Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
  • G02B5/20—Filters
  • G02B5/206—Filters comprising particles embedded in a solid matrix
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
  • G02B5/20—Filters
  • G02B5/208—Filters for use with infrared or ultraviolet radiation, e.g. for separating visible light from infrared and/or ultraviolet radiation
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
  • G02B5/30—Polarising elements
  • G02B5/3025—Polarisers, i.e. arrangements capable of producing a definite output polarisation state from an unpolarised input state
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
  • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
  • B82Y20/00—Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals

Definitions

• Various embodiments relate generally to optical filters, irradiation devices including optical filters, and methods of manufacturing optical filters.
• an optical filter may include a substrate made of a material including an optically transparent matrix material and nano-photonic material with icosahedral or dodecahedral symmetry dispersed in the matrix material.
• a method of manufacturing an optical filter may include generating a liquid mixture including the matrix material and the nano-photonic material suspended in the mixture, casting the mixture into a mold, solidifying the mixture in the mold, thereby forming the optical filter, and removing the optical filter from the mold.
• Fig. 1 shows a schematic view of an irradiation device including an optical filter according to the present invention
• Fig. 2 shows a portion of the optical filter
• Fig. 3 is a table showing the energy-symmetry relationship for the icosahedral group
• Fig.4A is a schematic illustration of linearly polarized light
• Fig. 4B is a schematic illustration of the angular momentum distribution of the linearly polarized light shown in Fig. 4A;
• Fig. 5 is a schematic illustration of hyperpolarized light
• Fig. 6 shows a spectrum of hyperpolarized light
• Fig.7 shows a spectrum of linearly polarized light after passage through an ordinary yellow filter
• Fig. 8 shows the combined spectra of Figs. 6 and 7;
• Fig. 9 shows a schematic view of a portion of a collagen fibril
• Figs. 10A to 10D shows spectra obtained by opto-magnetic imaging spectroscopy (OMIS) from the skin of left (up) and right (down) hands of test persons with an excellent (Fig. 10A), a very good (Fig. 10B), a standard (Fig. IOC), and a non-standard (Fig. 10D) biophysical skin state;
• OMIS opto-magnetic imaging spectroscopy
• Fig. 11 A shows an OMIS spectrum of the skin of the left hand of a test person with a standard biophysical skin state before the irradiation with linearly polarized light
• Fig. 1 IB shows an OMIS spectrum of the skin of the right hand of the test person with the standard biophysical skin state before the irradiation with hyperpolarized light;
• Fig. 12A shows an OMIS spectrum of the skin of the left hand of the test person with the standard biophysical skin state after irradiation with linearly polarized light passed through an ordinary yellow filter;
• Fig. 12B shows an OMIS spectrum of the skin of the right hand of the test person with the standard biophysical skin state after irradiation with hyperpolarized light
• Fig. 13A shows an OMIS spectrum of the skin of the left hand of a test person with a non-standard biophysical skin state before irradiation with linearly polarized light
• Fig. 13B shows an OMIS spectrum of the skin of the right hand of the test person with the non-standard biophysical skin state before the irradiation with hyperpolarized light
• Fig. 14A shows an OMIS spectrum of the skin of the left hand of the test person with the non-standard biophysical skin state after irradiation with linearly polarized light passed through an ordinary yellow filter;
• Fig. 14B shows an OMIS spectrum of the skin of the right hand of the test person with the non-standard biophysical skin state after irradiation with hyperpolarized light
• Fig. IS shows a flow chart of an exemplary method of manufacturing an optical filter
• Fig. 16 shows exemplary steps involved in generating a liquid mixture including matrix material and nano-photonic material suspended in the mixture
• Figs. 17A-17D show light spots of different kinds of light projected onto a screen.
• Fig. 1 shows a schematic view of an exemplary irradiation device 100.
• the irradiation device 100 may include a light source 102 and an optical filter 104.
• the light source 102 may be configured to emit a diffuse non-polarized light beam 106, i.e. a light beam including photons of different energies the polarization states of which are not correlated.
• the irradiation device 100 may further include a polarizing element 110 positioned between the light source 102 and the optical filter 104.
• the polarizing element 110 is configured to pass light waves of a specific polarization and to block light waves of other polarizations. In this way, the light passing through the polarizing element 110 has a well-defined polarization.
• the polarizing element 110 may be configured as a linearly polarizing element 110, i.e., a polarizing element that converts the incident light beam 106 into a linearly polarized light beam 108. This is schematically indicated in Fig. 1.
• the linearly polarizing element 110 may be configured as an absorptive polarizer or a beam-splitting polarizer.
• an absorptive polarizer light waves with unwanted polarization states are absorbed by the polarizer.
• Beam splitting polarizers are configured to split the incident light beam into two light beams with different polarization states.
• beam-splitting polarizers do not need to dissipate the energy of the light beam with the unwanted polarization state and are, hence, capable of handling light beams with high intensities.
• Beam splitting into two beams with different polarization states may be implemented by reflection.
• the reflectivity is different for light polarized in the plane of incidence and light polarized perpendicular to it.
• the entire reflected light is polarized in the plane perpendicular to the plane of incidence. This angle of incidence is known as Brewster's angle.
• a polarizer based on this polarization scheme is referred to as Brewster polarizer.
• the linearly polarizing element 110 may be configured as a Brewster polarizer. In this way, a beam of linearly polarized light may be provided by a simple setup, and, as mentioned above, since no light energy has to be dissipated in the polarizing element 110, the linearly polarizing element 110 is capable of handling large light intensities.
• the optical filter 104 may include a substrate 112 made of a material including an optically transparent matrix material 116 and nano-photonic material 118 with icosahedral or dodecahedral symmetry dispersed in the matrix material 116.
• the nano-photonic material 118 may include nano-photonic particles 120 dispersed in the matrix material 116.
• the nano-photonic material 120 may include fullerene molecules such as C «> or higher futlerenes with icosahedral/dodecahedral symmetry.
• the nano-photonic material 118 being dispersed in the matrix material 116 means in this context that at least some of the nano-photonic particles 120 are embedded in the matrix material 116, i.e. that they are entirely surrounded by the matrix material 116.
• the nano-photonic material 118 is homogeneously distributed throughout the matrix materia] 116.
• the nano-photonic material 118 is dispersed in the matrix material 116, it is highly efficiently protected from external influences, thereby preventing the nano- photonic content of the optical filter 104 from altering with time which would inevitably alter the optical properties of the optical filter 104. In this way, a robust optical filter 104 with reliable optical properties is provided.
• the mass fraction of the nano-photonic material 118 in the substrate 112 may range from about WO '3 to 0.3. In an exemplary embodiment, the mass fraction of the nano-photonic material 118 in the substrate 112 may be about ⁇ .75 ⁇ 0 "3 .
• the matrix material 116 may be optically transparent in the visible and/or the infrared wavelength range.
• the matrix material may include at least one of glass and plastic.
• the plastic may be a thermoplast
• the matrix material 116 may include or may be entirely made of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA).
• PMMA is a strong and lightweight material. It has a density of 1.17-1.20 g/cm 3 , which is less than half of the density of glass.
• PMMA. has a high transmittivity for light of up to 90% which is of special relevance for its employment as a matrix material 116 of an optical filter.
• the nano-photonic material 118 may include fuUerenes such as C 60 .
• C 60 is composed of 60 carbon atoms ordered in 12 pentagons and 20 hexagons.
• CM has two bond lengths. A first bond length is along the edges of two hexagons and the second bond length is between the edge of a hexagon and a pentagon, the first bond length being greater than the second bond length.
• Cfo is a molecule that exhibits both classical and quantum mechanical properties (Markus Arndt et al, Wave-particle duality, Science, Vol.401, pp. 680-682, 1999).
• C 60 has a diameter of about 1 nm.
• the rotation of a C 60 molecule is anisotropic (in all directions).
• C 60 clusters are molecular crystal (quasicrystals) of the Fibonacci type.
• Quasicrystals are non-periodic structures that are constructed following a simple deterministic rule.
• C 60 has also energy eigenstates that follow the Fibonacci scheme.
• the energy eigenstates together with the corresponding symmetry elements of C 60 are depicted in the multiplication table of Fig. 3.
• One of the crucial properties of C 60 is based on the energy eigenstates T 1g , T 2g T 1u , and T 2u for the symmetry elements C5, C5 2 , S10, and S 10 3 that are consistent with the golden ratio.
• Fig. 4A schematically illustrates the nature of linearly polarized light for three different wavelengths 122a, 122b, 122c which are aligned in straight adjacent planes parallel to the propagation direction. The photons are ordered by wavelength, however, not ordered in view of their angular momenta (left and right). This is schematically shown in Fig. 4B.
• reference characters 124a and 124b denote photons of different angular momenta.
• the angular momenta of the photons in linearly polarized light are entirely diffuse.
• Fig. 5 schematically illustrates the nature of hyperpolarized light 126.
• photons of numerous different wavelengths emanate from a central point 128 and are ordered by both wavelength and angular momentum along respective spirals.
• the spiral pattern of photons with different angular momenta is similar to a sunflower seed pattern.
• the seeds in a sunflower are arranged in spirals, one set of spirals being left handed and one set of spirals being right handed.
• the number of right-handed spirals and the number of left-handed spirals are numbers in the Fibonacci series.
• the Fibonacci generation scheme was defined above with respect to quasicrystals. This generation scheme is derived from the fundamental Fibonacci series which is given by: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55...
• the next numbers in the Fibonacci series can be calculated by adding up the respective two preceding numbers in the series.
• the ratio of a number in the Fibonacci series to the immediately preceding number is given by the golden ration ⁇ .
• the number of the right-handed spirals and left-handed spirals associated with angular momentum in hyperpolarized light shown in Fig. 5 is also determined by the Fibonacci series. More specifically, in Fig. 5, 21 left-handed and 34 right-handed spirals can be found, which are both numbers in the Fibonacci series. Hyperpolarized light is therefore also referred to as "golden light”.
• Hyperpolarized light with the above characteristics is generated by the interaction of the linearly polarized light 108 generated by the polarizing element 110 with the nano- photonic material 118 present in the optical filter 104. More specifically, hyperpolarized light is generated by the interaction with the nano-photonic material 118 with icosahedral symmetry like C 60 or nano-photonic material with dodecahedral symmetry present in the optical filter 104.
• FIG. 6 The spectrum of light after passing through the optical filter 104, i.e. of hyperpolarized light, is depicted in Fig. 6.
• the spectrum of linearly polarized light after passing through a comparative ordinary yellow filter is shown in Fig. 7. Both spectra are depicted in the same plot in Fig. 8.
• reference numeral 131a denotes the spectrum of hyperpolarized light
• reference numeral 131b the spectrum of linearly polarized light after passage through the ordinary yellow filter.
• the intensity distribution in Figs. 6 to 8 is depicted for a wavelength range from about 200 nm to about 1100 nm, i.e. from the UV to the near infrared.
• the optical filter 104 suppresses wavelengths below about 400 nm and has a low transmittance in the blue wavelength range.
• the maximum transmittance of the optical filter 104 is at about 740 nm which is favorable for an efficient stimulation of biological tissue due to a higher penetration depth as compared to blue and ultraviolet light.
• the comparative ordinary yellow filter suppresses wavelengths below about 475 nm (ultraviolet and blue light).
• the maximum transmittance of the comparative ordinary yellow filter is at about 720 nm which is close to the wavelength of maximum transmittance of the optical filter 104.
• the optical filter 104 according to the present invention and the comparative ordinary yellow filter have their maximum transmittance at a similar wavelength
• the optical filter 104 according to the present invention has a higher integral transmittance in the red and infrared wavelength range from 660 to 1100 nm, as can clearly be seen in Fig. 8.
• an optical filter 104 according to the present invention enables a more efficient stimulation of biological tissue as compared to the comparative ordinary yellow filter.
• An even more important advantage of an optical filter 104 according to the present invention in view of biological tissue stimulation arises from its ability of generating hyperpolarized light, whose interaction with biological tissue, in particular with collagen, is, in contrast to linearly polarized light, mainly of quantum mechanical nature.
• Collagen is an extracellular protein and makes up about 30% of the human skin. Collagen and water making up about 60-65% of the human skin are the main components of human skin. Therefore, the biophysical state of the human skin is mainly determined by the interaction between water and collagen.
• Fig. 9 shows a schematic view of a portion of a collagen fibril 132 including a plurality of collagen molecules 134 shown as arrows.
• the collagen molecules are arranged in a plurality of rows R1-R6.
• the length L of an individual collagen molecule is about 300 nm.
• Adjacent collagen molecules 134 in immediately adjacent rows are displaced by a 67 nm gap G67.
• Immediately adjacent collagen molecules 134 in the same row are displaced by a 35 nm gap G35.
• the biophysical state of collagen is determined by the oscillation states of peptide planes.
• the oscillation of one peptide plane is determined by the oscillations of two neighboring peptide planes.
• the ratio of oscillation frequencies of neighboring planes is given by the golden ratio ⁇ . Therefore, the oscillation behavior of the peptide planes of collagen can be influenced by photons ordered in view of their angular momenta according to the Fibonacci law, e.g. by hyperpolarized light.
• OMIS is a diagnostic technique based on the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with valence electrons within the sample material, capable of examining the electronic properties of the sample material. In this way, paramagnetic and diamagnetic properties of the sample material (unpaired/paired electrons) can be obtained.
• the magnetic component can be determined by subtracting the intensity of the reflected polarized light (electric component) from the intensity of the reflected white light. From the thus obtained magnetic component magnetic properties of the analyzed sample can be derived.
• Typical spectra obtained by OMIS include a plurality of positive and negative peaks, the negative peaks representing the diamagnetic properties of the sample material, while the positive peaks representing the paramagnetic properties of the sample material.
• Figs. 10A to 10D The results of the characterizing measurements of the skin of left and right hands of the 30 test persons obtained by OMIS are shown in Figs. 10A to 10D.
• the abscissa corresponds to the wavelength difference measured in nm, and the ordinate to the intensity in arbitrary units (a.u.).
• the results for respective left hands are shown, while in the lower plots the results for respective right hands are shown.
• Fig. 10A shows the results of a test person whose skin is characterized as having an "excellent” biophysical skin state due to the pronounced peaks seen in this plots that are similar for both hands.
• the biophysical skin state of 4 test persons has been classified as "excellent”.
• Fig. 10B shows the results of a test person whose skin is characterized as having a "very good” biophysical skin state due to the still pronounced peaks seen in this plots that are similar for both hands.
• the biophysical skin state of 16 test persons has been classified as "very good”.
• Fig. IOC shows the results of a test person whose skin is characterized as having a "standard" biophysical skin state. As can be seen in Fig. IOC, the peaks are less pronounced as compared to the excellent and very good states shown in Figs. 10A and 10B. In addition, there are significant differences between the spectra of both hands of the respective test person. The biophysical skin state of S test persons has been classified as "standard”.
• Fig. 10D shows the results of a test person whose skin is characterized as having a "non-standard" biophysical skin state. As can be seen in Fig. 10D, the peaks are less pronounced as compared to the excellent and very good states shown in Figs. 10A and lOB. In addition, there are very pronounced differences between the spectra. The biophysical skin state of 2 test persons has been classified as "non-standard".
• Figs. 11 A and 1 IB show OMIS spectra representing the biophysical skin state of the left and right hands, respectively, of a test person with a standard biophysical skin state before irradiation.
• Figs. 12A and 12B show OMIS spectra representing the biophysical skin state of the left and right hands, respectively, of the test person with the standard biophysical skin state after irradiation with linearly polarized and hyperpolarized light, respectively.
• Fig. 12A shows an OMIS spectrum of the skin of the left hand after irradiation with linearly polarized light
• Fig. I2B shows an OMIS spectrum of the skin of the right hand after irradiation with hyperpolarized light.
• the wavelength difference (WLD) of the peaks is similar before and after irradiation. This indicates that both the collagen and the water- collagen complex in the skin of the respective test person are stable.
• Figs. 13A and 13B show OMIS spectra representing the biophysical skin state of the left and right hands, respectively, of a test person with a non-standard biophysical skin state before irradiation.
• Figs. 14A and 14B show OMIS spectra representing the biophysical skin state of the left and right hands, respectively, of the test person with the non-standard biophysical skin state after irradiation, wherein Fig. 14A shows the OMIS spectrum of the skin of the left hand after irradiation with linearly polarized light and Fig. 14B shows the OMIS spectrum of the skin of the right arm after irradiation with hyperpolarized light.
• a new peak arises at a WLD of about 130 nm. Furthermore, there is a shift of the negative peak from 124.00 nm to 136.20 nm with a huge intensity difference from -19.4 to -31.5 a.u. This is indicative of an unstable collagen-water complex. Furthermore, the WLD range is extended which indicative of an unsatisfactory dynamics of the collagen gap of 67 nm.
• the efficiency of the conversion of linearly polarized light into hyperpolarized light by the optical filter 104 is about 62% at present Higher conversion efficiencies are expected to improve the above results.
• the method 200 may include:
• FIG. 16 An exemplary flow diagram of generating a liquid mixture including the matrix material and the nano-photonic material suspended in the mixture (202) is shown in Fig. 16.
• the generating the liquid mixture may include: providing a first liquid premixture including the matrix material (202- 1 ), mixing the first premixture over a first period of time (202-2),
• the nano-photonic material has icosahedral or dodecahedral symmetry and may include Ceo-
• the matrix material may include poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA).
• the first premixture may include poly(methyl methacrylate) and methyl methacrylate (MMA).
• the weight fraction of PMMA in the first premixture may range from 0.7 to 0.9.
• the weight fraction of MMA in the first premixture may range from 0.1 to 0.3.
• the first period of time may be about 24 h.
• the second period of time may be 96 h.
• the mixing of the second premixture may be carried out at an enhanced temperature, e.g. 60-75 °C to support the evaporation of the solvent, e.g. of toluene.
• the solidifying the mixture in the mold may include heating up the mixture in the mold from a first temperature, e.g. 25°C, up to a second temperature, e.g. 90°C, and then cooling down the mixture to a third temperature, e.g. 25°C over a predetermined period of time.
• the predetermined period of time may be 120-140 h.
• FIGs. 17A-17D the projection of different kinds of light onto a screen is illustrated.
• Fig. 17A the screen is illuminated by ambient diffuse light.
• the screen is illuminated by a linearly-polarized light beam.
• the projected light spot has a white core area attributable to the polarized content of the light beam.
• the core area is surrounded by a red ring representing partially polarized red-shifted near-infrared light due to incomplete polarization.
• the screen is illuminated by a light beam of linearly polarized light after passage through an ordinary yellow filter.
• the projected light spot has a white core area attributable to the linearly polarized content of the light beam.
• the core area is surrounded by yellow and red rings of partially polarized light due to impurities in the filter.
• Fig. 17D the screen is illuminated by a light beam of hyperpolarized light after passage through an optical filter according to the present invention.
• a light beam of hyperpolarized light after passage through an optical filter according to the present invention.
• no pronounced inner white core area is visible, since the linearly polarized light has been transformed into hyperpolarized light. This appears as a red and yellow spot on the screen.
• Example 1 is an optical filter.
• the optical filter may include a substrate made of a material including an optically transparent matrix material and nano-photonic material with icosahedral or dodecahedral symmetry dispersed in the matrix material.
• Example 2 the subject matter of Example 1 can optionally include that the nano-photonic material includes fuUerene molecules.
• Example 3 the subject matter of Example 2 can optionally include that the nano-photonic material includes C 60 fuUerene molecules.
• Example 4 the subject matter of any one of Examples 1 to 3 can optionally include that the matrix material is optically transparent in the visible and/or infrared frequency range.
• Example 5 the subject matter of any one of Examples 1 to 4 can optionally include mat the matrix material includes at least one of glass and plastic.
• Example 6 the subject matter of Example 5 can optionally include that the plastic is a thermoplast.
• Example 7 the subject matter of Example 6 can optionally include that the thermoplast is poly(methyl methacrylate).
• Example 8 the subject matter of any one of Examples 1 to 7 can optionally include that the mass fraction of the nano-photonic material in the substrate ranges from about HO '3 to 0.3.
• Example 9 the subject matter of Example 8 can optionally include that the mass fraction of the nano-photonic material is about 1.75 ⁇ 0 "3 .
• Example 10 is an irradiation device.
• the irradiation device may include a light source and an optical filter of any one of Examples 1 to 9.
• the subject matter of Example 10 can optionally further include a polarizing element positioned between the light source and the optical filter.
• Example 12 the subject matter of Example 11 can optionally include that the polarizing element is configured as a linearly polarizing element.
• Example 13 the subject matter of Example 12 can optionally include that the linearly polarizing element is configured as a Brewster polarizer.
• Example 14 is a method of manufacturing an optical filter of any one of Examples 1 to 9.
• the method may include: generating a liquid mixture including the matrix material and the nano-photonic material with icosahedral or dodecahedral symmetry suspended in the mixture, casting the mixture into a mold, solidifying the mixture in the mold, thereby forming the optical filter, and removing the optical filter from the mold.
• Example 15 the subject matter of Example 14 can optionally include that the generating the liquid mixture includes: providing a first liquid premixture including the matrix material, mixing the first premixture over a first period of time, admixing nano-photonic material dissolved in a solvent to the first premixture, thereby forming a second premixture, and mixing the second premixture over a second period of time, thereby evaporating the solvent and forming the liquid mixture including the matrix material and the nano-photonic material suspended in the mixture.
• Example 16 the subject matter of any one of Examples 14 or IS can optionally include that the mixing the second premixture is carried out at a temperature above room temperature.
• Example 17 the subject matter of any one of Examples 14 to 16 can optionally include that the nano-photonic material includes C 60 and/or higher fullerenes and/or other material with icosahedral and dodecahedral symmetry.
• Example 18 the subject matter of any one of Examples 14 to 17 can optionally include that the matrix material includes poly(methyl methacrylate).
• Example 19 the subject matter of Example 18 can optionally include that the first premixture includes poly(methyl methacrylate) and methyl methacrylate.
• Example 20 the subject matter of Examples 19 can optionally include that the weight fraction of poly(methyl methacrylate) in the first premixture ranges from 0.7 to 0.9.
• Example 21 the subject matter of any one of Examples 19 or 20 can optionally include that the weight fraction of methyl methacrylate in the first premixture ranges from 0.1 to 0.3.
• Example 22 the subject matter of any one of Examples 14 to 21 can optionally include that the solidifying the mixture in the mold includes heating up the mixture in the mold from a first temperature to a second temperature, and subsequently cooling down the mixture from the second temperature to a third temperature.

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