between the unit electrode and the third electrode.
- the resistance layer is disposed between the liquid crystal layer and the unit electrode, or the unit electrode is disposed between the resistance layer and the liquid crystal layer.
- the unit electrode is opposed to the resistance layer without an insulator.
- the width of the unit electrode is determined so that the proportion of the light refracted from the light diffracted out of the light emitted from the liquid crystal layer is larger.
- the width of the unit electrode indicates a distance between the first electrode and the second electrode.
- the liquid crystal element of the present invention preferably further includes a center electrode having an annular shape.
- the center electrode and the plurality of unit electrodes are preferably arranged concentrically around the center electrode.
- the liquid crystal element according to the third aspect of the present invention refracts and emits light.
- the liquid crystal element includes a core electrode, a center electrode surrounding the core electrode, a first electrode and a second electrode, a unit electrode surrounding the center electrode, an insulating layer which is an electrical insulator, a resistance layer, and a liquid crystal And a third electrode.
- the insulating layer is disposed between the core electrode, the center electrode, and the resistance layer, insulates the core electrode, the center electrode, and the resistance layer, and includes the first electrode, the second electrode, and the resistance layer. It arrange
- the electrical resistivity of the resistive layer is greater than the electrical resistivity of the core electrode and smaller than the electrical resistivity of the insulating layer.
- the resistance layer and the liquid crystal layer are disposed between the insulating layer and the third electrode.
- the resistance layer is disposed between the insulating layer and the liquid crystal layer.
- the distance from the center of gravity of the core electrode to the outer edge is larger than the width of the center electrode, the width of the first electrode, or the width of the second electrode.
- the core electrode has a disk shape and the center electrode has an annular shape.
- the radius of the core electrode is preferably 1/5 or more of the radius of the center electrode.
- a first voltage is applied to the first electrode
- a second voltage is applied to the second electrode
- a core voltage is applied to the core electrode
- the center electrode it is preferable that a center voltage is applied.
- the frequency of the core voltage is different from the frequency of the first voltage and the frequency of the second voltage
- the frequency of the center voltage is different from the frequency of the first voltage and the frequency of the second voltage. Is preferred.
- the first electrode and the second electrode constitute a unit electrode.
- the distance between the first electrode and the second electrode is preferably larger than the width of the first electrode and larger than the width of the second electrode.
- the deflection element according to the fourth aspect of the present invention deflects and emits light.
- the deflection element includes two liquid crystal elements according to any of the first to third aspects. In one of the two liquid crystal elements, each of the first electrode and the second electrode extends along a first direction. In the other liquid crystal element of the two liquid crystal elements, each of the first electrode and the second electrode extends along a second direction orthogonal to the first direction. The one liquid crystal element and the other liquid crystal element are disposed so as to overlap each other.
- the glasses according to the fifth aspect of the present invention control any one of the liquid crystal elements according to the first to third aspects, the first voltage applied to the first electrode, and the second voltage applied to the second electrode. And a pair of temple members.
- the liquid crystal element refracts and emits the light.
- a potential gradient suitable for a Fresnel lens can be formed.
- FIG. 1 It is a top view which shows the liquid crystal element which concerns on Embodiment 1 of this invention.
- B It is sectional drawing which shows the liquid crystal element which concerns on Embodiment 1.
- FIG. (A) It is sectional drawing which shows the liquid crystal element which concerns on Embodiment 1.
- FIG. (B) It is a figure which shows the electric potential gradient formed in the liquid crystal element which concerns on Embodiment 1.
- FIG. (C) It is a figure which shows the refractive index gradient formed in the liquid crystal element which concerns on Embodiment 1.
- FIG. FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating incident light to the liquid crystal element according to Embodiment 1 and outgoing light from the liquid crystal element.
- FIG. 6 is an enlarged plan view showing a part of a liquid crystal element according to Embodiment 2.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view showing a part of a liquid crystal element according to Embodiment 2.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view showing a part of a liquid crystal element according to Embodiment 2.
- FIG. (A) It is a top view which shows the liquid crystal element which concerns on Embodiment 2.
- FIG. (B) It is a figure which shows the electric potential gradient formed in the liquid crystal element which concerns on Embodiment 2.
- FIG. It is sectional drawing which shows a part of liquid crystal element which concerns on Embodiment 3 of this invention.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the relationship between the unit electrode ordinal number and the unit electrode radius of the liquid crystal elements according to Embodiment 3 and a comparative example. It is sectional drawing which shows a part of liquid crystal element which concerns on Embodiment 4 of this invention. It is a disassembled perspective view which shows the deflection
- FIG. (A) It is a figure which shows the electric potential gradient of the liquid crystal element which concerns on Example 5 of this invention.
- B It is a figure which shows the equipotential line and electric force line of a liquid crystal element which concern on Example 5.
- FIG. (A) It is a figure which shows the electric potential gradient of the convex Fresnel lens which concerns on a 3rd comparative example.
- B It is a figure which shows the electric potential gradient of the convex Fresnel lens which concerns on Example 6 of this invention.
- (C) It is a figure which shows the electric potential gradient of the convex Fresnel lens which concerns on Example 7 of this invention.
- FIG. 1 It is a figure which shows the electric potential gradient of the concave Fresnel lens which concerns on a 4th comparative example.
- B It is an enlarged view which shows the electric potential gradient of the concave Fresnel lens which concerns on a 4th comparative example.
- C It is a figure which shows the electrical potential gradient of the concave Fresnel lens which concerns on Example 8 of this invention.
- D It is an enlarged view which shows the electric potential gradient of the concave Fresnel lens which concerns on Example 8.
- FIG. (A) It is a figure which shows the electrical potential gradient of the concave Fresnel lens which concerns on Example 9 of this invention.
- FIG. (B) It is an enlarged view which shows the electric potential gradient of the concave Fresnel lens which concerns on Example 9.
- FIG. (C) It is a figure which shows the electric potential gradient of the concave Fresnel lens which concerns on Example 10 of this invention.
- (D) It is an enlarged view which shows the electric potential gradient of the concave Fresnel lens which concerns on Example 10.
- FIG. It is a figure which shows the spectacles apparatus which concerns on the modification of Embodiment 6 of this invention.
- Embodiment 1 A liquid crystal element 100 according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS.
- the liquid crystal element 100 refracts and emits light. Therefore, for example, the liquid crystal element 100 can be used as a deflection element that deflects and emits light or a lens that converges or diverges light.
- FIG. 1A is a plan view showing the liquid crystal element 100 according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 1B is a cross-sectional view taken along line IB-IB in FIG.
- the liquid crystal element 100 includes two unit electrodes 10, an insulating layer 21, a first boundary layer 51, a second boundary layer 52, and two high electrodes.
- a resistance layer 22 two resistance layers
- a liquid crystal layer 23 and a third electrode 3 are provided.
- Each unit electrode 10 includes a first electrode 1 and a second electrode 2.
- the two unit electrodes 10 are arranged on the same level. Of the unit electrodes 10 adjacent to each other, the second electrode 2 of one unit electrode 10 and the first electrode 1 of the other unit electrode 10 are adjacent to each other.
- the first electrode 1 is opposed to the third electrode 3 with the insulating layer 21, the high resistance layer 22, and the liquid crystal layer 23 interposed therebetween.
- the color of the first electrode 1 is a transparent color
- the first electrode 1 is formed of ITO (Indium Tin Oxide).
- the second electrode 2 faces the third electrode 3 through the insulating layer 21, the high resistance layer 22, and the liquid crystal layer 23.
- the color of the second electrode 2 is a transparent color
- the second electrode 2 is formed of ITO.
- the first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2 constitute a unit electrode 10 and are arranged on the same level.
- the first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2 are in a straight line shape facing each other through the insulating layer 21 and extending side by side with a gap W1.
- the interval W 1 between the first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2 is larger than the width K 1 of the first electrode 1 and larger than the width K 2 of the second electrode 2.
- the interval W1 can be set to an arbitrary size.
- the interval W1 indicates the distance between the inner edge of the first electrode 1 and the inner edge of the second electrode 2.
- the interval W1 may be described as the width W1 of the unit electrode 10 in some cases.
- the length of the 1st electrode 1 and the 2nd electrode 2 can be set arbitrarily.
- the width K1 indicates the width along the direction D1 of the first electrode 1.
- the width K2 indicates the width along the direction D1 of the second electrode 2.
- the direction D1 is a direction from the first electrode 1 toward the second electrode 2, is substantially orthogonal to the longitudinal direction of each of the first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2, and is substantially parallel to the liquid crystal layer 23.
- the interval W2 may be described as the width W2 of the liquid crystal layer 23.
- the interval W2 indicates the interval between the first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2 that are arranged farthest from each other. Specifically, the interval W2 indicates the distance between the inner edge of the first electrode 1 and the inner edge of the second electrode 2 that are arranged farthest from each other.
- the first voltage V1 is applied to the first electrode 1.
- a second voltage V2 different from the first voltage V1 is applied to the second electrode 2.
- the liquid crystal element 100 is included in the liquid crystal device 200.
- the liquid crystal device 200 further includes a controller 40 such as a computer, a first power supply circuit 41, and a second power supply circuit 42.
- the controller 40 controls the first power supply circuit 41 and the second power supply circuit 42.
- the first power supply circuit 41 applies the first voltage V1 to the first electrode 1 under the control of the controller 40.
- the first voltage V1 is an AC voltage and has a frequency f1.
- the first voltage V1 is, for example, a rectangular wave.
- the first voltage V1 has a maximum amplitude V1m.
- the maximum amplitude V1m is 0 V or more and 50 V or less, and the frequency f1 is 10 Hz or more and 5 MHz or less.
- the second power supply circuit 42 applies the second voltage V2 to the second electrode 2 under the control of the controller 40.
- the second voltage V2 is an AC voltage and has a frequency f2. In the first embodiment, the frequency f1 and the frequency f2 are the same value.
- the second voltage V2 is, for example, a rectangular wave.
- the second voltage V2 has a maximum amplitude V2m. For example, the maximum amplitude V2m is 2V or more and 100V or less. However, in the first embodiment, the maximum amplitude V2m is larger than the maximum amplitude V1m. For example, the maximum amplitude V2m is twice the maximum amplitude V1m. However, the maximum amplitude V2m may be smaller than the maximum amplitude V1m.
- the phase of the second voltage V2 is aligned with the phase of the first voltage V1. However, the phase of the second voltage V2 may not be aligned with the phase of the first voltage V1.
- Each of the frequency f1 and the frequency f2 is set to a suitable frequency, for example.
- the preferred frequency is a frequency suitable for forming a potential gradient in the liquid crystal layer 23 that can realize a desired refraction angle.
- the insulating layer 21 is an electrical insulator.
- the insulating layer 21 is disposed between the first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2 and the high resistance layer 22 and electrically insulates the first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2 from the high resistance layer 22.
- the insulating layer 21 is disposed between the first electrode 2 and the second electrode 2 in the unit electrode 10 to electrically insulate the first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2 from each other.
- the color of the insulating layer 21 is a transparent color
- the insulating layer 21 is formed of silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ).
- the insulating layer 21 has a thickness ts.
- the thickness ts is the thickness of the portion of the insulating layer 21 located between the first electrode 1 and the high resistance layer 22 or the thickness ts of the insulating layer 21 between the second electrode 2 and the high resistance layer 22. Indicates the thickness of the part.
- the first boundary layer 51 includes the same electrical insulator as the insulating layer 21 and is formed of the same material as the insulating layer 21. Accordingly, the first boundary layer 51 is formed as a part of the insulating layer 21.
- the first boundary layer 51 is disposed between the unit electrodes 10 adjacent to each other.
- the first boundary layer 51 is disposed between the second electrode 2 and the first electrode 1 that are adjacent to each other. Accordingly, the first boundary layer 51 electrically insulates the second electrode 2 and the first electrode 1 adjacent to each other.
- the two high resistance layers 22 are provided corresponding to the two unit electrodes 10.
- the two high resistance layers 22 are arranged in the same layer.
- Each of the high resistance layers 22 is disposed between the insulating layer 21 and the third electrode 3.
- each of the high resistance layers 22 is planar, and is disposed between the insulating layer 21 and the liquid crystal layer 23 as a single layer.
- the high resistance layer 22 faces the unit electrode 10 through the insulating layer 21.
- the first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2 are opposed to the high resistance layer 22 through the insulating layer 21.
- the electrical resistivity (specific resistance) of the high resistance layer 22 is larger than each of the electrical resistivity of the first electrode 1 and the electrical resistivity of the second electrode 2 and smaller than the electrical resistivity of the insulating layer 21.
- the surface resistivity of the high resistance layer 22 is larger than each of the surface resistivity of the first electrode 1 and the surface resistivity of the second electrode 2 and smaller than the surface resistivity of the insulating layer 21.
- the surface resistivity of a substance is a value obtained by dividing the electrical resistivity of a substance by the thickness of the substance.
- the electrical resistivity of the high resistance layer 22 is preferably 1 ⁇ ⁇ m or more and less than the electrical resistivity of the insulating layer 21.
- the surface resistivity of the high-resistance layer 22 is 5 ⁇ 10 3 ⁇ / ⁇ or more and 5 ⁇ 10 9 ⁇ / ⁇ or less
- each of the surface resistivity of the first electrode 1 and the surface resistivity of the second electrode 2 is 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 1 ⁇ / ⁇ or more and 5 ⁇ 10 2 ⁇ / ⁇ or less
- the surface resistivity of the insulating layer 21 may be 1 ⁇ 10 11 ⁇ / ⁇ or more and 1 ⁇ 10 15 ⁇ / ⁇ or less.
- the surface resistivity of the high resistance layer 22 is 1 ⁇ 10 2 ⁇ / ⁇ or more and 1 ⁇ 10 11 ⁇ / ⁇ or less
- the surface resistivity of the first electrode 1 and the surface resistivity of the second electrode 2 are 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 ⁇ / ⁇ or more and 1 ⁇ 10 2 ⁇ / ⁇ or less
- the surface resistivity of the insulating layer 21 may be 1 ⁇ 10 11 ⁇ / ⁇ or more and 1 ⁇ 10 16 ⁇ / ⁇ or less.
- the color of the high resistance layer 22 is a transparent color
- the high resistance layer 22 is formed of zinc oxide (ZnO).
- the electrical resistivity of the high resistance layer 22 is set to a suitable electrical resistivity, for example.
- the preferred electrical resistivity is an electrical resistivity suitable for forming a potential gradient in the liquid crystal layer 23 that can realize a desired refraction angle.
- the high resistance layer 22 has a thickness th.
- the thickness ts of the insulating layer 21 is smaller than the thickness th of the high resistance layer 22. Accordingly, equipotential lines substantially parallel to the direction D1 are formed in the insulating layer 21 between the second electrode 2 and the high resistance layer 22 and between the first electrode 1 and the high resistance layer 22. Concentration can be suppressed. As a result, in the portion of the insulating layer 21 between the second electrode 2 and the high resistance layer 22 and the portion between the first electrode 1 and the high resistance layer 22, the potential drop and increase can be reduced. .
- a potential smoothing phenomenon such a potential drop and rise may be referred to as a “potential smoothing phenomenon”.
- the potential smoothing phenomenon becomes more prominent as the width W1 of the unit electrode 10 is smaller.
- the preferred frequency and the preferred electrical resistivity change due to the potential smoothing phenomenon.
- the potential smoothing phenomenon is reduced by making the thickness ts of the insulating layer 21 smaller than the thickness th of the high resistance layer 22. Therefore, the potential smoothing phenomenon can be reduced without depending on the width W1 of the unit electrode 10. As a result, it is possible to suppress changes in the preferred frequency and the preferred electrical resistivity depending on the width W1 (electrode interval) of the unit electrode 10.
- the thickness ts of the insulating layer 21 is preferably 1/5 or less of the thickness th of the high resistance layer 22 (ts ⁇ (1/5) th).
- the thickness ts of the insulating layer 21 is preferably 50 nm or less.
- the thickness ts of the insulating layer 21 is more preferably less than or equal to 1 / 25th of the thickness th of the high resistance layer 22 (ts ⁇ (1/25) th).
- the thickness ts of the insulating layer 21 is preferably as small as possible as long as the insulation between the first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2 and the high resistance layer 22 is maintained. This is because as the thickness ts of the insulating layer 21 is smaller, it is possible to suppress the change in the preferred frequency and the preferred electrical resistivity depending on the width W1 of the unit electrode 10.
- the second boundary layer 52 is the same electrical insulator as the insulating layer 21 and is formed of the same material as the insulating layer 21. Therefore, the second boundary layer 52 is formed as a part of the insulating layer 21.
- the second boundary layer 52 may be an electrical insulator different from that of the insulating layer 21, and may be formed of, for example, an electrical insulator such as polyimide used as an alignment material for the liquid crystal layer 23.
- the second boundary layer 52 faces the first boundary layer 51 with the insulating layer 21 interposed therebetween.
- the width of the second boundary layer 52 is substantially the same as the width of the first boundary layer 51.
- the width of the second boundary layer 52 indicates the width along the direction D1 of the second boundary layer 52.
- the width of the first boundary layer 51 indicates the width along the direction D1 of the first boundary layer 51.
- the second boundary layer 52 is disposed between the high resistance layers 22 adjacent to each other, and electrically insulates the high resistance layers 22 adjacent to each other.
- the liquid crystal layer 23 includes liquid crystal.
- the liquid crystal layer 23 is disposed between the insulating layer 21 and the third electrode 3.
- the liquid crystal layer 23 is disposed between the high resistance layer 22 and the third electrode 3.
- the liquid crystal is a nematic liquid crystal
- the alignment of the liquid crystal is homogeneous alignment in an environment without an electric field to which the first voltage V1 and the second voltage V2 are not applied, and the color of the liquid crystal is a transparent color.
- the liquid crystal layer 23 has a thickness tq.
- the thickness tq is 5 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less.
- the liquid crystal layer 23 includes a region A1 corresponding to one unit electrode 10 of the two unit electrodes 10 and a region A2 corresponding to the other unit electrode 10.
- the third voltage V3 is applied to the third electrode 3.
- the third electrode 3 is grounded, and the third voltage V3 is set to the ground potential (0 V).
- the third electrode 3 has a planar shape and is formed as a single layer.
- the color of the third electrode 3 is a transparent color
- the third electrode 3 is formed of ITO.
- the electrical resistivity of the first electrode 1, the second electrode 2, and the third electrode 3 is substantially the same.
- the first embodiment it is possible to refract light while suppressing power loss. That is, since the first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2 are insulated by the insulating layer 21, no current flows between the first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2. Therefore, power loss in the liquid crystal element 100 can be suppressed.
- the first voltage V1 is applied to the first electrode 1 and the second voltage V2 is applied to the second electrode 2, the high resistance layer 22 is provided, so that a smooth potential gradient is formed in the liquid crystal layer 23. Is done. As a result, the light incident on the liquid crystal element 100 can be accurately refracted at a refraction angle corresponding to the potential gradient.
- the high-resistance layer 22 has conduction electrons and holes that serve as current carriers, though there are few. Therefore, if a voltage is applied by connecting an electrode directly to the high resistance layer 22, the current flows in a direction corresponding to the potential difference. As a result, energy corresponding to the product of the square of the current and the resistance value of the high resistance layer 22 is released as Joule heat. The energy released as Joule heat corresponds to the lost power.
- the insulating layer 21 is provided between the first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2 and the high resistance layer 22. Therefore, no current flows through the high resistance layer 22. As a result, the generation of Joule heat can be suppressed, and consequently power loss can be suppressed.
- the direction D2 indicates a direction opposite to the direction D1. If the electric lines of force do not spread from the inner edge of the second electrode 2 in the direction D2, a smooth potential gradient may not be formed in the liquid crystal layer 23.
- the high resistance layer 22 disperses electric lines of force from the inner edge of the second electrode 2 toward the third electrode 3 in the direction D2. As a result, the electric lines of force spread toward the direction D2. When the lines of electric force spread toward the direction D2, a smooth potential gradient is formed in the liquid crystal layer 23.
- the first embodiment it is possible to suppress the change of the preferred frequency and the preferred electrical resistivity depending on the width W1 of the unit electrode 10. Therefore, it is not required to determine a suitable frequency corresponding to the width W1 for each liquid crystal element 100 having different specifications (width W1). Further, for each liquid crystal element 100 having different specifications (width W1), it is not required to determine a suitable electrical resistivity corresponding to the width W1, and it is necessary to prepare a high resistance layer 22 having a suitable electrical resistivity. Not. As a result, the design of the liquid crystal element 100 can be prevented from becoming complicated, and the manufacturing cost of the liquid crystal element 100 can be prevented from increasing.
- the width W1 of the unit electrode 10 is determined so that the ratio of the light refracted more than the diffracted light out of the light emitted from the liquid crystal layer 23 (light transmitted through the liquid crystal layer 23). . Accordingly, the liquid crystal element 100 functions as a refractive lens. Furthermore, it is possible to form a refractive lens while suppressing the preferred frequency and the preferred electrical resistivity from changing depending on the width W1 of the unit electrode 10.
- FIGS. 2A is a cross-sectional view illustrating the liquid crystal element 100
- FIG. 2B is a diagram illustrating a potential gradient G2 formed in the liquid crystal element 100
- FIG. 2C is formed in the liquid crystal element 100. It is a figure which shows the refractive index gradient g2. 2A to 2C, positions P1 to P4 indicate positions along the direction D1 in the liquid crystal layer 23.
- the liquid crystal layer 23 includes a plurality of liquid crystal molecules 24.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing incident light B1 to the liquid crystal element 100 and outgoing light B2 from the liquid crystal element 100.
- the potential gradient G2 includes two potential gradients G1. That is, a smooth potential gradient G1 that is linear with respect to the direction D1 is formed in each of the regions A1 and A2 of the liquid crystal layer 23 by the action of the high resistance layer 22.
- the smooth potential gradient G1 indicates a potential gradient that is not stepped. Since the maximum amplitude V2m of the second voltage V2 is larger than the maximum amplitude V1m of the first voltage V1, each of the potential gradients G1 is formed such that the potential increases in the direction D1.
- Each of the potential gradients G2 continuously changes from below the first electrode 1 to below the second electrode 2 without having extreme values (minimum value and maximum value). Further, in the region of the liquid crystal layer 23 facing the second boundary layer 52, the potential drops sharply. This is because the first boundary layer 51 and the second boundary layer 52 are provided so that the action of the high resistance layer 22 does not reach this region.
- a potential gradient G1 with respect to the direction D1 is represented by a gradient angle ⁇ 1.
- the gradient angle ⁇ 1 in the region A1 and the gradient angle ⁇ 1 in the region A2 are substantially the same.
- the gradient angle ⁇ 1 can be changed by changing the difference (V2m ⁇ V1m) between the maximum amplitude V2m of the second voltage V2 and the maximum amplitude V1m of the first voltage V1.
- the shape of the potential gradient G1 is determined based on the frequency f1 and the frequency f2 and the electrical resistivity of the high resistance layer 22. In the first embodiment, the frequency f1 and the frequency f2 and the electrical resistivity of the high resistance layer 22 are determined so that the shape of the potential gradient G1 is linear.
- the sawtooth-shaped refractive index gradient g2 is formed in the liquid crystal layer 23.
- the refractive index gradient g2 includes two refractive index gradients g1. That is, a linear refractive index gradient g1 is formed in each of the region A1 and the region A2 of the liquid crystal layer 23 with respect to the direction D2.
- a smooth refractive index gradient g1 is formed corresponding to the smooth potential gradient G1.
- the smooth refractive index gradient g1 indicates a refractive index gradient that is not stepped. In particular, by optimizing the frequency f1 and the frequency f2 and the electrical resistivity of the high resistance layer 22, a smoother potential gradient G1 and a smoother refractive index gradient g1 can be formed.
- Each of the refractive index gradients g2 is formed such that the refractive index increases in the direction D2.
- Each of the refractive index gradients g ⁇ b> 2 continuously changes without having an extreme value (a minimum value and a maximum value) from below the first electrode 1 to below the second electrode 2.
- the refractive index of the liquid crystal layer 23 at each of the positions P1 and P3 is n1
- the refractive index of the liquid crystal layer 23 at each of the positions P2 and P4 is n2, which is smaller than n1.
- the refractive index n1 indicates the maximum refractive index
- the refractive index n2 indicates the minimum refractive index.
- the refractive index gradient g1 with respect to the direction D2 is represented by a gradient angle ⁇ 1.
- the gradient angle ⁇ 1 is expressed by equation (1).
- the gradient angle ⁇ 1 is substantially proportional to the gradient angle ⁇ 1.
- the gradient angle ⁇ 1 is substantially the same as the gradient angle ⁇ 1.
- ⁇ 1 arc tan ((n1-n2) tq / W1) (1)
- a sawtooth-shaped refractive index gradient g2 is formed in the liquid crystal layer 23 corresponding to the sawtooth-shaped potential gradient G2. Accordingly, the incident light B1 incident so as to be substantially orthogonal to the liquid crystal layer 23 is refracted at the refraction angle ⁇ 1 corresponding to the gradient angle ⁇ 1 and the gradient angle ⁇ 1, and is emitted as the emitted light B2.
- the refraction angle ⁇ 1 is an angle formed by the traveling direction of the outgoing light B2 with respect to the traveling direction of the incident light B1.
- the refraction angle ⁇ 1 is substantially the same as each of the gradient angle ⁇ 1 and the gradient angle ⁇ 1.
- the incident light B1a in the incident light B1 enters the region A1, and is output as the outgoing light B2a in the outgoing light B2.
- Incident light B1b in incident light B1 enters region A2, and is output as outgoing light B2b in outgoing light B2.
- the gradient angle ⁇ 1 in the region A1 and the gradient angle ⁇ 1 in the region A2 are substantially the same, and each of the potential gradients G1 is formed in a smooth linear shape. Therefore, the wavefront of the outgoing light B2a and the wavefront of the outgoing light B2b are substantially in a straight line to form the wavefront F2. As a result, the wavefront aberration of the outgoing light B2 can be suppressed.
- the incident light B1a is refracted toward the first electrode 1 side of the unit electrode 10 corresponding to the region A1, and the incident light B1b corresponds to the region A2.
- the unit electrode 10 is refracted toward the first electrode 1 side.
- the incident light B1a is refracted to the second electrode 2 side of the unit electrode 10 corresponding to the region A1
- Incident light B1b can be refracted to the second electrode 2 side of the unit electrode 10 corresponding to the region A2.
- the incident light B1 can be refracted with high accuracy according to the potential gradient G1.
- the potential gradient G2 is formed in the liquid crystal layer 23 using the first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2 arranged on the same layer. Accordingly, the liquid crystal element 100 can be formed with a simple configuration as compared with the case where a potential gradient is formed using a large number (three or more) of electrodes arranged in the same layer.
- the wavefront F2 of the outgoing light B2 is substantially straight.
- the wavefront aberration of the emitted light B2 can be suppressed as compared to the case where a stepped potential gradient is formed by using a large number (three or more) of electrodes arranged in the same layer.
- the potential gradient is stepped, the wavefront of the emitted light is also stepped and wavefront aberration occurs.
- the wavefront F2 of the emitted light B2 can be further aligned, and the liquid crystal element 100 can effectively function as a light deflecting element.
- the interval W1 between the first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2 is larger than each of the width K1 of the first electrode 1 and the width K2 of the second electrode 2. Therefore, the ratio of the quantity of light refracted and emitted at the refraction angle ⁇ 1 with respect to the total quantity of light incident on the liquid crystal element 100 can be easily made larger than the ratio of the quantity of light emitted straight ahead. As a result, the liquid crystal element 100 can function more effectively as a light deflection element.
- the interval W1 is preferably at least twice the width K1 and at least twice the width K2.
- the interval W1 between the first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2 is made larger than each of the width K1 of the first electrode 1 and the width K2 of the second electrode 2.
- the high resistance layer 22 is arranged over a wide range from the lower side of the first electrode 1 to the lower side of the second electrode 2 (that is, a wide range of the interval W1). Therefore, by setting the maximum amplitude V1m, the maximum amplitude V2m, the frequency f1, the frequency f2, and the resistance value of the high resistance layer 22 as appropriate, extreme values are obtained from below the first electrode 1 to below the second electrode 2. It is possible to easily form a potential gradient G1 having no. As a result, the wavefronts F2 of the outgoing light B2 can be further aligned, and the liquid crystal element 100 can function more effectively as a light deflection element.
- a potential gradient G ⁇ b> 1 is applied to the liquid crystal layer 23 using the linear first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2.
- a potential gradient surface is formed in the liquid crystal layer 23 along the longitudinal direction of the first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2.
- the potential gradient surface is a surface formed by a potential gradient G1 that is continuous along the longitudinal direction of the first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2. Accordingly, the incident light B1 can be refracted and emitted so that the refraction angles ⁇ 1 are substantially the same in the longitudinal direction of the first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2.
- the liquid crystal element 100 according to the modification of the first embodiment of the present invention includes one unit electrode 10. Therefore, in the present modification, the first boundary layer 51 and the second boundary layer 52 are not provided. Other configurations of the liquid crystal element 100 according to the present modification are the same as those of the liquid crystal element 100 of the first embodiment.
- This modification has the same effect as in the first embodiment (when two unit electrodes 10 are provided).
- this modification since the insulating layer 21 and the high resistance layer 22 are provided, a smooth potential gradient G1 can be formed while suppressing power loss, and light can be refracted with high accuracy.
- the thickness ts of the insulating layer 21 is smaller than the thickness th of the high resistance layer 22, it is possible to suppress changes in the preferred frequency and the preferred electrical resistivity depending on the electrode spacing.
- the refraction angle ⁇ 1 is compared between the first embodiment and the present modification.
- the gradient angle ⁇ 1 of the refractive index gradient g1 is expressed by Expression (1). Therefore, the gradient angle ⁇ 1 of the first embodiment is larger than the gradient angle ⁇ 1 of the present modification. This is because the width W1 of the unit electrode 10 of Embodiment 1 is smaller than the width W1 of the unit electrode 10 of the present modification. Since the gradient angle ⁇ 1 of the first embodiment is larger than the gradient angle ⁇ 1 of the present modification, the refraction angle ⁇ 1 of the first embodiment is larger than the refraction angle ⁇ 1 of the present modification.
- the refraction angle ⁇ 1 can be made larger than the refraction angle ⁇ 1 of the present modification while suppressing an increase in the thickness tq of the liquid crystal layer 23 and suppressing a decrease in the response speed of the liquid crystal molecules 24. .
- Embodiment 2 A liquid crystal device 100 according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS.
- the liquid crystal element 100 according to the first embodiment is applied to cause the liquid crystal element 100 to function as a Fresnel lens.
- the liquid crystal element 100 according to the second embodiment is the same as the liquid crystal element 100 according to the first embodiment in that light is refracted and emitted.
- the points of the second embodiment different from the first embodiment will be mainly described.
- FIG. 4 is a plan view showing the liquid crystal element 100 according to the fourth embodiment.
- FIG. 5 is an enlarged plan view showing a part of the liquid crystal element 100.
- 6 is a cross-sectional view taken along line VI-VI in FIG.
- the liquid crystal element 100 includes a core electrode 70, a center electrode rc, unit electrodes r1 to unit electrode r4, an insulating layer 21, a plurality of first boundary layers 51, a first electrode A lead wire 71, a second lead wire 72, and a third boundary layer 73 are provided.
- Each of the unit electrodes r1 to r4 includes a first electrode 1 and a second electrode 2.
- the core electrode 70 has a disk shape and is disposed on the center line C of the liquid crystal element 100.
- the disc shape is a circular surface shape.
- the core electrode 70 is surrounded by the center electrode rc.
- the core electrode 70 is made of the same material as the first electrode 1.
- the core electrode 70 has a radius Ra.
- the radius Ra indicates the distance from the center of gravity of the core electrode 70 to the outer edge of the core electrode 70.
- the center line C passes through the center of gravity of the core electrode 70.
- the core electrode 70, the center electrode rc, the unit electrode r1 to the unit electrode r4, the first boundary layer 51, the first lead wire 71, the second lead wire 72, and the third boundary layer 73 are arranged in the same layer.
- the core electrode 70, the center electrode rc, and the unit electrodes r1 to r4 are arranged concentrically around the core electrode 70.
- the core electrode 70 and the center electrode rc are electrically insulated by the insulating layer 21.
- a first boundary layer 51 is disposed between the center electrode rc and the unit electrode r1.
- a first boundary layer 51 is disposed between the unit electrode r1 and the unit electrode r2, between the unit electrode r2 and the unit electrode r3, and between the unit electrode r3 and the unit electrode r4, respectively.
- Each of the first boundary layers 51 has an annular shape that is partially interrupted.
- Each of the center electrode rc, the first electrode 1, and the second electrode 2 has an annular shape that is partially interrupted.
- the center electrode rc has a radius Rc.
- the radius Rc indicates the outer radius of the center electrode rc.
- the unit electrodes r1 to r4 have radii R1 to R4, respectively (R4> R3> R2> R1).
- the radius Rc is smaller than each of the radius R1 to the radius R4.
- the unit electrodes r1 to r4 have a width d1 to a width d4, respectively (d4 ⁇ d3 ⁇ d2 ⁇ d1).
- the center electrode rc can be set to an arbitrary size, but the radius Rc is preferably larger than each of the widths d1 to d4 in order to increase the light utilization efficiency.
- the center electrode rc has a width Kc.
- the width Kc indicates the width along the radial direction of the center electrode rc.
- the unit electrode r1 to the unit electrode r4 are collectively referred to as a unit electrode rn, the radius of the unit electrode rn among the radii R1 to the radius R4 is described as a radius Rn, and the unit electrode rn of the widths d1 to d4. May be described as a width dn.
- the subscript n is an integer of 1 to N that is assigned to each of the plurality of unit electrodes in ascending order from the unit electrode having the smallest radius to the unit electrode having the largest radius among the plurality of unit electrodes.
- N is the number of unit electrodes and is “4” in the second embodiment.
- n may be described as “unit electrode ordinal number n”.
- the liquid crystal element 100 will be described.
- the width dn is larger than the width K ⁇ b> 1 of the first electrode 1 and larger than the width K ⁇ b> 2 of the second electrode 2.
- the width dn indicates the distance between the first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2 in each of the unit electrodes rn.
- the width K1 indicates the width along the radial direction of the first electrode 1
- the width K2 indicates the width along the radial direction of the second electrode 2.
- the radius Rn of the unit electrode rn is indicated by the radius of the second electrode 2 constituting the unit electrode rn.
- the radius of the second electrode 2 indicates the outer radius of the second electrode 2
- the radius of the first electrode 1 indicates the outer radius of the first electrode 1.
- the radius of the second electrode 2 constituting the unit electrode rn is larger than the radius of the first electrode 1 constituting the unit electrode rn.
- the radius Rn of the unit electrode rn is represented by the formula (2).
- the width dn of the unit electrode rn is indicated by the distance between the outer edge of the first electrode 1 and the inner edge of the second electrode 2 constituting the unit electrode rn.
- the width dn of the unit electrodes rn having the larger radius Rn among the unit electrodes rn adjacent to each other is smaller than the width dn of the unit electrode rn having the smaller radius Rn among the unit electrodes rn adjacent to each other.
- the unit electrode rn surrounds the center electrode rc.
- the first lead wire 71 extends from the core electrode 70 toward the first electrode 1 having the largest radius without contacting the plurality of second electrodes 2.
- the first lead wire 71 is linear.
- the first lead wire 71 is made of the same material as the first electrode 1.
- the core electrode 70 is connected to the first lead wire 71.
- One end 81 of both ends of the first electrode 1 is connected to the first lead wire 71. Accordingly, the first voltage V ⁇ b> 1 is supplied from the first lead wire 71 to the core electrode 70 and the first electrode 1.
- the other end portion 82 of both end portions of the first electrode 1 faces the second lead wire 72 through the insulating layer 21.
- the radius Ra of the core electrode 70 is larger than the width Kc of the center electrode rc, the width K1 of the first electrode 1, or the width K2 of the second electrode 2.
- the radius Ra of the core electrode 70 is larger than each of the width Kc of the center electrode rc, the width K1 of the first electrode 1, and the width K2 of the second electrode 2.
- the radius Ra of the core electrode 70 is smaller than the inner radius of the center electrode rc. That is, the radius Ra is determined so that the core electrode 70 does not contact the center electrode rc.
- the second lead wire 72 extends from the center electrode rc toward the second electrode 2 having the largest radius among the plurality of second electrodes 2 without contacting the plurality of first electrodes 1.
- the second lead wire 72 is linear.
- the second lead wire 72 is formed of the same material as the second electrode 2.
- One end 93 of both ends of the center electrode rc is connected to the second lead wire 72.
- One end 91 of both ends of the second electrode 2 is connected to the second lead wire 72. Therefore, the second voltage V ⁇ b> 2 is supplied from the second lead wire 72 to the center electrode rc and the second electrode 2.
- the other end 94 of the both ends of the center electrode rc faces the first lead wire 71 with the insulating layer 21 interposed therebetween.
- the other end portion 92 of both end portions of the second electrode 2 faces the first lead wire 71 through the insulating layer 21.
- the third boundary layer 73 includes the same electrical insulator as the insulating layer 21 and is formed of the same material as the insulating layer 21. Therefore, the third boundary layer 73 is formed as a part of the insulating layer 21.
- the third boundary layer 73 is disposed between the first lead wire 71 and the second lead wire 72. Therefore, the third boundary layer 73 electrically insulates the first lead wire 71 and the second lead wire 72 from each other.
- the liquid crystal element 100 further includes a plurality of second boundary layers 52, a plurality of high resistance layers 22 (a plurality of resistance layers), a liquid crystal layer 23, and a third electrode 3.
- the thickness ts of the insulating layer 21 is smaller than the thickness th of the high resistance layer 22.
- the thickness ts of the insulating layer 21 is preferably less than or equal to one fifth of the thickness th of the high resistance layer 22.
- the thickness ts of the insulating layer 21 is preferably 50 nm or less.
- the thickness ts of the insulating layer 21 is more preferably less than or equal to 1 / 25th of the thickness th of the high resistance layer 22.
- the thickness ts is the thickness of the portion of the insulating layer 21 located between the first electrode 1 and the high resistance layer 22, and the thickness of the portion of the insulating layer 21 located between the second electrode 2 and the high resistance layer 22.
- the thickness indicates the thickness of the portion of the insulating layer 21 positioned between the core electrode 70 and the high resistance layer 22 or the thickness of the portion of the insulating layer 21 positioned between the center electrode rc and the high resistance layer 22. .
- the center electrode rc and the first electrode 1 of the unit electrode r1 are adjacent to each other via the first boundary layer 51.
- the second electrode 2 of one unit electrode rn and the first electrode 1 of the other unit electrode rn are adjacent to each other via the first boundary layer 51.
- the liquid crystal element 100 further includes five high resistance layers 22 (five resistance layers), four second boundary layers 52, a liquid crystal layer 23, and a third electrode 3.
- the five high resistance layers 22 and the second boundary layer 52 are arranged in the same layer.
- the innermost high resistance layer 22 is opposed to the core electrode 70 and the center electrode rc through the insulating layer 21 and has a disk shape.
- the other four high resistance layers 22 face the unit electrodes r1 to r4 with the insulating layer 21 therebetween, and have a circular belt shape.
- the second boundary layer 52 is disposed between the high resistance layers 22 adjacent to each other.
- the second boundary layer 52 has an annular shape that is partially interrupted, corresponding to the first boundary layer 51.
- the first boundary layer 51 and the second boundary layer 52 are formed of the same material as the insulating layer 21 as part of the insulating layer 21.
- the second boundary layer 52 may be an electrical insulator different from the insulating layer 21.
- the width of the second boundary layer 52 is substantially the same as the width of the first boundary layer 51.
- the width of the second boundary layer 52 indicates the width along the radial direction of the second boundary layer 52.
- the width of the first boundary layer 51 indicates the width along the radial direction of the first boundary layer 51.
- the insulating layer 21 is disposed between the core electrode 70 and the center electrode rc and the high resistance layer 22 and electrically insulates the core electrode 70 and the center electrode rc from the high resistance layer 22.
- the insulating layer 21 is disposed between the first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2 and the high resistance layer 22 and electrically insulates the first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2 from the high resistance layer 22.
- the insulating layer 21 is disposed between the core electrode 70 and the center electrode rc, and electrically insulates the core electrode 70 and the center electrode rc.
- the insulating layer 21 is disposed between the first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2 in each of the unit electrodes rn, and electrically insulates the first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2 from each other.
- each of the high resistance layers 22 is disposed between the insulating layer 21 and the third electrode 3. Specifically, each of the high resistance layers 22 is disposed between the insulating layer 21 and the liquid crystal layer 23.
- the electrical resistivity of the high resistance layer 22 is greater than each of the electrical resistivity of the core electrode 70, the electrical resistivity of the center electrode rc, the electrical resistivity of the first electrode 1, and the electrical resistivity of the second electrode 2. Less than the electrical resistivity of layer 21.
- the liquid crystal layer 23 is disposed between the insulating layer 21 and the third electrode 3. Specifically, the liquid crystal layer 23 is disposed between the high resistance layer 22 and the third electrode 3.
- the third electrode 3 has a planar shape, and faces the core electrode 70, the center electrode rc, and the unit electrode rn through the liquid crystal layer 23, the high resistance layer 22, and the insulating layer 21.
- the liquid crystal element 100 further includes a counter layer 74.
- the facing layer 74 extends linearly corresponding to the first lead wire 71, the third boundary layer 73, and the second lead wire 72.
- the width WD of the facing layer 74 is substantially the same as the interval SP1.
- the interval SP1 indicates an interval between a straight line passing through the plurality of end portions 82 and a straight line passing through the plurality of end portions 92.
- the width WD of the facing layer 74 indicates the width along the circumferential direction of the liquid crystal element 100.
- FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view taken along line VII-VII in FIG.
- the facing layer 74 faces the first lead wire 71, the third boundary layer 73, and the second lead wire 72 with the insulating layer 21 interposed therebetween.
- the width WD of the facing layer 74 is larger than the interval SP2.
- the interval SP ⁇ b> 2 indicates the distance from the outer edge of the first lead wire 71 to the outer edge of the second lead wire 72.
- the width WD of the facing layer 74 may be not less than the interval SP2 and not more than the interval SP1.
- the facing layer 74 is the same electrical insulator as the insulating layer 21 and is formed of the same material as the insulating layer 21. Therefore, in the second embodiment, the facing layer 74 is formed as a part of the insulating layer 21. However, the opposing layer 74 may be an electrical insulator different from the insulating layer 21.
- the facing layer 74 and each of the high resistance layers 22 are arranged in the same layer.
- FIG. 8A is a plan view showing the liquid crystal element 100.
- the first lead wire 71, the second lead wire 72, and the third boundary layer 73 are omitted for simplification of the drawing.
- the center electrode rc, the first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2 are represented by an unbroken annular shape.
- FIG. 8B is a diagram illustrating the potential gradient GF formed in the liquid crystal element 100.
- FIG. 8B shows a potential gradient GF that appears in the cross section along the line AA in FIG.
- the first voltage V1 is applied to the core electrode 70, the second voltage V2 is applied to the center electrode rc, and the unit electrodes r1 to unit electrode are applied.
- the first voltage V1 is applied to each first electrode 1 of r4 and the second voltage V2 is applied to each second electrode 2 of each of the unit electrodes r1 to r4, the high resistance layer 22 and the first boundary layer 51 are applied. Since the second boundary layer 52 is provided, a sawtooth-shaped potential gradient GF symmetric with respect to the center line C is formed in the liquid crystal layer 23.
- the potential gradient GF is formed concentrically. Note that the first voltage V1 is smaller than the second voltage V2 in order to form the potential gradient GF shown in FIG.
- the potential gradient GF includes a potential gradient GFc formed corresponding to the core electrode 70 and the center electrode rc, a potential gradient GF1 formed corresponding to the unit electrode r1, and a potential formed corresponding to the unit electrode r2. It includes a gradient GF2, a potential gradient GF3 formed corresponding to the unit electrode r3, and a potential gradient GF4 formed corresponding to the unit electrode r4.
- Each of the potential gradient GFc and the potential gradient GF1 to the potential gradient GF4 is a potential gradient with respect to the radial direction RD of the liquid crystal element 100.
- the potential gradient GFc may be referred to as “central potential gradient GFc”.
- Each of the potential gradient GF1 to potential gradient GF4 is a smooth curved line due to the action of the high resistance layer 22, and does not have a step and an extreme value (minimum value and maximum value). Further, the potential gradient GFc is a smooth curved line due to the action of the high resistance layer 22 and has no step. Furthermore, the potential gradient GFc does not have extreme values (minimum value and maximum value) from the center electrode rc to the center line C due to the action of the high resistance layer 22.
- the potential gradient GFc is represented by a quadratic curve, for example.
- each of the potential gradient GFc and the potential gradient GF1 to the potential gradient GF4 can be curved.
- Each of the potential gradient GFc and the potential gradients GF1 to GF4 is formed such that the potential increases from the center line C toward the radial direction RD of the liquid crystal element 100. Further, the potential gradient GFc and the potential gradient GF1 to potential gradient GF4 become steeper as the potential gradient moves away from the center line C.
- the liquid crystal element 100 can function as a Fresnel lens.
- a sawtooth-shaped potential gradient GF symmetric with respect to the center line C as shown in FIG. 8B can be formed.
- the liquid crystal element 100 can function as a Fresnel lens without increasing the thickness of the liquid crystal layer 23.
- each of the potential gradient GFc and the potential gradients GF1 to GF4 has a smooth curved shape. There is no step. Therefore, the wavefront aberration of the emitted light can be suppressed. Furthermore, the potential gradient GFc does not have an extreme value from the center electrode rc to the center line C. In addition, each of the potential gradients GF1 to GF4 has no extreme value. Therefore, since the incident light can be refracted with high accuracy, a highly accurate Fresnel lens can be formed by the liquid crystal element 100.
- the maximum amplitude V2m of the second voltage V2 is larger than the maximum amplitude V1m of the first voltage V1.
- a convex Fresnel lens can be formed by the liquid crystal element 100.
- the maximum amplitude V2m can be made smaller than the maximum amplitude V1m.
- a concave Fresnel lens can be formed.
- a convex Fresnel lens and a concave Fresnel lens can be easily formed by one liquid crystal element 100 by controlling the maximum amplitude V1m and the maximum amplitude V2m.
- the radius Ra of the core electrode 70 is larger than the width Kc of the center electrode rc, the width K1 of the first electrode 1, or the width K2 of the second electrode 2. Therefore, a central potential gradient GFc suitable for a Fresnel lens can be formed. In particular, a central potential gradient GFc suitable for a concave Fresnel lens can be formed. The reason is as follows.
- the median potential gradient GFc approximates an upward convex quadratic curve.
- Convex upward indicates that the projection is convex in the direction from the third electrode 3 toward the high resistance layer 22.
- convex downward indicates a convex shape in the direction from the high resistance layer 22 toward the third electrode 3.
- the high resistance layer 22 disperses electric lines of force from the inner edge of the second electrode 2 toward the third electrode 3 in the direction D2.
- the electric lines of force spread toward the direction D2.
- the lines of electric force it spreads further toward D2.
- the radius Ra of the core electrode 70 is larger than the width Kc of the center electrode rc, the width K1 of the first electrode 1, or the width K2 of the second electrode 2.
- the median potential gradient GFc approaches an upward convex quadratic curve. That is, a central potential gradient GFc suitable for a concave Fresnel lens can be formed.
- the radius Ra of the core electrode 70 is set to 5 of the radius Rc of the center electrode rc in order to bring the median potential gradient GFc closer to an upward convex quadratic curve and form a median potential gradient GFc suitable for a concave Fresnel lens. It is preferable that it is 1 or more.
- the radius Ra of the core electrode 70 is more preferably 3/10 or more of the radius Rc of the center electrode rc.
- the radius Ra of the core electrode 70 is not less than one half of the radius Rc of the center electrode rc.
- the thickness ts of the insulating layer 21 is smaller than the thickness th of the high resistance layer 22. Accordingly, as in the first embodiment, the potential smoothing phenomenon can be reduced without depending on the width dn of the unit electrode rn. As a result, it is possible to suppress the preferred frequency and the preferred electrical resistivity from changing depending on the width dn (electrode interval) of the unit electrode rn.
- the thickness ts of the insulating layer 21 is preferably less than or equal to one fifth of the thickness th of the high resistance layer 22.
- the thickness ts of the insulating layer 21 is more preferably less than or equal to 1 / 25th of the thickness th of the high resistance layer 22.
- the thickness of the insulating layer 21 is maintained.
- the width dn is smaller as the unit electrode rn on the radially outer side of the liquid crystal element 100.
- it can suppress that a suitable frequency and a suitable electrical resistivity change depending on the width
- the width dn of the unit electrode rn is determined so that the ratio of the light refracted more than the diffracted light out of the light emitted from the liquid crystal layer 23 (light transmitted through the liquid crystal layer 23). . Accordingly, the liquid crystal element 100 functions as a refractive lens. Furthermore, it is possible to form a refractive lens while suppressing changes in the preferred frequency and the preferred electrical resistivity depending on the width dn of the unit electrode rn.
- the width dn (the distance between the first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2) is equal to the width K1 of the first electrode 1 and the width K2 of the second electrode 2. Bigger than each. Therefore, the ratio of the quantity of light that is refracted and emitted with respect to the total quantity of light that enters the liquid crystal element 100 can be easily made larger than the ratio of the quantity of light that goes straight and exits.
- the width dn is preferably at least twice the width K1 of the first electrode 1 and at least twice the width K2 of the second electrode 2.
- the width dn is made larger than each of the width K1 of the first electrode 1 and the width K2 of the second electrode 2.
- the high resistance layer 22 is arranged over a wide range from the lower side of the first electrode 1 to the lower side of the second electrode 2 (that is, a wide range of the width dn). Therefore, by setting the maximum amplitude V1m, the maximum amplitude V2m, the frequency f1, the frequency f2, and the resistance value of the high resistance layer 22 as appropriate, extreme values are obtained from below the first electrode 1 to below the second electrode 2. It is possible to easily form the potential gradient GF1 to the potential gradient GF4 having no.
- the thickness of the liquid crystal layer 23 is kept constant only by controlling the maximum amplitude V1m of the first voltage V1 or the maximum amplitude V2m of the second voltage V2.
- the gradient angle of each of the potential gradient GFc and the potential gradient GF1 to the potential gradient GF4, and hence the refraction angle, can be easily changed.
- the focal length of the Fresnel lens can be changed over the positive and negative polarities only by controlling the maximum amplitude V1m of the first voltage V1 or the maximum amplitude V2m of the second voltage V2. In this way, focus control with a wide operating range can be performed in one liquid crystal element 100.
- the second embodiment similarly to the first embodiment, it is possible to refract light by forming a potential gradient GF and a refractive index gradient while suppressing power loss.
- the liquid crystal element 100 according to the second embodiment includes a counter layer 74.
- the facing layer 74 is an electrical insulator. Therefore, as compared with the case where the high resistance layer 22 is disposed in place of the facing layer 74 at the position of the facing layer 74, the potential caused by the first voltage V1 in the end portion 82 of the first electrode 1 and in the vicinity of the end portion 82 Thus, interference with the potential due to the second voltage V2 of the second lead wire 72 can be suppressed. Furthermore, it is possible to suppress interference between the potential caused by the end voltage 92 of the second electrode 2 and the second voltage V2 in the vicinity of the end portion 92 and the potential caused by the first voltage V1 of the first lead wire 71. As a result, when the liquid crystal element 100 is viewed in plan, a concentric potential gradient GF in which distortion is suppressed can be formed, and a highly accurate Fresnel lens can be formed.
- the manufacturing cost can be reduced.
- the liquid crystal element 100 is included in the liquid crystal device 200 (FIG. 1B) as in the first embodiment. Accordingly, the first power supply circuit 41 applies the first voltage V ⁇ b> 1 to the first lead wire 71. Further, the second power supply circuit 42 applies the second voltage V ⁇ b> 2 to the second lead wire 72.
- the radius Ra of the core electrode 70 is smaller than one fifth of the radius Rc of the center electrode rc.
- the radius Ra of the core electrode 70 may be equal to or less than the width Kc of the center electrode rc, equal to or less than the width K1 of the first electrode 1, and may be equal to or less than the width K2 of the second electrode 2.
- the thickness ts of the insulating layer 21 is smaller than the thickness th of the high resistance layer 22. Accordingly, as in the second embodiment, it is possible to suppress the change in the preferred frequency and the preferred electrical resistivity depending on the width dn of the unit electrode rn.
- the thickness ts of the insulating layer 21 is equal to or greater than the thickness th of the high resistance layer 22.
- the radius Ra of the core electrode 70 is larger than the width Kc of the center electrode rc, the width K1 of the first electrode 1, or the width K2 of the second electrode 2. Therefore, a central potential gradient GFc suitable for a concave Fresnel lens can be formed.
- FIGS. 3 A liquid crystal device 100 according to Embodiment 3 of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS.
- the liquid crystal element 100 according to the third embodiment is different from the liquid crystal element 100 according to the second embodiment shown in FIG. 6 in that the liquid crystal element 100 according to the third embodiment does not include the insulating layer 21 shown in FIG.
- the insulating layer 21 is provided between the core electrode 70 and the center electrode rc and between the first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2.
- the points of the third embodiment different from the second embodiment will be mainly described.
- FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view showing the liquid crystal element 100 according to the third embodiment.
- the liquid crystal element 100 includes a core electrode 70, a center electrode rc, unit electrodes r1 to r4, a plurality of insulating layers 21, a plurality of first boundary layers 51, and a plurality of first electrodes.
- 2 includes a boundary layer 52, a plurality of high resistance layers 22 (a plurality of resistance layers), a liquid crystal layer 23, and a third electrode 3.
- the liquid crystal layer 23 is disposed between the unit electrode rn and the third electrode, and is disposed between the core electrode 70 and the center electrode rc and the third electrode 3. Specifically, the liquid crystal layer 23 is disposed between the high resistance layer 22 and the third electrode 3.
- the high resistance layer 22 is disposed between the unit electrode rn and the liquid crystal layer 23, and is disposed between the core electrode 70 and the center electrode rc and the liquid crystal layer 23.
- Each of the unit electrodes rn faces the high resistance layer 22 without interposing an insulator, and is in contact with the high resistance layer 22.
- Each of the core electrode 70 and the center electrode rc is opposed to the high resistance layer 22 without interposing an insulator, and is in contact with the high resistance layer 22.
- the electrical resistivity of the high resistance layer 22 is smaller than the electrical resistivity of the insulator.
- the width dn of each unit electrode rn is determined as follows. That is, the width dn of the unit electrode is determined so that the ratio of the light refracted from the diffracted light out of the light emitted from the liquid crystal layer 23 (light transmitted through the liquid crystal layer 23) is larger.
- the liquid crystal element 100 functions not as a diffractive lens but as a refractive lens.
- the width dn of the unit electrode is determined so that the light having a shorter wavelength is bent more greatly.
- the refractive lens bends light by refraction and deflects or condenses it.
- the width of the unit electrode is determined so that the light having a longer wavelength is bent more greatly.
- the diffractive lens bends and collects light by diffraction.
- liquid crystal element 100 as a Fresnel lens that is a refractive lens a liquid crystal element as a blazed diffraction lens
- a core electrode, a center electrode, and a plurality of unit electrodes are arranged concentrically around the core electrode.
- a cross-sectional blazed potential gradient is formed in the liquid crystal layer.
- a cross-sectional blaze-type potential gradient is a sawtooth-shaped potential gradient in cross section.
- FIG. 10 shows the relationship between the unit electrode ordinal number n of the liquid crystal element 100 as the Fresnel lens and the radius Rn of the unit electrode rn, and the unit electrode ordinal number n of the liquid crystal element as the blazed diffractive lens and the radius Rn of the unit electrode rn. It is a graph which shows the relationship.
- the definitions of the unit electrode ordinal number n of the liquid crystal element as the blazed diffractive lens and the radius Rn of the unit electrode rn are respectively the unit electrode ordinal number n of the liquid crystal element 100 and the radius Rn of the unit electrode rn described with reference to FIG. The definition is the same.
- a curve 85 shows the relationship between the unit electrode ordinal number n and the radius Rn of the liquid crystal element 100 as a Fresnel lens having a focal length of 10 mm.
- the curve 87 shows the relationship between the unit electrode ordinal number n and the radius Rn of the liquid crystal element as a blazed diffractive lens having a focal length of 10 mm.
- a curve 86 shows the relationship between the unit electrode ordinal number n and the radius Rn of the liquid crystal element 100 as a Fresnel lens having a focal length of 20 mm.
- the curve 88 shows the relationship between the unit electrode ordinal number n and the radius Rn of the liquid crystal element as a blazed diffractive lens having a focal length of 20 mm.
- the wavelength of the light source when calculating the unit electrode ordinal number n of the liquid crystal element as the blazed diffractive lens is 568 nm.
- the liquid crystal element 100 functions as a Fresnel lens that is a refractive lens. Therefore, the focal length can be set to an arbitrary value by controlling the width dn of the unit electrode rn, the frequency f1 and the maximum amplitude V1m of the first voltage V1, and the frequency f2 and the maximum amplitude V2m of the second voltage V2. That is, since there are many parameters that can be controlled, the focal length can be easily set to an arbitrary value. In the blazed diffractive lens, the focal length cannot be changed unless the width dn of the unit electrode rn is changed. That is, since there are few parameters that can be controlled, it is difficult to set the focal length to an arbitrary value.
- Embodiment 3 it is preferable that white light is incident on the liquid crystal element 100 in order to make the liquid crystal element 100 function more effectively as a Fresnel lens that is a refractive lens. This is because white light includes a wide wavelength component and the coherency of white light is small, so that the influence of diffraction can be reduced to a minimum.
- the blazed diffractive lens since diffracted light is used, monochromatic light having high coherency such as laser light is preferably incident.
- each of the unit electrodes rn faces the high resistance layer 22 and does not contact the high resistance layer 22 without using an insulator.
- each of the core electrode 70 and the center electrode rc is opposed to the high resistance layer 22 without interposing an insulator, and is in contact with the high resistance layer 22. Therefore, Joule heat can be generated in the high resistance layer 22.
- a refractive lens capable of effectively using Joule heat can be formed. That is, the liquid crystal layer 23 is heated by Joule heat of the high resistance layer 22 to warm the liquid crystal layer 23. As a result, a decrease in response speed of the liquid crystal molecules 24 can be suppressed. In particular, even when the temperature of the environment in which the liquid crystal element 100 is disposed is low (for example, even when the temperature is below freezing), the liquid crystal molecules 24 can maintain a good response speed as when the temperature of the environment is relatively high.
- the liquid crystal element 100 according to the third embodiment has the same effects as the liquid crystal element 100 according to the second embodiment. For example, it is possible to suppress changes in the preferred frequency and the preferred electrical resistivity depending on the width dn (electrode interval) of the unit electrode rn. This is because the thickness ts of the insulating layer 21 (FIG. 6) corresponds to “0” in the third embodiment.
- the refractive lens can be formed while suppressing the preferred frequency and the preferred electrical resistivity from changing depending on the width dn (electrode spacing) of the unit electrode rn.
- a potential gradient suitable for a Fresnel lens can be formed.
- the liquid crystal element 100 according to the third embodiment can be modified in the same manner as the first modification of the second embodiment.
- Embodiment 4 A liquid crystal element 100 according to Embodiment 4 of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS.
- the arrangement of the high resistance layer 22 is different from that of the third embodiment shown in FIG.
- the points of the fourth embodiment different from the third embodiment will be mainly described.
- FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view showing the liquid crystal element 100 according to the fourth embodiment.
- the liquid crystal layer 23 is disposed between the unit electrode rn and the third electrode, and is disposed between the core electrode 70 and the center electrode rc and the third electrode 3.
- the high resistance layer 22 is disposed on the opposite side of the liquid crystal layer 23 with respect to the unit electrode rn, and is disposed on the opposite side of the liquid crystal layer 23 with respect to the core electrode 70 and the center electrode rc.
- the unit electrode rn is disposed between the high resistance layer 22 and the liquid crystal layer 23, and the core electrode 70 and the center electrode rc are disposed between the high resistance layer 22 and the liquid crystal layer 23.
- Each of the unit electrodes rn faces the high resistance layer 22 without interposing an insulator, and is in contact with the high resistance layer 22.
- Each of the core electrode 70 and the center electrode rc is opposed to the high resistance layer 22 without interposing an insulator, and is in contact with the high resistance layer 22. Therefore, Joule heat can be generated in the high resistance layer 22.
- the width dn of the unit electrode rn is determined in the same manner as in the third embodiment. Therefore, the liquid crystal element 100 functions as a Fresnel lens that is a refractive lens.
- the liquid crystal element 100 according to the fourth embodiment has the same effect as the liquid crystal element 100 according to the third embodiment.
- a refractive lens that can effectively use Joule heat can be formed.
- the liquid crystal element 100 according to the fourth embodiment can be modified in the same manner as the first modification of the second embodiment.
- Embodiment 5 A deflection element 250 according to Embodiment 5 of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS.
- the deflection element 250 according to the fifth embodiment deflects light by using two liquid crystal elements 100 according to the first embodiment described with reference to FIG.
- the points of the fifth embodiment different from the first embodiment will be mainly described.
- FIG. 12 is an exploded perspective view showing the deflection element 250 according to the fifth embodiment.
- the deflection element 250 includes a first substrate 33, a liquid crystal element 100 ⁇ / b> A, a second substrate 34, a liquid crystal element 100 ⁇ / b> B, and a third substrate 35.
- the configurations of the liquid crystal element 100A and the liquid crystal element 100B are the same as those of the liquid crystal element 100 according to the first embodiment.
- the liquid crystal element 100 ⁇ / b> A is disposed between the first substrate 33 and the second substrate 34.
- the liquid crystal element 100 ⁇ / b> B is disposed between the second substrate 34 and the third substrate 35.
- Each of the first substrate 33 to the third substrate 35 is a transparent color, and each of the first substrate 33 to the third substrate 35 is made of glass.
- Each of the first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2 of the liquid crystal element 100A extends along the first direction FD.
- the first direction FD is substantially orthogonal to the direction DA in the liquid crystal element 100A.
- the direction DA is defined in the same manner as the direction D1 according to the first embodiment.
- Each of the first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2 of the liquid crystal element 100B extends along a second direction SD orthogonal to the first direction FD.
- the second direction SD is substantially orthogonal to the direction DB in the liquid crystal element 100B.
- the direction DB is defined similarly to the direction D1 according to the first embodiment.
- the liquid crystal element 100A and the liquid crystal element 100B are disposed so as to overlap with each other with the second substrate 34 interposed therebetween.
- the first power supply circuit 41 shown in FIG. 1A is prepared for each of the liquid crystal element 100A and the liquid crystal element 100B. Accordingly, one first power supply circuit 41 applies the first voltage V1 to the first electrode 1 of the liquid crystal element 100A, and the other first power supply circuit 41 applies the first voltage V1 to the first electrode 1 of the liquid crystal element 100B. To do.
- the second power supply circuit 42 is prepared for each of the liquid crystal element 100A and the liquid crystal element 100B. Accordingly, one second power supply circuit 42 applies the second voltage V2 to the second electrode 2 of the liquid crystal element 100A, and the other second power supply circuit 42 applies the second voltage V2 to the second electrode 2 of the liquid crystal element 100B. To do.
- the controller 40 individually controls the first power supply circuit 41 and the second power supply circuit 42 for the liquid crystal element 100A, and the first power supply circuit 41 and the second power supply circuit 42 for the liquid crystal element 100B.
- the potential gradient G2 and the refractive index gradient g2 can be individually formed for the liquid crystal element 100A and the liquid crystal element 100B.
- Incident light incident on the deflecting element 250 includes a potential gradient G2 and a refractive index gradient g2 determined by the first voltage V1 and the second voltage V2 applied to the liquid crystal element 100A, and a first voltage V1 and a second voltage applied to the liquid crystal element 100B.
- the light is deflected in a direction corresponding to the potential gradient G2 and the refractive index gradient g2 determined by the voltage V2, and is emitted as emitted light. That is, by controlling the first voltage V1 and / or the second voltage V2 applied to the liquid crystal element 100A and controlling the first voltage V1 and / or the second voltage V2 applied to the liquid crystal element 100B, the incident light can be arbitrarily selected. Can be deflected in the direction of.
- the liquid crystal element 100 ⁇ / b> A and the liquid crystal element 100 ⁇ / b> B are arranged so that the unit electrodes 10 are substantially orthogonal to each other. Therefore, incident light can be deflected in more directions compared to the liquid crystal element 100 according to the first embodiment.
- Embodiment 6 With reference to FIG.4 and FIG.13, the spectacles apparatus 280 which concerns on Embodiment 6 of this invention is demonstrated.
- the eyeglass device 280 according to the sixth embodiment two liquid crystal elements 100 according to the second embodiment described with reference to FIG. That is, the liquid crystal element 100 refracts and emits light as a lens of the glasses 300.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating the eyeglass device 280 according to the sixth embodiment. As shown in FIG. 13, the eyeglass device 280 includes eyeglasses 300 and an operation device 350.
- the glasses 300 include a pair of control units 65, a pair of liquid crystal elements 100, a pair of rims 301, a pair of temples 303 (a pair of temple members), and a bridge 305.
- Each of the control units 65 includes a controller 40, a first power supply circuit 41, and a second power supply circuit 42.
- Each of the controllers 40 includes a communication device 64.
- Each of the rims 301 holds the liquid crystal element 100 as a lens.
- the bridge 305 couples the pair of rims 301.
- the temple 303 is connected to one end of the rim 301.
- the temple 303 is, for example, a long member, and is put on the user's ear from one end of the rim 301 via the user's temple.
- Each of the liquid crystal elements 100 is the liquid crystal element 100 according to the second embodiment. Further, the controller 40, the first power supply circuit 41, and the second power supply circuit 42 are the same as the controller 40, the first power supply circuit 41, and the second power supply circuit 42 shown in FIG.
- One of the pair of control units 65 controls one of the pair of liquid crystal elements 100, and the other of the pair of control units 65 controls the other of the pair of liquid crystal elements 100.
- the communication device 64 communicates with the operation device 350.
- the operating device 350 is operated by the user of the glasses 300.
- the operation device 350 includes an operation unit 351 and a controller 353.
- the controller 353 includes a communication device 353a.
- the operation unit 351 receives an operation from the user and outputs an operation signal corresponding to the operation to the controller 353.
- the operation unit 351 includes, for example, a touch panel and / or keys.
- the controller 353 causes the communication device 353a to transmit a control signal corresponding to the operation signal toward the glasses 300.
- the control signal sets the frequency f1 and maximum amplitude V1m of the first voltage V1 applied to the liquid crystal element 100 and the frequency f2 and maximum amplitude V2m of the second voltage V2 applied to the liquid crystal element 100 to the liquid crystal element 100.
- a control signal for controlling one liquid crystal element 100 is transmitted to one communication device 64, and a control signal for controlling the other liquid crystal element 100 is transmitted to the other communication device 64.
- the controller 40 of the glasses 300 receives a control signal from the operation device 350 via the communication device 64. Then, the controller 40 controls the first power supply circuit 41 and the second power supply circuit 42 according to the control signal, and the frequency f1 and the maximum amplitude V1m of the first voltage V1, and the frequency f2 and the maximum amplitude V2m of the second voltage V2 Is set in the liquid crystal element 100. That is, the controller 40 controls the first voltage V1 applied to the first electrode 1 and the second voltage V2 applied to the second electrode 2 according to the control signal.
- the focal length of the liquid crystal element 100 is set based on the first voltage V1 and the second voltage V2. Therefore, the user of the glasses 300 can easily change the power of the glasses 300 by operating the operation device 350. In addition, the user of the glasses 300 can adjust the glasses 300 for myopia by operating the operation device 350 and can adjust the glasses 300 for hyperopia.
- each of the communication device 64 and the communication device 353a is, for example, a short-range wireless communication device.
- the short-range wireless communication device performs short-range wireless communication according to, for example, Bluetooth (registered trademark).
- the horizontal axis indicates the radius Rn ( ⁇ m) of the unit electrode rn
- the vertical axis indicates the voltage (V) unless otherwise specified. That is, the horizontal axis indicates the radial position in the liquid crystal element 100 when the position of the center line C of the liquid crystal element 100 is “0”.
- the frequency f1 of the first voltage V1 and the frequency f2 of the second voltage V2, and the electrical resistivity Rh of the high resistance layer 22 are:
- the preferred frequency and preferred electrical resistivity were set based on the unit electrode rn having a radius Rn in the range of 0 ⁇ m to 2000 ⁇ m.
- the maximum amplitude V1m of the first voltage V1 was 1V
- the maximum amplitude V2m of the second voltage V2 was 2V.
- the maximum amplitude V1m of the first voltage V1 was 2V
- the maximum amplitude V2m of the second voltage V2 was 1V
- the electrical resistivity Rh of the high resistance layer 22 was 1 ⁇ 10 3 ⁇ ⁇ m.
- the potential gradient formed in the liquid crystal layer 23 was calculated.
- the liquid crystal element 100 according to Embodiment 2 described with reference to FIGS. 4 to 8 was used as the liquid crystal element according to Examples 1 and 2 and Examples 4 to 10.
- the liquid crystal element 100 according to Example 3 described with reference to FIGS. 9 and 10 was used.
- the insulating layer 21 is disposed between the core electrode 70 and the center electrode rc and the high resistance layer 22 and between the unit electrode rn and the high resistance layer 22. Absent. Therefore, in the liquid crystal element 100 according to the third embodiment, the thickness ts of the insulating layer 21 is “0”.
- Example 1 to Example 3 With reference to FIGS. 14 to 17, the liquid crystal element 100 according to Examples 1 to 3 of the present invention and the liquid crystal element according to the first comparative example will be described.
- Example 1 to 3 and the first comparative example the potential gradient was calculated by simulation under the following conditions.
- the thickness of the insulating layer was different from the thickness ts of the insulating layer 21 of Example 1 and Example 2.
- Other configurations were the same between the liquid crystal element 100 according to Example 1 and Example 2 and the liquid crystal element according to the first comparative example.
- each of the frequency f1 of the first voltage V1 and the frequency f2 of the second voltage V2 was 200 Hz.
- Example 3 the frequency f1 of the first voltage V1 and the frequency f2 of the second voltage V2 were each 20 Hz.
- the thickness th of the high resistance layer 22 was 250 nm.
- the number of unit electrodes rn was “225”. However, in FIGS. 14 to 17, potential gradients corresponding to 20 unit electrodes rn out of 225 unit electrodes rn are illustrated.
- FIG. 14 is a diagram showing a potential gradient of the liquid crystal element according to the first comparative example.
- the potential gradient corresponding to the unit electrode rn having a radius Rn of 9700 ⁇ m or more, that is, the width dn is relatively small.
- the potential gradient corresponding to the unit electrode rn was not a sawtooth shape, but a crushed shape. That is, the potential was attenuated, and the portion of the potential gradient that should be tilted was not tilted and became nearly horizontal.
- the frequency f1, the frequency f2, and the electrical resistivity Rh did not become the preferred frequency and the preferred electrical resistivity for the unit electrode rn having a relatively small width dn.
- the preferred frequency and the preferred electrical resistivity depend on the width dn of the unit electrode rn.
- FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating a potential gradient of the liquid crystal element 100 according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 16 is a diagram illustrating a potential gradient of the liquid crystal element 100 according to the second embodiment.
- the frequency f1, the frequency f2, and the electrical resistivity Rh are the preferred frequency and the preferred electrical resistivity throughout the plurality of unit electrodes rn. In other words, it was possible to suppress changes in the preferred frequency and the preferred electrical resistivity depending on the width dn of the unit electrode rn.
- Example 1 and Example 2 were compared with respect to a potential gradient corresponding to a unit electrode rn having a radius Rn of 9700 ⁇ m or more.
- the potential gradient of the liquid crystal element 100 according to the second embodiment is higher than the potential gradient of the liquid crystal element 100 according to the first embodiment (difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of the potential). Was large and the slope was large. Therefore, as the thickness ts of the insulating layer 21 is smaller, it can be suppressed that the preferred frequency and the preferred electrical resistivity change depending on the width dn of the unit electrode rn.
- FIG. 17 is a diagram illustrating a potential gradient of the liquid crystal element 100 according to the third embodiment.
- the thickness ts of the insulating layer 21 is “0”
- a sawtooth-shaped potential gradient is formed over the entire plurality of unit electrodes rn. Therefore, it was confirmed that the frequency f1, the frequency f2, and the electrical resistivity Rh are the preferred frequency and the preferred electrical resistivity throughout the plurality of unit electrodes rn. In other words, it was possible to suppress changes in the preferred frequency and the preferred electrical resistivity depending on the width dn of the unit electrode rn.
- Example 4 Example 5
- Example 5 Example 5 of the present invention
- the liquid crystal element according to the second comparative example will be described.
- Example 4 Example 5, and the second comparative example, the potential gradient was calculated by simulation under the following conditions.
- the thickness of the insulating layer was different from the thickness ts of the insulating layer 21 of Example 4 and Example 5.
- Other configurations were the same between the liquid crystal element 100 according to Example 4 and Example 5 and the liquid crystal element according to the second comparative example.
- each of the frequency f1 of the first voltage V1 and the frequency f2 of the second voltage V2 was 100 Hz.
- the thickness th of the high resistance layer 22 was 250 nm.
- the number of unit electrodes rn was “225”. However, in FIGS. 18 to 20, potential gradients corresponding to six unit electrodes rn out of 225 unit electrodes rn are illustrated.
- the unit electrode rn near 14800 ⁇ m, that is, the unit electrode rn having a relatively small width dn is shown.
- FIG. 18A is a diagram showing a potential gradient of the liquid crystal element according to the second comparative example.
- the potential gradient corresponding to the unit electrode rn having a relatively small width dn is present. It was not a saw-tooth shape, but a crushed shape.
- FIG. 18B is a diagram showing electric lines of force EF and equipotential lines EL of the liquid crystal element according to the second comparative example. As shown in FIG. 18B, a number of electric lines of force EF were formed from the unit electrode rn toward the third electrode 3.
- equipotential lines EL substantially parallel to the direction D1 were concentrated on the portion of the insulating layer 21 between the first electrode 1 and the high resistance layer 22.
- the equipotential lines EL substantially parallel to the direction D1 are concentrated on the portion of the insulating layer 21 between the second electrode 2 and the high resistance layer 22.
- a potential smoothing phenomenon occurred in the insulating layer 21, and as shown in FIG. 18A, the potential gradient did not have a sawtooth shape but a crushed shape.
- the potential smoothing phenomenon in the insulating layer 21 becomes more significant as the width dn of the unit electrode rn is smaller.
- FIG. 19B is a diagram illustrating electric lines of force EF and equipotential lines EL of the liquid crystal element 100 according to the fourth embodiment. As shown in FIG. 19B, a large number of electric lines of force EF are formed from the unit electrode rn toward the third electrode 3.
- the concentration of equipotential lines EL substantially parallel to the direction D1 is reduced in the portion of the insulating layer 21 between the first electrode 1 and the high resistance layer 22. . Further, in the portion of the insulating layer 21 between the second electrode 2 and the high resistance layer 22, the concentration of equipotential lines EL substantially parallel to the direction D1 is reduced. As a result, the potential smoothing phenomenon in the insulating layer 21 is reduced, and the potential gradient corresponding to the unit electrode rn is good even when the width dn is relatively small as shown in FIG. It became a serrated shape.
- FIG. 20A is a diagram illustrating a potential gradient of the liquid crystal element 100 according to the fifth embodiment.
- the unit electrode rn having a relatively small width dn is formed. Even the corresponding potential gradient was serrated.
- FIG. 20B is a diagram illustrating electric lines of force EF and equipotential lines EL of the liquid crystal element 100 according to the fifth embodiment. As shown in FIG. 20B, many electric lines of force EF were formed from the unit electrode rn toward the third electrode 3.
- an equipotential line EL that is substantially parallel to the direction D1 in the portion of the insulating layer 21 between the first electrode 1 and the high resistance layer 22 than in the fourth embodiment. Concentration was further reduced. Further, in the portion of the insulating layer 21 between the second electrode 2 and the high resistance layer 22, the concentration of equipotential lines EL substantially parallel to the direction D ⁇ b> 1 was further reduced as compared with Example 4. As a result, the potential smoothing phenomenon hardly occurs in the insulating layer 21, and the potential gradient corresponding to the unit electrode rn is small even when the width dn is relatively small as shown in FIG. Furthermore, a better serrated shape was obtained.
- Example 4 As a result of comparing Example 4 and Example 5, it was confirmed that the potential smoothing phenomenon in the insulating layer 21 can be suppressed as the thickness ts of the insulating layer 21 is smaller. In other words, as the thickness ts of the insulating layer 21 is smaller, it can be suppressed that the preferred frequency and the preferred electrical resistivity change depending on the width dn of the unit electrode rn.
- Example 6 Example 7
- Example 7 of the present invention With reference to FIG. 21, the liquid crystal element according to Example 6 and Example 7 of the present invention and the liquid crystal element according to the third comparative example will be described.
- Example 6 Example 7, and the third comparative example, a convex Fresnel lens was formed by simulation under the following conditions, and the potential gradient was calculated.
- the radius of the core electrode was different from the radius Ra of the core electrode 70 of Example 6 and Example 7.
- Other configurations were the same between the liquid crystal element 100 according to Example 6 and Example 7 and the liquid crystal element according to Comparative Example.
- each of the frequency f1 of the first voltage V1 and the frequency f2 of the second voltage V2 was 200 Hz.
- the number of unit electrodes rn was “3”.
- the radius Ra of the core electrode 70 was 50 ⁇ m.
- the radius Ra of the core electrode 70 was 200 ⁇ m.
- the radius Ra of the core electrode 70 was larger than the width Kc of the center electrode rc.
- the radius Ra of the core electrode 70 was 300 ⁇ m.
- the radius Ra of the core electrode 70 was larger than the width Kc of the center electrode rc.
- FIG. 21A is a diagram showing a potential gradient of the liquid crystal element according to the third comparative example.
- FIG. 21B is a diagram illustrating a potential gradient of the liquid crystal element 100 according to the sixth embodiment.
- FIG. 21C is a diagram illustrating a potential gradient of the liquid crystal element 100 according to the seventh embodiment. Note that the potential gradient corresponding to the unit electrode rn having a radius Rn larger than 2000 ⁇ m is omitted.
- Example 6 the median potential gradient GFc corresponding to the core electrode 70 and the center electrode rc approximated a downward convex quadratic curve. That is, the central potential gradient GFc is suitable for forming a convex Fresnel lens. This is because, as the median potential gradient GFc is closer to a downwardly convex quadratic curve, the wavefront aberration that occurs during imaging by the Fresnel lens can be reduced.
- Example 8 With reference to FIGS. 22 and 23, the liquid crystal element 100 according to Examples 8 to 10 of the present invention and the liquid crystal element according to the fourth comparative example will be described.
- Examples 8 to 10 and the comparative example a concave Fresnel lens was formed by simulation under the following conditions, and the potential gradient was calculated.
- the radius of the core electrode was different from the radius Ra of the core electrode 70 of Examples 8 to 10.
- Other configurations were the same between the liquid crystal element 100 according to Examples 8 to 10 and the liquid crystal element according to the fourth comparative example.
- each of the frequency f1 of the first voltage V1 and the frequency f2 of the second voltage V2 was 200 Hz.
- the number of unit electrodes rn was “3”.
- the radius Ra of the core electrode 70 was 50 ⁇ m.
- the radius Ra of the core electrode 70 was substantially the same as the width Kc of the center electrode rc.
- the radius Ra of the core electrode 70 was 200 ⁇ m.
- the radius Ra of the core electrode 70 was larger than the width Kc of the center electrode rc.
- the radius Ra of the core electrode 70 was 300 ⁇ m.
- FIG. 22A shows the potential gradient of the liquid crystal element according to the fourth comparative example.
- FIG. 22B shows the central potential gradient GFc of the liquid crystal element according to the fourth comparative example.
- the median potential gradient GFc approximates a downward convex quadratic curve QC1
- does not approximate an upward convex quadratic curve and has a concave Fresnel. It was not suitable for lenses.
- the quadratic curve QC1 was calculated by approximating the median potential gradient GFc by the least square method.
- FIG. 22C shows a potential gradient of the liquid crystal element 100 according to the eighth embodiment.
- FIG. 22D shows the central potential gradient GFc of the liquid crystal element 100 according to the eighth embodiment.
- the median potential gradient GFc approximates an upward convex quadratic curve QC2, which is suitable for a concave Fresnel lens.
- the central potential gradient GFc approximated the upward convex quadratic curve QC2.
- the quadratic curve QC2 was calculated by approximating the median potential gradient GFc by the least square method.
- the value of the determination coefficient (the value of the square of the correlation coefficient) was “0.9051”, which was close to the ideal value “1”.
- FIG. 23A shows a potential gradient of the liquid crystal element 100 according to the ninth embodiment.
- FIG. 23B shows the median potential gradient GFc of the liquid crystal element 100 according to the ninth embodiment.
- the median potential gradient GFc approximates an upward convex quadratic curve QC2, which is more suitable for a concave Fresnel lens.
- the central potential gradient GFc is further approximated to an upward convex quadratic curve QC2.
- the quadratic curve QC2 was calculated by approximating the median potential gradient GFc by the least square method.
- the value of the determination coefficient (the value of the square of the correlation coefficient) is “0.9423”, which is closer to the ideal value “1”. Therefore, when the radius Ra is 3/10 of the radius Rc, it is more suitable for the concave Fresnel lens than when the radius Ra is 1/5 of the radius Rc.
- FIG. 23C shows a potential gradient of the liquid crystal element 100 according to the tenth embodiment.
- FIG. 23D shows the central potential gradient GFc of the liquid crystal element 100 according to the tenth embodiment.
- the median potential gradient GFc approximates an upward convex quadratic curve QC2, which is more suitable for a concave Fresnel lens.
- the central potential gradient GFc is further approximated to an upward convex quadratic curve QC2.
- the quadratic curve QC2 was calculated by approximating the median potential gradient GFc by the least square method.
- the value of the determination coefficient (the value of the square of the correlation coefficient) is “0.9659”, which is closer to the ideal value “1”. Therefore, the case where the radius Ra is half of the radius Rc is more suitable for the concave Fresnel lens than the case where the radius Ra is one third of the radius Rc.
- the vertex of the quadratic curve QC2 becomes the core. Even when the same level as the maximum amplitude V1m of the first voltage V1 applied to the electrode 70 was set, the median potential gradient GFc approximated the upward convex quadratic curve QC2. 22 and 23, the potential gradient corresponding to the unit electrode rn having the radius Rn larger than 2000 ⁇ m is omitted.
- the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments and examples, and can be carried out in various modes without departing from the gist thereof (for example, the following (1) to (6) )).
- the drawings schematically show each component as a main component, and the thickness, length, number, and the like of each component shown in the drawings are different from the actual for convenience of drawing. In some cases.
- the shape, dimension, etc. of each component shown by said embodiment are an example, Comprising: It does not specifically limit, A various change is possible in the range which does not deviate substantially from the effect of this invention.
- the first embodiment includes a modification
- the second embodiment includes a first modification and a second modification.
- three or more unit electrodes 10 or three or more unit electrodes rn may be provided.
- the maximum amplitude V1m, the frequency f1, the maximum amplitude V2m, and the frequency f2 can be controlled for each unit electrode 10 or for each unit electrode rn.
- the number of unit electrodes rn may be singular.
- the second boundary layer 52 may be a resistor having an electrical resistivity higher than that of the high resistance layer 22.
- the opposing layer 74 may be a resistor having an electrical resistivity higher than that of the high resistance layer 22.
- a boundary electrode may be provided.
- the high resistance layer 22 is disposed without providing the second boundary layer 52.
- a boundary voltage different from the first voltage V1 and the second voltage V2 is applied to the boundary electrode.
- the magnitude of the boundary voltage is smaller than the larger voltage of the first voltage V1 and the second voltage V2.
- the frequency of the boundary voltage is higher than each of the frequency f1 of the first voltage V1 and the frequency f2 of the second voltage V2.
- the boundary electrode is electrically insulated from the first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2 by an insulating film.
- the color of the boundary electrode is a transparent color.
- the same potential gradient G2 and refractive index gradient g2 as in the first embodiment can be formed in the liquid crystal layer 23.
- the electrical resistivity of the boundary electrode is substantially the same as the electrical resistivity of the first electrode 1.
- the width W1 of one unit electrode 10 may be different from the width W1 of the other unit electrode 10.
- the width dn of one unit electrode rn may be different from the width dn of the other unit electrode rn. Even in these examples, it is possible to suppress the change in the preferred frequency and the preferred electrical resistivity depending on the width W1 of the unit electrode 10 or the width dn of the unit electrode rn.
- a gas for example, air
- the insulating layer 21 is formed between the core electrode 70 and the center electrode rc, between the center electrode rc and the first electrode 1, and between the first electrode and the second electrode 2 of each unit electrode rn.
- a gas may be arranged as an insulating layer.
- a gas may be disposed as the first boundary layer 51.
- the insulating layer 21 may not be provided between the unit electrode 10 and the high resistance layer 22.
- the first voltage V1 is applied to the first electrode 1 and the core electrode 70
- the second voltage V2 is applied to the second electrode 2 and the center electrode rc.
- the maximum amplitude V1m of the first voltage V1 and the maximum amplitude V2m of the second voltage V2 are different, and the frequency f1 of the first voltage V1 and the frequency f2 of the second voltage V2 are the same. Note that the frequency f1 and the frequency f2 may be different.
- a core voltage may be applied to the core electrode 70 instead of the first voltage V1
- a center voltage may be applied to the center electrode rc instead of the second voltage V2.
- the maximum amplitude of the core voltage is different from the maximum amplitude of the center voltage.
- the frequency of the core voltage and the frequency of the center voltage are the same. Note that the frequency of the core voltage and the frequency of the center voltage may be different.
- the frequency of the core voltage is different from the frequency f1 of the first voltage V1 and the frequency f2 of the second voltage V2.
- the frequency of the center voltage is different from the frequency f1 of the first voltage V1 and the frequency f2 of the second voltage V2.
- the frequency of the core voltage and the frequency of the center voltage are different from the frequency f1 and the frequency f2, and the frequency of the core voltage and the frequency of the center voltage are controlled separately from the frequency f1 of the first voltage V1 and the frequency f2 of the second voltage V2.
- the median potential gradient GFc can be made closer to a quadratic curve. As a result, a more accurate Fresnel lens can be formed.
- the maximum amplitude of the center voltage is larger than the maximum amplitude of the core voltage, and the maximum amplitude V2m of the second voltage V2 is larger than the maximum amplitude V1m of the first voltage V1. Is also big.
- the maximum amplitude of the center voltage is smaller than the maximum amplitude of the core voltage, and the maximum amplitude V2m of the second voltage V2 is smaller than the maximum amplitude V1m of the first voltage V1. .
- the core electrode 70 may not be provided.
- the center electrode rc and the unit electrode rn are arranged concentrically around the center electrode rc.
- the first lead wire 71, the second lead wire 72, the third boundary layer 73, and the counter layer 74 may not be provided.
- a plurality of through holes are formed, and the first voltage V1 and the second voltage V2 are applied.
- each of the center electrode rc, the first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2 has an unbroken annular shape.
- the liquid crystal element 100 of the second to fourth embodiments can also be used.
- the liquid crystal element 100 according to the first, third, or fourth embodiment may be used.
- the liquid crystal layer 23 may be formed of a liquid crystal material (liquid crystal molecules 24) that does not have polarization dependency, or is formed of a liquid crystal material that has polarization dependency. May be.
- the liquid crystal material has polarization dependency, for example, the light distribution direction of the liquid crystal material of one liquid crystal element 100A and the other liquid crystal element 100B of the two liquid crystal elements 100A and 100B having the same configuration. It is preferable to arrange the two liquid crystal elements 100A and 100B so that the light distribution direction of the liquid crystal material forms approximately 90 degrees.
- the liquid crystal element 100 is not limited to use as a lens.
- the liquid crystal element 100 can be used as an element utilizing light refraction even if it is not a lens.
- a spectacle device 280 according to a modification of the sixth embodiment of the present invention will be described.
- the modified example is different from the sixth embodiment in that the glasses (hereinafter, referred to as “glasses 300A”) of the glasses device 280 according to the modified example function as a head mounted display.
- FIG. 24 is a diagram showing a spectacle device 280 according to a modification.
- the eyeglass device 280 according to the modification includes eyeglasses 300A.
- the spectacles 300A further includes an image output unit 75 and a display 76 in addition to the configuration of the spectacles 300 according to the sixth embodiment described with reference to FIG.
- Other configurations of the eyeglass device 280 according to the modification are the same as the configurations of the eyeglass device 280 according to the sixth embodiment.
- the image output unit 75 receives image data from the controller 40 or the operation device 350. Then, the image output unit 75 emits a light beam representing an image based on the image data to the display 76.
- the image output unit 75 includes, for example, a projector.
- the display 76 is attached to the liquid crystal element 100.
- the display 76 is clear and transparent. “Transparent” may be colorless and transparent or colored and transparent. However, when a light beam representing the image emitted from the image output unit 75 is incident, the display 76 projects an image represented by the light beam. As a result, the user can visually recognize the image.
- the display 76 includes, for example, a sheet-like holographic optical element.
- the glasses 300A can display an image. That is, the glasses 300A function as a head mounted display.
- the glasses 300A include the liquid crystal element 100 as a lens. Accordingly, an object and / or a scene is displayed on the user's eyes via the liquid crystal element 100, and an image by the display 76 is displayed.
- the glasses 300A are suitable as a tool for realizing augmented reality (AR).
- AR augmented reality
- the glasses 300A include the liquid crystal element 100 similar to that of the sixth embodiment, and thus the focal length can be freely adjusted. Therefore, the glasses 300A can display an image while realizing focus control that matches the characteristics of the user's eyes. As a result, for example, the glasses 300A are more suitable as a tool for realizing augmented reality (AR).
- AR augmented reality
- the glasses 300A are also suitable as a tool for realizing virtual reality (VR). Although one image output unit 75 and one display 76 are provided, a pair of image output units 75 and a pair of displays 76 may be provided.
- VR virtual reality
- the straight line includes not only a strict straight line but also a substantially straight line.
- the annular shape includes a substantially annular shape as well as a strict annular shape. Moreover, the annular shape includes a partially broken annular shape in addition to an unbroken annular shape.
- the concentric shape includes a substantially concentric shape as well as a strict concentric shape.
- the planar shape includes a substantially planar shape in addition to a strict planar shape.
- the serrated shape includes a substantially serrated shape in addition to a strict serrated shape.
- the ring includes a substantially ring as well as a strict ring.
- the band shape includes a substantially band shape in addition to a strict band shape.
- the curved shape includes a substantially curved shape in addition to a strict curved shape.
- the present invention provides a liquid crystal element, a deflection element, and glasses, and has industrial applicability.
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Abstract
Description
一方、電極に印加する電圧の好適周波数及び高抵抗層の好適電気抵抗率は、電極間隔に依存して変化する。
また、本発明の目的は、フレネルレンズに好適な電位勾配を形成できる液晶素子、偏向素子、及び眼鏡を提供することにある。
図1~図3を参照して、本発明の実施形態1に係る液晶素子100について説明する。液晶素子100は、光を屈折させて出射する。従って、例えば、液晶素子100は、光を偏向させて出射する偏向素子、又は光を収束若しくは発散させるレンズとして使用できる。
図1(a)及び図1(b)に示すように、液晶素子100は、2つの単位電極10と、絶縁層21と、第1境界層51と、第2境界層52と、2つの高抵抗層22(2つの抵抗層)と、液晶層23と、第3電極3とを備える。単位電極10の各々は、第1電極1と第2電極2とを含む。
勾配角α1は、第2電圧V2の最大振幅V2mと第1電圧V1の最大振幅V1mとの差(V2m-V1m)を変更することによって変更可能である。また、電位勾配G1の形状は、周波数f1及び周波数f2と、高抵抗層22の電気抵抗率とに基づいて定められる。実施形態1では、電位勾配G1の形状が直線状になるように、周波数f1及び周波数f2並びに高抵抗層22の電気抵抗率が定められる。
β1=arc tan((n1-n2)tq/W1) …(1)
本発明の実施形態1の変形例に係る液晶素子100は、1つの単位電極10を備える。従って、本変形例では、第1境界層51及び第2境界層52を設けていない。本変形例に係る液晶素子100のその他の構成は、実施形態1の液晶素子100の構成と同様である。
図4~図8を参照して、本発明の実施形態2に係る液晶素子100について説明する。実施形態2では、実施形態1に係る液晶素子100を応用して、液晶素子100をフレネルレンズとして機能させる。実施形態2に係る液晶素子100は、光を屈折させて出射する点で、実施形態1に係る液晶素子100と同様である。以下、実施形態2が実施形態1と異なる点を主に説明する。
これに対して、実施形態2では、実施形態1と同様に、高抵抗層22が、第2電極2の内縁部から第3電極3に向かう電気力線を、方向D2に向かって分散させる。その結果、電気力線が、方向D2に向かって広がる。さらに、コア電極の半径が、センター電極の幅以下であり、第1電極の幅以下であり、第2電極の幅以下である場合と比較して、実施形態2では、電気力線が、方向D2に向かって更に広がる。なぜなら、実施形態2では、コア電極70の半径Raが、センター電極rcの幅Kc、第1電極1の幅K1、又は第2電極2の幅K2よりも大きいからである。電気力線が、方向D2に向かって更に広がると、中央電位勾配GFcが、上に凸の二次曲線に近づく。つまり、凹型フレネルレンズに好適な中央電位勾配GFcを形成できる。
本発明の実施形態2の第1変形例では、コア電極70の半径Raは、センター電極rcの半径Rcの5分の1より小さい。また、第1変形例では、コア電極70の半径Raは、センター電極rcの幅Kc以下であり、第1電極1の幅K1以下であり、第2電極2の幅K2以下であってもよい。第1変形例では、絶縁層21の厚みtsが高抵抗層22の厚みthよりも小さい。従って、実施形態2と同様に、好適周波数及び好適電気抵抗率が単位電極rnの幅dnに依存して変化することを抑制できる。
本発明の実施形態2の第2変形例では、絶縁層21の厚みtsが高抵抗層22の厚みth以上である。第2変形例では、コア電極70の半径Raは、センター電極rcの幅Kc、第1電極1の幅K1、又は第2電極2の幅K2よりも大きい。従って、凹型フレネルレンズに好適な中央電位勾配GFcを形成できる。
図5、図6及び図9を参照して、本発明の実施形態3に係る液晶素子100について説明する。実施形態3に係る液晶素子100は、図6に示す絶縁層21を備えていない点で、図6に示す実施形態2に係る液晶素子100と異なる。ただし、コア電極70とセンター電極rcとの間と、第1電極1と第2電極2との間とには、絶縁層21を備える。以下、実施形態3が実施形態2と異なる点を主に説明する。
図9及び図11を参照して、本発明の実施形態4に係る液晶素子100について説明する。実施形態4では、高抵抗層22の配置が、図9に示す実施形態3と異なる。以下、実施形態4が実施形態3と異なる点を主に説明する。
図1及び図12を参照して、本発明の実施形態5に係る偏向素子250について説明する。実施形態5に係る偏向素子250は、図1を参照して説明した実施形態1に係る液晶素子100を2つ使用して、光を偏向させる。以下、実施形態5が実施形態1と異なる点を主に説明する。
図4及び図13を参照して、本発明の実施形態6に係る眼鏡装置280について説明する。実施形態6に係る眼鏡装置280では、眼鏡300のレンズとして、図4を参照して説明した実施形態2に係る液晶素子100を2つ使用する。つまり、液晶素子100は、眼鏡300のレンズとして光を屈折させて出射する。
図14~図17を参照して、本発明の実施例1~実施例3に係る液晶素子100及び第1比較例に係る液晶素子について説明する。
実施例1では、絶縁層21の厚みtsは、50nmであった。従って、ts=(1/5)thであった。
実施例2では、絶縁層21の厚みtsは、10nmであった。従って、ts=(1/25)thであった。
実施例3では、絶縁層21の厚みtsは、0nmであった。
図18~図20を参照して、本発明の実施例4及び実施例5に係る液晶素子100及び第2比較例に係る液晶素子について説明する。
実施例4では、絶縁層21の厚みtsは、50nmであった。従って、ts=(1/5)thであった。
実施例5では、絶縁層21の厚みtsは、20nmであった。従って、ts=(2/25)thであった。
図21を参照して、本発明の実施例6及び実施例7に係る液晶素子及び第3比較例に係る液晶素子について説明する。
実施例6では、コア電極70の半径Raは、200μmであった。コア電極70の半径Raは、センター電極rcの幅Kcよりも大きかった。換言すれば、コア電極70の半径Raは、センター電極rcの半径Rcの5分の1であった(Ra=(1/5)Rc)。
実施例7では、コア電極70の半径Raは、300μmであった。コア電極70の半径Raは、センター電極rcの幅Kcよりも大きかった。換言すれば、コア電極70の半径Raは、センター電極rcの半径Rcの10分の3であった(Ra=(3/10)Rc)。
図22及び図23を参照して、本発明の実施例8~実施例10に係る液晶素子100及び第4比較例に係る液晶素子について説明する。
実施例8では、コア電極70の半径Raは、200μmであった。コア電極70の半径Raは、センター電極rcの幅Kcよりも大きかった。換言すれば、コア電極70の半径Raは、センター電極rcの半径Rcの5分の1であった(Ra=(1/5)Rc)。
実施例9では、コア電極70の半径Raは、300μmであった。コア電極70の半径Raは、センター電極rcの幅Kcよりも大きかった。換言すれば、コア電極70の半径Raは、センター電極rcの半径Rcの10分の3であった(Ra=(3/10)Rc)。
実施例10では、コア電極70の半径Raは、500μmであった。コア電極70の半径Raは、センター電極rcの幅Kcよりも大きかった。換言すれば、コア電極70の半径Raは、センター電極rcの半径Rcの2分の1であった(Ra=(1/2)Rc)。
2 第2電極
3 第3電極
10 単位電極
21 絶縁層
22 高抵抗層(抵抗層)
23 液晶層
40 コントローラー
70 コア電極
100 液晶素子
100A 液晶素子
100B 液晶素子
250 偏向素子
300 眼鏡
300A 眼鏡
303 テンプル(テンプル部材)
rc センター電極
r1~r4(rn) 単位電極
Claims (11)
- 光を屈折させて出射する液晶素子であって、
第1電極と、第2電極と、電気絶縁体である絶縁層と、抵抗層と、液晶を含む液晶層と、第3電極とを備え、
前記絶縁層は、前記第1電極及び前記第2電極と前記抵抗層との間に配置され、前記第1電極及び前記第2電極と前記抵抗層とを絶縁し、
前記抵抗層の電気抵抗率は、前記第1電極の電気抵抗率より大きく、前記絶縁層の電気抵抗率より小さく、
前記抵抗層と前記液晶層とは、前記絶縁層と前記第3電極との間に配置され、
前記抵抗層は、前記絶縁層と前記液晶層との間に配置され、
前記絶縁層の厚みは、前記抵抗層の厚みよりも小さい、液晶素子。 - 前記絶縁層の厚みは、前記抵抗層の厚みの5分の1以下である、請求項1に記載の液晶素子。
- 前記第1電極と前記第2電極とは、単位電極を構成し、
前記単位電極は、複数設けられ、
前記複数の単位電極に含まれる少なくとも2つの単位電極のうち、一方の単位電極の幅は、他方の単位電極の幅と異なり、
前記単位電極の前記幅は、前記第1電極と前記第2電極との間隔を示す、請求項1又は請求項2に記載の液晶素子。 - 光を屈折させて出射する液晶素子であって、
各々が第1電極及び第2電極を含む複数の単位電極と、抵抗層と、液晶を含む液晶層と、第3電極とを備え、
前記抵抗層の電気抵抗率は、前記第1電極の電気抵抗率より大きく、絶縁体の電気抵抗率より小さく、
前記液晶層は、前記単位電極と前記第3電極との間に配置され、
前記抵抗層が前記液晶層と前記単位電極との間に配置されるか、又は前記単位電極が前記抵抗層と前記液晶層との間に配置され、
前記単位電極は、絶縁体を介することなく前記抵抗層に対向し、
前記液晶層から出射する光のうち回折する光よりも屈折する光の割合が大きくなるように、前記単位電極の幅が定められ、
前記単位電極の幅は、前記第1電極と前記第2電極との間隔を示す、液晶素子。 - 円環状形状を有するセンター電極をさらに備え、
前記センター電極及び前記複数の単位電極は、前記センター電極を中心とした同心円状に配置されている、請求項4に記載の液晶素子。 - 光を屈折させて出射する液晶素子であって、
コア電極と、
前記コア電極を囲むセンター電極と、
第1電極及び第2電極を含み、前記センター電極を囲む単位電極と、
電気絶縁体である絶縁層と、
抵抗層と、
液晶を含む液晶層と、
第3電極と
を備え、
前記絶縁層は、
前記コア電極及び前記センター電極と前記抵抗層との間に配置され、前記コア電極及び前記センター電極と前記抵抗層とを絶縁し、
前記第1電極及び前記第2電極と前記抵抗層との間に配置され、前記第1電極及び前記第2電極と前記抵抗層とを絶縁し、
前記抵抗層の電気抵抗率は、前記コア電極の電気抵抗率より大きく、前記絶縁層の電気抵抗率より小さく、
前記抵抗層と前記液晶層とは、前記絶縁層と前記第3電極との間に配置され、
前記抵抗層は、前記絶縁層と前記液晶層との間に配置され、
前記コア電極の重心から外縁までの距離は、前記センター電極の幅、前記第1電極の幅、又は前記第2電極の幅よりも大きい、液晶素子。 - 前記コア電極は、円板状形状を有し、
前記センター電極は、円環状形状を有し、
前記コア電極の半径は、前記センター電極の半径の5分の1以上である、請求項6に記載の液晶素子。 - 前記第1電極には、第1電圧が印加され、
前記第2電極には、第2電圧が印加され、
前記コア電極には、コア電圧が印加され、
前記センター電極には、センター電圧が印加され、
前記コア電圧の周波数は、前記第1電圧の周波数及び前記第2電圧の周波数と相違し、
前記センター電圧の周波数は、前記第1電圧の前記周波数及び前記第2電圧の前記周波数と相違する、請求項6又は請求項7に記載の液晶素子。 - 前記第1電極と前記第2電極とは単位電極を構成し、
前記単位電極において、前記第1電極と前記第2電極との間隔は、前記第1電極の幅よりも大きく、前記第2電極の幅よりも大きい、請求項1から請求項8のいずれか1項に記載の液晶素子。 - 光を偏向させて出射する偏向素子であって、
請求項1から請求項9のいずれか1項に記載の液晶素子を2つ備え、
前記2つの液晶素子のうち一方の液晶素子において、前記第1電極と前記第2電極との各々は、第1方向に沿って延びており、
前記2つの液晶素子のうち他方の液晶素子において、前記第1電極と前記第2電極との各々は、第1方向に直交する第2方向に沿って延びており、
前記一方の液晶素子と前記他方の液晶素子とは、重なるように配置されている、偏向素子。 - 請求項1から請求項9のいずれか1項に記載の液晶素子と、
前記第1電極に印加する第1電圧及び前記第2電極に印加する第2電圧を制御するコントローラーと、
一対のテンプル部材と
を備え、
前記液晶素子は、前記光を屈折させて出射する、眼鏡。
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