Classifications

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Definitions

• a topical route of drug administration is desirable because the risks and inconvenience of parenteral treatment can be avoided; the variable absorption and metabolism associated with oral treatment can be circumvented; drug administration can be continuous, thereby permitting the use of pharmacologically active agents with short biological half-lives; the gastrointestinal irritation associated with many compounds can be avoided; and cutaneous manifestations of diseases can be treated more effectively than by systemic approaches.
• Most transdermal and transmucosal delivery systems achieve penetration by using a penetration-enhancing vehicle.
• penetration enhancers Such compounds or mixtures of compounds are known in the art as “penetration enhancers” or “skin enhancers.”
• Many of the penetration enhancers in the literature enhance transdermal absorption, yet they also possess certain drawbacks in that some are regarded as toxic; some irritate the skin; some have a thinning effect on the skin on prolonged use; and most are incapable of delivering high molecular weight pharmaceuticals and cosmetic agents.
• compositions containing one or more active agents include compositions containing one or more active agents and about 0.1 wt. % to about 5.0 wt. % of a extracellular matrix component or a fragment thereof having average molecular weight of about 2,000 daltons to about 60,000 daltons.
• the decoy molecule may be selected from the group consisting of hyaluronic acid, collagen, fibronectin, elastin, lectin, and combinations thereof, and in certain embodiments, the collagen may be selected from the group consisting of collagen type I, collagen type II, collagen type III, collagen type IV, collagen type V, fibrillary collagen, non-fibrillary collagen, and combinations thereof.
• the compositions may include about 1 mg to about 1000 mg of the extracellular matrix component or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the compositions may include about 0.1 wt. % to about 25 wt. % active agent, and in some embodiments, the compositions may include about 1 mg to about 1000 mg active agent.
• the active agent may be selected from the group consisting of analgesic agents, antibacterial agents, antifungal agents, anesthetics, steroids, retinol, gabapentin, pregabalin, minocycline, salicylate, acetyl salicylic acid, cyclosporine, tacrolimus (FK506), hydrocortisone, lidocaine, bimatoprost, botulinum toxin, tadalafil, an antibody, an antibody fragment, and the like or combinations thereof.
• analgesic agents antibacterial agents, antifungal agents, anesthetics, steroids, retinol, gabapentin, pregabalin, minocycline, salicylate, acetyl salicylic acid, cyclosporine, tacrolimus (FK506), hydrocortisone, lidocaine, bimatoprost, botulinum toxin, tadalafil, an antibody, an antibody fragment, and the
• compositions of embodiments may be formulated as a liquid, cream, ointment, gel, or aerosol.
• the compositions my further include one or more pharmaceutical additives selected from the group consisting of diluents, fillers, disintegrants, binders, lubricants, surfactants, hydrophobic vehicles, water soluble vehicles, emulsifiers, buffers, humectants, moisturizers, solubilizers, preservatives, colorants, plastizers, carriers, excipients, or combinations thereof.
• compositions may further include one or more cosmetic additives selected from the group consisting of vitamins, cosmetic peptides, oil control agents, other skin care agents, and hydrating compositions.
• the composition may further include a compound that absorbs or reflects UV photons.
• the compositions may include about 0.25 wt. % to about 2.0 wt. % of the decoy molecule wherein the active agent is selected from the group consisting of salicylate, lidocaine, sunblock, retinol, bimatoprost, steroids, and combinations thereof.
• the compositions may include about 1.0 wt. % to about 5.0 wt. % of the decoy molecule wherein the active agent is selected from the group consisting of antibiotics, antifungal agents, biologies, antibodies, macromolecule active agents, peptide- based therapeutics, and combinations thereof.
• Further embodiments include methods for delivering an active agent including the steps of applying to a surface tissue of a subject a composition comprising one or more active agents and about 0.25 wt. % to about 10 wt. % of a extracellular matrix component or a fragment thereof having average molecular weight of about 2,000 daltons to about 60,000 daltons.
• the decoy molecule may be selected from the group consisting of hyaluronic acid, collagen, fibronectin, elastin, lectin, and fragments and combinations thereof.
• compositions of such methods may include about 1 mg to about 1000 mg of the extracellular matrix component or a fragment thereof.
• the compositions of such methods may include about 0.1 wt. % to about 25 wt. % active agent, and in some embodiments, the compositions of such methods may include about 1 mg to about 1000 mg active agent.
• the active agent may be selected from the group consisting of analgesic agents, antibacterial agents, antifungal agents, anesthetics, steroids, retinol, gabapentin, pregabalin, minocycline, salicylate, acetyl salicylic acid, cyclosporine, tacrolimus (FK506), hydrocortisone, lidocaine, bimatoprost, botulinum toxin, tadalafil, an antibody, an antibody fragment, and the like or combinations thereof.
• analgesic agents antibacterial agents, antifungal agents, anesthetics, steroids, retinol, gabapentin, pregabalin, minocycline, salicylate, acetyl salicylic acid, cyclosporine, tacrolimus (FK506), hydrocortisone, lidocaine, bimatoprost, botulinum toxin, tadalafil, an antibody, an antibody fragment, and the
• FIGS. 1A-1B are graphs showing the percent of peptide flux relative to flux of peptide from the composition of peptide alone, for peptide compositions comprising a decoy molecule of hyaluronic acid with a molecular weight of 10,000 Da, 20,000 Da, 40,000 Da, 60,000 Da, or 100,000 Da, where flux was measured in skin with stratum corneum intact (FIG. 1A) and in skin with stratum corneum stripped (FIG. IB) and each composition was measured in duplicate (solid line, dashed line).
• FIG. 2 is a bar graph showing the percent increase of salicylate flux from compositions of salicylate and a decoy molecule of hyaluronic acid with molecular weights designated as small (5,000 Da to 10,000 Da), small to mid (10,000 Da to 20,000 Da), low to mid (20,000 Da to 30,000 Da), and mid (30,000 Da to 40,000 Da) over a composition with no decoy molecule.
• FIG. 3 is a bar graph showing the percent increase of hydrocortisone flux from compositions of hydrocortisone and a decoy molecule of hyaluronic acid with molecular weights designated as very small (5,000 Da to 10,000 Da), small (10,000 Da to 20,000 Da), mid (30,000 Da to 40,000 Da), and large (40,000 Da to 60,000 Da) over a composition with no decoy molecule.
• FIG. 4 is a bar graph showing the percent of lidocaine in porcine skin from topically applied compositions of lidocaine and an elastin decoy molecule with a molecular weight designated as very very small (2,000 Da to 5,000 Da), very small (5,000 Da to 10,000 Da), and small (10,000 Da to 20,000 Da) and no decoy molecule.
• FIG. 5 is a bar graph showing the percent of topically applied minocycline in porcine skin from compositions containing of minocycline and a decoy molecule of hyaluronic acid with molecular weights designated as 3,000 Da, 5,000 Da, and 10,000 Da compared with a composition with no decoy.
• FIG. 6 is a bar graph showing the absorption of UVA and UVB in skin (4.0 corresponds to 100%), where the bars correspond with a sunscreen composition with a decoy molecule added to the commercially available sunscreen (Anthelios 60) and the commercially available sunscreen (Anthelios 60).
• FIGS. 7A-7B are graphs of UV absorption as a function of wavelength, in nm, for commercially available sunscreen (Anthelios 60) alone (FIG. 7A) and for the commercially available sunscreen (Anthelios 60) with a decoy molecule (FIG. 7B).
• FIG. 8 is a graph showing the percent UV absorbance through skin as a function of wavelength, in nm, for commercially available sunscreen (Anthelios 60) (solid line) and for the commercially available sunscreen (Anthelios 60) with a decoy molecule (dashed line).
• FIG. 9 is a bar graph showing the amount of gabapentin in tissue ⁇ g gabapentin/g tissue) delivered into porcine skin grafts in vitro from a topical formulation of gabapentin and sodium hyaluronate and from a topical formulation of gabapentin alone.
• FIG. 10 is a bar graph showing the amount of palmitoyl-lysine-threonine- threonine-lysine-serine (pal-KTTKS) in tissue ⁇ g pal-KTTKS/50 mg tissue) delivered into porcine skin grafts in vitro from a topical formulation of pal-KTTKS and sodium hyaluronate and from a topical formulation of pal-KTTKS alone.
• pal-KTTKS palmitoyl-lysine-threonine- threonine-lysine-serine
• FIG. 11 is a bar graph showing the percent increase in salicylate delivery across porcine mucosal tissue when a decoy molecule of elastin is included in the composition compared with a composition of salicylate and saline.
• FIG 12 is bar graph showing the percentage increase of antibody flux from compositions comprised of antibody and a decoy molecule of hyaluronic acid with molecular weights designated as vvlow, vlow and low compared with antibody alone.
• compositions of the present disclosure can comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of, the components disclosed.
• administer refers to either directly administering a compound (also referred to as an agent of interest) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound (agent of interest) or a composition to a subj ect.
• carrier encompasses carriers, excipients, and diluents, meaning a material, composition or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, solvent or encapsulating material involved in carrying or transporting a pharmaceutical, cosmetic or other agent across a tissue layer such as the stratum corneum or stratum spinosum.
• disorder is used in this disclosure to mean, and is used interchangeably with, the terms disease, condition, or illness, unless otherwise indicated.
• the terms "effective amount” and “therapeutically effective amount” are used interchangeably in this disclosure and refer to an amount of a compound that, when administered to a subject, is capable of reducing a symptom of a disorder in a subject.
• the actual amount which comprises the "effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” will vary depending on a number of conditions including, but not limited to, the severity of the disorder, the size and health of the patient, and the route of administration. A skilled medical practitioner can readily determine the appropriate amount using methods known in the medical arts.
• phrases "pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those agents of interest/compounds, salts, compositions, dosage forms, etc, which are—within the scope of sound medical judgment-suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and/or other mammals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
• pharmaceutically acceptable means approved by a regulatory agency of the federal or a state government, or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeia for use in mammals (e.g, animals), and more particularly, in humans.
• salts as used herein embraces pharmaceutically acceptable salts commonly used to form alkali metal salts of free acids and to form addition salts of free bases.
• the nature of the salt is not critical, provided that it is pharmaceutically acceptable.
• salts also includes solvates of addition salts, such as hydrates, as well as polymorphs of addition salts.
• Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts can be prepared from an inorganic acid or from an organic acid. Examples of such inorganic acids are hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, nitric, carbonic, sulfuric, and phosphoric acid.
• Appropriate organic acids can be selected from aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic, arylaliphatic, and heterocyclyl containing carboxylic acids and sulfonic acids, for example formic, acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, gluconic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, glucuronic, maleic, fumaric, pyruvic, aspartic, glutamic, benzoic, anthranilic, mesylic, stearic, salicylic, p-hydroxybenzoic, phenylacetic, mandelic, embonic (pamoic), methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, pantothenic, toluenesulfonic, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic, sulfanilic, cyclohexylaminosulfonic, algenic, 3-hydroxybutyric, galactaric and galactu
• patient and subject are interchangeable and may be taken to mean any living organism which may be treated with compounds of the present invention.
• the terms “patient” and “subject” may include, but is not limited to, any non-human mammal, primate or human.
• the "patient” or “subject” is a mammal, such as mice, rats, other rodents, rabbits, dogs, cats, swine, cattle, sheep, horses, primates, or humans.
• the patient or subject is an adult, child or infant.
• the patient or subject is a human.
• treating is used herein, for instance, in reference to methods of treating a skin disorder or a systemic condition, and generally includes the administration of a compound or composition which reduces the frequency of, or delays the onset of, symptoms of a medical condition in a subject relative to a subject not receiving the compound or composition. This can include reversing, reducing, or arresting the symptoms, clinical signs, and underlying pathology of a condition in a manner to improve or stabilize a subject's condition.
• compositions containing an active agent and a decoy molecule that is capable of causing rearrangement of tissues that the composition contacts by temporarily disrupting cell-cell (i.e. intercellular) and cell-scaffold attachment allowing the active agent to pass through cell layers and passive intracellular crossing of the active agent into cells throughout the tissue.
• Further embodiments include methods for administering an active agent by contacting a tissue with a composition containing an active agent and a decoy molecule.
• the compositions and methods described herein can be used for administering any active agent including small molecule drugs, macromolecular drugs, biologies, antibodies, chimeric antibodies, peptides, antioxidants, and the like and combinations thereof.
• compositions and methods can also be used for diagnostic purposes and mediating the flow of diagnostic molecules through various tissues.
• the compositions can be applied to any surface tissue, including skin, mucosa, eyes, ears, inside the nose, inside the mouth, lips, urethral openings, vaginal, anus, tongue, frenulum of tongue, hair, teeth, and the like.
• the decoy molecule may be an extracellular matrix component or a fragment thereof or a receptor associated with the extracellular matrix.
• the decoy molecule may be hyaluronic acid, elastin, collagen, fibronectin, lectin, and the like and combinations thereof.
• the size of the decoy molecule may impact the cell-cell and cell-scaffold disruption, and in various embodiments, the decoy molecule may have an average molecular weight of less than 100,000 Daltons ("Da"). In particular embodiments, the decoy molecule may have an average molecular weight of about 2,000 Da to about 60,000, about 2,000 Da to about 40,000 Da, or about 5,000 Da to about 40,000 Da.
• the decoy molecule may have an average molecular weight of about 2,000 Da to about 5,000 Da ("very small” size), about 5,000 Da to about 10,000 Da (“small” size), about 10,000 Da to about 20,000 Da (“small-to-mid” size), about 20,000 Da to about 30,000 Da (“low-to-mid” size), about 30,000 Da to about 40,000 Da (“mid” size), about 40,000 Da to about 60,000 Da (“large” size), or about 60,000 Da to about 100,000 Da ("very large” size).
• the compositions of embodiments may include decoy molecules falling within any of the ranges identified above and outside the "average molecular weight.”
• the decoy molecule may include individual molecules that are large and extra-large or very small and small when the average molecular weight is small-to-mid.
• the amount of decoy in the composition may impact the cell-cell and cell- scaffold disruption by modulating the depth of the disruption, thereby modulating the depth of penetration of the active.
• the amount of decoy present in the compositions of various embodiments may be from about 0.1 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, and in particular embodiments, the amount of decoy in such compositions may be from about 0.1 wt. % to about 2.0 wt. %, about 0.25 wt. % to about 3.0 wt. %, about 0.5 wt. % to about 5.0 wt. %, about 0.75 wt. % to about 7.5 wt.
• the amount of decoy molecule can modulate the depth of penetration of the active agent.
• a relatively low concentration of decoy molecule e.g. about 0.1 wt. % to about 2.0 wt. % or about 0.25 wt. % to about 1.0 wt. %, may allow for transport of an active agent partially across the epidermis, for example, through the stratum granulosum and into the stratum spinosum, when the composition is administered topically.
• a higher concentration of decoy molecule e.g. about 0.5 wt. % to about 5.0 wt. % or about 0.5 wt.
• the amount of decoy molecule in a composition may be about 1 mg to about 1000 mg, about 1 mg to about 900 mg, about 1 mg to about 800 mg, about 1 mg to about 700 mg, about 1 mg to about 600 mg, about 1 mg to about 500 mg, about 1 mg to about 400 mg, about 1 mg to about 300 mg, about 1 mg to about 200 mg, about 1 mg to about 100 mg, about 10 mg to about 1000 mg, about 50 mg to about 1000 mg, about 100 mg to about 1000 mg, about 200 mg to about 1000 mg, about 300 mg to about 1000 mg, about 400 mg to about 1000 mg, about 500 mg to about 1000 mg, about 10 mg to about 500 mg, about 50 mg to about 500 mg, about 100 mg to about 500 mg, about 10 mg to about 300 mg, about 50 mg to about 300 mg, about 500 mg to about 300 mg, about
• active agents that target, for example, the epidermis may be included in compositions containing lower concentrations of decoy molecule, e.g. about 0.1 wt. % to about 2.0 wt. % or about 0.25 wt. % to about 1.5 wt. %, and active agents that target, for example, dermis or subcutanis may be included in compositions containing higher concentrations of decoy molecule, e.g. about 1.0 wt. % to about 5.0 wt. % or about 1.0 wt. % to about 3.0 wt. %.
• the size of the active agent may impact the formulation of the composition.
• a large active agent such as a macromolecule therapeutic or biologic/therapeutic peptide may require higher concentrations of decoy molecule, e.g. about 0.5 wt. % to about 5.0 wt. % or about 0.5 wt. % to about 3.0 wt. %, to allow administration to the epidermis even though similar concentrations may allow administration of smaller therapeutics to the dermis or systemic administration through the blood stream.
• the decoy molecule may be hyaluronic acid.
• Hyaluronic acid is known to interact with, for example, CD44, receptor for hyaluronic acid - mediated motility (RHAMM), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1).
• CD44 is widely distributed throughout the body and mediates cell interaction with hyaluronic acid.
• ICAM-1 is a metabolic cell surface receptor for hyaluronic acid, and binding of hyaluronic acid to ICAM-1 may contribute to the control of ICAM-1 -mediated inflammatory activation.
• Hyaluronic acid is polymer of di saccharides.
• low molecular weight fragments of hyaluronic acid may disrupt cell-cell and cell-scaffold attachments by interrupting intercellular interactions and/or by triggering cellular injury response, which may disrupt intercellular interactions between cells that do not directly contact the hyaluronic acid decoy molecule.
• the decoy molecule may be collagen.
• Collagen can be isolated in a various forms and from a number of sources.
• Exemple collagens include collagen type I, collagen type II, collagen type III, collagen type IV, or collagen type V.
• the collagen can also be fibrillary collagen or non-fibrillar collagen.
• Low molecular weight collagens can be made, for example, by hydrolysis, and like hyaluronic acid, low molecular weight collagen may disrupt cell-cell and cell-scaffold attachments by interrupting intercellular interactions and/or by triggering cellular injury response, which may disrupt intercellular interactions between cells deeper in the tissue.
• the decoy molecule may be fibronectin.
• Fibronectin is a protein dimer, consisting of two nearly identical monomers linked by a pair of disulfide bonds. Fibronectin binds to membrane-spanning receptor proteins called integrins and extracellular matrix components such as collagen, fibrin, and heparin sulfate proteoglycans. Like hyaluronic acid and collagen, fibronectin fragments may disrupt cell-cell and cell-scaffold attachments by interrupting intercellular interactions and/or by triggering cellular injury response, which may disrupt intercellular interactions between cells deeper in the tissue.
• the decoy molecule may be elastin.
• Elastin is a protein found in connective tissue and allows many tissues in the body to resume their shape after stretching or contracting. Like hyaluronic acid, collagen, and fibronectin, elastin fragments may disrupt cell-cell and cell-scaffold attachments by interrupting intercellular interactions and/or by triggering cellular injury response, which may disrupt intercellular interactions between cells deeper in the tissue.
• the compositions of various embodiments may include nearly any active agent, including agents for systemic or local delivery.
• active agents include a biologic, therapeutic peptides, biomimetic peptide, and small molecule and macromolecular analgesic agents, antifungal agents, antibacterial agents, anesthetic agents, and steroids.
• Biologic, therapeutic peptides, and biomimetic peptide encompassed by embodiments include, but are not limited to, botulinum toxin and chimeras or derivatives thereof, antibodies, antibody fragments, derivatives of antibodies, Rejuline, CG-Purilux, CG- Dermaheal, CGKeramin2, Prohairin-B4, CG-TGP2, CG-EDP3, CG-IDP, and the like and combinations thereof. Further examples can be found in US2014/0309157, which is related to peptides for promotion of hair growth and WO 2015/17601, which describes peptides having antioxidant activity or that
• Non-limiting examples of analgesic agents, antifungal agents, antibacterial agents, and anesthetic agents, and steroids include gabapentin, pregabalin, minocycline, acetyl salicylic acid, cyclosporine, tacrolimus (FK506), bimatoprost and other PGE2 inhibitors, tadalafil, clindamycin, cortisone, minoxidil, minoxidil sulfate, niacinamide, methylsalicylate, gabapentin, hydrocortisone, palmitoyl-KTTKS peptide, phenytoin, vitamin B12, cyclobenzaprine, anastrozole, lidocaine, retinoic acid, retinyl propionate, minocycline, gentamicin sulfate, bimatoprost, minoxidil sulfate, clobetasol propionate, ascorbic acid, tranexa
• the active agent may be one or more of the following: a- Tocopherol, ⁇ -Carotene, 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole, Abacavir, Abatacept, Abciximab, Abrotanum, Absinthium, Acacia, Acamprosate, Acarbose, Acebutolol, Acepromazine Maleate, Acetagesic, Acetaminophen, Acetazolamide, Acetic Acid, Acetohydroxamic Acid, Acetylcysteine, Acetyl-Tyrosine, Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride, Acitretin, Aclidinium, , Aconite, Aconitum Napellus, Acremonium Cephalosporium, Actaea Spicata, Acyclovir, Adalimumab, Adapalene, Adenine, Adenosine, Adonis Vernalis, Adrenalinum, Aesculus Hip, Ae
• Such agents include, but are not limited to, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, acepromazine maleate, acetazolamide sodium, acetylsalicylic acid, afoxolaner, aklomide, albendazole, albuterol sulfate, alfaxalone, altrenogest, amikacin sulfate, aminopentamide hydrogen sulfate, aminopropazine fumarate, amitraz, ammonium chloride, amoxicillin tnhydrate, amphomycin calcium, ampicillin anhydrous, ampicillin sodium, ampicillin trihydrate, amprolium, apramycin sulfate, arsenamide sodium, atipamezole hydrochloride, atropine, attapulgite, avilamycin, azaperone, bacitracin methylene disalicylate, bacitracin zinc, balsam peru oil, bambermycins, beta-aminopropionitrile, betamethason valerate
• compositions of various embodiments may include any of the active agents identified above or combinations thereof in an effective amount.
• compositions for topical administration such as, but not limited to, a solutions, powders, fluid emulsions, fluid suspensions, solid, semi-solids, ointments, pastes, creams, gels and jellies, foams, or aerosol may include about 0.01 wt. % to about 50 wt. % active agent or in some embodiments, about 0.1 wt. % to about 25 wt. % active agent, or any amount encompassed by these example ranges.
• the person of ordinary skill in the art can determine the dosage based on known factors associated with the active agents identified above.
• the therapeutically effective amount may be about 1 mg to about 1000 mg, about 1 mg to about 900 mg, about 1 mg to about 800 mg, about 1 mg to about 700 mg, about 1 mg to about 600 mg, about 1 mg to about 500 mg, about 1 mg to about 400 mg, about 1 mg to about 300 mg, about 1 mg to about 200 mg, about 1 mg to about 100 mg, about 10 mg to about 1000 mg, about 50 mg to about 1000 mg, about 100 mg to about 1000 mg, about 200 mg to about 1000 mg, about 300 mg to about 1000 mg, about 400 mg to about 1000 mg, about 500 mg to about 1000 mg, about 10 mg to about 500 mg, about 50 mg to about 500 mg, about 100 mg to about 500 mg, about 10 mg to about 300 mg, about 50 mg to about 300 mg, from about 100 mg to about 300 mg, about 10 mg to about 150 mg, about 50 mg to about 150 mg, about 60 mg to about 120 mg, about 50 mg to about 120 mg or a range between any two of these values.
• compositions encompassed by the invention include compositions containing about 0.1 wt. % to about 2.0 wt. % decoy molecule having an average molecular weight of about 2,000 Da to about 60,000, and active agent such as salicylate, lidocaine, sunblock, retinol, bimatoprost, various steroids, and active agents of similar size and combinations thereof.
• active agent such as salicylate, lidocaine, sunblock, retinol, bimatoprost, various steroids, and active agents of similar size and combinations thereof.
• Other examples of compositions encompassed by the invention include compositions containing about 0.5 wt. % to about 5.0 wt.
• % decoy molecule having an average molecular weight of about 2,000 Da to about 60,000, and one or more active agent such as antibiotics, antifungal agents, biologies, antibodies, macromolecule active agents, peptide-based therapeutics, and active agents of similar size and combinations thereof.
• active agent such as antibiotics, antifungal agents, biologies, antibodies, macromolecule active agents, peptide-based therapeutics, and active agents of similar size and combinations thereof.
• the compositions described above may further include one or more pharmaceutically acceptable diluents, fillers, disintegrants, binders, lubricants, surfactants, hydrophobic vehicles, water soluble vehicles, emulsifiers, buffers, humectants, moisturizers, solubilizers, preservatives, colorants, plastizers, carriers, excipients, and the like and combinations thereof.
• pharmaceutically acceptable diluents fillers, disintegrants, binders, lubricants, surfactants, hydrophobic vehicles, water soluble vehicles, emulsifiers, buffers, humectants, moisturizers, solubilizers, preservatives, colorants, plastizers, carriers, excipients, and the like and combinations thereof.
• diluents fillers, disintegrants, binders, lubricants, surfactants, hydrophobic vehicles, water soluble vehicles, emulsifiers, buffers, humectants
• the compositions described above may be formulated as a liquid.
• Liquid dosage forms for topical administration may include diluents such as, for example, alcohols, glycols, oils, water, and the like. Such compositions may also include wetting agents or emulsifiers.
• the compositions of embodiments may be formulated as oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsion.
• a cream can be a water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion in which an aqueous phase is dispersed in an oil phase, or an oil- in-water (o/w) emulsion in which an oil is dispersed within an aqueous base.
• An ointment generally refers to a more viscous oil-in-water cream.
• Traditional ointment bases i.e. carrier
• hydrocarbons petrolatum, beeswax, etc.
• fatty alcohols cholesterol, lanoilin, wool alcohol, stearyl alcohol, etc.
• silicones insoluble solids such as starch, zinc oxide, calcium carbonate, or talc can also be used in ointments and creams.
• Gel forms of the compositions described above can be formed by the entrapment of large amounts of aqueous or aqueous-alcoholic liquids in a network of polymers or of colloidal solid particles.
• Such polymers or colloids are typically present at concentrations of less than 10% w/w and include carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, sodium alginate, alginic acid, pectin, tragacanth, carrageen, agar, clays, aluminum silicate, carbomers, and the like.
• Emollient or lubricating vehicles that help hydrate the skin can also be used.
• suitable bases or vehicles for preparing hydrating compositions for use with human skin are petrolatum, petrolatum plus volatile silicones, lanolin, cold cream (USP), and hydrophilic ointment (USP).
• compositions described above can be formulated as aerosols in which the composition is dissolved in a propellant such as dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide, or other suitable gas, and a co-solvent such ethanol, acetone, hexadecyl alcohol, and the like and combinations thereof.
• a propellant such as dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide, or other suitable gas
• a co-solvent such ethanol, acetone, hexadecyl alcohol, and the like and combinations thereof.
• the compositions of various embodiments may be formulated for improving appearance of skin and may additionally include additives such as vitamins, cosmetic peptides, oil control agents, and other skin care agents.
• Vitamins include, for example, vitamin D, vitamin K, vitamin B (including niacinamide, nicotinic acid, CMS nicotinic acid esters, and nicotinyl alcohol; B6 compounds, such as pyroxidine; and B5 compounds, such as panthenol, or "pro-B5"), vitamin A (including retinoids such as retinyl propionate, carotenoids, and other compounds), vitamin E (including tocopherol sorbate, tocopherol acetate, other esters of tocopherol), vitamin C (including ascorbyl esters of fatty acids, and ascorbic acid derivatives, for example, ascorbyl glucoside, magnesium ascorbyl phosphate, sodium ascorbyl phosphate, and ascorbyl sorbate), and all natural and/or synthetic analogs thereof, and combinations thereof.
• vitamin D vitamin D
• vitamin K including niacinamide, nicotinic acid, CMS nicotinic acid esters
• the compositions may include about 0.0001 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, about 0.001 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, about 0.01 wt. % to about 5 wt. %, or about 0.1 wt. % to about 1 wt. %, or any individual concentration or range of each vitamin contained in the composition.
• Peptides include di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, and hexa-peptides, their salts, isomers, derivatives, and mixtures thereof.
• useful peptide derivatives include, but are not limited to, peptides derived from soy proteins, palmitoyl-lysine-threonine (pal- KT) and palmitoyl-lysine-threonine-threonine-lysine-serine (MATRIXYL®) palmitoyl- glycine-glutamine-proline-arginine (RIGIN®), these three being available from Sederma, France, and Cu-histidine-glycine-glycine (Cu-HGG, also known as ⁇ ®), and naturally occurring and synthesized derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof.
• the compositions may include about 1 x 10 "7 wt. % to about 20 wt. %, about 1 x 10 '6 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, and about 1 x 10 "5 wt. % to about 5 wt. %, or any individual concentration or range of each peptide contained in the composition.
• Oil control agents include compounds useful for regulating the production of skin oil, or sebum, and for improving the appearance of oily skin.
• oil control agents include, for example, salicylic acid, dehydroacetic acid, benzoyl peroxide, vitamin B3 (for example, niacinamide), and the like, their isomers, esters, salts and derivatives, and mixtures thereof.
• the compositions of such embodiments may include about 0.0001 wt. % to about 15 wt. %, about 0.01 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, about 0.1 wt. % to about 5 wt. %, and about 0.2 wt. % to about 2 wt.
• Other skin care agents include retinol, steroids, sunblock, salicylate, minocycline, antifungals, peptides, antibodies, lidocaine, and the like and combinations thereof.
• other skin care agents include N-acyl amino acid compounds including for example, N-acyl phenylalanine, N-acyl tyrosine, and the like, their isomers, including their D and L isomers, salts, derivatives, and mixtures thereof.
• An example of a suitable N-acyl amino acid is N-undecylenoyl-L-phenylalanine is commercially available under the tradename SEPIWHITE ® .
• Further skin care agents are disclosed in US Publication No. 2007/0020220A1, wherein the components/ingredients are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
• compositions of embodiments described above may enhance the strength of known topical active agent thereby reducing the necessary dosage required to achieve a therapeutically effective amount.
• the strength of a composition containing an active agent and a decoy molecule may be about equal to about 80% or 90% greater than the active agent delivered in a standard topical formulation.
• the strength of a composition containing an active agent and a decoy molecule may be about equal to about 75% greater, about 1.0% to about 80% greater, about 1.0% to about 75% greater, about 1.0% to about 50% greater, about 1.0% to about 25% greater, about 2.0% to about 80% greater, about 2.0% to about 75% greater, about 2.0% to about 50% greater, about 2.0% to about 25% greater, about 5.0% to about 50% greater, about 5.0%) to about 25%) greater, or any range or individual strength encompassed by these example ranges.
• compositions described herein may provide therapeutic equivalence of known topically administered active agents with that an administered dose that is equal to or at least about 75% less than a standard dose, equal to or about 50% less than a standard dose, equal to or about 25% less than a standard dose, equal to or about 10% less than a standard dose, about 1.0% to about 75% less than a standard dose, about 1.0% to about 50% less than a standard dose, about 1.0% to about 25% less than a standard dose, about 1.0% to about 10% less than a standard dose, about 2.0% to about 75% less than a standard dose, about 2.0% to about 50% less than a standard dose, about 2.0% to about 25% less than a standard dose, about 2.0% to about 10% less than a standard dose, or any range or individual value encompassed by these example ranges.
• the formulations may be prepared by combining together the components of the formulation, as described herein, at a temperature and for a time sufficient to provide a pharmaceutically acceptable composition.
• the compositions components of the compositions may be dissolved, suspended, dispersed or otherwise mixed in a selected carrier or vehicle, at an effective concentration such that the condition to be treated is relieved or ameliorated
• compositions described above are directed to devices including the compositions described above.
• such compositions and formulations can be coated on bandages, mixed with bioadhesives, or included in wound dressings.
• Additional embodiments include methods for delivering an active agent. Some embodiments may include the step of co-administering an active agent and a decoy molecule to a surface tissue. For example, such methods may include the step of applying a composition or formulation such as those described above including an active agent and a decoy molecule to a surface tissue of a of a subject. In other embodiments, the decoy molecule may be applied to the surface tissue before topical administration of the active agent. For example, a wipe containing a composition include one or more decoy molecules may be used for applying a decoy molecule to surface tissue followed by a step of topically administering an active agent to the surface tissue. In yet other embodiments, the active agent may be applied to a surface tissue followed by applying a decoy molecule to the surface tissue.
• a "surface tissue” includes any surface tissue such as, but not limited to, skin, mucosa, eyes, ears, inside the nose, inside the mouth, lips, urethral openings, vagina, anus, tongue, frenulum of tongue, hair, teeth, and the like.
• the methods of such embodiments may include a variety of additional steps including, for example, cleaning the surface tissue at the site of applying and the like.
• the composition can be applied to the surface tissue one or more times each day, and applying can be carried out for a period of at least 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 6 months, 8 months or 12 months.
• the methods of such embodiments can be used for treating nearly any condition.
• the methods of embodiments can be used for treatment of a variety of skin conditions including acne, local pain relief, local fungal or bacterial infections, skin cancer, abscesses, cellulitis, and the like.
• the methods may be used to for administration of various cosmetic therapies for improving, for example, skin thickness, elasticity, resiliency, smoothness, tone, texture, brightness, clarity, contour, firmness, tautness, suppleness, discoloration, skin lesions, and the like and combinations thereof.
• the methods of further embodiments can be used for enhancing the color or strength of, for example, hair or teeth.
• the methods of the invention can be used for administering active agents for treating numerous systemic conditions in which transdermal delivery of the active agent is preferred, for example, chronic pain relief, cancer, motion sickness, chronic illnesses, and the like and combinations thereof.
• compositions containing of a mixture of peptides that promote hair growth were prepared.
• the peptides sold under the tradename Renokin ® , include decapeptide-10, oligopeptide-54 (CG-Nokkin), decapeptide -18, acetyl decapeptide-3, and oligopeptide-42.
• the peptide compositions were prepared by mixing the peptides in saline along with a decoy molecule of hyaluronic acid with a molecular weight of 10,000 Daltons, 20,000 Daltons, 40,000 Daltons, 60,000 Daltons, or 100,000 Daltons. Control formulations were comprised of the peptides alone and of saline alone.
• FIG. 1A shows the results for the studies conducted using skin with intact stratum corneum. This demonstrates partially passive binding, receptor mediated enhancement patterns are present and bimodal specific enhancement is present; nonspecific water enhancement would increase as size increases so the enhanced penetration effect is specific. Addition of progressively larger molecular weights reverses the benefit even with dead skin present.
• FIG. IB shows the results for the studies conducted using skin with stratum corneum stripped off using the tape stripping method. This demonstrates active binding, receptor mediated enhancement pattern across viable skin layers without stratum corneum (i.e. without water enhancement effect at all) and specific enhancement present based on MW; larger MW not only abolishes enhancement but retards penetration across cells in the viable skin layers which present the barrier to deep epidermal and dermal penetration.
• FIG. 1A-1B show that delivery of the peptides using a hyaluronic acid molecule of less than about 40,000 Da is via a delivery path different than that for a hyaluronic acid molecule of greater than 40,000 Da, and that neither delivery path is purely related to a hydration effect.
• stratum corneum is present on the skin (FIG. 1A)
• a peak in peptide delivery is observed from compositions with a hyaluronic acid of 20,000 Da and 60,000 Da.
• stratum corneum is stripped from the skin (FIG.
• compositions with 100,000 Da hyaluronic acid decoy molecule provided less delivery of peptide than did compositions with molecular weight hyaluronic acid.
• compositions were prepared containing 1% salicylate and 1% of decoy molecule of hyaluronic acid with four molecular weights: small (5,000 Da to 10,000 Da), small to mid (10,000 Da to 20,000 Da), low to mid (20,000 Da to 30,000 Da), and mid (30,000 Da to 40,000 Da).
• a control formulation containing salicylate alone was also prepared.
• the compositions were placed in Franz diffusion cells with skin separating the compartments of the diffusion cell. The concentration of salicylate in the receiver side of the diffusion cells was measured after a fixed time and the results are shown in FIG. 2.
• composition with the 10,000 Da to 20,000 Da decoy of hyaluronic acid achieved a 27% higher flux of salicylate compared to the flux of salicylate from the composition of salicylate alone.
• the 20,000 Da to 30,000 Da decoy molecule increased salicylate skin flux about 5% compared to the flux of salicylate from the composition of salicylate alone.
• compositions were prepared containing 1% hydrocortisone and 1% of decoy molecule of hyaluronic acid with four molecular weights: small (5,000 Da to 10,000 Da), small to mid (10,000 Da to 20,000 Da), low to mid (20,000 Da to 30,000 Da), and mid (30,000 Da to 40,000 Da).
• a control formulation containing hydrocortisone alone was also prepared.
• the compositions were placed in Franz diffusion cells with skin separating the compartments of the diffusion cell. The concentration of salicylate in the receiver side of the diffusion cells was measured after a fixed time and the results are shown in FIG. 3.
• compositions with the hyaluronic acid decoy molecules increased delivery of hydrocortisone across the skin, with the mid-sized decoy of 20,000 Da to 30,000 Da giving a 325% increase in hydrocortisone flux compared to flux of hydrocortisone from a composition lacking the decoy molecule.
• the small-to-mid-sized decoy molecule with a molecular weight of about 10,000 Da to 20,000 Da increased salicylate skin flux about 250% compared to flux of hydrocortisone from a composition with no decoy molecule.
• compositions containing an elastin decoy molecule were prepared with three molecular weights: very very small (2,000 Da to 5,000 Da), very small (5,000 Da to 10,000 Da), and small (10,000 Da to 20,000 Da).
• Viable porcine skin was obtained and used to produce mid-dermal grafts (0.045-0.055 units).
• the lidocaine formulation with no decoy molecule achieved 3% penetration.
• Oral minocycline HC1 is highly effective but limited by ototoxicity and emerging resistance. Majority of physicians would use topical minocycline versus oral. However, topical application is currently less effective than oral because minocycline does not effectively cross skin. As a result, higher concentrations must be used and these discolor skin and textiles.
• compositions were prepared containing of 1 wt. % minocycline and 1% of decoy molecule of hyaluronic acid with three molecular weights: 10,000 Da mean, 20,000 Da mean, and 30,000 Da mean.
• a control formulation containing 1 wt % minocycline in saline was also prepared
• FIG. 5 shows the results of the study, where the amount of minocycline in tissue, ⁇ g minocycline/g tissue, delivered into the porcine skin grafts from the topical formulations of minocycline and sodium hyaluronate is shown by the bars with dashed fill and from the topical formulation of minocycline without sodium hyaluronate by the bar with open fill.
• a decoy molecule with a low molecular weight increased the very low basal penetration of minocycline to levels that can achieve higher tissue concentrations than oral while avoiding discoloration and systemic side effects.
• a topical composition containing minocycline with a decoy molecule can be used for treating or ameloriating skin structure infections or disorders, such as cellulitis.
• compositions for Protection of Skin from UVA/UVB Rays are provided.
• compositions for protection of skin from UV-A and/or UV-B exposure were prepared and tested.
• UV absorbance per group was determined by wavelength for each group and UVA and UVB values determined from the appropriate wavelengths. Results are shown in FIGS. 6, 7A-7B, and 8.
• FIG. 6 is a bar graph (4.0 corresponds to 100%) showing the absorption of UVA and UVB in skin, where the bars with dashed fill correspond with the sunscreen compositions with a decoy molecule and the solid white bars are sunscreen alone.
• FIGS. 7A-7B are graphs of UV absorption as a function of wavelength, in nm, for commercially available sunscreen (Anthelios 60) (FIG. 7A) and for the commercially available sunscreen (Anthelios 60) with a decoy molecule, enhanced Anthelios 60 (FIG. 7B).
• FIG. 8 is a graph showing the percent UV absorbance through skin as a function of wavelength, in nm, for commercially available sunscreen (Anthelios 60) (solid line) and for the commercially available sunscreen (Anthelios 60) with a decoy molecule, enhanced Anthelios 60 (dashed line).
• FIG. 9 shows the results of the study, where the amount of gabapentin in tissue, ⁇ g gabapentin/g tissue, delivered into the porcine skin grafts from the topical formulation of gabapentin and sodium hyaluronate and the formulation of gabapentin without sodium hyaluronate are shown.
• gabapentin alone yielded tissue levels of 0.09 g of gabapentin per gram of tissue while gabapentin with the addition of a decoy molecule yielded tissue levels of 174.01 ⁇ g of gabapentin per gram of tissue.
• the addition of a decoy molecule yielded a 1,900 fold increase in delivery of the agent to the skin, and a statistically significant increased penetration of gabapentin topically.
• Viable porcine skin was processed to produce mid-dermal grafts (0.045- 0.055 units) and the grafts were positioned in transcutaneous flux devices. Flow in the devices was maintained at the lowest setting and all receptor fluid was collected for each replicate. Flux was continued for 12-20 hours with samples applied and left on donor skin surfaces. The skin for each cell (each chamber) was washed, then homogenized. The clarified homogenate solution and the flow through samples were then employed in an assay of pal-KTTKS content within the skin sample using a UPLC-mass spectrometer method.
• FIG. 10 shows the results of the study, where the amount of pal-KTTKS in the tissue ⁇ g pal-KTTKS/50 mg tissue) delivered from the topical formulation of pal- KTTKS and sodium hyaluronate decoy and the topical formulation of pal-KTTKS without sodium hyaluronate are indicated.
• a formulation of pal-KTTKS alone (with no decoy molecule) after the 12-20 hour permeation period yielded about 100 ⁇ g pal-KTTKS/50 mg tissue.
• Addition of a decoy molecule improved permeation of the agent into the skin, with nearly 450 ⁇ g pal-KTTKS/50 mg tissue.
• a decoy molecule to the topical composition yielded a nearly 422% increased flux without optimization (P ⁇ 0.01) in delivery of the agent to the skin.
• a polysaccharide decoy provided substantial and significant enhancement in penetration of the most widely recognized peptidyl skincare active.
• a mixture of 1% 5,000 Da FITC-dextran and 1% 10,000 Da sodium hyaluronate was added to commercially available nail base at a 1 : 10 dilution. The material was applied to a toenail and allowed to stand for 3 hours. Confocal imaging was employed as before to view penetration of FITC-dextran into the nail plate. Images were acquired at 7 micron steps.
• compositions are contemplated for delivery of an agent to mucosal tissue, and a study was conducted using viable porcine buccal tissue to evaluate mucosal penetration of salicylate from compositions with an elastin decoy molecule.
• Viable porcine skin was processed to produce mid-dermal grafts (0.045- 0.055 units) and the grafts were positioned in transcutaneous flux devices. Flow was maintained at the lowest setting and all receptor fluid was collected for each replicate. Flux was continued for 12-20 hours with samples applied and left on donor surfaces. The skin for each cell (each chamber) was washed and the flow through samples were then employed in an assay of alkaline phosphatase content via absorbance. The results are depicted in FIG. 12.
• a modified 6- block diffusion cell rig was prepared and set for a flow of 0.022ml/min. The formulations (200 ⁇ 1 each) were applied to the top (donor) surface and massaged. The receptor fluid was collected for 12 hours for each cell for these experiments, then the skin was removed, cleaned, and snap-frozen for future cold homogenization in saline.
• Invitrogen Amplex Red Kit (Cat#A22188): The Amplex® Red reagent (10-acetyl-3,7-dihydroxyphenoxazine) in the presence of HRP reacts with ⁇ 2 0 2 in a 1 : 1 stoichiometry to produce the red-fluorescent oxidation product, resorufin.
• the kit as a baseline measurement of reactive oxygen species (as the kit was designed) to ensure no aberrant ROS baseline values were present. We then deliberately introduce oxidative stress and watch how each flow-through sample responds. Kit directions were followed for solution prep and reaction setup.
• Formulation 1 formulation achieved a mean of 5.15% antioxidant capacity over normal skin controls (saline-treated). Though not statistically significant (p>0.2), the antioxidant capacity of Formulation 1 -treated skin was consistently greater than that of saline-treated skin.
• HA increased the antioxidant capacity of receptor fluid for each base, but there were notable differences from formulation to formulation:
• Examples 1 -6, 1 1, 12 illustrate hyaluronic acid as a decoy molecule exemplary of the decoy molecules contemplated herein.
• decoy molecules of collagen and elastin are contemplated, where the molecular weight of the decoy molecule can be selected to tailor the delivery of the agent of interest across the skin.
• the table below summarizes the effect of the decoy molecule (using the hyaluronic acid as exemplary) on the transdermal delivery of a small molecule compound (e.g, one with a molecular weight of less than about 850 Da), on the transdermal delivery of a macromolecule compound (e.g, a peptide or a protein), on the extent of penetration of the decoy molecule into skin upon topical application, and on the enhancement of water content in skin by the decoy molecule, on a scale using + symbols to reflect extent of the effect.
• a small molecule compound e.g, one with a molecular weight of less than about 850 Da
• a macromolecule compound e.g, a peptide or a protein
• compositions containing vitamin C and a decoy molecule of collagen with three molecular weights designated Al, B l, CI in saline will be prepared.
• a control formulation comprised of vitamin C in saline will also be tested.
• the compositions will be placed in Franz diffusion cells with skin separating the compartments of the diffusion cell. The concentration of vitamin C in the receiver side of the diffusion cells will be measured after a fixed time.
• compositions containing diclofenac and a decoy molecule of collagen with three molecular weights of 5,000 Da, 15,000 Da and 20,000 Da in saline will be prepared.
• a control formulation comprised of diclofenac in saline will also be tested.
• the compositions will be placed in Franz diffusion cells with skin separating the compartments of the diffusion cell. The concentration of diclofenac in the receiver side of the diffusion cells will be measured after a fixed time.
• compositions containing niacinamide and a decoy molecule of elastin with three molecular weights 5,000 Da, 15,000 Da and 20,000 Da in saline will be prepared.
• a control formulation comprised of niacinamide in saline will also be tested.
• the compositions will be placed in Franz diffusion cells with skin separating the compartments of the diffusion cell. The concentration of niacinamide in the receiver side of the diffusion cells is measured after a fixed time.
• compositions containing naproxen and a decoy molecule of elastin with three molecular weights 5,000 Da, 15,000 Da, and 20,000 Da in saline will be prepared.
• a control formulation containing naproxen in saline will also be tested.
• the compositions will be placed in Franz diffusion cells with skin separating the compartments of the diffusion cell. The concentration of naproxen in the receiver side of the diffusion cells will be measured after a fixed time.
• compositions will be prepared containing 0.01% bimatoprost and a 0.5% of a decoy molecule of elastin fragments with one of three molecular weights (650 Da, 800 Da, and 2,000 Da) in saline. Additionally, compositions will be prepared containing 0.01% bimatoprost and 1% of decoy molecule of hyaluronic acid with one of four molecular weights: small (5,000 Da to 10,000 Da), small to mid (10,000 Da to 20,000 Da), low to mid (20,000 Da to 30,000 Da), and mid (30,000 Da to 40,000 Da). Control formulations containing 0.01% bimatoprost alone and saline alone will also be prepared.
• compositions will be applied to subjects who have recently completed a cycle of chemotherapy approximately 21 days prior and experienced near total scalp hair loss.
• Subjects treated with compositions containing either of the decoys are expected to achieve faster rates of hair growth at 1, 2, and 4 weeks relative to comparable controls. Additionally, length, thickness, and density of hair are expected to be greater in subjects treated with compositions containing the decoys.
• compositions containing a commercially available hair dye formulations will be spiked with 1% of decoy molecule of hyaluronic acid with low to mid molecular weight (20,000 Da to 30,000 Da) will be prepared and compared to the dye alone.
• the compositions will be applied to half of scalp hair shafts each (intra- subject control) and will be removed after 30 minutes. The depth of color will be assessed after rinsing, after one week, and after 4 weeks.
• the hair shafts treated with the composition containing the decoys are expected to demonstrate greater richness, depth, and persistence of color.

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• 2017
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