WO2017217380A1 - 糖化反応液、糖化酵素組成物、糖の製造方法及びエタノールの製造方法 - Google Patents
糖化反応液、糖化酵素組成物、糖の製造方法及びエタノールの製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2017217380A1 WO2017217380A1 PCT/JP2017/021689 JP2017021689W WO2017217380A1 WO 2017217380 A1 WO2017217380 A1 WO 2017217380A1 JP 2017021689 W JP2017021689 W JP 2017021689W WO 2017217380 A1 WO2017217380 A1 WO 2017217380A1
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- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
- C12P19/14—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals produced by the action of a carbohydrase (EC 3.2.x), e.g. by alpha-amylase, e.g. by cellulase, hemicellulase
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- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
- C12N9/24—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2)
- C12N9/2402—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2) hydrolysing O- and S- glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
- C12N9/2405—Glucanases
- C12N9/2434—Glucanases acting on beta-1,4-glucosidic bonds
- C12N9/2437—Cellulases (3.2.1.4; 3.2.1.74; 3.2.1.91; 3.2.1.150)
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- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
- C12P19/02—Monosaccharides
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- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/02—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group
- C12P7/04—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group acyclic
- C12P7/06—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage
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- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/02—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group
- C12P7/04—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group acyclic
- C12P7/06—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage
- C12P7/08—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage produced as by-product or from waste or cellulosic material substrate
- C12P7/10—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage produced as by-product or from waste or cellulosic material substrate substrate containing cellulosic material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C13—SUGAR INDUSTRY
- C13K—SACCHARIDES OBTAINED FROM NATURAL SOURCES OR BY HYDROLYSIS OF NATURALLY OCCURRING DISACCHARIDES, OLIGOSACCHARIDES OR POLYSACCHARIDES
- C13K1/00—Glucose; Glucose-containing syrups
- C13K1/02—Glucose; Glucose-containing syrups obtained by saccharification of cellulosic materials
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P2201/00—Pretreatment of cellulosic or lignocellulosic material for subsequent enzymatic treatment or hydrolysis
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a saccharification reaction solution, a saccharifying enzyme composition, a method for producing sugar, and a method for producing ethanol.
- Such a method includes a hydrothermal treatment step of treating a raw material with pressurized hot water, a mechanical pulverization treatment step of mechanically pulverizing the hydrothermal treated product, and a saccharification treatment step of saccharifying the mechanically pulverized product with an enzyme. including.
- a method has a problem that the reaction rate when saccharifying with an enzyme is slow, and the concentration of the resulting saccharified solution is not sufficient.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and provides a saccharification reaction solution, a saccharification enzyme composition, a saccharide production method, and an ethanol production method capable of improving the saccharification reaction efficiency by an enzyme in a simple process.
- the purpose is to provide.
- a first aspect of the present invention that achieves the above object is a saccharification reaction solution for saccharifying at least one of cellulose and hemicellulose, wherein at least one of the cellulose and hemicellulose, a saccharifying enzyme, silica, or a silica-containing substance,
- the saccharification reaction solution contains at least one compound (A) selected from the group consisting of a compound represented by the following general formula (1) or (2) and a salt thereof.
- R 1 to R 5 in the general formulas (1) and (2) represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and a part of the hydrogen atoms in the alkyl group are allyl group, hydroxyl group It may be substituted with a group, ester group, amino group, carboxyl group, cyano group, nitro group, sulfo group, phosphono group or halogen atom.
- the second aspect of the present invention that achieves the above object is the saccharification reaction solution according to the first aspect, wherein the silica-containing substance is diatomaceous earth or silica sand.
- the mass ratio of the silica or the compound (A) in the silica or the silica-containing substance (compound (A) / silica) is 0.00001 or more, 0.0.
- the saccharification reaction solution according to the first aspect or the second aspect is characterized by being 1 or less.
- the compound (A) is thiourea, N-methylthiourea, 1,3-dimethylthiourea, trimethylthiourea, tetramethylthiourea, 1-allyl-3- (3-hydroxyethyl) -2-thiourea, ethylenethiourea, guanylthiourea, S-methylisothiourea, S-ethylisothiourea, S- [2- (dimethylamino) ethyl] isothiourea, S-benzylisothiourea, and
- the saccharification reaction solution according to any one of the first to third aspects is characterized by containing at least one selected from the group consisting of S- (2-aminoethyl) isothiourea.
- a fifth aspect of the present invention that achieves the above object is a saccharifying enzyme composition that saccharifies at least one of cellulose and hemicellulose, wherein the saccharifying enzyme, silica or a silica-containing substance, and the following general formula (1) or ( 2) containing at least one compound (A) selected from the group consisting of the compound represented by 2) and a salt thereof, and the mass ratio of the silica and the compound (A) in the silica or the silica-containing substance (compound) (A) / Silica) is 0.00001 or more and 0.1 or less.
- R 1 to R 5 in the general formulas (1) and (2) represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and a part of the hydrogen atoms in the alkyl group are allyl group, hydroxyl group It may be substituted with a group, ester group, amino group, carboxyl group, cyano group, nitro group, sulfo group, phosphono group or halogen atom.
- the sixth aspect of the present invention that achieves the above object is the saccharifying enzyme composition according to the fifth aspect, wherein the silica-containing substance is diatomaceous earth or silica sand.
- the compound (A) is thiourea, N-methylthiourea, 1,3-dimethylthiourea, trimethylthiourea, tetramethylthiourea, 1-allyl-3- (3-hydroxyethyl) -2-thiourea, ethylenethiourea, guanylthiourea, S-methylisothiourea, S-ethylisothiourea, S- [2- (dimethylamino) ethyl] isothiourea, S-benzylisothiourea, and
- the saccharifying enzyme composition according to the fifth aspect or the sixth aspect is characterized in that it contains at least one selected from the group consisting of S- (2-aminoethyl) isothiourea.
- An eighth aspect of the present invention that achieves the above object is a method for producing sugar by using a saccharification reaction solution for saccharifying at least one of cellulose and hemicellulose, wherein the sugar and the hemicellulose are combined with each other.
- a saccharification reaction comprising a saccharifying enzyme, silica or a silica-containing substance, and at least one compound (A) selected from the group consisting of a compound represented by the following general formula (1) or (2) and a salt thereof:
- a sugar production method is characterized in that a sugar is produced using a liquid.
- R 1 to R 5 in the general formulas (1) and (2) represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and a part of the hydrogen atoms in the alkyl group are allyl group, hydroxyl group It may be substituted with a group, ester group, amino group, carboxyl group, cyano group, nitro group, sulfo group, phosphono group or halogen atom.
- a ninth aspect of the present invention that achieves the above object is the method for producing sugar according to the eighth aspect, wherein the silica-containing substance is diatomaceous earth or silica sand.
- the mass ratio of the silica or the compound (A) in the silica or the silica-containing material (compound (A) / silica) is 0.00001 or more, 0.0.
- the sugar production method according to the eighth aspect or the ninth aspect is characterized by being 1 or less.
- the compound (A) is thiourea, N-methylthiourea, 1,3-dimethylthiourea, trimethylthiourea, tetramethylthiourea, 1-allyl-3- (3-hydroxyethyl) -2-thiourea, ethylenethiourea, guanylthiourea, S-methylisothiourea, S-ethylisothiourea, S- [2- (dimethylamino) ethyl] isothiourea, S-benzylisothiourea, and
- the twelfth aspect of the present invention that achieves the above object is to produce ethanol by performing ethanol fermentation with a fermenting microorganism using the sugar obtained by the production method of any of the eighth to eleventh aspects. This is a method for producing ethanol.
- the thirteenth aspect of the present invention that achieves the above object is the production of ethanol according to the twelfth aspect, wherein a fermentation microorganism is added to the step of producing sugar, and the production of sugar and ethanol fermentation are simultaneously performed. Is in the way.
- a fourteenth aspect of the present invention for achieving the above object is the ethanol production method according to the twelfth aspect or the thirteenth aspect, wherein the fermenting microorganism is yeast, mold or bacteria.
- the fifteenth aspect of the present invention that achieves the above object is characterized in that the fermenting microorganism is selected from the genus Saccharomyces, Zymomonas, Pichia, Candida, Zymobacter,
- the microorganism belongs to the genus Corynebacterium, the genus Kluyveromyces, or the genus Escherichia.
- a sixteenth aspect of the present invention that achieves the above object is the ethanol production method according to any one of the twelfth to fifteenth aspects, wherein ethanol fermentation is performed at 15 ° C. or higher and 35 ° C. or lower. .
- a saccharification reaction solution a saccharification enzyme composition, a saccharide production method and an ethanol production method capable of improving the saccharification reaction efficiency by an enzyme in a simple process.
- 6 is a graph showing measurement results of the effect of improving the efficiency of saccharification reaction by adding thiourea in Examples 4, 7, and 8 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3, 7, and 10 to 14.
- 6 is a graph showing measurement results of the effect of improving saccharification reaction efficiency by thiourea concentration in Examples 1 to 6 and Comparative Examples 1, 4 to 9, and 12.
- 6 is a graph showing the measurement results of the effect of improving the saccharification reaction efficiency by the addition of the thiourea derivative or the isothiourea derivative of Examples 9 to 18 and Comparative Examples 1 and 12. It is the graph which showed the measurement result of the improvement effect of saccharification reaction efficiency by addition of the thiourea of Example 19 and Comparative Examples 1, 7, and 15.
- 6 is a graph showing measurement results of the effect of improving ethanol fermentation efficiency by thiourea concentration in Examples 20 and 21 and Comparative Examples 16 to 19.
- At least one of cellulose and hemicellulose is used as a raw material for producing a sugar such as glucose.
- Such cellulose or hemicellulose is contained, for example, in cellulosic biomass such as agricultural, forestry and fishery resources such as broad-leaved trees and conifers, or waste of the agricultural, forestry and fishery resources. More specifically, bagasse, rice straw, corn stover, oil palm empty fruit bunch, wood fiber, wood chip, veneer waste, wood flour, pulp, waste paper, cotton, sea squirt, acetic acid bacteria and the like can be mentioned. These raw materials are not particularly limited as long as they are derived from cellulosic biomass, and one kind may be used alone or two or more kinds may be mixed and used.
- cellulose or hemicellulose contained in eucalyptus wood flour (broadleaf tree), cedar wood flour (coniferous tree), bagasse, rice straw, corn stover, oil palm empty fruit bunch, cotton and the like is preferable. In these cases, the reason is not clear, but it is easy to defibrate and sugar can be obtained in a relatively high yield.
- cellulose refers to a polymer in which glucose is polymerized by ⁇ -1,4 glucoside bonds.
- Hemicellulose is a polymer in which glucose, xylose, mannose, galactose and the like are polymerized by a glucoside bond, and refers to a water-insoluble polysaccharide other than cellulose.
- cellulose may contain cellooligosaccharides, cellobiose and the like, which are partially decomposed products, and may be crystalline or non-crystalline. Further, it may be a carboxymethylated, aldehyded or esterified derivative.
- cellulose or hemicellulose is not particularly limited as long as it is derived from biomass, and may be derived from plants, fungi, bacteria, or the like.
- Such cellulase means an enzyme that decomposes cellulose or hemicellulose into a sugar such as glucose.
- the microorganism that produces such a saccharifying enzyme is not particularly limited.
- Genus, irpex, phanerochaet, penicillium, schizophyllum, sporotrichum, tramet derma tramet examples include bacteria.
- bacteria such as Clostridium, Pseudomonas, Cellulomonas, Ruminococcus, Bacillus, and the like;
- Sulfolobus Examples include actinomycetes such as bacteria, Streptomyces, Thermoactinomyces, Thermomonospora, and the like.
- These saccharifying enzymes may be artificially modified.
- these saccharifying enzymes may be used individually by 1 type, or may mix and use 2 or more types.
- saccharifying enzymes derived from the genus Aspergillus and saccharifying enzymes derived from the genus Trichoderma are particularly preferable. This is because these saccharifying enzymes are highly active against crystalline cellulose.
- the cellulase may be a series of enzymes.
- Such enzyme groups include endoglucanase (EC 3.2.1.74), cellobiohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.91), ⁇ -glucosidase (EC 23.2.4.1, EC 3.2). 1.21) and the like.
- the cellulases described above are generally those having optimal enzyme activity in the range of pH 3 to pH 6, but are called alkaline cellulases having optimal enzyme activity in the range of pH 6 to pH 10. May be.
- many of the above cellulases have optimal enzyme activity in the reaction temperature range of 25 ° C. or higher and 50 ° C. or lower, but have optimal enzyme activity in the range of 70 ° C. or higher and 100 ° C. or lower. What is called thermostable cellulase may be used.
- silica, diatomaceous earth, or silica sand can be used as the silica or silica-containing substance.
- Silica-containing materials, diatomaceous earth and silica sand are natural products mainly composed of silica.
- Silica is a general term for compounds containing at least silicon dioxide, and generally a silanol group is present on a part of the surface.
- This silica may have a spherical or non-spherical particle shape, and may have a solid or porous particle structure, and may be amorphous or crystalline, and may be in the form of powder, suspension, or dispersion.
- silica surface may be modified with another functional group other than the silanol group.
- a silica layer may be present by reacting the surface of a compound other than silica with a silane coupling agent, silicon alkoxide, or silicate ions.
- a silane coupling agent silicon alkoxide, or silicate ions.
- application of colloidal silica, diatomaceous earth, and silica sand is particularly preferable.
- colloidal silica has an average primary particle size of 1 nm or more and 400 nm or less, preferably 5 nm or more and 350 nm or less, and is used by being present in a saccharification reaction solution.
- Colloidal silica is used as a dispersion liquid dispersed in a dispersion medium such as water, methanol, ethanol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, and ethylene glycol.
- the dispersion liquid is called a colloidal liquid, a sol, or the like.
- a dispersion medium may be selected as long as the enzyme activity is not inhibited, but application of a dispersion medium such as water or ethanol is preferred.
- colloidal silica As a method for producing colloidal silica, there are a water glass method using water glass as a raw material, an alkoxide method using metal alkoxide as a raw material, and a gas phase method using a silicon chloride compound as a raw material. Although colloidal silica obtained by any manufacturing method may be used, application of colloidal silica obtained by the water glass method is preferred.
- R 1 to R 5 in the formula represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- a part of the hydrogen atoms may be substituted with an allyl group, a hydroxyl group, an ester group, an amino group, a carboxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a sulfo group, a phosphono group, or a halogen atom.
- the number of these substituents is preferably 1 to 4, more preferably 1 to 3.
- thiourea As at least one compound (A) selected from the group consisting of the compound represented by the above general formula (1) or (2) and a salt thereof, specifically, thiourea, thiourea derivatives and isothiourea derivatives are Can be mentioned.
- thiourea derivatives include N-methylthiourea, 1,3-dimethylthiourea, trimethylthiourea, tetramethylthiourea, 1,3-diethyl-2-thiourea, 1,3-diisopropylthiourea, 1-allyl-2.
- -Thiourea 1-allyl-3- (3-hydroxyethyl) -2-thiourea, 1-acetyl-2-thiourea, (2-methoxyethyl) thiourea, ethylenethiourea, guanylthiourea and the like.
- isothiourea derivatives include S-methylisothiourea, S-ethylisothiourea, S-benzylisothiourea, S- [2- (dimethylamino) ethyl] isothiourea, S- (2-aminoethyl) isothiourea, S- And [4-[(4-nitrobenzyl) oxy] phenethyl] isothiourea.
- the salt of the compound represented by the general formula (1) or (2) include a salt of S-methylisothiourea.
- the salt include hydrochloride, sulfate, hydrobromide, etc.
- S- (2-aminoethyl) isothiouronium bromide can be used. If necessary, one type may be used alone, or two or more types may be mixed and used. Among these, thiourea, N-methylthiourea, 1,3-dimethylthiourea, trimethylthiourea, tetramethylthiourea, 1-allyl-3- (3-hydroxyethyl) -2-thiourea, ethylenethiourea, guanylthio Urea, S-methylisothiourea, S-ethylisothiourea, and S- [2- (dimethylamino) ethyl] isothiourea are preferred, especially thiourea, N-methylthiourea, 1,3-dimethylthiourea, trimethylthiourea, Tetramethylthiourea, ethylenethiourea, guanylthiourea, S-methylisothiourea, S-ethyl
- the saccharification reaction solution of the present invention is a saccharification enzyme composition, a saccharification enzyme, silica or a silica-containing substance and a compound represented by the above general formula (1) or (2), using at least one of cellulose and hemicellulose as a raw material. It contains at least one compound (A) selected from the group consisting of the salts. Although details will be described later, it is preferable to use silica or a silica-containing substance and the compound (A) in the saccharification reaction solution from the viewpoint of enjoying the effect of improving the saccharification reaction efficiency (also simply referred to as reaction efficiency).
- the concentration of the saccharifying enzyme is 0.001% by mass or more and 3.0% by mass or less, preferably in terms of the protein concentration of BSA (Bovine serum albumin). It is 0.001 mass% or more and 1.0 mass% or less. If the concentration of the saccharifying enzyme is lower than this range, the reaction efficiency decreases, which is not preferable. On the other hand, if the saccharifying enzyme concentration is higher than this range, not only does the saccharifying enzyme hardly dissolve in the solution, but it is economically unsuitable.
- BSA Bovine serum albumin
- the concentration of silica in the silica or the silica-containing substance is 0.001% by mass or more and 40% by mass or less, preferably 0.005% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less. If the concentration of silica or silica in the silica-containing material is lower than this range, the reaction efficiency is unfavorably lowered. On the other hand, if it is higher than this range, not only the dispersibility is deteriorated, but also economically unsuitable.
- the mass ratio of saccharification enzyme to silica or silica in the silica-containing substance is 0.0002 or more and 300 or less, preferably 0.002 or more and 30 or less. . When the mass ratio of both is out of this range, the improvement in reaction efficiency is not significant.
- the concentration of the compound (A) is 0.00001% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less, preferably 0.0001% by mass or more and 1% by mass or less.
- concentration of the compound (A) is lower than this range, the reaction efficiency is lowered, which is not preferable.
- concentration is higher than this range, not only the dispersibility is deteriorated but also economically unsuitable.
- the mass ratio of the silica or the silica-containing material to the compound (A) is 0.00001 or more and 0.1 or less, preferably 0.0001. Above, it is 0.01 or less. When the mass ratio of both is out of this range, the improvement in reaction efficiency is not significant.
- the pH of the saccharification reaction solution is 3 or more and 11 or less, preferably 3 or more and 6 or less.
- the pH of the saccharification reaction solution is 3 or more and 11 or less, preferably 3 or more and 6 or less.
- silica or silica-containing material is aggregated and the reaction efficiency of the saccharifying enzyme is lowered.
- the pH is higher than 11, silica or the silica-containing material is easily dissolved.
- pH adjuster of a saccharification reaction solution mineral acids such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and nitric acid; carboxylic acids such as acetic acid and oxalic acid; hydroxy acids such as citric acid, tartaric acid and malic acid; hydroxide salts such as sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide; Ammonia, urea, etc. are mentioned. If it is a range which does not inhibit the effect of this invention, there will be no restriction
- the saccharification reaction solution of the present invention preferably has a reaction temperature of 5 ° C. or higher and 100 ° C. or lower, particularly 20 ° C. or higher and 55 ° C. or lower. It is preferable to set the reaction temperature according to the optimum temperature of the saccharifying enzyme. In general, if the reaction temperature is lower than 5 ° C, the efficiency of the saccharification reaction is remarkably reduced, and if it is higher than 100 ° C, the saccharifying enzyme may be inactivated, such being undesirable.
- the raw material for saccharification reaction may be obtained by chemically destroying the structure of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose by physical pulverization with a cutter mill or the like, and acid or alkali treatment.
- silica or silica-containing substance and compound (A) may be added to the reaction solution in which the saccharifying enzyme is dispersed, and the silica or silica-containing substance and compound (A) are dispersed.
- a saccharifying enzyme may be added to the reaction solution.
- Silica or silica-containing substance and compound (A) may be added simultaneously or separately, and the order of addition is not limited as long as the saccharification reaction efficiency does not decrease.
- the compound (A) may be added in a powder state or in a solution state.
- other additives such as a pH adjuster, can be added in arbitrary orders.
- the saccharification reaction solution of the present invention is a saccharification enzyme composition, saccharification enzyme, silica or silica-containing substance, and general formula (1) or (2), using at least one of cellulose and hemicellulose as a raw material. It is obtained by containing at least one compound (A) selected from the group consisting of the compound represented by and a salt thereof.
- the mechanism is not clear in this saccharification reaction solution, saccharification of cellulose or hemicellulose can be further promoted by using silica or a silica-containing substance and compound (A) in combination.
- the saccharification reaction solution of the present invention is excellent in cost because the amount of saccharifying enzyme used can be reduced by the combined use of silica or a silica-containing substance and the compound (A).
- ethanol by subjecting the sugar obtained in the present invention to ethanol fermentation by a fermentation microorganism that performs ethanol fermentation.
- a fermentation microorganism that performs ethanol fermentation may be added, and ethanol fermentation may be performed to obtain ethanol, or a fermentation microorganism that performs ethanol fermentation may be added to the step of obtaining sugar using the saccharification reaction solution.
- ethanol may be obtained by simultaneously performing sugar production and ethanol fermentation.
- Examples of the fermenting microorganism of the present invention include yeast, mold and bacteria. Among these, yeast or bacteria is particularly preferable. Moreover, these fermentation microorganisms may be used individually by 1 type, or may be used in mixture of 2 or more types. Examples of fermenting microorganisms used include, for example, the genus Saccharomyces, the genus Zymomonas, the genus Pichia, the genus Candida, the genus Zymobacter, the genus Corynebacterium, Examples include microorganisms belonging to the genus Kiesyveromyces, the genus Escherichia, and the like.
- the preferable fermentation temperature when performing ethanol fermentation is 15 ° C. or more and 35 ° C. or less, and more preferably 28 ° C. or more and 32 ° C. or less.
- the preferable fermentation temperature when performing ethanol fermentation is 15 ° C. or more and 35 ° C. or less, and more preferably 28 ° C. or more and 32 ° C. or less.
- the fermentation temperature is lower than 15 ° C, the activity of the fermentation microorganisms becomes inactive, and thus the efficiency of ethanol fermentation is remarkably reduced.
- it is higher than 35 ° C the fermentation microorganisms may die, which is not preferable.
- a sugar such as glucose is used as a carbon source for cell growth, and a nitrogen source and other nutrients are also used.
- the sugar (glucose) obtained by the saccharification reaction as described above becomes the carbon source.
- the nitrogen source include urea, ammonia, amino acids, and the like, and examples of other nutrients include vitamins, minerals, and the like, which are added as necessary.
- urea was used as a nitrogen source.
- the method for producing ethanol by a fermentation microorganism that performs ethanol fermentation of the present invention uses a combination of silica or a silica-containing substance and compound (A) to efficiently produce sugar by a saccharifying enzyme even at a preferable fermentation temperature when ethanol fermentation is performed. Therefore, ethanol fermentation using the resulting sugar can also be performed efficiently.
- the reaction temperature for obtaining sugar is higher than the fermentation temperature for obtaining ethanol, it is necessary to cool the reaction solution before the ethanol fermentation step, resulting in waste of energy. According to the method of the present invention, Since the reaction temperature for obtaining sugar and the fermentation temperature for obtaining ethanol can be set within the same temperature range, energy waste can be avoided, which is efficient.
- a cellulase aqueous solution was prepared by the following procedure. A predetermined amount of mixed cellulase powder was added to deionized water and dissolved while rotating at room temperature for 30 minutes with a rotor at room temperature to obtain a cellulase aqueous solution.
- Cellulases that are saccharifying enzymes include cellulases (manufactured by Sigma Aldrich) and Aspergillus niger (manufactured by Trichoderma reesei; T. reesei) having optimal enzyme activity in the range of pH 3 or more and pH 6 or less.
- saccharifying enzyme aqueous solution A saccharifying enzyme aqueous solution was prepared by the following procedure. In deionized water, add 1M acetate buffer (pH 5.0) and the above-mentioned cellulase aqueous solution so that the final pH is 0.05M, and mix at room temperature with a rotor at 100rpm for 30 minutes. Thus, saccharifying enzyme aqueous solutions having saccharifying enzyme concentrations (cellulase concentration in this example) shown in Table 1 below were obtained. These aqueous saccharifying enzyme solutions were designated as Comparative Sample 1 to Comparative Sample 3. The saccharifying enzyme concentration of each comparative sample was calculated using the Bradford method (CBB method) and converted to the protein concentration of BSA (trade name: protein standard substance, manufactured by Sigma Aldrich). The specific procedure for calculating the saccharifying enzyme concentration is as follows.
- a saccharifying enzyme composition was prepared by the following procedure. In deionized water, 1M acetate buffer (pH 5.0) is finally adjusted to 0.05M as pH adjustment, and solid, spherical colloidal silica (average primary particle diameter: manufactured by water glass method as silica) 35 nm), an acidic silica sol (pH 2.1, silica concentration 40% by mass) dispersed in water, thiourea as the compound (A), and the above-mentioned cellulase aqueous solution are added, and the mixture is rotated at 100 rpm with a rotor at room temperature for 30 minutes.
- the saccharifying enzyme compositions shown in Table 2 below (cellulase concentration in this example), silica concentration and compound (A) concentration were obtained. These saccharifying enzyme compositions were designated as Sample 1 to Sample 8.
- saccharifying enzyme concentrations shown in Table 2 below are the same as those in Samples 1 to 8, except that a thiourea derivative or an isothiourea derivative is used as the compound (A) instead of thiourea. Then, saccharifying enzyme compositions having cellulase concentration), silica concentration and compound (A) concentration were obtained. These saccharifying enzyme compositions were designated as Sample 9 to Sample 18.
- silica-containing saccharifying enzyme aqueous solution A silica-containing saccharifying enzyme aqueous solution was prepared by the following procedure. In deionized water, 1M acetate buffer (pH 5.0) is finally adjusted to 0.05M as pH adjustment, and solid, spherical colloidal silica (average primary particle size particle) produced by the water glass method as silica. Acidic silica sol (diameter: 35 nm) dispersed in water (pH 2.1, silica concentration 40% by mass) and the above-mentioned cellulase aqueous solution were added, mixed at room temperature while rotating with a rotor at 100 rpm for 30 minutes.
- a saccharifying enzyme aqueous solution having a saccharifying enzyme concentration (cellulase concentration in this example) and a silica concentration shown in Table 4 was obtained. These silica-containing saccharifying enzyme aqueous solutions were used as Comparative Sample 12 to Comparative Sample 14.
- microcrystalline cellulose powder (crystal type: I type, trade name: Avicel PH-101, manufactured by Sigma Aldrich) was 0 with stirring with a 10 mm stirrer at 4 mm ⁇ . After adding .05 g (equivalent to 5 mg / mL), the cap was sealed.
- Example 1 For the saccharification reaction solution obtained from the saccharification enzyme composition of Sample 1 (hereinafter referred to as the saccharification reaction solution of Example 1) using the enzyme method (GOD method), the amount of glucose produced after 2 days of the above enzyme reaction is calculated. did.
- a 3.0 mL coloring reagent was added to a disposable cell having a cell length of 10 mm, and then 0.02 mL of the above filtrate was added and sealed. Next, this mixed solution was mixed evenly by repeating upside down. Then, it stood for 15 minutes at 24 degreeC, and the light absorbency of wavelength 505nm was measured using the spectrophotometer, and it was set as Es. Next, 3.0 mL of the coloring reagent is added to a disposable cell having a cell length of 10 mm, 0.02 mL of glucose standard solution II (500 mg / dL) is added, and the mixture is turned upside down and mixed uniformly.
- Example 2 to Example 18 In the same manner as in Example 1, for each saccharification reaction solution obtained from the saccharification enzyme compositions of Sample 2 to Sample 18 (hereinafter referred to as saccharification reaction solutions of Example 2 to Example 18), glucose after 2 days from the enzyme reaction The amount produced was calculated and the results are shown in Table 5 below.
- FIG. 1 is a graph showing the measurement results of the effect of improving the saccharification reaction efficiency by the addition of thiourea in Examples 4, 7, and 8 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3, 7, and 10 to 14.
- the saccharification reaction liquids of Comparative Examples 1 to 3 and the saccharification reaction liquids of Comparative Examples 12 to 14 were compared, the saccharification reaction liquids of Comparative Examples 12 to 14 in which silica was added to the cellulase aqueous solution were compared.
- the amount of glucose produced was increased, and the saccharification reaction efficiency was improved.
- the amount of glucose produced was increased, and the saccharification reaction efficiency was further improved.
- the saccharification reaction liquids of Comparative Examples 1 to 3 and the saccharification reaction liquids of Comparative Example 7, Comparative Example 10, and Comparative Example 11 are compared, the saccharification reaction efficiency is improved even when thiourea is added to the cellulase aqueous solution. I didn't. Therefore, in the saccharification reaction of cellulose, it was confirmed that the saccharification reaction efficiency was improved by using silica and thiourea in combination.
- Example 4 Example 7 and Example 8, a reduction of about 30% of the amount used can be expected, and the amount of cellulase used in the saccharification reaction is further reduced by about 10% than when silica is added to the cellulase aqueous solution. It is thought that you can.
- FIG. 2 is a graph showing the measurement results of the effect of improving the saccharification reaction efficiency by the thiourea concentration in Examples 1 and 6 and Comparative Examples 1, 4 to 9, and 12.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing the measurement results of the effect of improving the saccharification reaction efficiency by the addition of the thiourea derivative or isothiourea derivative of Examples 9 to 18 and Comparative Examples 1 and 12.
- a saccharifying enzyme composition was prepared by the following procedure. 1M acetic acid buffer (pH 5.0) so that the final pH is 0.05M in deionized water, and diatomaceous earth (silica # 600S, manufactured by Chuo Silica Co., Ltd., silica content: 90% by mass) The average secondary particle size: 30 ⁇ m), thiourea as the compound (A), and the above-mentioned cellulase aqueous solution were added, mixed at room temperature while rotating at 100 rpm for 30 minutes with a rotor, and saccharified as shown in Table 7 below. A saccharifying enzyme composition having an enzyme concentration (cellulase concentration in this example), diatomaceous earth concentration, and thiourea concentration was obtained. This saccharifying enzyme composition was used as Sample 19.
- a diatomaceous earth-containing saccharifying enzyme aqueous solution was prepared by the following procedure. 1M acetic acid buffer (pH 5.0) so that the final pH is 0.05M in deionized water, and diatomaceous earth (silica # 600S, manufactured by Chuo Silica Co., Ltd., silica content: 90% by mass) , Average particle size: 30 ⁇ m), and the above-mentioned cellulase aqueous solution was added, mixed at room temperature while rotating with a rotor at 100 rpm for 30 minutes, and the saccharifying enzyme concentration shown in Table 7 below (cellulase concentration in this example) A diatomaceous earth-containing saccharifying enzyme aqueous solution having a diatomaceous earth concentration was obtained. This diatomaceous earth-containing saccharifying enzyme aqueous solution was used as Comparative Sample 15.
- Example 19 (2-5. Calculation of glucose production)
- the saccharification reaction solution obtained from the saccharification enzyme composition of Sample 19 hereinafter referred to as the saccharification reaction solution of Example 19
- the amount of glucose produced after 2 days of the enzyme reaction was calculated. Is shown in Table 8 below.
- Comparative Example 15 In the same manner as in Example 1, for the saccharification reaction solution obtained from the saccharification enzyme composition of Comparative Sample 15 (hereinafter referred to as the saccharification reaction solution of Comparative Example 15), the amount of glucose produced after 2 days of the enzyme reaction was calculated, The results are shown in Table 8 below.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the measurement results of the effect of improving the efficiency of saccharification reaction by the addition of thiourea in Example 19 and Comparative Examples 1, 7, and 15.
- the saccharification reaction solution of Comparative Example 1 As shown in FIG. 4, the saccharification reaction solution of Comparative Example 1, the saccharification reaction solution of Comparative Example 7 in which thiourea is added to the cellulase aqueous solution, and the saccharification reaction of Comparative Example 15 in which diatomaceous earth is added as a silica-containing substance to the cellulase aqueous solution.
- the saccharification reaction solution of Example 19 in which diatomaceous earth and thiourea were added to the solution and the cellulase aqueous solution were compared the amount of glucose produced was increased in Example 19 in which diatomaceous earth and thiourea were added to the cellulase aqueous solution. Increased efficiency was seen. Therefore, in the saccharification reaction of cellulose, it was confirmed that saccharification reaction efficiency was improved by using diatomaceous earth as a silica-containing substance and further using thiourea in combination.
- yeast aqueous solution A yeast aqueous solution was prepared by the following procedure. 0.2 g of yeast powder was added to 40 g of deionized water previously adjusted to 35 ° C. and dissolved while stirring for 20 minutes using a magnetic stirrer while maintaining the temperature at 35 ° C. A yeast aqueous solution of yeast powder 0.2 g / deionized water 40 g) was obtained.
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) YP2 (manufactured by Sigma Aldrich) belonging to the genus Saccharomyces (Saccharomyces) was used.
- An ethanol fermentation aqueous solution was prepared by the following procedure. In deionized water, sulfuric acid is added to adjust the pH to about pH 5 as a final pH, urea is added to a final nitrogen source of 0.21 mg / mL, the cellulase aqueous solution and the yeast aqueous solution are added at room temperature. The mixture was mixed with a magnetic stirrer while rotating for 10 minutes to obtain an ethanol fermentation aqueous solution having a saccharifying enzyme concentration (cellulase concentration in this example) and a yeast concentration shown in Table 9 below. This ethanol fermentation aqueous solution was used as Comparative Sample 16.
- the ethanol enzyme composition was prepared by the following procedure. Solid and spherically produced in deionized water with sulfuric acid so that the final pH is around 5 as a pH adjustment, urea as a nitrogen source and finally 0.21 mg / mL, and a silica-containing material produced by the water glass method.
- Alkaline silica sol (pH 9.5, silica concentration 40% by mass) in which colloidal silica (average primary particle size: 85 nm) is dispersed in water, thiourea, the above-mentioned cellulase aqueous solution and the above-mentioned yeast aqueous solution are added as compound (A) Then, the mixture was mixed while rotating for 10 minutes with a magnetic stirrer at room temperature, and the ethanol fermentation composition of saccharifying enzyme concentration (cellulase concentration in this example), silica concentration, thiourea concentration, and yeast concentration shown in Table 9 below. Each thing was obtained. These ethanol fermentation compositions were designated as Sample 20 and Sample 21.
- a thiourea-containing ethanol fermentation aqueous solution was prepared by the following procedure. In deionized water, sulfuric acid is finally adjusted to pH around 5 as pH adjustment, urea is finally adjusted to 0.21 mg / mL as nitrogen source, thiourea as compound (A), the above-mentioned cellulase aqueous solution, and the above-mentioned A yeast aqueous solution was added and mixed at room temperature with a magnetic stirrer while rotating for 10 minutes to obtain a thiourea-containing ethanol fermentation aqueous solution having a saccharifying enzyme concentration, a thiourea concentration, and a yeast concentration shown in Table 9 below. This thiourea-containing ethanol fermentation aqueous solution was used as Comparative Sample 17 and Comparative Sample 18.
- silica-containing ethanol fermentation aqueous solution was prepared by the following procedure. Solid and spherical colloids produced by the water glass method in deionized water with sulfuric acid so that the final pH is adjusted to around pH 5, urea as the nitrogen source and finally 0.21 mg / mL, silica.
- An alkaline silica sol (pH 9.5, silica concentration 40% by mass) in which silica (average primary particle size particle size 85 nm) is dispersed in water, the above cellulase aqueous solution and the above yeast aqueous solution are added, and at room temperature, 100 rpm with a rotor.
- silica-containing ethanol fermentation aqueous solution having a saccharifying enzyme concentration (cellulase concentration in this example), silica concentration, and yeast concentration shown in Table 9 below was obtained.
- This silica-containing ethanol fermentation aqueous solution was used as Comparative Sample 19.
- the ethanol fermentation aqueous solution of comparative sample 16 the thiourea-containing ethanol fermentation aqueous solution of comparative sample 17 and comparative sample 18, and the silica-containing substance-containing ethanol fermentation aqueous solution of comparative sample 19 Obtained each saccharification reaction and ethanol fermentation liquid like the ethanol fermentation composition of the sample 20.
- Example 20 Using gas chromatography (GC), the saccharification reaction and ethanol fermentation liquid obtained from the ethanol fermentation composition of sample 20 (hereinafter referred to as the saccharification reaction and ethanol fermentation liquid of Example 20) and ethanol after ethanol fermentation The amount produced was calculated.
- GC gas chromatography
- Example 20 In a 2 mL microtube, 0.5 mL of a sample of the saccharification reaction and ethanol fermentation liquid of Example 20 was collected, and the enzyme and yeast were inactivated at 105 ° C. for 15 minutes. Next, in order to remove unreacted cellulose, silica-containing substances and yeast, the mixture is centrifuged at 15,000 G for 30 minutes with a high-speed cooling centrifuge SRX-201 (manufactured by Tommy Seiko Co., Ltd.), and then the supernatant liquid was recovered.
- SRX-201 manufactured by Tommy Seiko Co., Ltd.
- gas chromatograph GC-2014s manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation was used to measure the amount of ethanol produced by the one-inspection curve method, and the measurement result of the amount of ethanol produced (mg / mL) is shown in Table 10 below. Specific analysis conditions are as follows.
- Example 21 In the same manner as in Example 20, the saccharification reaction and the ethanol fermentation liquid obtained from the ethanol fermentation composition of Sample 21 (hereinafter referred to as the saccharification reaction and the ethanol fermentation liquid in Example 21) were subjected to enzyme reaction and ethanol fermentation after 2 days. The amount of ethanol produced was calculated and the results are shown in Table 10 below.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing measurement results of the effect of improving ethanol fermentation efficiency by the thiourea concentration in Examples 20 and 21 and Comparative Examples 16 to 19.
- the present invention can be used in an industrial field to which a saccharification technique for producing a sugar such as glucose from cellulose-based biomass containing cellulose or hemicellulose is applied, for example, production of cellulose-based bioethanol.
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Abstract
Description
(1-1.平均一次粒子径)
シリカの平均一次粒子径は、以下の測定装置を用いて測定した。
窒素吸着法測定装置:Monosorb MS-16(カンタクローム・インスツルメンツ・ジャパン合同会社製)
以下の手順で、セルラーゼ水溶液を作製した。脱イオン交換水中に、所定量の混合セルラーゼの粉末を添加し、室温下、ローターで100rpm、30分間回転させながら溶解してセルラーゼ水溶液を得た。なお、糖化酵素であるセルラーゼとしては、pH3以上、pH6以下の範囲で至適な酵素活性を有するトリコデルマ・リーゼイ(Trichoderma reesei;T. reesei)属由来のセルラーゼ(Sigma Aldrich製)及びアスペルギルス・ニガー(Aspergillus niger;A. niger)属由来のセルラーゼ(MP biomedicals製)を7:3(w/w)の割合で混合した混合セルラーゼを用いた。
以下の手順で、糖化酵素水溶液を作製した。脱イオン交換水中に、pH調整として最終的に0.05Mになるよう1M酢酸緩衝液(pH5.0)、及び上述のセルラーゼ水溶液を添加し、室温下、ローターで100rpm、30分間回転させながら混合して、下記表1に示した糖化酵素濃度(本実施例ではセルラーゼ濃度)の糖化酵素水溶液をそれぞれ得た。これらの糖化酵素水溶液を、比較サンプル1~比較サンプル3とした。各比較サンプルの糖化酵素濃度は、Bradford法(CBB法)を用い、BSA(商品名:タンパク質標準物質、Sigma Aldrich製)のタンパク質濃度に換算して算出した。糖化酵素濃度算出の具体的な手順は以下の通りである。
以下の手順で、糖化酵素組成物を作製した。脱イオン交換水中に、pH調整として最終的に0.05Mになるよう1M酢酸緩衝液(pH5.0)、シリカとして水ガラス法で製造された中実で球状のコロイダルシリカ(平均一次粒子径:35nm)が水に分散された酸性シリカゾル(pH2.1、シリカ濃度40質量%)、化合物(A)としてチオ尿素、及び上述のセルラーゼ水溶液を添加し、室温下、ローターで100rpm、30分間回転させながら混合して、下記表2に示した糖化酵素濃度(本実施例ではセルラーゼ濃度)、シリカ濃度及び化合物(A)濃度の糖化酵素組成物をそれぞれ得た。これらの糖化酵素組成物を、サンプル1~サンプル8とした。
A:チオ尿素
B:N-メチルチオ尿素
C:1,3-ジメチルチオ尿素
D:トリメチルチオ尿素
E:テトラメチルチオ尿素
F:1-アリル-3-(3-ヒドロキシエチル)-2-チオ尿素
G:エチレンチオ尿素
H:グアニルチオ尿素
I:S-メチルイソチオ尿素硫酸塩
J:S-ベンジルイソチオ尿素塩酸塩
K:S-(2-アミノエチル)イソチオウロニウムブロミド臭化水素酸塩
以下の手順で、化合物(A)としてチオ尿素を用いたチオ尿素含有糖化酵素水溶液を作製した。脱イオン交換水中に、pH調整として最終的に0.05Mになるよう1M酢酸緩衝液(pH5.0)、チオ尿素、及び上述のセルラーゼ水溶液を添加し、室温下、ローターで100rpm、30分間回転させながら混合して、下記表3に示した糖化酵素濃度(本実施例ではセルラーゼ濃度)、及びチオ尿素濃度のチオ尿素含有糖化酵素水溶液をそれぞれ得た。これらのチオ尿素含有糖化酵素水溶液を、比較サンプル4~比較サンプル11とした。
以下の手順で、シリカ含有糖化酵素水溶液を作製した。脱イオン交換水中に、pH調整として最終的に0.05Mになるよう1M酢酸緩衝液(pH5.0)、シリカとして水ガラス法で製造された中実で球状のコロイダルシリカ(平均一次粒子径粒子径:35nm)が水に分散された酸性シリカゾル(pH2.1、シリカ濃度40質量%)、及び上述のセルラーゼ水溶液を添加し、室温下、ローターで100rpm、30分間回転させながら混合して、下記表4に示した糖化酵素濃度(本実施例ではセルラーゼ濃度)、及びシリカ濃度のシリカ含有糖化酵素水溶液をそれぞれ得た。これらのシリカ含有糖化酵素水溶液を、比較サンプル12~比較サンプル14とした。
サンプル1~サンプル18の糖化酵素組成物に、微結晶セルロース粉末を添加し、分散させて各サンプルを用いた糖化反応液とした。具体的な手順は以下の通りである。
上述の各サンプル及び各比較サンプルを用いた糖化反応液を、25℃の恒温槽中で、撹拌下で2日間それぞれ酵素反応させた。この酵素反応により、糖(グルコース)を得た。
(実施例1)
酵素法(GOD法)を用いて、サンプル1の糖化酵素組成物から得られた糖化反応液(以下、実施例1の糖化反応液という)について、上述の酵素反応2日後のグルコース生成量を算出した。
実施例1と同様にして、サンプル2~サンプル18の糖化酵素組成物から得られた各糖化反応液(以下、実施例2~実施例18の糖化反応液という)について、酵素反応2日後のグルコース生成量を算出し、その結果を下記表5に示した。
実施例1と同様にして、比較サンプル1~比較サンプル3の糖化酵素水溶液、比較サンプル4~比較サンプル11のチオ尿素含有糖化酵素水溶液、及び比較サンプル12~比較サンプル14のシリカ含有糖化酵素水溶液から得られた各糖化反応液(以下、比較例1~比較例14の糖化反応液という)について、酵素反応2日後のグルコース生成量を算出し、その結果を下記表6に示した。
上記表5及び表6のグルコース生成量に基づき、各実施例及び各比較例の糖化反応効率について検討した。まず、実施例4、実施例7、実施例8、比較例1~比較例3、比較例7、及び比較例10~比較例14におけるグルコース生成量から、チオ尿素の添加による糖化反応効率の向上効果について検討した。
(2-1.平均二次粒子径)
珪藻土の平均二次粒子径は、以下の測定装置を用いて測定した。
レーザ回折/散乱式粒子径分布測定装置:LA-300(株式会社堀場製作所社製)
以下の手順で、糖化酵素組成物を作製した。脱イオン交換水中にpH調整として最終的に0.05Mになるよう1M酢酸緩衝液(pH5.0)、シリカ含有物質として珪藻土(シリカ#600S、中央シリカ株式会社製、シリカ含有率:90質量%、平均二次粒子径:30μm)、化合物(A)としてチオ尿素、及び上述のセルラーゼ水溶液を添加し、室温下、ローターで100rpm、30分間回転させながら混合して、下記表7に示した糖化酵素濃度(本実施例ではセルラーゼ濃度)、珪藻土濃度及びチオ尿素濃度の糖化酵素組成物を得た。この糖化酵素組成物をサンプル19とした。
以下の手順で、珪藻土含有糖化酵素水溶液を作製した。脱イオン交換水中にpH調整として最終的に0.05Mになるよう1M酢酸緩衝液(pH5.0)、シリカ含有物質として珪藻土(シリカ#600S、中央シリカ株式会社製、シリカ含有率:90質量%、平均粒子径:30μm)、及び上述のセルラーゼ水溶液を添加し、室温下、ローターで100rpm、30分間回転させながら混合して、下記表7に示した糖化酵素濃度(本実施例ではセルラーゼ濃度)、及び珪藻土濃度の珪藻土含有糖化酵素水溶液を得た。この珪藻土含有糖化酵素水溶液を、比較サンプル15とした。
サンプル19の糖化酵素組成物及び比較サンプル15の珪藻土含有糖化酵素水溶液を用いたこと以外はサンプル1~サンプル18の糖化酵素組成物と同様にして、サンプル19及び比較サンプル15の糖化反応液を得た。
(実施例19)
実施例1と同様にして、サンプル19の糖化酵素組成物から得られた糖化反応液(以下、実施例19の糖化反応液という)について、酵素反応2日後のグルコース生成量を算出し、その結果を下記表8に示した。
実施例1と同様にして、比較サンプル15の糖化酵素組成物から得られた糖化反応液(以下、比較例15の糖化反応液という)について、酵素反応2日後のグルコース生成量を算出し、その結果を下記表8に示した。
上記表6及び表8のグルコース生成量に基づき、各サンプル及び各比較サンプルの糖化反応効率について検討した。まず、実施例19、比較例1、比較例7、及び比較例15におけるグルコース生成量から、チオ尿素の添加による糖化反応効率の向上効果について検討した。図4は、実施例19及び比較例1,7,15のチオ尿素の添加による糖化反応効率の向上効果の測定結果を示したグラフである。
(3-1.酵母水溶液)
以下の手順で、酵母水溶液を作製した。予め35℃に調整した脱イオン交換水40g中に酵母の粉末0.2gを添加し、35℃に保持したままマグネティックスターラーを用いて、20分間撹拌させながら溶解して0.5質量%(=酵母粉末0.2g/脱イオン交換水40g)の酵母水溶液を得た。なお、酵母としては、サッカロマイセス(Saccharomyces)属のサッカロマイセス・セレビシエ(Saccharomyces cerevisiae;S. cerevisiae) YP2(Sigma Aldrich製)を用いた。
以下の手順で、エタノール発酵水溶液を作製した。脱イオン交換水中に、pH調整として最終的にpH5前後になるよう硫酸、窒素源として最終的に0.21mg/mLとなるよう尿素、上述のセルラーゼ水溶液及び上述の酵母水溶液を添加し、室温下、マグネティックスターラーで、10分間回転させながら混合して、下記表9に示した糖化酵素濃度(本実施例ではセルラーゼ濃度)、及び酵母濃度のエタノール発酵水溶液を得た。このエタノール発酵水溶液を比較サンプル16とした。
以下の手順で、エタノール酵素組成物を作製した。脱イオン交換水中に、pH調整として最終的にpH5前後になるよう硫酸、窒素源として最終的に0.21mg/mLとなるよう尿素、シリカ含有物質として水ガラス法で製造された中実で球状のコロイダルシリカ(平均一次粒子径:85nm)が水に分散されたアルカリ性シリカゾル(pH9.5、シリカ濃度40質量%)、化合物(A)としてチオ尿素、上述のセルラーゼ水溶液及び上述の酵母水溶液を添加し、室温下、マグネティックスターラーで、10分間回転させながら混合して、下記表9に示した糖化酵素濃度(本実施例ではセルラーゼ濃度)、シリカ濃度、チオ尿素濃度、及び酵母濃度のエタノール発酵組成物をそれぞれ得た。これらのエタノール発酵組成物をサンプル20及びサンプル21とした。
以下の手順で、チオ尿素含有エタノール発酵水溶液を作製した。脱イオン交換水中に、pH調整として最終的にpH5前後になるよう硫酸、窒素源として最終的に0.21mg/mLとなるよう尿素、化合物(A)としてチオ尿素、上述のセルラーゼ水溶液及び上述の酵母水溶液を添加し、室温下、マグネティックスターラーで、10分間回転させながら混合して、下記表9に示した糖化酵素濃度、チオ尿素濃度、及び酵母濃度のチオ尿素含有エタノール発酵水溶液を得た。このチオ尿素含有エタノール発酵水溶液を比較サンプル17及び比較サンプル18とした。
以下の手順で、シリカ含有エタノール発酵水溶液を作製した。脱イオン交換水中に、pH調整として最終的にpH5前後になるよう硫酸、窒素源として最終的に0.21mg/mLとなるよう尿素、シリカとして水ガラス法で製造された中実で球状のコロイダルシリカ(平均一次粒子径粒子径85nm)が水に分散されたアルカリ性シリカゾル(pH9.5、シリカ濃度40質量%)、上述のセルラーゼ水溶液及び上述の酵母水溶液を添加し、室温下、ローターで100rpm、30分間回転させながら混合して、下記表9に示した糖化酵素濃度(本実施例ではセルラーゼ濃度)、シリカ濃度、及び酵母濃度のシリカ含有エタノール発酵水溶液を得た。このシリカ含有エタノール発酵水溶液を、比較サンプル19とした。
サンプル20のエタノール発酵組成物に、微結晶セルロース粉末を添加し、分散させて各サンプルを用いた糖化反応及びエタノール発酵液とした。具体的な手順は以下の通りである。
上述の各サンプル及び各比較サンプルを用いた糖化反応及びエタノール発酵液を、31℃の恒温槽中で、撹拌下で2日間それぞれ酵素反応及びエタノール発酵を同時にさせた。この酵素反応により得られた糖(グルコース)を用いてエタノール発酵させ、エタノールを得た。
(実施例20)
ガスクロマトグラフィ(GC)を用いて、サンプル20のエタノール発酵組成物から得られた糖化反応及びエタノール発酵液(以下、実施例20の糖化反応及びエタノール発酵液という)の酵素反応及びエタノール発酵後のエタノール生成量を算出した。
カラム:ポーラパックQ、長さ1m、内径3.2mm(ジーエルサイエンス社製)
検出器:FID
カラム温度:150℃
流量:40mL/min
サンプル量:2μL
検量線用標品:エタノール10mg/mL水溶液
実施例20と同様にして、サンプル21のエタノール発酵組成物から得られた糖化反応及びエタノール発酵液(以下、実施例21の糖化反応及びエタノール発酵液という)について、酵素反応及びエタノール発酵2日後のエタノール生成量を算出し、その結果を下記表10に示した。
実施例20と同様にして、比較サンプル16のエタノール発酵水溶液、比較サンプル17及び比較サンプル18のチオ尿素含有エタノール発酵水溶液、及び比較サンプル19のシリカ含有物質含有エタノール発酵水溶液から得られた各糖化反応及び各エタノール発酵液(以下、比較例16~比較例19の糖化反応及びエタノール発酵液という)について、糖化反応及びエタノール発酵2日後のエタノール生成量を算出し、その結果を下記表10に示した。
上記表10のエタノール生成量に基づき、各実施例及び各比較例のエタノール発酵効率について検討した。まず、実施例20、実施例21及び比較例16~比較例19におけるエタノール生成量から、チオ尿素の添加量(チオ尿素濃度)による糖化反応効率の向上効果について検討した。図5は、実施例20,21及び比較例16~19のチオ尿素濃度によるエタノール発酵効率の向上効果の測定結果を示したグラフである。
Claims (16)
- 前記シリカ含有物質は、珪藻土又は珪砂であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の糖化反応液。
- 前記シリカ又はシリカ含有物質中のシリカと前記化合物(A)との質量比率(化合物(A)/シリカ)が、0.00001以上、0.1以下であることを特徴とする請求項1又は請求項2に記載の糖化反応液。
- 前記化合物(A)は、チオ尿素、N-メチルチオ尿素、1,3-ジメチルチオ尿素、トリメチルチオ尿素、テトラメチルチオ尿素、1-アリル-3-(3-ヒドロキシエチル)-2-チオ尿素、エチレンチオ尿素、グアニルチオ尿素、S-メチルイソチオ尿素、S-エチルイソチオ尿素、S-[2-(ジメチルアミノ)エチル]イソチオ尿素、S-ベンジルイソチオ尿素、及びS-(2-アミノエチル)イソチオ尿素からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種を含有することを特徴とする請求項1乃至請求項3のいずれか一項に記載の糖化反応液。
- セルロース及びヘミセルロースの少なくとも一方を糖化する糖化酵素組成物であって、糖化酵素と、シリカ又はシリカ含有物質と、下記一般式(1)又は(2)で表される化合物及びその塩からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の化合物(A)とを含有し、前記シリカ又はシリカ含有物質のシリカと前記化合物(A)との質量比率(化合物(A)/シリカ)が、0.00001以上、0.1以下であることを特徴とする糖化酵素組成物。
- 前記シリカ含有物質は、珪藻土又は珪砂であることを特徴とする請求項5に記載の糖化酵素組成物。
- 前記化合物(A)は、チオ尿素、N-メチルチオ尿素、1,3-ジメチルチオ尿素、トリメチルチオ尿素、テトラメチルチオ尿素、1-アリル-3-(3-ヒドロキシエチル)-2-チオ尿素、エチレンチオ尿素、グアニルチオ尿素、S-メチルイソチオ尿素、S-エチルイソチオ尿素、S-[2-(ジメチルアミノ)エチル]イソチオ尿素、S-ベンジルイソチオ尿素、及びS-(2-アミノエチル)イソチオ尿素からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種を含有することを特徴とする請求項5又は請求項6に記載の糖化酵素組成物。
- セルロース及びヘミセルロースの少なくとも一方を糖化する糖化反応液を用いて糖を製造する糖の製造方法であって、前記セルロース及び前記ヘミセルロースの少なくとも一方と、糖化酵素と、シリカ又はシリカ含有物質と、下記一般式(1)又は(2)で表される化合物及びその塩からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の化合物(A)とを含有する糖化反応液を用いて糖を製造することを特徴とする糖の製造方法。
- 前記シリカ含有物質は、珪藻土又は珪砂であることを特徴とする請求項8に記載の糖の製造方法。
- 前記シリカ又はシリカ含有物質のシリカと前記化合物(A)との質量比率(化合物(A)/シリカ)が、0.00001以上、0.1以下であることを特徴とする請求項8又は請求項9に記載の糖の製造方法。
- 前記化合物(A)は、チオ尿素、N-メチルチオ尿素、1,3-ジメチルチオ尿素、トリメチルチオ尿素、テトラメチルチオ尿素、1-アリル-3-(3-ヒドロキシエチル)-2-チオ尿素、エチレンチオ尿素、グアニルチオ尿素、S-メチルイソチオ尿素、S-エチルイソチオ尿素、S-[2-(ジメチルアミノ)エチル]イソチオ尿素、S-ベンジルイソチオ尿素、及びS-(2-アミノエチル)イソチオ尿素からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種を含有することを特徴とする請求項8乃至請求項10のいずれか一項に記載の糖の製造方法。
- 請求項8乃至請求項11のいずれか一項に記載の糖の製造方法により得られた糖を用いて、発酵微生物によるエタノール発酵を行い、エタノールを製造することを特徴とするエタノールの製造方法。
- 糖を製造する工程に発酵微生物を添加して、糖の製造とエタノール発酵とを同時に行うことを特徴とする請求項12に記載のエタノールの製造方法。
- 前記発酵微生物は、酵母、カビ又は細菌であることを特徴とする請求項12又は請求項13に記載のエタノールの製造方法。
- 前記発酵微生物は、サッカロマイセス(Saccharomyces)属、ザイモモナス(Zymomonas)属、ピチア(Pichia)属、カンジダ(Candida)属、ザイモバクター(Zymobacter)属、コリネバクテリウム(Corynebacterium)属、クルイウェロマイセス(Kluyveromyces)属又はエシェリキア(Escherichia)属に属する微生物であることを特徴とする請求項14に記載のエタノールの製造方法。
- エタノール発酵を15℃以上、35℃以下で行うことを特徴とする請求項12乃至請求項15のいずれか一項に記載のエタノールの製造方法。
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