WO2017113945A1

WO2017113945A1 - Gel composition, spray, and tape for attracting insects, and method of reducing insect pest damage

Info

Publication number: WO2017113945A1
Application number: PCT/CN2016/102789
Authority: WO
Inventors: 罗昌炎; 布里斯托詹姆斯•T; 林文鸿; 黄弘宗
Original assignee: 江苏龙灯化学有限公司
Priority date: 2015-12-30
Filing date: 2016-10-21
Publication date: 2017-07-06
Also published as: CN106922665A

Abstract

The present invention provides a gel composition for attracting insects, and the gel composition comprises cuelure and methyl eugenol, wherein the gel composition further comprises a pressure sensitive adhesive, a solid-phase carrier, and a solvent. In another aspect, the present invention also provides a spray for attracting insects, a tape for attracting insects, and a method of reducing insect pest damage. By employing the above technical solution, the gel composition in the present invention lowers a ratio of the number of damaged fruits by insect pests to the total number of fruits (a damage rate) to 5-15%, which is significantly lower than the existing insect control agents.

Description

Gum composition for attracting insects, spray and tape, and method for reducing insect damage

Technical field

The present invention relates to the field of agriculture, and in particular to a gel-like composition for attracting insects, a spray for attracting insects, an insect-inducing tape, and a method for reducing insect damage.

Background technique

Drosophila (Tephritidae) is one of the most devastating agricultural pests in the world. The term "drosophila" as used herein, denotes all flies belonging to the family Diptera, including cucurbit flies and fruit flies.

Diptera (Diptera), commonly known as melon or melon, is the most important pest of melons and fruits, distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. There are more than 80 species of 16 families, such as watermelon, cantaloupe, courgette, loofah, bitter gourd, pumpkin, melon and tomato. The adult spawning tube of the fruit fly penetrates into the epidermis of the young melon to lay eggs. After the larva hatches, the larvae feed in the melon, and the damaged melon first turns yellow, and then the whole melon rots and becomes stinky, causing a large amount of melon, even if it does not rot, thorn The wound is condensed with glue, deformed and sag, the skin is hard, and the melon tastes bitter, which seriously affects the quality and yield of the melon.

The fruit fly also belongs to the diptera (Diptera), also known as the needle bee, the fruit worm, the orange fruit fly, the orange fruit fly, the yellow fly, the melon and so on. Many countries and regions in Southeast Asia and Oceania (including India, Bhutan, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Indonesia, China (Hunan, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Fujian) , Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Taiwan, the Philippines, Ryukyu, Hawaii) are generally affected by fruit flies. The female adult eggs of the fruit fly are produced on the skin or surface of the melon and fruit, and some are produced in the stem tissue. In particular, the young fruit is more seriously damaged. The larvae of the fruit fly of the melon flies eat the flesh of the crop, causing the fruit to rot or deform, which seriously affects the yield and quality of the crop, causing serious damage to the economic interests of the grower.

The current control methods for fruit flies mainly include the anti-male treatment method, the chemical control method, the food trapping method, the trapping method, the suiting method, and the yellow sticky paper method. Among them, the anti-androgenic treatment method utilizes the strong male-like characteristics of fruit-based clove oil or gram fly, and carries out a large number of ways to prevent and kill males in the field, which allows the poisonous methyl clove oil or the fly to trap male flies. So that the female can not find the males to mate and produce the invalid eggs, so that the field group of the fruit fly is gradually reduced; the chemical control method is to use the killing when the density of the fruit flies is increased or when the fruit of the melon is gradually matured. Insecticides are fully sprayed and culled on adults to reduce their oviposition hazards, but the fly has strong flight ability, and the medicament is not easy to effectively control adults; the food trap method refers to the high density of fruit flies, and the food inducer Killing male and female adults, food decoy can be hydrolyzed with pesticides to form toxic bait; trapping method refers to using methyl clove oil or gram fly into the trap and hanging inside and outside the orchard for trapping; The fruit on the fruit tree is bagged; the yellow paper method refers to the use of Drosophila adults to significantly improve the yellow color, while the yellow paper is hung in the orchard to capture the adult fly. Among the above-mentioned control methods, the chemical control method has strong flight ability in the field, resulting in high control cost and poor control effect; the anti-male treatment method requires the addition of toxic agents and a large amount of spraying, which causes environmental pollution and the female flies still exist. The treatment of the standard has not been cured; the food trapping method will cause pollution to the environment due to the addition of toxic agents, and the trapping distance is small, the effect is not significant; the bagging method has high cost, long process, and the application of fruit trees is limited, if the bag is improper, it is easy Affects plant growth; the trap method has the disadvantages of high cost, complicated placement process, and vulnerability to environmental damage.

An insect control formulation comprising methyl eugenol, a cockroach and a biodegradable wax carrier is provided in document CN 104349677 A, and optionally further comprises an insect toxic agent. When the insect control preparation contains an insect poison, there is a problem of environmental pollution, and when the insect poison is not contained, the control efficiency against the fruit fly is still low.

Summary of the invention

In order to overcome the defect that the existing insect control agent has low control efficiency against Drosophila, the present invention provides a gel-like composition for attracting insects capable of further improving the control efficiency of Drosophila, and a spray for attracting insects. , a tape that attracts insects and a method of reducing insect damage.

In one aspect, the present invention provides a gel-like composition for attracting insects, the gel composition comprising a fly ketone and a methyl eugenol, wherein the gel composition further comprises a pressure sensitive adhesive, a solid phase carrier and a solvent .

In another aspect, the present invention also provides a spray for attracting insects, the spray comprising an attractant and a propellant; wherein the attractant is a gel composition as described above.

In another aspect, the present invention provides an insect-inducing tape comprising a tape-shaped substrate, an adhesive colloid layer coated on one side of the tape-shaped substrate, and coated on the other side of the tape-shaped substrate An attractant colloid layer; wherein the attractant colloid layer comprises a gelatinous composition as described above.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of reducing insect hazards, wherein the method comprises using a gel composition as described above, a spray as described above, and a tape as described above in a crop planting site. At least one of them to trap insects.

According to the above technical solution, the gel composition of the present invention can reduce the ratio of the number of fruits with insect pests to the total number of fruits (hazard rate) to 5-15 in a test experiment conducted on a citrus, watermelon, mango or the like planting site. %, significantly lower than existing insect control formulations.

Other features and advantages of the invention will be described in detail in the detailed description which follows.

detailed description

Specific embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below. It is to be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative and not restrictive.

Among them, fly ketone and methyl eugenol have a strong temptation effect on fruit flies, and the fruit fly instinctively approaches the material releasing lactone and methyl eugenol until it contacts, thereby being adhered to the gel composition of the present invention. Both of them are commercially available and can be uniformly dispersed in the gel composition.

Fly ketone refers to 4-(p-acetoxyphenyl)-2-butanone, English name is 4-(p-acetoxyphenyl)-2-butanone (cue-lure), which is CAS No. 3572-06-3 The compound registered; its molecular formula is: C ₁₂ H ₁₄ O ₃ structural formula is:

Methyl eugenol refers to 1,2-dimethoxy-4-(2-propenyl)benzene, the English name is 1,2-dimethoxy-4-(2-propenyl)-benzene (Methyl eugenol), which is CAS. A compound registered in No. 93-15-2; its molecular formula is C ₁₁ H ₁₄ O _{2 , and its} structural formula is:

Wherein, the content of each component in the gel composition can be varied within a wide range, for example, the content of methyl eugenol is 0.1-20 parts by weight relative to 1 part by weight of the ketidone, and the pressure sensitive adhesive The content is 0.25 to 25 parts by weight, the content of the solid phase carrier is 0.05 to 10 parts by weight, and the content of the solvent is 0.25 to 25 parts by weight.

Wherein, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the gelatinous composition has a methyl eugenol content of 0.5 to 5 parts by weight and a pressure sensitive adhesive content of 1 to 1 part by weight of the chlorfenapyr. The content of the solid phase carrier is from 0.4 to 4 parts by weight, and the solvent is contained in an amount of from 1 to 10 parts by weight, based on 10 parts by weight. In the preferred embodiment, the gelled composition has a prominent trapping effect on fruit flies.

In one embodiment of the gel composition of the present invention, the fly ketone comprises from about 1% to about 40% by weight of the composition, preferably from about 1% to about 20% by weight; the methyl eugenol comprises the composition From about 1% by weight to about 50% by weight, preferably from about 3% by weight to about 20% by weight; the pressure sensitive adhesive comprises from about 5 to 60% by weight of the composition, preferably from about 10% to 50% by weight; the solid phase carrier From about 0.1% to about 10% by weight of the composition, preferably from about 0.1% to about 7% by weight; the solvent comprises from about 2% to about 30% by weight of the composition, preferably from about 5% to about 25% by weight .

A gelled composition according to the present invention, wherein the pressure sensitive adhesive refers to an adhesive that is sensitive to pressure. The pressure sensitive adhesive may be selected in a wide range as long as it can function as a fruit fly, and may include, for example, an ethylene propylene copolymer, a petroleum resin, a polybutene, and any viscous polymer compound. For example, at least one of various oily and water-based high molecular polymers such as rubbers, plastics, and thickeners. Preferably, the pressure sensitive adhesive is selected from at least one of an ethylene propylene copolymer, a petroleum resin, and a polybutene. More preferably, the pressure sensitive adhesive has a weight average molecular weight of from 300 to 3,000. In this preferred case, the gel composition of the present invention has safe, stable, high-adhesion, low-resistance insect trapping characteristics, and has a viscosity which is unstoppable to most insects, that is, when the insect contacts the present invention The gelatinous composition is stuck and cannot be removed.

A gelled composition according to the present invention, wherein the solid phase carrier may be a substance which is solid and capable of supporting an active ingredient. The solid phase carrier may be selected in a wide range as long as it can adsorb fly ketone and methyl eugenol to have a sustained release effect, for example, the solid phase carrier may include zeolite, such as synthetic zeolite, natural. At least one of zeolite and regenerated zeolite, white carbon black, such as precipitated silica, fumed silica, and ultrafine silica gel, activated carbon. Preferably, the solid support may comprise zeolite and/or silica. The zeolite preferably has a specific surface area of 10 to 200 m ² /g and an average particle diameter of 10 to 50 μm. The silica preferably has a specific surface area of 100 to 200 m ² /g and an average particle diameter of 10 to 25 nm. In this preferred case, the gel composition of the present invention has a good sustained release property and is capable of maintaining the enticing effect on insects for a long period of time, that is, having a long life cycle and avoiding the disadvantage of frequent application.

A colloidal composition according to the present invention, wherein the solvent is preferably a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon such as Zhengji Alkane, cyclohexane and n-octane. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the solvent is n-hexane.

According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the gel composition further comprises a clove complex oil and/or a hydrolyzed protein. Among them, the clove composite essential oil and the hydrolyzed protein can significantly enhance the enticing ability to insects, thereby increasing the control effect of the gel composition of the present invention on harmful insects.

More preferably, in the gel composition, the content of the clove complex oil is 0.05-20 parts by weight, preferably 1-10 parts by weight, and the hydrolyzed protein content is 0.05-% with respect to 1 part by weight of the ketidone. 10 parts by weight, preferably 1 to 5 parts by weight.

Wherein, the clove composite essential oil refers to a product obtained by extracting a plant such as clove as a raw material, and can be obtained by a commercially available product; the hydrolyzed protein is a product obtained by hydrolyzing a protease using a yeast protein as a raw material, and can pass the product. Commercially available.

According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the gel composition may be a coating agent, i.e., the gel composition of the present invention may be applied to a solid surface, i.e., to form a trapping point capable of trapping insects.

Since yellow can attract an insect, it is preferred that a yellow pigment can be selectively incorporated into the gel composition of the present invention. The yellow pigment may be selected from all common yellow pigments that are capable of dyeing the formulation. Likewise, suitable yellows for the active ingredients are known in the art. The yellow pigment includes, but is not limited to, at least one of Metanil yellow G, Reactive yellow K-6G, and Yellow Pigment 2G.

Further preferably, in order to make the yellow pigment dispersion uniform, a non-polar solvent and an emulsifier may be selectively incorporated in the gel composition of the present invention. Preferably, the yellow pigment is dissolved in a non-polar solvent, an emulsifier is added, and finally miscible with the gel composition. The non-polar solvent may be selected from all common non-polar solvents which are capable of solubilizing the active compound employed. Likewise, suitable non-polar solvents are known in the art. Examples of non-polar solvents which may be mentioned include chloroform, benzene, liquid paraffin, vegetable oil, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate and the like. In a preferred embodiment, the non-polar solution The agent is ethyl acetate. The emulsifiers include, but are not limited to, lecithin, monoglycerides, diglycerides, sorbitan monooleate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80), sorbitan monolaurate At least one of polyethylene oxide-sorbitan monooleate, fatty acid, and sorbitan tristearic acid. In a preferred embodiment, the emulsifier Tween 80 is included in the formulation. Wherein, the weight ratio of the yellow pigment to the non-polar solvent may be 1: (8-12). Wherein, the weight ratio of the yellow pigment to the emulsifier may be 1: (1-3). The amount of the yellow pigment is such that the content of the yellow pigment in the gel composition is from 0.2 to 0.8% by weight.

In some embodiments, a UV blocker and an antioxidant can also be selectively added. Examples of UV blockers that may be included include, but are not limited to, beta-carotene and/or p-aminobenzoic acid. Antioxidants that may be included include, but are not limited to, at least one of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), dibutylhydroxytoluene (BHT), and vitamin E.

Wherein, the preparation method of the gel composition of the present invention is not particularly required as long as the components are uniformly mixed; for example, the pressure sensitive adhesive can be dissolved in a solvent, and then fly ketone, methyl eugenol, and solid are added. The phase carrier, optionally also added to the clove complex oil and/or hydrolyzed protein, is mixed well. Wherein, in the case where the gel composition of the present invention further contains a yellow pigment, the pressure sensitive adhesive may be dissolved in a solvent, and then the fly ketone, the methyl eugenol, the solid phase carrier, and optionally the clove compound oil may be further added. And / or hydrolyzed protein, and then uniformly mixed to obtain a mixture A; then the yellow pigment is dissolved in a non-polar solvent, and then added with an emulsifier and uniformly mixed to obtain a mixture B; then, the mixture A and the mixture B are uniformly mixed.

In another aspect, the invention provides a spray for attracting insects, the spray comprising an attractant and a propellant; wherein the attractant is a gelled composition as described above.

Wherein, in the spray, the propellant may be included in an amount of 30 to 60% by weight, preferably 40 to 50% by weight.

Among them, preferably, the propellant includes dimethyl ether, propane and butane. In the propellant, the content of propane is 0.5 to 0.7 part by weight with respect to 1 part by weight of dimethyl ether; and the content of butane is 1 to 2 parts by weight.

Wherein, the gel composition as described above can be uniformly dispersed in the compressed propellant, and under the push of the compressed propellant, the spray is controllably sprayed on the surface of the object, and the propellant is volatilized, leaving the above The gelled composition covers the surface of the object to form an insect trapping point.

Wherein, the adhesive tape further comprises a release film covering the layer of the attractant colloid. Wherein, the adhesive tape may be adhered to the surface of the object via the adhesive colloid layer, and then the release film on the attractant colloid layer may be peeled off, thereby exposing the gel composition as described above to form an insect trapping point.

Among them, preferably, one or more trap points are set in the crop planting land using at least one of the gel composition as described above, the spray as described above, and the tape as described above. Wherein the trapping point may include a fixed object and a gel composition as described above adhered to the fixed object; the fixed object preferably uses at least one of waste such as a plastic bottle, an advertising oil paper, and a fertilizer bag.

More preferably, among the plurality of trap points, the spacing between two adjacent trap points is 100-300 meters.

The crops may include citrus, grapefruit, persimmon, guava, longan, lychee, mango, lotus, avocado, sapodilla, carambola, alfalfa, papaya, peach, sacora, watermelon, cantaloupe, courgette, loofah. At least one of bitter gourd, pumpkin, melon, tomato, terminal meringue, moon orange, and sorrel.

Wherein, although the gel composition of the present invention is particularly suitable for trapping fruit flies, it is not limited thereto. In fact, the gel composition of the present invention can trap insects including fruit flies, yellow leafhoppers, mosquitoes, At least one of flies, thrips, whitefly, and moths.

The invention will now be described in further detail by way of examples.

In the following examples, unless otherwise specified, the raw materials used are all commercially available, specifically: cockroach is purchased from Guangzhou Shengxun Company, product number is CAS 3572-06-3; methyl eugenol is purchased from Yunfa Chemical company, commodity number is 93-15-2; ethylene propylene copolymer is purchased from Deyuan Company, product number is 303P, weight average molecular weight is 20,000-50000amu; petroleum resin is purchased from Shenzhen Yoshida Company, product number is 64742-16- 1, the weight average molecular weight is 10000-30000 amu; polybutene is purchased from Dalin Company of Korea, the product number is PB-2100, the weight average molecular weight is 30,000-60000 amu; the zeolite is purchased from Weixin Company, the product number is JMAX, and the specific surface area is 30- 100m ² /g, average particle size is 10-50μm; white carbon black is purchased from Weixin Company, product number is JMAX-2, specific surface area is 130m ² /g, average particle size is 16nm; clove compound essential oil is purchased from top rhyme company The product number is HC016; the hydrolyzed protein was purchased from Yusheng Co., Ltd., and the product number is PB Gelatins.

Examples 1-8 and Comparative Example 1

Referring to Table 1, a gelatinous composition was prepared according to the following steps: the pressure sensitive adhesive was dissolved in a solvent of n-hexane, and then a fly ketone, a methyl eugenol, a solid phase carrier, optionally a clove complex oil and/or a hydrolyzed protein were further added. And mixing evenly to obtain a mixture A; dissolving the yellow pigment (yellow pigment 2G) in a non-polar solvent (ethyl acetate), and then adding an emulsifier (Tween-80) to obtain a mixture B, wherein the yellow pigment and the non-polar The weight ratio of the solvent to the emulsifier is 1:10:2; the mixture A and the mixture B are uniformly mixed in a weight ratio of 10:1 to obtain a gel composition; EB represents an ethylene butene copolymer, and HR represents a petroleum resin. PB represents polybutene 10; NH represents n-hexane; and X represents Comparative Example 1.

Table 1

Test Example 1

The products of Examples 1-8 and Comparative Example 1 were separately mixed with an equal weight of propellant (a mixture of dimethyl ether, propane and butane in a weight ratio of 3:2:5) under pressure, and charged. In the spray can, the respective sprays were obtained.

In the citrus planting where cucurbit flies and fruit fly pests occur, in the citrus fruiting period, 10 test citrus orchards separated by more than 1000 m are delineated, and different sprays are used at intervals of 200 m in 9 test citrus orchards. The trapping point was set as the experimental group, and the trapping point was not set in the remaining one test citrus orchard as a control group. Among them, a fixed object (1.5L Coca-Cola plastic bottle) is set on each trapping point, and the spraying agent is evenly sprayed once on the fixed object to obtain the trapping point. The trapping point is determined every 14 days after the trapping point is set. The ratio of the number of fruits to the total number of fruits (hazard rate) is shown in Table 2.

Table 2

According to the data of Table 2, Examples 1-8 can greatly reduce the hazard rate of the fruit fly and the fruit fly in a longer period than the comparison. Also, preferably, relative to 1 part by weight of the ketidone, The content of the methyl eugenol is 0.5 to 5 parts by weight, the content of the pressure sensitive adhesive is 1-10 parts by weight, the content of the solid phase carrier is 0.4 to 4 parts by weight, and the content of the solvent is 1-10 parts by weight. The gel composition of the present invention can further reduce the hazard rate of the fruit fly and the fruit fly.

The preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail above, but the present invention is not limited to the specific details of the above embodiments, and various simple modifications can be made to the technical solutions of the present invention within the scope of the technical idea of the present invention. These simple variants All fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

It should be further noted that the specific technical features described in the above specific embodiments may be combined in any suitable manner without contradiction. To avoid unnecessary repetition, the present invention has various possibilities. The combination method will not be described separately.

In addition, any combination of various embodiments of the invention may be made as long as it does not deviate from the idea of the invention, and it should be regarded as the disclosure of the invention.

Claims

A gel-like composition for attracting insects, the gel composition comprising a fly ketone and a methyl eugenol, characterized in that the gel composition further comprises a pressure sensitive adhesive, a solid phase carrier and a solvent.
The gel composition according to claim 1, wherein the gel composition has a methyl eugenol content of 0.1 to 20 parts by weight based on 1 part by weight of the ketamine, and the pressure sensitive adhesive is contained in an amount of 0.1 to 20 parts by weight. 0.25 to 25 parts by weight, the solid phase carrier is contained in an amount of 0.05 to 10 parts by weight, and the solvent is contained in an amount of 0.25 to 25 parts by weight.
The gel composition according to claim 2, wherein the gel composition has a methyl eugenol content of 0.5 to 5 parts by weight based on 1 part by weight of the ketamine, and the pressure sensitive adhesive is contained in an amount of 0.5 to 5 parts by weight. The content of the solid phase carrier is from 0.4 to 4 parts by weight, and the solvent is contained in an amount of from 1 to 10 parts by weight, based on 1 to 10 parts by weight.
The gel composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the pressure sensitive adhesive comprises at least one of an ethylene propylene copolymer, a petroleum resin, and a polybutene; the solid phase carrier comprises a zeolite At least one of white carbon black and activated carbon; the solvent comprising at least one of n-hexane, cyclohexane, and n-octane.
The gel composition according to claim 4, wherein the pressure sensitive adhesive has a weight average molecular weight of 300 to 3000; the zeolite has a specific surface area of 10 to 200 m 2 /g, and an average particle diameter of 10 to 50 μm; The white carbon has a specific surface area of 100 to 200 m 2 /g and an average particle diameter of 10 to 25 nm.
The gel composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the gel composition further contains a clove complex oil and/or a hydrolyzed protein.
The gel composition according to claim 6, wherein the gel composition has a phase The clown complex essential oil is contained in an amount of 0.05 to 20 parts by weight, and the hydrolyzed protein is contained in an amount of 0.05 to 10 parts by weight based on 1 part by weight of the fly ketone.
The gel composition according to any one of claims 1-3, 5 and 7, wherein the gel composition further contains a yellow pigment.
A spray for attracting insects, the spray comprising an attractant and a propellant; wherein the attractant is the gel composition of any one of claims 1-8.
The spray according to claim 9, wherein the propellant is contained in an amount of from 30 to 60% by weight.
The spray according to claim 9 or 10, wherein the propellant comprises dimethyl ether, propane and butane; and the propellant has a propane content of 0.5 based on 1 part by weight of dimethyl ether. 0.7 parts by weight; the content of butane is 1-2 parts by weight.
An insect-inducing tape comprising a tape-shaped substrate, an adhesive colloid layer coated on one side of the tape-shaped substrate, and an attractant colloid layer coated on the other side of the tape-shaped substrate; The attractant colloid layer contains the gel composition of any one of claims 1-8.
The adhesive tape according to claim 12, wherein said adhesive tape further comprises a release film covering said layer of the attractant colloid.
A method for reducing the hazard of an insect, the method comprising the use of the gel composition according to any one of claims 1 to 8 in the crop planting, the method according to any one of claims 9-11 The spray and at least one of the tapes of any of claims 12-13 are used to trap insects.
The method according to claim 14, wherein the gel composition according to any one of claims 1 to 8, the spray according to any one of claims 9 to 11 and the claims 12-13 At least one of the tapes of any of the preceding articles provides one or more trapping points in the crop planting site.
The method of claim 15 wherein a spacing between adjacent two trapping points of said plurality of trapping points is between 100 and 300 meters.
The method according to any one of claims 14-16, wherein the crop comprises citrus, grapefruit, persimmon, guava, longan, lychee, mango, lotus, avocado, sapodilla, carambola, alfalfa, papaya At least one of peach, plum, custard, watermelon, cantaloupe, courgette, loofah, bitter gourd, pumpkin, melon, tomato, terminal meringue, moon orange, and sorrel; the insect includes cucurbit fly, fruit fly, yellow At least one of spider mites, mosquitoes, flies, thrips, whitefly, and moths.