WO2017148577A1 - Vorrichtung zum verändern einer oberflächenform eines optischen elements mittels elektronenbestrahlung - Google Patents
Vorrichtung zum verändern einer oberflächenform eines optischen elements mittels elektronenbestrahlung Download PDFInfo
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- WO2017148577A1 WO2017148577A1 PCT/EP2017/000255 EP2017000255W WO2017148577A1 WO 2017148577 A1 WO2017148577 A1 WO 2017148577A1 EP 2017000255 W EP2017000255 W EP 2017000255W WO 2017148577 A1 WO2017148577 A1 WO 2017148577A1
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- optical element
- compaction
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- shape
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B1/00—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements
- G02B1/10—Optical coatings produced by application to, or surface treatment of, optical elements
- G02B1/12—Optical coatings produced by application to, or surface treatment of, optical elements by surface treatment, e.g. by irradiation
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
- G03F7/70—Microphotolithographic exposure; Apparatus therefor
- G03F7/70216—Mask projection systems
- G03F7/70316—Details of optical elements, e.g. of Bragg reflectors, extreme ultraviolet [EUV] multilayer or bilayer mirrors or diffractive optical elements
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/08—Mirrors
- G02B5/0891—Ultraviolet [UV] mirrors
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
- G03F7/70—Microphotolithographic exposure; Apparatus therefor
- G03F7/70008—Production of exposure light, i.e. light sources
- G03F7/70033—Production of exposure light, i.e. light sources by plasma extreme ultraviolet [EUV] sources
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
- G03F7/70—Microphotolithographic exposure; Apparatus therefor
- G03F7/70216—Mask projection systems
- G03F7/70258—Projection system adjustments, e.g. adjustments during exposure or alignment during assembly of projection system
- G03F7/70266—Adaptive optics, e.g. deformable optical elements for wavefront control, e.g. for aberration adjustment or correction
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
- G03F7/70—Microphotolithographic exposure; Apparatus therefor
- G03F7/70216—Mask projection systems
- G03F7/70308—Optical correction elements, filters or phase plates for manipulating imaging light, e.g. intensity, wavelength, polarisation, phase or image shift
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
- G03F7/70—Microphotolithographic exposure; Apparatus therefor
- G03F7/70483—Information management; Active and passive control; Testing; Wafer monitoring, e.g. pattern monitoring
- G03F7/70605—Workpiece metrology
- G03F7/70616—Monitoring the printed patterns
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
- G03F7/70—Microphotolithographic exposure; Apparatus therefor
- G03F7/708—Construction of apparatus, e.g. environment aspects, hygiene aspects or materials
- G03F7/7095—Materials, e.g. materials for housing, stage or other support having particular properties, e.g. weight, strength, conductivity, thermal expansion coefficient
- G03F7/70958—Optical materials or coatings, e.g. with particular transmittance, reflectance or anti-reflection properties
Definitions
- the invention relates to an apparatus and a method for modifying a shape of a surface of an optical element by electron irradiation. Furthermore, the invention relates to a projection objective for microlithography and to an inspection device for inspecting a substrate for microlithography, such as a reticle inspection device or a wafer inspection device, each with an optical element manufactured by means of the aforementioned method.
- WO 2011/020 655 A1 describes a homogeneous compaction of the entire surface of a substrate for a mirror or of a substrate already provided with a reflective coating by irradiation with electrons. Homogeneous densification near the surface causes a uniform depression of the surface without a significant change in the optical surface shape. With this measure, a
- CONFIRMATION COPY Further compaction in subregions of the mirror by high-energy radiation during use, for example, in a projection lens for microlithography with EUV radiation (radiation in the extreme ultraviolet wavelength range) can be prevented.
- DE 10 2012 212 199 A1 further discloses a surface structuring of microstructured or nanostructured components made of glass or ceramic by means of electron irradiation.
- an electron beam having a diameter in the region of the smallest structures to be produced can be directed onto selected subareas of the surface, in order to achieve a local compaction and thus a local subsidence of the surface in accordance with the desired surface structuring.
- a processing of an optical element of a projection exposure apparatus for microlithography with an electron beam will be described. Image aberrations caused by aging effects of the projection exposure apparatus can be compensated by a suitably performed compaction and a concomitant change in the shape of the optical surface of the optical element.
- an absorbed dose distribution to be introduced by the irradiation into the optical element which is suitable for effecting a desired correction of the surface shape of the optical element due to the material compaction caused thereby.
- the determination of the energy dose distribution is carried out according to the prior art by a simulation of the effect of the irradiated absorbed dose distribution on a change in the surface shape. This simulation is based on an assumed linear relationship between a local compaction caused by the electron irradiation and a surface subsidence of the optical element caused thereby.
- a problem with the processing of surfaces of optical elements by electron irradiation is that the actual shape correction achieved by the Surface deviates from the desired shape correction - caused, for example, by deformation of the optical element due to registered material stresses. This deviation causes problems, in particular due to narrow tolerance specifications in the correction of mirror elements of projection exposure apparatuses for EUV lithography.
- an apparatus for modifying a shape of a surface of an optical element by electron irradiation comprising: an electron irradiation device configured to irradiate electrons onto the surface with a spatially resolved absorbed dose distribution to produce local material densities to irradiate the optical element, and a control device which is configured to determine from a predetermined desired change of a surface shape of the optical element, a specification for the spatially resolved absorbed dose distribution for controlling the electron beam irradiation device by optimization by means of minimization of a merit function, wherein a variable or Argument is sought with which the merit function has a minimum value.
- the specification for the spatially resolved energy dose distribution is determined in such a way that a difference between the desired change and one caused on the basis of the determined default actual change in the surface shape of the optical element is minimized.
- the quality function contains a conversion term for converting a local compaction describing a material compaction in the region of a surface element of the surface into a resulting change in shape of the surface of the optical element.
- the conversion term is configured both for a surface reduction caused by the local compaction in the region of the surface element and for a deformation caused by the local compaction due to forces acting parallel to the surface of at least a portion of the surface whose surface is a multiple of the surface of the surface element to take into account.
- the invention is based on the finding that local compaction in the material of the optical element induces, in addition to the local surface subsidence, stresses in the body of the optical element which can lead to deformations of the surface far beyond the local area of compaction.
- the determination of the spatially resolved absorbed dose distribution takes place by solving an optimization problem.
- the surface change which is dependent on a spatially resolved energy dose is calculated and adapted to a predetermined desired change.
- the optimization uses as input the desired change and as a result outputs an optimal spatially resolved absorbed dose distribution for achieving the desired change.
- the value of a quality function also called target function or merit function, is maximized by varying a variable or an argument of the quality function.
- the energy dose per unit area is the energy which is introduced into the optical element by means of electron irradiation.
- a suitable unit for the absorbed dose is eg J / mm 2 .
- the said spatially resolved absorbed dose distribution is to be understood as meaning a distribution e (x, y) of the energy introduced per area as a function of the surface coordinates x, y of the surface of the optical element.
- the planar element can be, for example, a surface section of the surface of the optical element which is exposed to a uniform absorbed dose during the irradiation with the electron radiation device.
- the surface element may have the extent of the cross section of the electron beam irradiated onto the surface by the electron irradiation device.
- the conversion term takes into account not only the lowering of the surface of the optical element caused by the local compaction directly in the area of the compaction, but also a deformation of at least one area of the surface affected by the immediate subsidence by a multiple larger portion of the surface. in particular a deformation of the entire surface of the optical element. This deformation is due to the fact that a compaction triggered by the electron irradiation describes a material compaction in all spatial directions. The material compaction in directions parallel to the surface creates stresses in the optical element, which then lead to the said deformation.
- the conversion term can be a linear operator A, which is also referred to below as a compaction sensitivity operator.
- a compaction sensitivity operator Between the resulting change in shape h (x, y) of the entire surface and a spatially resolved compaction g (x, y), the following linear relationship is assumed in this case:
- the control device On the basis of the specification e (x, y) of the absorbed dose distribution determined by the control device, it is possible to determine, for example, the respective residence time of the electron beam irradiated onto the surface of the optical element at the individual locations of the surface by means of the electron irradiation device. Alternatively, it is also possible to determine the intensity of an intensity-controlled electron beam for individual locations of the surface. The intensity describes the number of electrons striking a surface element per unit of time.
- the local compaction in the quality function is described as a function of the absorbed dose distribution and the controller is configured to vary the absorbed dose distribution to optimize the quality function.
- the absorbed dose distribution is the variable of the quality function underlying the optimization.
- the parameters c C p and ⁇ are constants which depend on the electron energy, the layer composition and the layer thicknesses of the optical element.
- This relationship between the compaction g (x, y) and the absorbed dose distribution e (x, y) can be computationally easily implemented.
- the local compaction in the quality function is described by means of a power series development, in which the absorbed dose distribution functions in at least two different powers as a basic system.
- the local compaction g (x, y) can depend on the absorbed dose distribution e (x, y) and on the development coefficients also be represented as follows:
- e the absorbed dose distribution
- ai and a2 evolution coefficients of the power series evolution.
- control device is configured to vary the local compaction in order to optimize the value of the quality function.
- the local compaction is thus the optimization variable underlying the quality function.
- the local compaction can be described, for example, in the form of the above-mentioned spatially resolved compaction g (x, y).
- the conversion term is an integral operator.
- a (x, y, x ', y') is the integral core associated with the linear operator A and ⁇ c R 2 is the irradiated area.
- the control device comprises a determination device, which is configured to determine the conversion term by means of the finite element method.
- the finite element method also referred to as finite element method (FEM)
- FEM finite element method
- the FEM can be used for solids to calculate deformations caused by energy input. Also, the effects of a plurality of local compaction at different locations of the surface on the shape of the entire surface and thus the corresponding conversion term can be determined by FEM.
- the determination device is configured to determine the conversion term taking into account the geometry of the optical element and / or a location of use of the optical element in an optical arrangement.
- the geometry, the location or both sizes are thus input variables for the determination device.
- the shape of the optically active surface, the shape of the edge around the optically effective surface or even the entire three-dimensional shape of the optical element can be taken into account.
- degrees of freedom of the optical element can be included in the determination of the conversion term.
- the optical arrangement, with respect to which a place of use is taken into account may be, for example, an optical system of a projection exposure apparatus for lithography, in particular a projection objective of such an exposure apparatus.
- the determination device is configured to perform the determination of the conversion term based on a compaction distribution describing the compaction spatially resolved over the surface of the optical element.
- the compaction distribution is represented by a polynomial basis.
- Chebyshev polynomials can serve as the basis system for the presentation of the compaction distribution.
- a basic function system from Chebyshev polynomials is particularly suitable for roughly rectangular surfaces.
- B-splines basic splines
- the device comprises a determination device, which is configured to calculate the conversion term by determining the resulting change in shape of the surface of the optical element based on a compaction distribution describing the compaction spatially resolved over the surface of the optical element, which is represented by a polynomial basis Determining a linear operator as the conversion term from the resulting shape change.
- the resulting shape change may be the size referred to hereinafter as textual h (x, y) in this text
- the compaction distribution may be g (x, y)
- the polynomial may be Chebyshev polynomial Tnm (x, y), y) or the combinations ⁇ from Teschebyschow polynomials Tnm (x, y) and a truncation function ⁇ , and the linear operator by the size A act.
- the above object can be further solved by, for example, a method of changing a shape of a surface of an optical element by electron irradiation.
- the method comprises determining a specification for a spatially resolved absorbed dose distribution for the electron irradiation from a predetermined desired change of a surface shape of the optical element by optimization by means of a minimization of a quality function, such that a difference between the desired change and based on the determined default caused actual change in the surface shape of the optical element is minimized.
- the merit function contains a conversion term for converting a local compaction into a resulting change in shape of the surface of the optical element, wherein the local compaction describes a material compaction generated by electron irradiation in the region of a surface element of the surface.
- the conversion term is configured both for a surface reduction caused by the local compaction in the area of the area element and for a deformation caused by the local compaction due to forces acting parallel to the surface of at least a portion of the surface whose area is a multiple of the area of the area element to take into account.
- the method comprises an irradiation of electrons onto the surface of the optical element with a spatially resolved absorbed dose distribution corresponding to the determined specification for generating the local compaction in the optical element.
- the conversion term in the quality function takes into account not only the local surface subsidence caused by the local compaction, but also a deformation of a subsection of the surface or the entire surface caused by stresses.
- a spatially resolved absorbed dose distribution is determined with which a highly accurate change of the surface by electron irradiation is made possible.
- the local compaction in the quality function is described as a function of the absorbed dose distribution and the absorbed dose distribution is varied during the optimization by means of the quality function.
- the local compaction is varied in the optimization by means of the quality function.
- the conversion term is determined by means of the finite element method.
- a compaction distribution representing the compaction in a spatially resolved manner over the surface of the optical element is represented by means of a polynomial basis and the conversion term is determined on the basis of the compaction distribution represented by the polynomial basis.
- polynomial basis for representing the compaction distribution or the locally resolved local compaction for example, a basic function system from Chebyshev polynomials or B-splines (base splines) can be used.
- the conversion term is determined as follows: representing a compaction distribution describing the compaction spatially resolved over the surface of the optical element by means of a polynomial basis, determining the resulting shape change of the surface of the optical element based on the compaction distribution represented by the polynomial basis, and determining a linear one Operator as the conversion term from the resulting shape change.
- the optical element is part of a projection objective for microlithography.
- the optical element can be designed as a lens or as a mirror.
- the optical element is part of an illumination system of a projection exposure apparatus for microlithography.
- the optical element can also have diffractive structures.
- the optical element is a mirror for reflecting extreme ultraviolet radiation.
- the mirror is thus designed to reflect electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength of less than 100 nm, in particular a wavelength of approximately 13.5 nm or approximately 6.7 nm.
- the mirror is provided with a correspondingly formed reflective coating.
- a change in the surface shape can according to this embodiment both on the finished mirror or on a temporary provided with a conductive coating substrate and allows a change in the surface shape in a sufficient for the EUV range accuracy.
- a projection objective for microlithography is provided according to the invention.
- the projection objective comprises at least one optical element which has been produced by means of one of the above-described exemplary embodiments of the method according to the invention or the device according to the invention.
- the at least one optical element may be a mirror for the reflection of extreme ultraviolet radiation.
- the projection objective can thus be designed for use in EUV microlithography.
- an illumination system for a microlithographic projection exposure apparatus can also be provided.
- the illumination system contains at least one optical element which has been produced by means of one of the above-described embodiments of the method according to the invention or the device according to the invention.
- an inspection device for inspecting a substrate for microlithography is provided according to the invention.
- the substrate may be a reticle or a wafer.
- the inspection device can thus be configured as a reticle inspection device or as a wafer inspection device.
- the inspection device comprises at least one optical element which has been produced by means of one of the above-described exemplary embodiments of the method according to the invention or the device according to the invention.
- the optical element produced in this way can in particular be part of an imaging objective of the inspection device.
- FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the device according to the invention for changing a shape of a surface of an optical element by means of electron irradiation in a schematic illustration
- FIG. 2 shows an illustration of the construction and the mode of operation of a control device of the device according to FIG.
- FIG. 3 shows a projection exposure apparatus for microlithography with a projection objective, which comprises an optical element manufactured by means of the apparatus according to FIG. 1, and also FIG.
- FIG. 4 shows an inspection device for inspecting a substrate for microlithography, which comprises an optical element manufactured by means of the device according to FIG. Detailed description of inventive embodiments
- a Cartesian xyz coordinate system is indicated in the drawing, from which the respective positional relationship of the components shown in the figures results.
- the y-direction is perpendicular to the plane in this in, the x-direction to the right and the z-direction upwards.
- a device 10 for changing a shape of a surface 12 of an optical element 14 by means of electron irradiation is shown schematically.
- a mirror for the EUV wavelength range ie for electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength of less than 100 nm, in particular a wavelength of approximately 13.5 nm or approximately 6.7 nm
- This may be a mirror for a projection objective or for a mask illumination system of a projection exposure apparatus for EUV microlithography, as illustrated below with reference to FIG. 3.
- the device 10 is also suitable for highly accurate surface shape production or surface shape change in other optical elements, such as Mirrors for other wavelength ranges, lenses or optical elements with diffractive structures.
- the device 10 contains an electron irradiation device 16 for generating an electron beam 18 directed and focused on selectable locations of the surface 12.
- the electron beam 18 is particularly energetically designed such that a more or less pronounced local compaction of the material of the optical element 14 in FIG the proximity of the surface 12 is effected.
- the energy dose is to be understood as the energy per area which is introduced into the optical element 14 by the electron beam 18. The energy dose is thus dependent in particular on the residence time of the electron beam at the selected location and on its intensity.
- the local compaction causes a local surface subsidence 20 in the region of a surface element 21.
- the surface subsidence 20 is shown in FIG. 1 as heavily oversubscribed for illustration. Compaction occurs in particular in amorphous materials by a redistribution of electron bonds.
- the local compaction takes place in all Jardinrichgungen, i. Not only is there a local surface subsidence 20 in the region of the surface element 21 in the negative z-direction, but also a compaction parallel to the surface 12, ie, approximately along the x / y-plane. In this case, parallel to the surface 12 acting forces 25, whereby voltages are induced in the optical element 14. These stresses can cause a deformation of a substantially larger surface portion 23 than the area element 21 affected by the local compaction.
- the surface portion 23 may comprise part of the surface 12 or even the entire surface 2.
- the electron irradiation device 16 For generating the electron beam 18, the electron irradiation device 16 includes an electron source 22 and an acceleration unit 24.
- the electron source 22 for example, a thermionic cathode, a crystal cathode or a field emission cathode.
- the acceleration unit 24 accelerates and concentrates the electrons emitted from the electron source 22.
- the acceleration unit 24 may have an anode with a positive electrostatic potential which is high relative to the electron source 22 and a small outlet opening for the accelerated electrons.
- the acceleration unit 24 further includes a control electrode, for example a Wehnelt cylinder.
- the intensity or the beam current indicates the number of electrons which occur per unit of time through an imaginary surface perpendicular to the electron beam.
- the electron irradiation device 16 For focusing the electron beam 18 coming from the acceleration unit 24, the electron irradiation device 16 furthermore comprises a focusing unit 26 with suitably designed electrical or magnetic components.
- the electron beam 18 can be deflected in both the x and y directions.
- the deflection unit 28 also contains suitably designed electrical or magnetic components.
- the electron beam 18 strikes the surface 12 of the optical element 14 at a specific location (x, y). In this way, a multiplicity of different locations of the surface 12 can be irradiated one after the other and thus a spatially resolved absorbed dose distribution over the surface Achieve surface 12.
- the spatially resolved energy dose distribution here means a distribution of the introduced energy e (x, y) per area as a function of the surface coordinates x, y of the surface 12 of the optical element 14.
- the electron irradiation device 16 further comprises a vacuum chamber 30, in which the electron source 22, the acceleration unit 24, the focusing unit 26, the deflection unit 28 and the optical element 14 or at least the surface 12 of the optical Elements 14 are arranged.
- the device 10 furthermore contains a control device 32 for controlling the electron irradiation device 16.
- the control device 32 is designed in particular to supply a spatially resolved absorbed dose distribution 36 for the irradiation of the surface 12 with the electron beam 18 from a predetermined desired change 34 for the surface 12 of the optical element 14 determine with which the target change 34 is achieved very accurately.
- the control device 32 contains an optimization module 38 for optimizing the value of a quality function.
- the conversion term 42 is used in the merit function to convert a local compaction into a resulting shape change of the surface 12 taking into account the local surface subsidence 20 and also the forces acting parallel to the surface 12 25 caused deformation of the surface 12 used.
- the construction and operation of the optimization module 38 and the determination device 40 will be explained in more detail below.
- the control device 32 comprises a conversion module 44.
- the conversion module 44 converts the determined spatially resolved energy dose distribution 36 into a spatially resolved dwell time 46 of the electron beam 18 at specific surface coordinates x, y.
- the location-dependent dwell time 46 is subsequently used for the corresponding adjustment of the deflection unit 28. In this way, the determined absorbed dose distribution 36 on the surface 12 and thus a corresponding achieved highly accurate shape change of the surface 12 of the optical element 14.
- the conversion module 44 instead of or in addition to the residence time from the determined location-dependent absorbed dose distribution 36, the conversion module 44 generates a spatially resolved intensity of the electron beam 18. Additionally or alternatively, a location-dependent adjustment of the focusing by means of the focusing unit 26 or the acceleration or the kinetic energy of the electrons can take place the acceleration unit 24 done.
- FIG. 2 illustrates in more detail the construction and the mode of operation of the control device 32 with the optimization module 38.
- the optimization module 38 uses an optimization algorithm 48 to optimize by means of a merit function 50 or merit function or target function called out.
- a location-dependent compaction g (x, y) and thus indirectly a location-dependent absorbed dose distribution e (x, y) is sought, so that the quality function 50 gives a minimum value.
- consideration of non-local stress deformations of the surface 12 by means of local compaction takes place.
- the conversion term 42 is referred to as a linear operator A.
- the linear operator A is an integral operator in this embodiment:
- h (x, y) L " 2 ⁇ ( ⁇ , y, ⁇ ', y') g (x ', y') dx'dy ', (2 )
- A (x, y, x ', y') is the integral core associated with the linear operator A and
- ⁇ c R 2 is the irradiated area.
- the irradiated area ⁇ is slightly larger than the footprint or base area ⁇ of the surface 12 because of the edge runout.
- a non-linear operator A can also be used.
- one embodiment of the merit function 50 is:
- the fact is taken into account that compactions are always positive and a positive defocus is always induced.
- adjustable rigid body degrees of freedom of the optical element 14 are taken into account in the optimization.
- the rigid body degrees of freedom are usually dependent on the geometry of the optical element 14 and the location of use thereof within an optical system, such as a projection lens.
- the wavefront changes ⁇ with the scalar product of the Hilbert space went out. The errors that can be corrected by using the rigid body degrees of freedom or adjustable wavefront changes form a subspace Ks of ⁇ .
- a secondary condition 54 limits the maximum compaction and its gradients:
- a compaction g (x, y)> 0 is thus sought as an optimization problem for a surface change b (x, y) in the form of a wavefront change, so that the manipulator travel Vmin ⁇ v ⁇ Vmax for at least one solution of the system
- the spatially-suction-compacting g (x, y) is varied to optimize the value of the quality function 50.
- the parameters c C p and ⁇ are constants which depend on the electron energy, the layer composition and the layer thicknesses of the optical element. This relationship between the compaction g (x, y) and the absorbed dose distribution e (x, y) can be implemented computationally uncomplicated.
- the local compaction g (x, y) in the merit function 50 is replaced by the absorbed dose distribution e (x, y).
- the energy dose distribution e (x, y) is varied instead of the compaction g (x, y). For this purpose, a corresponding adjustment of the secondary conditions 52 and 54 is made.
- a stochastic approach can also be used.
- the functional relationship additionally exhibits random fluctuations.
- An optimization can then be carried out, for example, for the expected value and the variance of the quality function.
- suitable base function systems for the local compaction g (x, y) and the predetermined wavefront change or desired change b (x, y) are first determined.
- a selection of a suitable functional space with a basic functional system for the spatially resolved compaction g (x, y), also referred to below as compaction distribution, can be performed, for example, by the determination device 40 taking into account the geometry of the optical element 14.
- compaction distribution e.g. for an approximately rectangular surface 12 a set of Chebyshev polynomials is selected as the basis:
- the domain of definition for the functions Tnm is stretched so that the irradiated area ⁇ is included.
- each base function Tnm with a truncation function ⁇ which has the value 1 on the surface 12 and approaches zero at the edge of the irradiated surface ⁇ . In this way it is achieved that even with the base system representable Compaction at the edge disappears.
- the compaction distribution g (x, y) can now be represented as a linear combination of the functions ⁇ .
- Another alternative set of functions may be, for example, B-splines.
- an orthonormal system constructed from linear combinations of Zernik's polynomials is selected.
- the conversion term 42 or the linear operator A can be described by a matrix.
- the determination device 40 first determines by a finite element calculation for the basis functions ⁇ of the compaction distribution g (x, h) in each case a resulting total change h (x, y) of the surface 12.
- the result of the finite element calculation determines Determining device 40, taking into account the solid body degrees of freedom, the geometry and the place of use of the optical element 14 the conversion term 42. In this case, a determination of the projector PB can be carried out first.
- the determined conversion term 42 is then transferred to the optimization module 38 of the control device 32 and used in an optimization in the quality function 50.
- the wavefront change in the form of the sol surface change b (x, y) 34 is first transferred to the control device 32.
- the sol surface change as described above, can be represented as linear combinations of Zernik polynomials.
- the solar surface change 34 may have previously been determined by a measurement of the surface 12. For this purpose, for example, a phase shift method or another method known in the art can be used.
- the optimization module 38 executes the optimization algorithm 48.
- the quality function 50 with the previously determined conversion term 42, taking into account the constraints 52 and 54 minimized.
- a suitable spatially resolved energy dose distribution 36 for the desired change is determined.
- the determined energy dose distribution 36 is then converted by the conversion module 44 into a location-dependent dwell time 46 of the electron beam 18 for different locations of the surface 12.
- the location-dependent dwell time 46 is finally used by the controller 32 to control the electron gun 16.
- a location-dependent intensity of the electron beam 18 can also be specified.
- the electron irradiation of the surface 12 carried out in this way effects a compaction distribution, which achieves the desired desired change 34 with high precision by local surface subsidence 20 and deformations of the surface by stress forces parallel to the surface 12. Since in the actual optimization by the optimization module 38 no FEM is carried out for determining a resulting overall change from local compaction, a change in shape can also be carried out quickly for a plurality of optical elements.
- the device 10 is particularly suitable for the high-precision machining of mirrors for projection objectives or other optical systems in EUV microlithography.
- FIG. 3 shows a schematic sectional view of a projection exposure apparatus 100 for microlithography with a projection objective 110, which comprises at least one optical element 14 in the form of a mirror 14-1, 14-2, or produced using the inventive surface modification apparatus 10 in one of the preceding embodiments 14-3 includes.
- the projection exposure apparatus 10 comprises an illumination system 102 for generating an exposure radiation 104 in the form of EUV radiation (extreme ultraviolet radiation) with a wavelength of ⁇ 100 nm, in particular a wavelength of approximately 13.5 nm or approximately 6.8 nm.
- EUV radiation extreme ultraviolet radiation
- the variants shown in the exposure radiation 104 may be so-called DUV radiation, ie radiation in the deep UV wavelength range having a wavelength of, for example, 248 nm or 193 nm.
- the exposure radiation 104 strikes a lithography mask 106 with mask structures to be imaged thereon.
- the exposure radiation 104 as shown in FIG. 10, can be reflected on the lithography mask 106, as is often the case when using EUV radiation.
- the lithography mask 106 may also be embodied as a transmission mask. In this case, the exposure radiation 104 passes through the mask 106.
- the mask structures are imaged on a wafer 1 4 arranged in an image plane 116 by means of the projection objective 110 which comprises a multiplicity of mirrors, of which three mirrors, that is to say the mirrors 14-1, 14-2 and 14, are shown by way of example in FIG. 3 are shown.
- the projection objective 110 which comprises a multiplicity of mirrors, of which three mirrors, that is to say the mirrors 14-1, 14-2 and 14, are shown by way of example in FIG. 3 are shown.
- FIG 4 shows a schematic sectional view of an inspection device 200 for inspecting a substrate for microlithography.
- the substrate to be inspected may be a lithographic reticle or a wafer.
- the inspection device 200 is a reticle inspection device in the second case, a wafer inspection device.
- the inspection device 200 comprises an imaging objective 210 which comprises at least one optical element 14 in the form of a mirror 214-1, 214-2 or 214-3, which is manufactured using the surface morphing device 10 according to the invention in one of the preceding embodiments.
- the inspection device 200 comprises an illumination system 202 for generating an inspection radiation 204 in the form of EUV radiation (extreme ultraviolet radiation) with a wavelength of ⁇ 100 nm, in particular a wavelength of approximately 13.5 nm or approximately 6.8 nm.
- the inspection radiation 204 may be so-called DUV radiation, ie radiation in the deep UV wavelength range having a wavelength of, for example, 248 nm or 193 nm, or radiation in the visible wavelength range.
- the wavelength of the inspection radiation 204 corresponds to the wavelength for which the reticle to be inspected is configured for use in a projection exposure apparatus.
- the inspection radiation 204 strikes the test substrate 206 to be inspected, which, as mentioned above, depending on the embodiment of the inspection device 200, may be a lithography particle with masking structures to be imaged thereon or a wafer.
- the inspection radiation 204 as shown in FIG. 4, can be reflected on the test substrate 206, as is often the case when using EUV radiation.
- the test substrate 206 in the form of a reticle can also be irradiated.
- the imaging objective 210 comprises a multiplicity of mirrors, of which three mirrors, namely the mirrors 214-1, 214-2 and 214-3, are shown by way of example in FIG.
- apparatus (10) for electronically irradiating a shape of a surface (12) of an optical element (14), comprising:
- an electron beam irradiator (16) configured to irradiate electrons to the surface (12) with a spatially resolved energy dose distribution (36) to produce local material densities in the optic element (14);
- a control device (32) which is configured from a predetermined desired change (34) of a surface shape of the optical element (14) a specification for the spatially resolved absorbed dose distribution (36) for controlling the electron beam irradiation device (16) by optimization by means of a minimization of a merit function (50) to be determined in such a way that a difference between the desired change and an actual change in the surface shape of the optical element caused on the basis of the determined specification is minimized,
- the merit function (50) includes a conversion term (42) for converting a local compaction describing a material compaction in the region of a surface element (21) of the surface (12) into a resulting change in shape of the surface (12) of the optical element (14), and
- the local compaction in the merit function (50) is described as a function of the absorbed dose distribution (36) and the control device (32) is configured to vary the energy dose distribution (36) for optimization by means of the merit function (50).
- control device (32) is configured to vary the local compaction for optimization by means of the quality function (50).
- determining device (40) is configured to determine the conversion term (42) taking into account the geometry of the optical element (14) and / or a location of use of the optical element (14) in an optical arrangement.
- Clause 8 device according to clause 6 or 7,
- determining means (40) is configured to spatially resolve the determination of the conversion term (42) based on a compaction perform compaction distribution describing the surface (12) of the optical element (14), the compaction distribution being represented by a polynomial basis.
- a method of modifying a shape of a surface (12) of an optical element (14) by electron irradiation comprising the steps of:
- the quality function (50) comprises a conversion term (42) for converting a local compaction into a resulting shape change of the surface (12) of the optical element (14), wherein the local compaction generates a material compaction generated by electron irradiation in the region of
- the conversion term (42) is configured to at least cause both a surface subsidence (20) in the region of the surface element caused by the local compaction and a deformation due to local compaction due to forces acting parallel to the surface (12) a portion (23) of the surface (12) whose area is a multiple of the area of the surface element (21) to take into account, and
- the local compaction in the quality function (50) is described as a function of the absorbed dose distribution (36) and in the optimization by means of the quality function (50) the absorbed dose distribution (36) is varied.
- Clause 15 Procedure according to one of the clauses 10 to 13, in which the conversion term is determined by:
- optical element (14) is part of a projection lens for microlithography.
- Clause 18 A microlithography projection objective (110) comprising an optical element (14-1, 14-2, 14-3) fabricated by the method of any one of clauses 10 to 17.
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- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Exposure And Positioning Against Photoresist Photosensitive Materials (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201780025763.3A CN109073787B (zh) | 2016-03-04 | 2017-02-23 | 通过电子辐射改变光学元件的表面形状的装置 |
| KR1020187028497A KR102581225B1 (ko) | 2016-03-04 | 2017-02-23 | 전자 조사에 의해 광학 소자의 표면 형상을 변화시키기 위한 디바이스 |
| JP2018546465A JP6905536B2 (ja) | 2016-03-04 | 2017-02-23 | 電子照射を用いて光学要素の面形状を変化させるためのデバイス |
| US16/117,851 US10551747B2 (en) | 2016-03-04 | 2018-08-30 | Device for changing a surface shape of an optical element via electron irradiation |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102016203591.6A DE102016203591A1 (de) | 2016-03-04 | 2016-03-04 | Vorrichtung zum Verändern einer Oberflächenform eines optischen Elements mittels Elektronenbestrahlung |
| DE102016203591.6 | 2016-03-04 |
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| US16/117,851 Continuation US10551747B2 (en) | 2016-03-04 | 2018-08-30 | Device for changing a surface shape of an optical element via electron irradiation |
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| WO2017148577A1 true WO2017148577A1 (de) | 2017-09-08 |
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| PCT/EP2017/000255 Ceased WO2017148577A1 (de) | 2016-03-04 | 2017-02-23 | Vorrichtung zum verändern einer oberflächenform eines optischen elements mittels elektronenbestrahlung |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
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| US (1) | US10551747B2 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP6905536B2 (de) |
| KR (1) | KR102581225B1 (de) |
| CN (1) | CN109073787B (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102016203591A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2017148577A1 (de) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102019204345A1 (de) | 2019-03-28 | 2019-05-23 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Verfahren zum herstellen eines optischen elements |
| WO2023208894A1 (de) | 2022-04-29 | 2023-11-02 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Optisches bauteil für eine lithographieanlage |
| WO2025256867A1 (de) | 2024-06-10 | 2025-12-18 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Verfahren zum elektronenstrahlbearbeiten einer oberfläche, optische komponente, anlage der halbleitertechnologie und fertigungsanlage |
Families Citing this family (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102019209575A1 (de) | 2018-07-04 | 2020-01-09 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Verfahren zum Verändern einer Oberflächenform mittels Teilchenbestrahlung |
| DE102018211596A1 (de) * | 2018-07-12 | 2020-01-16 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines reflektierenden optischen Elementes einer Projektionsbelichtungsanlage und reflektierendes optisches Element für eine Projektionsbelichtungsanlage, Projektionsobjektiv und Projektionsbelichtungsanlage |
| CN109933237B (zh) * | 2019-03-07 | 2022-06-17 | 京东方科技集团股份有限公司 | 一种显示面板、显示装置及压力检测方法 |
| DE102020107944B4 (de) * | 2020-03-23 | 2024-12-19 | Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines kontinuierlichen diffraktiven optischen Elementes und kontinuierliches diffraktives optisches Element |
| DE102021202502B4 (de) | 2021-03-15 | 2023-01-19 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Verändern einer Form einer Oberfläche eines Objekts |
| CN113985705B (zh) | 2021-10-18 | 2022-11-11 | 中国科学院微电子研究所 | 一种快速实现光刻系统精密校准的光学方法及装置 |
| DE102022208269A1 (de) | 2022-08-09 | 2023-09-28 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Vorrichtung zur Veränderung einer Form einer Oberfläche eines Objekts |
| DE102022210518A1 (de) | 2022-10-05 | 2024-04-11 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Spiegel, insbesondere für eine mikrolithographische Projektionsbelichtungsanlage, sowie Verfahren zum Bearbeiten eines Spiegels |
| KR20240103252A (ko) | 2022-12-27 | 2024-07-04 | 주식회사 에스에프에이 | Oled 패널 검사장치 및 그를 구비한 oled 패널 제조시스템 |
| DE102023113819A1 (de) | 2023-05-25 | 2024-11-28 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Verfahren zum Herstellen eines optischen Abbildungssystems für eine Mikrolithographie-Anlage |
| DE102023208563A1 (de) * | 2023-09-06 | 2025-03-06 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Bearbeitung eines optischen Elements für eine Projektionsbelichtungsanlage |
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| WO2011020655A1 (en) * | 2009-08-18 | 2011-02-24 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Substrates and mirrors for euv microlithography, and methods for producing them |
| DE102012212199A1 (de) * | 2012-07-12 | 2013-06-13 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Strukturierung von Bauteilen mittels Photonen- oder Elektronenstrahlen |
| DE102015223795A1 (de) * | 2015-11-30 | 2016-01-28 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Verfahren zum Bearbeiten eines optischen Elements |
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| DE102006032303B4 (de) * | 2006-07-11 | 2010-08-19 | Ellcie Maintenance Gmbh | Oberflächenbearbeitungsvorrichtung |
| US20090002574A1 (en) * | 2007-06-29 | 2009-01-01 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Method and a system for optical design and an imaging device using an optical element with optical aberrations |
| DE102008042356A1 (de) * | 2008-09-25 | 2010-04-08 | Carl Zeiss Smt Ag | Projektionsbelichtungsanlage mit optimierter Justagemöglichkeit |
| DE102011084117A1 (de) | 2011-10-07 | 2013-04-11 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Reflektives optisches Element für den EUV-Wellenlängenbereich, Verfahren zur Erzeugung und zur Korrektur eines solchen Elements, Projektionsobjektiv für die Mikrolithographie mit einem solchen Element und Projektionsbelichtungsanlage für die Mikrolithographie mit einem solchen Projektionsobjektiv |
| DE102012205096B3 (de) * | 2012-03-29 | 2013-08-29 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Projektionsbelichtungsanlage mit mindestens einem Manipulator |
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- 2017-02-23 CN CN201780025763.3A patent/CN109073787B/zh active Active
- 2017-02-23 JP JP2018546465A patent/JP6905536B2/ja active Active
- 2017-02-23 WO PCT/EP2017/000255 patent/WO2017148577A1/de not_active Ceased
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| WO2011020655A1 (en) * | 2009-08-18 | 2011-02-24 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Substrates and mirrors for euv microlithography, and methods for producing them |
| DE102012212199A1 (de) * | 2012-07-12 | 2013-06-13 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Strukturierung von Bauteilen mittels Photonen- oder Elektronenstrahlen |
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| DE102019204345A1 (de) | 2019-03-28 | 2019-05-23 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Verfahren zum herstellen eines optischen elements |
| WO2023208894A1 (de) | 2022-04-29 | 2023-11-02 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Optisches bauteil für eine lithographieanlage |
| DE102022204268A1 (de) | 2022-04-29 | 2023-11-02 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Optisches Bauteil für eine Lithographieanlage |
| WO2025256867A1 (de) | 2024-06-10 | 2025-12-18 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Verfahren zum elektronenstrahlbearbeiten einer oberfläche, optische komponente, anlage der halbleitertechnologie und fertigungsanlage |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR20180118757A (ko) | 2018-10-31 |
| CN109073787A (zh) | 2018-12-21 |
| JP2019508748A (ja) | 2019-03-28 |
| US10551747B2 (en) | 2020-02-04 |
| JP6905536B2 (ja) | 2021-07-21 |
| CN109073787B (zh) | 2020-09-15 |
| US20190018324A1 (en) | 2019-01-17 |
| KR102581225B1 (ko) | 2023-09-21 |
| DE102016203591A1 (de) | 2017-09-07 |
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