Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01F—COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
  • C01F11/00—Compounds of calcium, strontium, or barium
  • C01F11/20—Halides
  • C01F11/22—Fluorides
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
  • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
  • B01D53/46—Removing components of defined structure
  • B01D53/68—Halogens or halogen compounds
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
  • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
  • B01D53/46—Removing components of defined structure
  • B01D53/68—Halogens or halogen compounds
  • B01D53/685—Halogens or halogen compounds by treating the gases with solids
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
  • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
  • B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
  • B01D53/81—Solid phase processes
  • B01D53/83—Solid phase processes with moving reactants
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B9/00—General methods of preparing halides
  • C01B9/08—Fluorides
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2251/00—Reactants
  • B01D2251/40—Alkaline earth metal or magnesium compounds
  • B01D2251/404—Alkaline earth metal or magnesium compounds of calcium
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2251/00—Reactants
  • B01D2251/60—Inorganic bases or salts
  • B01D2251/606—Carbonates
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
  • B01D2257/20—Halogens or halogen compounds
  • B01D2257/204—Inorganic halogen compounds
  • B01D2257/2047—Hydrofluoric acid
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
  • C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
  • C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
  • C01P2004/61—Micrometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 micrometer
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
  • C01P2006/80—Compositional purity

Definitions

• the disclosure relates to a method for producing calcium fluoride particles from gas streams containing gaseous hydrogen fluoride (HF).
• HF gaseous hydrogen fluoride
• Naturally occurring CaF2 minerals e.g. fluorspar
• HF hydrous hydrogen fluoride
• Hydrogen fluoride can be liberated from the mineral for example by the action of concentrated sulfuric acid:
• Calcium fluoride is generated as a by-product of the purification of waste streams containing HF. Exhaust gases or waste streams containing HF are directed into an aqueous solutions containing calcium hydroxide upon which calcium fluoride precipitates. Such processes are described, for example in US 3,743,704 and EP 0 536 051. However, the resulting CaF2 precipitates are too fine to be processed at industrial scale for the generation of anhydrous HF. To improve the handling properties of the precipitated calcium fluoride, organic precipitation agents (flocculants) can be added that increase the particle size of the precipitates. However, the particles then contain undesired organic contaminants.
• the process employs HF gas generated from waste materials, preferably from waste materials comprising or consisting of partially fluorinated materials such as fluoropolymers.
• Process for generating calcium fluoride particles having a particle size (d50) of from about 15 ⁇ to about 300 ⁇ comprising contacting a gas stream comprising gaseous hydrogen fluoride (HF) with a fluidized bed comprising calcium carbonate particles in a fluidized bed reactor.
• a gas stream comprising gaseous hydrogen fluoride (HF) with a fluidized bed comprising calcium carbonate particles in a fluidized bed reactor.
• Figure 1 shows a schematic drawing of the process for generating CaF2 suitable for the production of anhydrous hydrogen fluoride according to the present disclosure.
• Figure 2 shows a schematic drawing illustrating the experimental set up used in experiments 1 and 2.
• any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all values from the lower value to the upper value of that range.
• a concentration range of from 1% to 50% is intended to be an abbreviation and to expressly disclose the values between the 1% and 50%, such as, for example, 2%, 40%, 10%, 30%, 1.5 %, 3.9 % and so forth.
• a gas stream containing gaseous hydrogen fluoride is fed into a reactor having a bed comprising solid calcium carbonate particles.
• the carbonate particles react with the HF and are converted into calcium fluoride particles.
• the process is carried out in a fluidized bed reactor.
• the bed comprising the calcium carbonate or consisting of calcium carbonate particles is fluidized by a gaseous fluidization medium, which means the particles are suspended in the gas flow of the fluidizing medium.
• the reaction conditions are chosen such that calcium fluoride particles result that are suitable for the industrial production of anhydrous hydrogen fluoride (AHF).
• AHF anhydrous hydrogen fluoride
• calcium fluoride particles suitable for the production of anhydrous hydrogen fluoride have a mean particle size (d50) of at least 15 ⁇ , preferably at least 30 ⁇ .
• the upper range preferably is up to about 300 ⁇ , more preferably less than 200 ⁇ , more preferably up to and including 100 ⁇ .
• the resulting particles have a mean particle size (d50) of from about 30 ⁇ to 100 ⁇ .
• the mean particle size (d50) is the median of a particle size distribution. It is the value where half of the population resides above and half of the population resides below this point.
• Calcium fluoride particles with a d50 of less than 15 ⁇ are generally too difficult to handle and may react prematurely in the mixing equipment and blocking it. Particles with a particle size (d50) greater than 300 ⁇ may react too slowly and the yield is not economical.
• the resulting by-product CaS04 contains too much unreacted CaF2 that it cannot be used as raw material in commercial applications.
• the calcium carbonate particles convert into calcium fluoride particles by reaction with gaseous hydrogen fluoride (HF).
• HF gaseous hydrogen fluoride
• the conversion is believed to start on the surface of the calcium carbonate particles and progresses from there to the core.
• the conversion or purity of the resulting calcium fluoride particles i.e. the CaF2 content, is greater than 90%, more preferably greater than 95%, and most preferably at least 97% (the percentages are weight percentages).
• Suitable calcium carbonate particles for use in the process of the present disclosure include particles having a particle size (d50) of from about 35 to about 400 ⁇ . Preferably, less than 10% (by weight), more preferably less than 5% by weight and most preferably less than 3% by weight of the calcium carbonate particles have a particle size of less than 3 ⁇ .
• the CaF2 particles may shrink to some extent during the reaction with increasing conversion, which is believed to be the result of attrition between particles in the fluidized bed. Somewhat larger calcium carbonate particles may be used as starting material in case the reduction of the particle size is too great or the reaction can be stopped at a lower conversion rate. Also the flow rate of the fluidizing medium can be adjusted to control the attrition.
• the flow rate should be high enough to suspend the particles in the fluidizing medium and keeping them suspended thus forming a stable fluidized bed. Higher volume flows may destabilize the fluidized bed and may lead to greater attrition of the particles.
• the particle sized of the starting material may be adjusted.
• calcium carbonate particles having a d50 of at least about 25 ⁇ can be used in the present process to provide CaF2 of from about 15 ⁇ to about 300 ⁇ particle size (d50).
• Preferred particle sizes of CaCC include ranges from about 25 ⁇ to about 700 ⁇ , more preferably from about 30 to about 300 ⁇ and more preferably from about 40 to about 150 ⁇ .
• the calcium carbonate particles have a purity of at least about 90% (weight percent).
• the calcium carbonate particles have a specific surface area (BET) of less than 10 m 2 /g, for example between 0.1 and 1 m 2 /g.
• the specific surface area (BET) can be determined using a Micromeritics ASAP 2012 analyser from Micromeritics GmbH, Aachen, Germany.
• Suitable calcium carbonate particles are commercially available.
• the desired particle sizes can be obtained from sieved fractions obtained by grinding larger particles.
• the calcium carbonate particles form the fluidized bed in the fluidized bed reactor where they are being converted into CaF2.
• the chemical composition of the fluidized bed thus changes from calcium carbonate towards calcium fluoride during the course of the reaction.
• a fluidized bed preferably consists of calcium carbonate particles at the beginning of the reaction it is also contemplate that the bed may comprise other particles, preferably inert particles that do not react under the reaction conditions and that can be separated from the generated calcium fluoride particles. Such particles may be used, for example, to influence the heat distribution in the reaction or to control the volume of particle flow.
• the calcium carbonate particles are contacted by a gas stream containing gaseous HF.
• this gas stream is also the fluidizing medium suspending the calcium carbonate particles to form a fluidized bed.
• the HF containing gas stream is only part of the fluidizing medium and is present, for example as a mixture with one or more other gas streams.
• Preferred gas streams containing HF include those generated by the incineration of one or more fluorinated materials. Fluorinated materials include materials that are solid, liquid or gaseous at ambient conditions (20°C, 1013 hPa).
• Suitable fluorinated materials include fluorinated hydrocarbons and substituted fluorinated hydrocarbons, i.e. fluorinated hydrocarbons that further contain atoms other than carbon, hydrogen and fluorine. Such other atoms may include chlorine, nitrogen, oxygen atoms and combinations thereof.
• the fluorinated material comprises one or more fluorinated polymers, preferably partially fluorinated polymers. Suitable partially fluorinated polymers contain repeating units derived from fluorinated olefins having one or more carbon-carbon unsaturation, one or more fluorine and one or more hydrogen atom. Such polymers may have a molecular weight of more than 5,000 g/mole. Such polymers are typically solids.
• Suitable examples of partially fluorinated polymers include copolymers that have a backbone that is at least 30% by weight fluorinated, preferably at least 50% by weight fluorinated, more preferably at least 65% by weight fluorinated but also include hydrogen atoms.
• suitable partially fluorinated fluoropolymers include polymers and copolymers (i) comprising one or more partially fluorinated monomers, (ii) comprising one or more partially fluorinated monomers and one or more perfluorinated monomers, (iii) comprising one or more perfluorinated or partially fluorinated monomers in combination with one or more non-fluorinated monomers.
• perfluorinated monomers include fluorinated C2-C8 olefins that contain fluorine and chlorine atoms but no hydrogen atoms.
• examples include tetrafluoroethene (TFE), hexafluoropropene (HFP); chlorotrifluoroethene (CTFE), 2-chloropentafluoropropene, dichlorodifluoroethene, 1,1-difluorethene, perfluorinated vinyl ethers (collectively referred to as PVE) and perfluorinated allyl ethers (collectively referred to as PAE).
• n represents either 0 or 1.
• Rf represents a linear or branched, cyclic or acyclic
• Rf perfluorinated alkyl residue containing at least one catenary oxygen atom.
• Rf may contain up to 8, preferably, or up to 6 carbon atoms, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 carbon atoms.
• Typical examples of Rf include linear, branched alkyl residues interrupted by one oxygen atom, and linear or branched alkyl residues containing 2, 3, 4 or 5 catenary ether oxygens. Further examples of Rf include residues containing one or more of the following units and combinations thereof:
• Rf include but are not limited to: - (CF2) r i-0-C 3 F7; -(CF2)r2-0-C2F 5 ; -(CF2)r3-0-CF 3 ; -(CF2-0) s i-C 3 F7; -(CF 2 -0) S 2-C2F 5 ; -(CF 2 -0) s3 -CF 3; -
• Suitable non-fluorinated comonomers include 1-chloroethene, 1,1-dichloroethene, and C 2 -C8 olefins such as ethene (E) and propene (P).
• partially fluorinated monomers include fluorinated olefins that contain at least one hydrogen atom. Such olefins may additionally contain one or more oxygen atom and one or more chlorine atom.
• Specific examples of partially fluorinated copolymers include copolymers having a combination of monomers as follows: VDF-HFP, TFE-P, VDF-TFE-HFP, VDF-TFE-PVE, TFE-HFP, E-TFE-HFP, TFE- PVE, E-TFE-PVE and any of the aforementioned copolymers further including units derived from a chlorine containing monomer such as CTFE.
• the HF-containing gas is obtained by incinerating the fluorinated material.
• the incineration of the fluorinated material is preferably carried out in the presence of oxygen or a mixture of gases containing oxygen (incinerating gas). Depending on the starting materials and reaction conditions the oxygen content of air may be sufficient as incineration gas, otherwise additional oxygen may be added. The optimum conditions for incinerating the fluorinated materials may be determined
• the partially fluorinated material typically gets mainly converted into CO2 and HF and H2O.
• the incineration reacts starts automatically in the presence of oxygen and the right temperature. However, it may be triggered by other incinerators or electrically, for example by generating sparks.
• the ratio of fluorinated material and incinerating gas i.e. the concentration of fluorinated material, will determine the HF content of the HF-containing gas produced.
• gases may be present if the fluorinated material contains other atoms than carbon, fluorine and hydrogen.
• chlorine atoms and nitrogen atoms when present may result in the formation of HC1 gas and gaseous nitrogen oxides.
• Nitrogen oxides may also be generated when air is used as incineration gas. No detrimental effect of nitrogen oxide on the conversion reaction has been observed. However nitrogen oxides should be retained in the exhaust treatment unit.
• the HF content of the gas may be lowered, if desired, by mixing the gas with one or more inert gases, for example but not limited to nitrogen, helium or other noble gases.
• the HF content of the HF-containing gas may include amounts of from 0.5 to 50% (volume percent).
• the concentration (volume %) of HF in the gas stream is between 1 and 30 %, more preferably between 3 to 15%.
• the fluorinated material is composed such that approximately equimolar amounts of H and F are present in the fluorinated material. This may be achieved by mixing in other fluorinated materials if the fluorine content is too low, or by mixing in non-fluorinated hydrocarbons in case the amount of fluorine atoms is too high. Liquid and gaseous fluorinated or non-fluorinated materials may be used to adjust the H: F ratio in the fluorinated material to be incinerated.
• the gas stream is kept at a temperature and pressure that avoids the condensation of water to prevent the formation of aqueous hydrogen fluoride.
• the gas stream is kept at a temperature of greater than 100°C, preferably greater than 120°C.
• the incineration of fluorinated materials may be exothermic such that the temperature of the incineration reactor may have to be controlled.
• the fluorinated material is a solid material.
• its incineration is carried out in a fluidized bed reactor.
• the fluorinated material may be milled to have the appropriate particle size for forming a fluidized bed if necessary.
• a preferred fluorinated material comprises or consists of fluorinated polymers, more preferably of partially fluorinated fluoropolymers.
• the incineration gas may be used as fluidizing medium and the solid particles may form the fluidized bed.
• the incineration reactor is preferably made of steel with a high nickel content (e.g. 15 to 25 weight percent (wt.%) of Ni) and preferably a high content of chromium (e.g. from about 18 to 26 wt%).
• the incineration can also be carried out in a fixed bed reactor, such as for example but not limited to a rotary kiln or a gas incinerator, for example if a liquid or gaseous fluorinated material is used.
• the process is the treatment of fluorinated waste material to generate calcium fluoride. Therefore, in one embodiment of the present disclosure the process is a process of converting fluorinated waste material, in particular waste material comprising partially fluorinated polymers, into calcium fluoride.
• a gas stream containing gaseous HF (1) is fed through inlet ( 12) into the reactor (3) where the reaction with calcium carbonate will take place.
• This reactor is also referred to herein as "fluorine fixation reactor”.
• the fluorine fixation reactor (3) is preferably a fluidized bed reactor wherein the calcium carbonate particles (represented as dark dots in reactor (3)) are suspended by a fluidizing medium, which is formed by or comprises the HF gas stream (1).
• the suspended calcium carbonate particles form the fluidized bed.
• the gas stream in the reactor is set such that the bed of calcium carbonate particles becomes fluidized, i.e. the particles are suspended by the gas stream.
• the HF -containing gas stream (1) is used as fluidizing medium but it may be mixed with one or more other fluidizing gases.
• the fluidized bed reactor can be a fluidized bed reactor as known in the art. It dimensions, design and gas flows can be optimised to keep the particles as a fluidized bed as known in the art and as described, for example, in D. Kunii, O. Levenspiel, H. Brenner, "Fluidization Engineering", 2 nd edition, 1991 Elsevier Inc.. The volume flow has to be high enough to suspend the particles and keeping them suspended to achieve a stable fluidized bed. Volume flows that are too great may destabilize the fluidized bed and may also lead to great attrition of the particles.
• the HF-containing gas stream is directed out of the fixation reactor (3) via at least one outlet (8) and leaves the reactor as stream ⁇ .
• Stream ( ⁇ ) contains a lower amount of HF than stream (1) because some or all of the HF has reacted with the calcium carbonate particles.
• the exiting gas stream ( ⁇ ) may be directed to an exhaust treatment unit (9) as illustrated in figure 1, or it may be directed to one or more other fluorine fixation reactor, which can be identical to reactor (3) or can be of different design, before being directed to the exhaust treatment unit (9).
• Feeding the gas stream ( ⁇ ) to one or more further fluorine fixation reactors before directing it to the exhaust treatment unit (9) may allow for further reductions of HF content in the gas stream by further conversion to calcium fluoride before the gas stream is directed to the exhaust treatment unit (9).
• Another advantage of using a cascade of fixation reactors instead of a single fixation reactor is that the HF containing gas stream (1) may be directed to a second fixation reactor bypassing the first reactor. The CaF2 particles from the first reactor can then be collected and the reactor bed can be renewed with new calcium carbonate particles without needing to shut down the production of HF gas (1). This way the HF conversion unit can run continuously, even if the individual fluorine fixation reactors may be run batch-wise.
• the exhaust treatment unit (9) may comprise one or more quenching units where the exhaust gas may be subjected to an aqueous basic solution to remove acidic residues.
• the treatment unit may comprise further units to remove solid particles from the gas stream and other impurities such as organic gases.
• the fluorine fixation reactor (3) further contains at least one inlet (1 1) for entering the solid particles for forming the fluidized bed. This inlet may also be used for recovering the particles after the reaction, or a different inlet is installed for removing the CaF2 particles formed.
• the gas inlet is at the bottom section of the reactor and the gas outlet is at the head section of the reactor.
• the fixation reactor and the HF-gas supply is kept at a temperature above 100°C to avoid condensation of water and below the service temperature of the reactor material and material for the gas supply, and below the degradation temperature of the calcium carbonate particles.
• suitable materials include polytetrafluoroethene (PTFE), which typically has a service temperature of up to about 200°C.
• Steels with a high nickel content may be used if higher temperatures are to be used, should this be desired.
• Suitable steels include steels having a nickel content of 15 to 25 weight %, preferably also having an additional chromium content of from about 20 to 30 weight %.
• the HF-containing gas (1) is generated by the incineration of fluorinated materials, preferably partially fluorinated polymers.
• the fluorinated material (22) is incinerated in the incineration reactor (2) in the presence of oxygen.
• the incineration of the fluorinated material (22) in the presence of oxygen yields the HF gas containing gas stream (1).
• the gas stream (1) comprises HF and CO2 and H2O as major reaction products from the incineration reaction.
• H2O is not detrimental to the process but should be kept in gaseous form.
• CO2 is also not detrimental to the process.
• the fluorinated material is a solid material in the form of particles, more preferably the fluorinated material comprises particles of one or more partially fluorinated polymers.
• the fluorinated material may be milled into smaller particles if necessary before it is fed into the reactor through solid inlet (21).
• the fluorinated material is in solid or liquid form inlet (21) typically is a pump for liquids and a jet or a pump for solid particles.
• the incineration reactor further has at least one inlet (20) for the incineration gas or incineration gas mixture (24) and at least one outlet (23) to direct the HF-containing gas (1) generated in the incineration reaction out of the reactor.
• the incineration reactor can be heated to bring the temperature in the reactor to the necessary level to allow incineration.
• the incineration reactor (2) contains at least one heating element (27).
• the incineration reaction may be exothermic and the reactor may be equipped with one or more cooling elements (26), which are preferably external elements for cooling the reactor wall.
• the incineration reactor (2) is a fluidized bed reactor.
• fixed bed reactors or rotary kilns or other reactors known to be useful in incineration reactions of liquids or solids or gases may also be used.
• the incineration gas (24) can be used as fluidizing medium and the particles comprising the fluorinated materials (22) may form the fluidized bed.
• the gas flow is set such that the particles comprising the fluorinated material (22) are suspended and form the fluidized bed of the reactor.
• the gas inlet (20) is at the bottom section of the reactor and the gas outlet is at the head of the reactor (23).
• the gas stream (1) containing the gaseous HF is fed from the outlet (23) to the inlet (12) of the fluorine fixation reactor (2). It may passing through at least one heat exchanger unit (28) to bring the temperature of the HF containing gas stream (1) to the operating temperature in the fixation reactor (2) if required. Examples
• An incineration unit (100) contained an incineration reactor (101).
• the reactor (101) was a vertical, tubular reactor made of 1.4841 steel (Ni content between 19 and 22% wt, Cr content between 22 and 26% wt.) and had a length of 800 mm and an inner diameter of 32.4 mm. It had inlets for difluoromethane (DFM) gas flow and air gas flow, and nitrogen gas for purging.
• the inside of the reactor was heated by an external resistive heating element to 700°C.
• the reactor walls could be cooled from the outside by an external cooling element (103).
• the incineration reactor had an outlet (104) for feeding the HF containing gas stream (1) generated in the incineration reactor to the fluorine fixation unit (200) after passing through cooling element (105).
• the fluorine fixation unit (200) contained a cascade of five identical reactors (201)-(205) (in figure 2 only the first three reactors are shown (201-203)).
• the reactors were fluidized bed reactors.
• the gas inlet was at the bottom of the reactors.
• the gas was fed into the reactors through a perforated bauxite plate protected by a screen to prevent particles from falling into the perforated plate.
• the reactors (201-205) had a length (height) of 290 mm and an inner diameter of 28 mm and contained an inner lining made of PTFE.
• Each reactor contained a bed of 100 g CaCC (45-100 ⁇ particle size; surface area (BET) ⁇ 10 g/m 2 , type V/90 from Scheruhn Industrie-Mineralien GmbH & Co, Germany) indicated as dark dots in figure 2.
• the particles were entered into the reactor via inlet 209 (only shown for reactor 201 in figure 2 but each fixation reactors had the same inlet).
• the gas-stream 1 ' exiting the reactor (201) was fed via an outlet at the head section of the first reactor (201) to an inlet at the bottom section of the second reactor (202).
• the same set up was applied to the other reactors (203-205) of the reactor cascade.
• the exhaust gas from a reactor could be fed either into another reactor or into the exhaust treatment unit (300).
• the gas supply to and out of the reactors contained several 3-way valves such that each reactor could be cut off from the gas supply and by-passed.
• the gas was quenched (301) with basic water (solution of KOH), directed over a filter for solid particles (302) and then directed over a glass bead column (303) filled with a KOH solution in isopropanol.
• the reactor system was first purged with nitrogen. Then the reactors were heated to their operating temperatures (the incineration reactor was heated to 700°C and the fluorine fixation reactors were heated to 150°C). Then the fluorinated material (difluoromethane (DFM)) and air
• the HF-gas flow (1) in the fluorine fixation cascade was adjusted that the particles were suspended to create a stable fluidized bed (at volume flows of about 4 and 16 mm/s).
• the retention times of the HF- gas in a fixation reactor were between 0.1 and 0.6 s.
• Particle sizes of the CaF2 particles were determined by laser diffraction and expressed as (d50).
• a CILAS HR850 granulometer from CILAS ALCATEL was used.
• the CaF 2 content (% conversion) was determined according to ISO 5439-1978.
• the average particle size of the resulting CaF2 particles was 52 ⁇ (d50) for the conversions below 50%. At conversions of greater 80% the particle size remained stable at 32 ⁇ (d50).
• the experiment for incinerating a fluorinated polymer was carried out in an incineration reactor similar to incineration reactor (2) illustrated in figure 1.
• the tubular, vertical incineration reactor (2) was made from Ni-containing steel (1.4841 steel).
• the reactor had a length of 800 mm and an inner diameter of 32.4 mm.
• the reactor contained a perforated support structure (25) made of bauxite (diameter of the perforations was about 400 ⁇ ) over the gas inlet (20) through which the incineration (24) gas was fed into the reactor. Air was used as incineration gas.
• the reactor was heated by external resistive heating (26) to a temperature of 550°C.
• the flow of incineration gas into the reactor was 18 NI/min.
• Tetrafluoroethene- ethene (ETFE) copolymer particles were used as fluorinated material (particle sizes were about 500 - 1,000 ⁇ ).
• the ETFE particles were fed into the reactor by ajet stream (21) of 4m/s corresponding to 2g ETFE / min.
• the ETFE particles (22) formed a fluidized bed under these conditions and incinerated at the reactor temperature of 550°C.
• the generated HF-containing gas stream (1) was fed directly into an exhaust treatment unit (9) where it was quenched with isopropanol/KOH and the HF content was determined by the change of pH.
• the HF gas stream (1) generated in the incineration reactor was suitable to be directed into a fluorine fixation unit.

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