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  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
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  • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
  • C07D413/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C237/00—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by amino groups
  • C07C237/02—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by amino groups having the carbon atoms of the carboxamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton
  • C07C237/22—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by amino groups having the carbon atoms of the carboxamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton having nitrogen atoms of amino groups bound to the carbon skeleton of the acid part, further acylated
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  • C07D209/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D209/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with one carbocyclic ring
  • C07D209/04—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles
  • C07D209/30—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
  • C07D209/42—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
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  • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D213/78—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms, with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
  • C07D213/81—Amides; Imides
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  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D215/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinoline or hydrogenated quinoline ring systems
  • C07D215/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinoline or hydrogenated quinoline ring systems having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen atoms or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D215/16—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinoline or hydrogenated quinoline ring systems having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen atoms or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D215/48—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen
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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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  • C07D231/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings
  • C07D231/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D231/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D231/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D233/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings
  • C07D233/54—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D233/66—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D233/70—One oxygen atom
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D261/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,2-oxazole rings
  • C07D261/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,2-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D261/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,2-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D261/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,2-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D261/18—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms, with at the most one bond to halogen
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
  • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

• the present invention relates to proteasome inhibitors and uses thereof.
• proteasomes are highly conserved self-compartmentalizing proteases found in three kingdoms of life.
• a proteasome is a large, ATP-dependent, multi-subunit, barrel-shaped N-terminal nucleophile hydrolase present in the cytosol and nucleus of eukaryotic cells and is responsible for the degradation of the majority of cellular proteins (Baumeister et al., "The Proteasome: Paradigm of a Self-Compartmentalizing Protease," Cell 92(3):367-380 (1998); Goldberg AL., "Functions of the Proteasome: from Protein Degradation and Immune
• Degradation product oligopeptides are reservoirs of antigenic peptides for MHC class I antigen presentation.
• Proteasome inhibition interrupts many cellular pathways, particularly, the NF-kB activation pathway, the induction of unfolded protein response, and ER stress, while strongly inducing apoptosis. For this reason, highly specific proteasome inhibitors have been approved for the treatment of hematological cancer. Proteasome inhibitors can also markedly limit the overall supply of peptides for MHC class I molecules and thus block antigen presentation (Rock et al., "Protein Degradation and the Generation of MHC Class I-Presented Peptides," Adv.
• Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum), the most deadly of the human malarias, accounts for nearly 0.5 million deaths a year, primarily in children (Zhang et al., "Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Unique Metabolic Features in the Cryptosporidium Parvum Oocysts
• Upregulation of the ubiquitin proteasome system is important for survival of artemisinin-resistant parasites and emphasizes the importance of the UPS in parasite survival and its importance as a drug target moving forward (Dogovski et al., "Targeting the Cell Stress Response of Plasmodium Falciparum to Overcome Artemisinin Resistance,” PLoS Biol.
• Proteasome inhibitors are known to kill malaria parasites in vitro and are efficacious against multiple parasite stages; peptide epoxyketone inhibitors, a peptide vinyl sulfone inhibitor and a cyclic peptide inhibitor, have potent anti-malarial activities (Dogovski et al., "Targeting the Cell Stress Response of Plasmodium Falciparum to Overcome Artemisinin Resistance,” PLoS Biol. 13(4):el002132 (2015); Featherstone C. "Proteasome Inhibitors in Development for Malaria," Mol. Med. Today 3(9):367 (1997); Gantt et al., "Proteasome
• UPS ubiquitin-proteasome system
• the UPS plays essential roles in diverse cellular activities, including cell cycle control, signal transduction, protein homeostasis, and immune surveillance.
• the 26S proteasome is composed of a hydrolytic 20S core and regulators, such as 19S or 1 I S.
• the 20S core that is constitutively expressed in most cells is a stack of 4 rings of 14 a and ⁇ subunits organized in a 0.1 ⁇ 1 ⁇ 1.70.1.7 fashion, where 2 copies of each caspase-like ⁇ , trypsin-like ⁇ 2, and chymotrypsin-like ⁇ 5 active subunits are located in the inner ⁇ rings (Baumeister, et al., "The Proteasome: Paradigm of a Self-Compartmentalizing Protease," Cell 92:367-380 (1998)).
• the chymotrypsin-like ⁇ 5 active subunits of the 20S have been clinically validated as a target for the treatment of multiple myeloma and certain
• BTZ Bortezomib
• CZ carfilzomib
• the i-20S serves diverse functions in the immune system, including the provision of oligopeptides for antigen presentation, T-cell differentiation and proliferation (Palombella et al., "Role of the Proteasome and F-kB in Streptococcal Cell Wall-Induced Polyarthritis," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95: 15671-15676 (1998); Kalim et al., "Immunoproteasome Subunit LMP7 Deficiency and Inhibition Suppresses _ _
• Antibody-secreting plasma cells are highly sensitive to proteasome inhibition and BTZ, which inhibits both C-20S and i-20S, has been used in renal transplant recipients to prevent antibody-mediated graft rejection (Aull et al., Clin Transpl 495-498 (2009); Raghavan et al., "Bortezomib in Kidney Transplantation,” J Transplant.
• BTZ was also reported to be efficacious in patients with refractory systemic lupus erythematosus (Alexander et al., "The Proteasome Inhibitior Bortezomib Depletes Plasma Cells and Ameliorates Clinical Manifestations of Refractory Systemic Lupus Erythematosus," Ann Rheum Dis 74: 1474-1478 (2015)).
• BTZ's substantial mechanism-based toxicity requires use of much reduced doses in the treatment of non-malignant conditions.
• the present invention is directed to overcoming these and other deficiencies in the art.
• One aspect of the resent invention relates to a compound of Formula (I):
• R is H or Ci -6 alkyl
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, biphenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl and bi-heteroaryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl and bi-heterocyclyl, and monocyclic and bicyclic non-aromatic heterocycle, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, biphenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl and bi-heteroaryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl and bi-heterocyclyl, and monocyclic and bicyclic non-aromatic heterocycle can be optionally substituted from 1 to 3 times with a substituent selected independently at each occurrence thereof from the group consisting of halogen, cyano,— OH,— N0 2 ,— CF 3 ,— OCi -6 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, non- aromatic heterocycle, and non-ar
• R 2 is independently selected at each occurrence thereof from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, _ _ monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl, and— (CH 2 ) m C(0) HR 4 , wherein alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl can be optionally substituted from 1 to 3 times with a substituent selected independently at each occurrence thereof from the group consisting of halogen, cyano,— OH,— N0 2 ,— CF 3 ,— OCi -6 alkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, and monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl;
• R 3 is selected from the group consisting of H,— SO p R 5 ,— C(0)R 5 ,— C(0)(CH 2 ) k Ar,— S0 2 Ar,—S0 2 C 3-8 cycloalkyl,— C(0)(CH 2 ) k Het,— C(0)Ci -6 alkyl, and—
• aryl (Ar) and heteroaryl (Het) can be optionally substituted from 1 to 3 times with a substituent selected independently at each occurrence thereof from halogen or Ci- 6 alkyl;
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of H, Ci -6 alkyl, and C 3-8 cycloalkyl, wherein C 3-8 cycloalkyl can be optionally substituted with— CF 3 ;
• R 5 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, and monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, and monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl can be optionally substituted from 1 to 3 times with a substituent selected independently at each occurrence thereof from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, — OH,— N0 2 ,— CF 3 ,— OCi-6 alkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, and monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl;
• k 0 or 2;
• n 1 or 2;
• n 1, 2, or 3;
• p 1 or 2;
• a second aspect of the present invention relates to a method of treating cancer, immunologic disorders, autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, or inflammatory disorders in a subject or for providing immunosuppression for transplanted organs or tissues in a subject.
• This method includes administering to the subject in need thereof a compound of the Formula (I): wherein
• R is H or Ci -6 alkyl
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, biphenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl and bi-heteroaryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl and bi-heterocyclyl, and monocyclic and bicyclic non-aromatic heterocycle, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, biphenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl and bi-heteroaryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl and bi-heterocyclyl, and monocyclic and bicyclic non-aromatic heterocycle can be optionally substituted from 1 to 3 times with a substituent selected independently at each occurrence thereof from the group consisting of halogen, cyano,— OH,— N0 2 ,— CF 3 ,— OCi -6 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, non- aromatic heterocycle, and non-ar
• R 2 is independently selected at each occurrence thereof from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl, and— (CH 2 ) m C(0) HR 4 , wherein alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl can be optionally substituted from 1 to 3 times with a substituent selected independently at each occurrence thereof from the group consisting of halogen, cyano,— OH,— N0 2 ,— CF 3 ,— OCi -6 alkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, and monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl;
• R 3 is selected from the group consisting of H,— SO p R 5 ,— C(0)R 5 ,—
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of H, Ci -6 alkyl, and C 3-8 cycloalkyl, wherein C 3-8 cycloalkyl can be optionally substituted with— CF 3 ;
• R 5 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, and monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, and monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl can be optionally substituted from 1 to 3 times with a substituent selected independently at each occurrence thereof from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, — OH,— N0 2 ,— CF 3 ,— OCi-6 alkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, and monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl;
• n 1, 2, or 3;
• p 1 or 2;
• a third aspect of the present invention relates to a method of inhibiting chymotryptic ⁇ 5 ⁇ in a cell or a tissue. This method includes providing a compound of Formula (I):
• R is H or Ci -6 alkyl
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, biphenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl and bi-heteroaryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl and bi-heterocyclyl, and monocyclic and bicyclic non-aromatic heterocycle, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, biphenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl and bi-heteroaryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl and bi-heterocyclyl, and monocyclic and bicyclic non-aromatic heterocycle can be optionally substituted from 1 to 3 times with a substituent selected independently at each occurrence thereof from the group consisting of halogen, cyano,— OH,— N0 2 ,— CF 3 ,— OCi -6 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, non- aromatic heterocycle, and non-ar
• R 2 is independently selected at each occurrence thereof from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl, and— (CH 2 ) m C(0) FIR 4 , wherein alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl can be optionally substituted from 1 to 3 times with a substituent selected independently at each occurrence thereof from the group consisting of halogen, cyano,— OH,— N0 2 ,— CF 3 ,— OCi -6 alkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, and monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl;
• R 3 is selected from the group consisting of H,— SO p R 5 ,— C(0)R 5 ,— C(0)(CH 2 ) k Ar,— S0 2 Ar,— S0 2 C 3-8 cycloalkyl,— C(0)(CH 2 ) k Het,— C(0)Ci -6 alkyl, and— C(0)OCi -6 alkyl, wherein aryl (Ar) and heteroaryl (Het) can be optionally substituted from 1 to 3 _ _ times with a substituent selected independently at each occurrence thereof from halogen or Ci- 6 alkyl;
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of H, Ci -6 alkyl, and C3-8 cycloalkyl, wherein C3-8 cycloalkyl can be optionally substituted with— CF 3 ;
• R 5 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, and monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, and monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl can be optionally substituted from 1 to 3 times with a substituent selected independently at each occurrence thereof from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, — OH,— N0 2 ,— CF 3 ,— OCi -6 alkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, and monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl;
• k 0 or 2;
• n 1 or 2;
• n 1, 2, or 3;
• p 1 or 2;
• a fourth aspect of the present invention relates to a method of treating infectious disease in a subject. This method includes administering to the subject in need thereof a compound of the Formula (I):
• R is H or Ci -6 alkyl
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, biphenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl and bi-heteroaryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl and bi-heterocyclyl, and monocyclic and bicyclic non-aromatic heterocycle, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, biphenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl and bi-heteroaryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl and bi-heterocyclyl, and monocyclic and bicyclic non-aromatic heterocycle can be optionally substituted from 1 to 3 times with a substituent selected independently at each occurrence thereof from the group consisting of halogen, cyano,— OH,— N0 2 ,— CF 3 ,— OCi -6 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, non- aromatic heterocycle, and non-ar
• R 2 is independently selected at each occurrence thereof from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl, and— (CH 2 ) m C(0) HR 4 , wherein alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl can be optionally substituted from 1 to 3 times with a substituent selected independently at each occurrence thereof from the group consisting of halogen, cyano,— OH,— N0 2 ,— CF 3 ,— OCi-6 alkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, and monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl;
• R 3 is selected from the group consisting of H,— SO p R 5 ,— C(0)R 5 ,— C(0)(CH 2 ) k Ar,— S0 2 Ar,— S0 2 C 3-8 cycloalkyl,— C(0)(CH 2 ) k Het,— C(0)Ci -6 alkyl, and—
• aryl (Ar) and heteroaryl (Het) can be optionally substituted from 1 to 3 times with a substituent selected independently at each occurrence thereof from halogen or Ci- 6 alkyl;
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of H, Ci -6 alkyl, and C 3-8 cycloalkyl, wherein C 3-8 cycloalkyl can be optionally substituted with— CF 3 ;
• R 5 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, and monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, and monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl can be optionally substituted from 1 to 3 times with a substituent selected independently at each occurrence thereof from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, — OH,— N0 2 ,— CF 3 ,— OCi -6 alkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, and monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl;
• k 0 or 2;
• n 1 or 2;
• n 1, 2, or 3;
• p 1 or 2;
• a selective AsnDEA immunoproteasome inhibitor is selectively cytotoxic against tumor cell lines of multiple _ _ myeloma and lymphoma over a liver carcinoma cell line, illustrating the potential of such compounds against multiple myeloma or other hematological cancers.
• Figures 1A-1E are graphs showing inhibition modality of PKS21004 against human proteasomes. Washout of C-20S from the preincubated C-20S and PKS21104 to recover the 5c activity (Figure 1 A). Substrate titration of hu i-20S ( Figure IB) and C-20S ( Figure ID) steady state velocities in the presence of PKS21004 at the concentrations indicated next to each curve. Data as in ( Figure IB) were plotted double reciprocal in ( Figure 1C), and ( Figure ID) in ( Figure IE). Values of Ki and a for PKS21004 were determined by fitting to an equation for noncompetitive inhibitors: 0.077 ⁇ , 0.28 for i-20S, and 0.55 ⁇ , 0.98, respectively.
• FIGS 2A-2B are graphs showing proteasome inhibition by PKS21221 inside the cells and its cytotoxicity against transformed cell lines.
• Karpas 1106P cells were treated with PKS21221 or HepG2 for 2 hours at the concentrations indicated prior to incubation with substrate (Ac-ANW) 2 R110 for ⁇ 5 ⁇ , suc-LLVY-luciferin for ⁇ 5 in Karpas cells, and suc- LLVY-luciferin for ⁇ 5 ⁇ in HepG2 cells, respectively.
• IC50s were determined to be 0.154 ⁇ and 0.149 ⁇ .
• Figure 2B is a graph showing cytotoxicity of PKS21221 against multiple myeloma cell lines MM1.S and RPMI8226, Karpas and HepG2. Values of IC50 of intracellular proteasome inhibition by PKS21221 and EC50s of cytotoxicity by PKS21221 were listed in Table 3 supra. Data were average of three independent experiments.
• FIG. 3 is a graph showing antiplasmodial activity for compounds PKS21004,
• Dihydroartemisinin and methylene blue were used as positive controls.
• FIGS 4A-4C show that PKS21004 leads to accumulation of poly-ubiquitinated proteins in P. falciparum cells (Figure 4A); PKS21004 and PKS21287 block labeling of ⁇ 5 active subunits of Pf20S by proteasome activity probe MV151 ( Figure 4B); and PKS21004 inhibits P. berghei growth in liver HepG2 cells after 6- (square and line) and 14- hours (circle and line) incubation and PKS21004 also prevents invasion of liver cells by P. berghei after removing PKS21004 followed a 2-hour pretreatment (triangle and line) ( Figure 4C).
• FIG. 5 is a graph showing that PKS21221 noncompetitively inhibits
• One aspect of the present invention relates to a compound of Formula (I):
• R is H or Ci -6 alkyl
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, biphenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl and bi-heteroaryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl and bi-heterocyclyl, and monocyclic and bicyclic non-aromatic heterocycle, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, biphenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl and bi-heteroaryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl and bi-heterocyclyl, and monocyclic and bicyclic non-aromatic heterocycle can be optionally substituted from 1 to 3 times with a substituent selected independently at each occurrence thereof from the group consisting of halogen, cyano,— OH,— N0 2 ,— CF 3 ,— OCi -6 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, non- aromatic heterocycle, and non-ar
• R 2 is independently selected at each occurrence thereof from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl, and— (CH 2 ) m C(0) HR 4 , wherein alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl can be optionally substituted from 1 to 3 times with a substituent selected independently at each occurrence thereof from the group consisting of halogen, cyano,— OH,— N0 2 ,— CF 3 ,— OCi -6 alkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, and monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl;
• alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, and monocyclic _ _ and bicyclic heterocyclyl can be optionally substituted from 1 to 3 times with a substituent selected independently at each occurrence thereof from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, — OH,— N0 2 ,— CF 3 ,— OCi-6 alkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, and monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl;
• k 0 or 2;
• n 1 or 2;
• n 1, 2, or 3;
• p 1 or 2;
• alkyl means an aliphatic hydrocarbon group which may be straight or branched having about 1 to about 6 carbon atoms in the chain. Branched means that one or more lower alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl or propyl are attached to a linear alkyl chain.
• Exemplary alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, and 3-pentyl.
• alkenyl means an aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing a carbon— carbon double bond and which may be straight or branched having about 2 to about 6 carbon atoms in the chain. Particular alkenyl groups have 2 to about 4 carbon atoms in the chain.
• Branched means that one or more lower alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, or propyl are attached to a linear alkenyl chain.
• alkenyl groups include ethenyl, propenyl, n- butenyl, and i-butenyl.
• alkenyl may also refer to a hydrocarbon chain having 2 to 6 carbons containing at least one double bond and at least one triple bond.
• cycloalkyl means a non-aromatic mono- or multi cyclic ring system of about 3 to about 8 carbon atoms, preferably of about 5 to about 7 carbon atoms.
• exemplary monocyclic cycloalkyls include cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and the like.
• aryl means an aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic ring system of 6 to about 14 carbon atoms, preferably of 6 to about 10 carbon atoms.
• Representative aryl groups include phenyl and naphthyl. - -
• biphenyl or "bi-phenyl” refers to a phenyl group substituted by another phenyl group.
• heteroaryl or "Het” means an aromatic monocyclic or multi cyclic ring system of about 5 to about 14 ring atoms, preferably about 5 to about 10 ring atoms, in which one or more of the atoms in the ring system is/are element(s) other than carbon, for example, nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.
• element(s) other than carbon, for example, nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.
• Preferred heteroaryls contain about 5 to 6 ring atoms.
• heteroaryl means that at least a nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur atom, respectively, is present as a ring atom.
• a nitrogen atom of a heteroaryl is optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide.
• heteroaryls include pyridyl, 2-oxo-pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, thiophenyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, indolinyl, 2-oxoindolinyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzothiophenyl, indazolyl,
• benzotriazolyl benzo[l,3]dioxolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinazolinyl, cinnolinyl, pthalazinyl, quinoxalinyl, 2,3-dihydro-benzo[l,4]dioxinyl, benzo[l,2,3]triazinyl,
• biheteroaryl or “bi-heteroaryl” refers to a heteroaryl group substituted by another heteroaryl group.
• heterocyclyl or “heterocycle” refers to a stable 3- to 18- membered ring (radical) which consists of carbon atoms and from one to five heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
• the heterocycle may be a monocyclic, or a polycyclic ring system, which may include fused, bridged, or spiro ring systems; and the nitrogen, carbon, or sulfur atoms in the - - heterocycle may be optionally oxidized; the nitrogen atom may be optionally quaternized; and the ring may be partially or fully saturated.
• heterocycles include, without limitation, azepinyl, azocanyl, pyranyl dioxanyl, dithianyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, tetrahydrofuryl, dihydropyrrolidinyl, decahydroisoquinolyl, imidazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, octahydroindolyl, octahydroisoindolyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2- oxopyrrolidinyl, 2-oxoazepinyl, oxazolidinyl, oxiranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, thiamorpholiny
• biheterocyclyl or “bi-heterocyclyl” refers to a heterocyclyl group substituted by another heterocyclyl or heterocycle group.
• non-aromatic heterocycle means a non-aromatic monocyclic system containing 3 to 10 atoms, preferably 4 to about 7 carbon atoms, in which one or more of the atoms in the ring system is/are element(s) other than carbon, for example, nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.
• Non-aromatic heterocycle groups include pyrrolidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, azepanyl, 2-oxoazepanyl, 2-oxooxazolidinyl, morpholino, 3- oxomorpholino, thi omorpholino, 1, 1-di ox othi omorpholino, piperazinyl, tetrohydro-2H-oxazinyl, and the like.
• bicyclic used herein indicates a molecular structure having two ring.
• polycyclic or “multi-cyclic” used herein indicates a molecular structure having two or more rings, including, but not limited to, fused, bridged, or spiro rings.
• a protecting group refers to a group which used to mask a functionality during a process step in which it would otherwise react, but in which reaction is undesirable.
• the protecting group prevents reaction at that step, but may be subsequently removed to expose the original functionality. The removal or "deprotection” occurs after the completion of the reaction or reactions in which the functionality would interfere.
• halo or halogen means fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo.
• substituted or “substitution” of an atom means that one or more hydrogen on the designated atom is replaced with a selection from the indicated group, provided that the designated atom's normal valency is not exceeded.
• a “stable compound” or “stable structure” is meant to be a compound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purity from a reaction mixture, and formulation into an efficacious therapeutic agent.
• Up to three H atoms in each residue are replaced with alkyl, halogen, haloalkyl, hydroxy, loweralkoxy, carboxy, carboalkoxy (also referred to as alkoxycarbonyl), carboxamido (also referred to as alkylaminocarbonyl), cyano, carbonyl, nitro, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, mercapto, alkylthio, sulfoxide, sulfone, acylamino, amidino, phenyl, benzyl, heteroaryl, phenoxy, benzyloxy, or heteroaryloxy.
• method of treating means amelioration or relief from the symptoms and/or effects associated with the disorders described herein.
• treatment means amelioration or relief from the symptoms and/or effects associated with the disorders described herein.
• reference to “treatment” of a patient is intended to include prophylaxis.
• salts means the relatively non-toxic, inorganic, and organic acid addition salts, and base addition salts, of compounds of the present invention. These salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds. In particular, acid addition salts can be prepared by separately reacting the purified compound in its free base form with a suitable organic or inorganic acid and isolating the salt thus formed.
• Exemplary acid addition salts include the hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, nitrate, acetate, oxalate, valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, borate, benzoate, lactate, phosphate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, naphthylate, mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactiobionate, sulphamates, malonates, salicylates, propionates, methylene-bis-b-hydroxynaphthoates, gentisates, isethionates, di-p-toluoyltartrates, methane- sulphonates, ethanesulphonates, benzenesulphonates, p-toluenesulphonates,
• Base addition salts can also be prepared by separately reacting the purified compound in its acid form with a suitable organic or inorganic base and isolating the salt thus formed.
• Base addition salts include pharmaceutically acceptable metal and amine salts. Suitable metal salts include the sodium, potassium, calcium, barium, zinc, magnesium, and aluminum salts.
• Suitable inorganic base addition salts are prepared from metal bases which include, for example, sodium hydride, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, aluminium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and zinc hydroxide.
• Suitable amine base addition salts are prepared from amines which have sufficient basicity to form a stable salt, and preferably include those amines which are frequently used in medicinal chemistry because of their low toxicity and acceptability for medical use, such as ammonia, ethylenediamine, N-methyl- glucamine, lysine, arginine, ornithine, choline, ⁇ , ⁇ '-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, diethanolamine, procaine, N-benzylphenethylamine, diethylamine, piperazine,
• prodrugs as used herein means those prodrugs of the compounds useful according to the present invention which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals with undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, and effective for their intended use, as well as the zwitterionic forms, where possible, of the compounds of the invention.
• prodrug means compounds that are rapidly transformed in vivo to yield the parent compound of the above formula, for example by hydrolysis in blood. Functional groups which may be rapidly transformed, by metabolic cleavage, in vivo form a class of groups reactive with the carboxyl group of the compounds of this invention.
• alkanoyl such as acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, and the like
• unsubstituted and substituted aroyl such as benzoyl and substituted benzoyl
• alkoxycarbonyl such as ethoxycarbonyl
• trialkylsilyl such as trimethyl- and triethysilyl
• monoesters formed with dicarboxylic acids such as succinyl
• the compounds bearing such groups act as pro-drugs.
• the compounds bearing the metabolically cleavable groups have the advantage that they may exhibit improved bioavailability as a result of enhanced solubility and/or rate of absorption conferred upon the parent compound by virtue of the presence of the metabolically cleavable group.
• prodrugs A thorough discussion of prodrugs is provided in the following: Design of Prodrugs, H. Bundgaard, ed., Elsevier (1985); Methods in Enzymology, K. Widder et al, Ed., Academic Press, 42, p.309-396 (1985); A Textbook of Drug Design and Development, Krogsgaard-Larsen and H.
• solvate refers to a compound of Formula I in the solid state, wherein molecules of a suitable solvent are incorporated in the crystal lattice.
• a suitable solvent for therapeutic administration is physiologically tolerable at the dosage administered.
• suitable solvents for therapeutic administration are ethanol and water. When water is the solvent, the solvate is referred to as a hydrate.
• solvates are formed by dissolving the compound in the appropriate solvent and isolating the solvate by cooling or using an antisolvent. The solvate is typically dried or azeotroped under ambient conditions.
• terapéuticaally effective amounts is meant to describe an amount of compound of the present invention effective in inhibiting the proteasome or immunoproteasome and thus producing the desired therapeutic effect. Such amounts generally vary according to a number of factors well within the purview of ordinarily skilled artisans given the description provided herein to determine and account for. These include, without limitation: the particular subject, as well as its age, weight, height, general physical condition, and medical history; the particular compound used, as well as the carrier in which it is formulated and the route of administration selected for it; and, the nature and severity of the condition being treated.
• composition means a composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) and at least one component comprising pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents, adjuvants, excipients, or vehicles, such as preserving agents, fillers,
• suspending agents include ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar— agar and tragacanth, or mixtures of these substances.
• suspending agents include ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar— agar and tragacanth, or mixtures of these substances.
• Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be ensured by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, and the like.
• isotonic agents for example sugars, sodium chloride, and the like.
• Prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form can be brought about by the use of agents delaying absorption, for example, aluminum monosterate and gelatin.
• suitable carriers, diluents, solvents, or vehicles include water, ethanol, polyols, suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils (such as olive oil), and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate.
• excipients include lactose, milk sugar, sodium citrate, calcium carbonate, and dicalcium phosphate.
• disintegrating agents include starch, alginic acids, and certain complex silicates.
• lubricants include magnesium stearate, sodium lauryl sulphate, talc, as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols.
• pharmaceutically acceptable means it is, within the scope of sound medical judgement, suitable for use in contact with the cells of humans and lower animals _ . without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
• pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms means dosage forms of the compound of the invention, and includes, for example, tablets, dragees, powders, elixirs, syrups, liquid preparations, including suspensions, sprays, inhalants tablets, lozenges, emulsions, solutions, granules, capsules, and suppositories, as well as liquid preparations for injections, including liposome preparations. Techniques and formulations generally may be found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., latest edition.
• Compounds described herein may contain one or more asymmetric centers and may thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms.
• Each chiral center may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R)- or (S)-. This technology is meant to include all such possible isomers, as well as mixtures thereof, including racemic and optically pure forms.
• Optically active (R)- and (S)-, (-)- and (+)-, or (D)- and (L)- isomers may be prepared using chiral synthons or chiral reagents, or resolved using conventional techniques.
• the compounds described herein contain olefinic double bonds or other centers of geometric asymmetry, and unless specified otherwise, it is intended that the compounds include both E and Z geometric isomers. Likewise, all tautomeric forms are also intended to be included.
• This technology also envisions the "quaternization" of any basic nitrogen- containing groups of the compounds disclosed herein.
• the basic nitrogen can be quaternized with any agents known to those of ordinary skill in the art including, for example, lower alkyl halides, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl and butyl chloride, bromides and iodides; dialkyl sulfates including dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl and diamyl sulfates; long chain halides such as decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides; and aralkyl halides including benzyl and phenethyl bromides. Water or oil-soluble or dispersible products may be obtained by such quaternization.
• Coupling of the amine (1) with the carboxylic acid (2) leads to formation of the compound (3).
• the coupling reaction can be carried out in a variety of solvents, for example in methylene chloride (CH 2 C1 2 ), tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethylformami.de (DMF), or other such solvents or in the mixture of such solvents.
• the non-participating carboxylic acids or amines on the reacting set of amino acids or peptide fragments can be protected by a suitable protecting group which can be selectively removed at a later time if desired.
• a suitable protecting group which can be selectively removed at a later time if desired.
• useful protective groups for the amino group are benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz), t-butyloxycarbonyl (t-BOC), 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyi (Troc), t-amyloxycarbonyl, 4-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, 2-(trichlorosilyi)ethoxycarbonyl, 9- fluorenylmethoxycarbonyi (Fmoc), plithaloyl, acetyl (Ac), formyl, trifluoroacetyl, and the like.
• Amine (1) can be prepared according to the general scheme outlined below
• PG 1 , PG 2 , and PG 3 are protecting group
• Amine (5) can be prepared by deprotection of compound (4). Coupling of the amine (5) with the carboxylic acid (6) leads to formation of the compound (7).
• the coupling reactions are conducted in solvents such as methylene chloride (CH 2 CI 2 ), tetrahydrofuran (THF), - - dimethyltorrnamide (DMF), or other such solvents.
• solvents such as methylene chloride (CH 2 CI 2 ), tetrahydrofuran (THF), - - dimethyltorrnamide (DMF), or other such solvents.
• the non- participating carboxylic acids or amines on the reacting set of amino acids or peptide fragments can be protected by a suitable protecting group which can be selectively removed at a later time if desired.
• a suitable protecting group which can be selectively removed at a later time if desired.
• useful protective groups for the amino group are benzyl oxycarbonyl (Cbz), t-butyloxycarbonyl (t-BOC), 2,2,2- triehloroethoxyearbonyl (Troc), t-amyloxycarbonyl, 4-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, 2- (trichlorosiiyl)ethoxyearbonyl, 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), phthaloyi, acetyl (Ac), forrnyl, trifluoroacetyl, and the like.
• compound (8) is coupled with amine (9) to form compound (10).
• Amine (1) can be prepared by deprotection of compound (10).
• compound has the Formula (la):
• Another embodiment relates to the compound of Formula (I) where alkyl is Ci -6 alkyl.
• R is Ci-6 alkyl.
• a second aspect of the present invention relates to a method of treating cancer, immunologic disorders, autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, or inflammatory disorders in a subject or for providing immunosuppression for transplanted organs or tissues in a subject.
• This method includes administering to the subject in need thereof a compound of the Formula (I):
• R is H or Ci- 6 alkyl
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, biphenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl and bi-heteroaryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl and bi-heterocyclyl, and monocyclic and bicyclic non-aromatic heterocycle, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, biphenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl and bi-heteroaryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl and bi-heterocyclyl, and monocyclic and bicyclic non-aromatic heterocycle can be optionally substituted from 1 to 3 times with a substituent selected independently at each occurrence thereof from the group - - consisting of halogen, cyano,— OH,— N0 2 ,— CF 3 ,— OCi -6 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, non- aromatic heterocycle,
• R 2 is independently selected at each occurrence thereof from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl, and— (CH 2 ) m C(0) HR 4 , wherein alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl can be optionally substituted from 1 to 3 times with a substituent selected independently at each occurrence thereof from the group consisting of halogen, cyano,— OH,— N0 2 ,— CF 3 ,— OCi -6 alkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, and monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl;
• R 3 is selected from the group consisting of H,— SO p R 5 ,— C(0)R 5 ,— C(0)(CH 2 ) k Ar,— S0 2 Ar,—S0 2 C 3-8 cycloalkyl,— C(0)(CH 2 ) k Het,— C(0)Ci -6 alkyl, and— C(0)OCi -6 alkyl, wherein aryl (Ar) and heteroaryl (Het) can be optionally substituted from 1 to 3 times with a substituent selected independently at each occurrence thereof from halogen or Ci- 6 alkyl;
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of H, Ci -6 alkyl, and C 3-8 cycloalkyl, wherein C 3-8 cycloalkyl can be optionally substituted with— CF 3 ;
• R 5 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, and monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, and monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl can be optionally substituted from 1 to 3 times with a substituent selected independently at each occurrence thereof from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, — OH,— N0 2 ,— CF 3 ,— OCi-6 alkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, and monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl;
• k 0 or 2;
• n 1 or 2;
• n 1, 2, or 3;
• p 1 or 2;
• an autoimmune disorder is treated.
• the autoimmune disorder is selected from the group consisting of arthritis, colitis, multiple sclerosis, lupus, systemic sclerosis, and Sjogren syndrome.
• immunosuppression is provided for transplanted organs or tissues.
• the immunosuppression is used to prevent transplant rejection and graft-verse-host disease.
• an inflammatory disorder is treated.
• the inflammatory disorder is Crohn' s disease or ulcerative colitis.
• cancer is treated.
• the cancer is selected from the group consisting of multiple myeloma, lymphoma, and other hematological cancers.
• another aspect of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition containing a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the carrier must be
• agents suitable for treating a subject can be administered using any method standard in the art.
• the agents in their appropriate delivery form, can be administered orally, intradermally, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally, intravenously, subcutaneously, or intranasally.
• the compositions of the present invention may be administered alone or with suitable pharmaceutical carriers, and can be in solid or liquid form, such as tablets, capsules, powders, solutions, suspensions, or emulsions.
• the agents of the present invention may be orally administered, for example, with an inert diluent, or with an assimilable edible carrier, or it may be enclosed in hard or soft shell capsules, or it may be compressed into tablets, or they may be incorporated directly with the food of the diet.
• Agents of the present invention may also be administered in a time release manner incorporated within such devices as time-release capsules or nanotubes. Such devices afford flexibility relative to time and dosage.
• the agents of the present invention may be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of tablets, capsules, elixirs, suspensions, syrups, and the like.
• compositions and preparations should contain at least 0.1% of the agent, although lower concentrations may be effective and indeed optimal.
• the percentage of the agent in these compositions may, of course, be varied and may conveniently be between about 2% to about 60% of the weight of the unit.
• the amount of an agent of the present _ . invention in such therapeutically useful compositions is such that a suitable dosage will be obtained.
• agents of the present invention may be chemically modified so that oral delivery of the derivative is efficacious.
• the chemical modification contemplated is the attachment of at least one moiety to the component molecule itself, where said moiety permits (a) inhibition of proteolysis; and (b) uptake into the blood stream from the stomach or intestine.
• the increase in overall stability of the component or components and increase in circulation time in the body examples include: polyethylene glycol, copolymers of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol, carboxymethyl cellulose, dextran, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone and polyproline.
• the tablets, capsules, and the like may also contain a binder such as gum tragacanth, acacia, corn starch, or gelatin; excipients such as dicalcium phosphate; a binder such as gum tragacanth, acacia, corn starch, or gelatin; excipients such as dicalcium phosphate; a binder such as gum tragacanth, acacia, corn starch, or gelatin; excipients such as dicalcium phosphate; a binder such as gum tragacanth, acacia, corn starch, or gelatin; excipients such as dicalcium phosphate; a binder such as gum tragacanth, acacia, corn starch, or gelatin; excipients such as dicalcium phosphate; a binder such as gum tragacanth, acacia, corn starch, or gelatin; excipients such as dicalcium phosphate; a binder such as gum
• disintegrating agent such as corn starch, potato starch, alginic acid; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate; and a sweetening agent such as sucrose, lactose, sucrulose, or saccharin.
• a liquid carrier such as a fatty oil.
• tablets may be coated with shellac, sugar, or both.
• a syrup may contain, in addition to active ingredient, sucrose as a sweetening agent, methyl and
• propylparabens as preservatives, a dye, and flavoring such as cherry or orange flavor.
• agents of the present invention may also be administered parenterally.
• Solutions or suspensions of the agent can be prepared in water suitably mixed with a surfactant such as hydroxypropylcellulose. Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid
• oils are those of petroleum, animal, vegetable, or synthetic origin, for example, peanut oil, soybean oil, or mineral oil.
• water, saline, aqueous dextrose and related sugar solution, and glycols, such as propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol are preferred liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, these preparations contain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms. _ .
• the pharmaceutical forms suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersions.
• the form must be sterile and must be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi.
• the carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (e.g., glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol), suitable mixtures thereof, and vegetable oils.
• agents of the present invention When it is desirable to deliver the agents of the present invention systemically, they may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection, e.g., by bolus injection or continuous infusion.
• Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative.
• the compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents.
• Intraperitoneal or intrathecal administration of the agents of the present invention can also be achieved using infusion pump devices such as those described by Medtronic, Northridge, CA. Such devices allow continuous infusion of desired compounds avoiding multiple injections and multiple manipulations.
• the agents may also be formulated as a depot preparation.
• Such long acting formulations may be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for example as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt.
• the agents of the present invention may also be administered directly to the airways in the form of an aerosol.
• the agent of the present invention in solution or suspension may be packaged in a pressurized aerosol container together with suitable propellants, for example, hydrocarbon propellants like propane, butane, or isobutane with conventional adjuvants.
• suitable propellants for example, hydrocarbon propellants like propane, butane, or isobutane with conventional adjuvants.
• the agent of the present invention also may be administered in a non- pressurized form such as in a nebulizer or atomizer.
• Effective doses of the compositions of the present invention, for the treatment of cancer or pathogen infection vary depending upon many different factors, including type and stage of cancer or the type of pathogen infection, means of administration, target site, physiological state of the patient, other medications or therapies administered, and physical state of the patient relative to other medical complications. Treatment dosages need to be titrated to optimize safety and efficacy. - -
• the percentage of active ingredient in the compositions of the present invention may be varied, it being necessary that it should constitute a proportion such that a suitable dosage shall be obtained. Obviously, several unit dosage forms may be administered at about the same time. The dose employed will be determined by the physician and depends upon the desired therapeutic effect, the route of administration and the duration of the treatment, and the condition of the patient.
• the doses are generally from about 0.01 to about 100 mg/kg body weight, preferably about 0.01 to about 10 mg/kg body weight per day by inhalation, from about 0.01 to about 100 mg/kg body weight, preferably 0.1 to 70 mg/kg body weight, more especially 0.1 to 10 mg/kg body weight per day by oral administration, and from about 0.01 to about 50 mg/kg body weight, preferably 0.01 to 10 mg/kg body weight per day by intravenous administration.
• the doses will be determined in accordance with the factors distinctive to the subject to be treated, such as age, weight, general state of health, and other characteristics which can influence the efficacy of the medicinal product.
• the products according to the present invention may be administered as frequently as necessary in order to obtain the desired therapeutic effect. Some patients may respond rapidly to a higher or lower dose and may find much weaker maintenance doses adequate. For other patients, it may be necessary to have long-term treatments at the rate of 1 to 4 doses per day, in accordance with the physiological requirements of each particular patient. Generally, the active product may be administered orally 1 to 4 times per day. It goes without saying that, for other patients, it will be necessary to prescribe not more than one or two doses per day.
• a third aspect of the present invention relates to a method of inhibiting chymotryptic ⁇ 5 ⁇ in a cell or a tissue. This method includes providing a compound of Formula
• R is H or Ci -6 alkyl
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, biphenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl and bi-heteroaryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl and bi-heterocyclyl, and monocyclic and bicyclic non-aromatic heterocycle, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, biphenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl and bi-heteroaryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl and bi-heterocyclyl, and - - monocyclic and bicyclic non-aromatic heterocycle can be optionally substituted from 1 to 3 times with a substituent selected independently at each occurrence thereof from the group consisting of halogen, cyano,— OH,— N0 2 ,— CF 3 ,— OCi- 6 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, non- aromatic heterocycle,
• R 2 is independently selected at each occurrence thereof from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl, and— (CH 2 ) m C(0) HR 4 , wherein alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl can be optionally substituted from 1 to 3 times with a substituent selected independently at each occurrence thereof from the group consisting of halogen, cyano,— OH,— N0 2 ,— CF 3 ,— OCi-6 alkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, and monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl;
• R 3 is selected from the group consisting of H,— SO p R 5 ,— C(0)R 5 ,— C(0)(CH 2 ) k Ar,— S0 2 Ar,— S0 2 C 3-8 cycloalkyl,— C(0)(CH 2 ) k Het,— C(0)Ci -6 alkyl, and— C(0)OCi-6 alkyl, wherein aryl (Ar) and heteroaryl (Het) can be optionally substituted from 1 to 3 times with a substituent selected independently at each occurrence thereof from halogen or Ci- 6 alkyl;
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of H, Ci -6 alkyl, and C 3-8 cycloalkyl, wherein C 3-8 cycloalkyl can be optionally substituted with— CF 3 ;
• R 5 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, and monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, and monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl can be optionally substituted from 1 to 3 times with a substituent selected independently at each occurrence thereof from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, — OH,— N0 2 ,— CF 3 ,— OCi -6 alkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, and monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl;
• k 0 or 2;
• n 1 or 2;
• n 1, 2, or 3;
• p 1 or 2;
• the chymotryptic ⁇ 5 ⁇ is inhibited selectively over P5c.
• the chymotryptic P5c is inhibited selectively over ⁇ 5 ⁇ .
• a fourth aspect of the present invention relates to a method of treating infectious disease in a subject. This method includes administering to the subject in need thereof a compound of the Formula (I):
• R is H or Ci- 6 alkyl
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, biphenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl and bi-heteroaryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl and bi-heterocyclyl, and monocyclic and bicyclic non-aromatic heterocycle, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, biphenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl and bi-heteroaryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl and bi-heterocyclyl, and monocyclic and bicyclic non-aromatic heterocycle can be optionally substituted from 1 to 3 times with a substituent selected independently at each occurrence thereof from the group consisting of halogen, cyano,— OH,— N0 2 ,— CF 3 ,— OCi -6 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, non- aromatic heterocycle, and non-ar
• R 2 is independently selected at each occurrence thereof from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl, and— (CH 2 ) m C(0) HR 4 , wherein alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl can be optionally substituted from 1 to 3 times with a substituent selected independently at each occurrence thereof from the group consisting of halogen, cyano,— OH,— N0 2 ,— CF 3 ,— OCi-6 alkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, and monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl;
• R 3 is selected from the group consisting of H,— SO p R 5 ,— C(0)R 5 ,— C(0)(CH 2 ) k Ar,— S0 2 Ar,— S0 2 C 3-8 cycloalkyl,— C(0)(CH 2 ) k Het,— C(0)Ci -6 alkyl, and— C(0)OCi-6 alkyl, wherein aryl (Ar) and heteroaryl (Het) can be optionally substituted from 1 to 3 times with a substituent selected independently at each occurrence thereof from halogen or Ci- 6 alkyl;
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of H, Ci -6 alkyl, and C 3-8 cycloalkyl, wherein C 3-8 cycloalkyl can be optionally substituted with— CF 3 ; _ _
• R 5 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, and monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, and monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl can be optionally substituted from 1 to 3 times with a substituent selected independently at each occurrence thereof from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, — OH,— N0 2 ,— CF 3 ,— OCi -6 alkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, monocyclic and bicyclic aryl, monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl, and monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclyl;
• k 0 or 2;
• n 1 or 2;
• n 1, 2, or 3;
• p 1 or 2;
• the infectious disease is caused by bacterial, viral, parasitic, and fungal infectious agents.
• the infectious disease is caused by a bacteria selected from the group consisting of Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, Yersinia, Francisella, Pasteurella, Brucella, Clostridia, Bordetella pertussis, Bacteroides, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, B-Hemolytic strep., Corynebacteria, Legionella,
• a bacteria selected from the group consisting of Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, Yersinia, Francisella, Pasteurella, Brucella, Clostridia
• Mycoplasma Ureaplasma, Chlamydia, Neisseria gonorrhea, Neisseria meningitides,
• Hemophilus influenza Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, Helicobacter pylori, Treponema palladium, Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia recurrentis, Rickettsial pathogens, Nocardia, and Actinomycetes.
• the infectious disease is caused by a fungal infectious agent selected from the group consisting of Cryptococcus neoformans, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, Paracoccicioides brasiliensis, Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigautus, Phycomycetes (Rhizopus), Sporothrix schenckii, Chromomycosis, and Maduromycosis.
• a fungal infectious agent selected from the group consisting of Cryptococcus neoformans, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, Paracoccicioides brasiliensis, Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigautus, Phycomycetes (Rhizopus), Sporothrix schenckii, Chromomycosis, and Maduromycosis.
• the infectious disease is caused by a viral infectious agent selected from the group consisting of human immunodeficiency virus, human T-cell
• lymphocytotrophic virus hepatitis viruses, Epstein-Barr Virus, cytomegalovirus, human papillomaviruses, orthomyxo viruses, paramyxo viruses, adenoviruses, corona viruses, rhabdo viruses, polio viruses, toga viruses, bunya viruses, arena viruses, rubella viruses, and reo viruses.
• the infectious disease is caused by a parasitic infectious agent selected from the group consisting of Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malaria, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Onchoverva volvulus, Leishmania,
• the infectious disease is malaria.
• Triethylamine (2.0 - 3.0 eq.) was added to a solution of substrate (amine, generally TFA salt) in dichloromethane at 0 °C. The mixture was warmed to room temperature (25 °C) and sulfonyl chloride (1.5 eq.) was added in one portion. After completion of the reaction (2 - 3 hours), dichloromethane was evaporated and crude product was isolated by ethyl acetate extraction.
• substrate amine, generally TFA salt
• N-tert-butyl-N -Boc-L-Aspargine benzyl ester (1.60 g, 4.23 mmol) was dissolved in water: tetrahydrofuran (1 : 1, 20 mL) mixture and 5 mL of HC1 (12 N) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. Tetrahydrofuran was evaporated and the resulting solution was diluted with 10 mL water and basified with pinch-wise addition of solid sodium bicarbonate (approx. 12 g). 4-Toluenesulfonyl chloride (1.61 g, 8.46 mmol) and 50 mL ethyl acetate were added.
• Triethylamine (75.8 mg, 749 ⁇ , 104 ⁇ .) was added to a solution of
• a 96-well-plate assays were used to determine the ICsos against the chymotryptic ⁇ 5 activities of the proteasomes. Both human constitutive proteasome and immunoproteasome were purchased from Boston Biochem Inc. 1 ⁇ _, of lOOx compound in DMSO at designated concentrations were spotted at the bottom of the wells. DMSO was used as a control. Final _ _ concentrations of the inhibitors were from 100 ⁇ to 0.098 ⁇ . The hydrolysis of the substrate over time in each well was monitored at excitation 360 nm, emission 460 nm for 90 minutes. IC50 S were estimated by fitting the velocities of hydrolysis against compound concentrations using PRISM.
• the concentrations were 0.25 nM for the c- 20S, 0.4 nM for the i-20S.
• Suc-LLVY-AMC was used for p5c at final concentration of 25 ⁇ , and Ac-ANW-AMC for b5i at final concentration of 15 ⁇ .
• SDS (0.02%) was used as activator, and 0.01%) BSA was used in the reaction buffer.
• TDI4258 29 l : P.f : 3D7 IC50s were determined as reported (Heinberg et al., "Direct Evidence for the Adaptive Role of Copy Number Variation on Antifolate Susceptibility in Plasmodium
• ART artemisinin
• ATOV Atovaquone
• MDR multi-drug resistant
• PYR PYR
• Plasmodium falciparum parasites were cultured in human red cells. Drug assays were run in 96 well plates at a total volume of 200 ⁇ . Assays were set up at a starting parasitemia (percent of infected red cells) of 0.5%. Test compounds were plated at
• the test plates were grown under standard low oxygen conditions at 37°C for 72 hours. At that time the plates were prepared for growth determination, first the plates were frozen and thawed to lyse the red blood cells, 150 ⁇ of the lysed thawed culture was transferred to a black 96 well plate, and mixed in a lysis buffer with SYBR green DNA dye. The fluorescence of each well was recorded in a plate reader with excitation wavelength 490 nm and emission wavelength 530 nm and normalized relative to DMSO control. The EC50s were determined using Prism software.
• F54 peg4-tdTomato parasites were eliminated by treating with 50mM GlcNAc and 20 U/mL Heparin for 3 days. F54 peg4-tdTomato parasites then were maintained using standard culture techniques. Gametocytes were induced synchronously according to Fivelman et al., "Improved Synchronous Production of Plasmodium Falciparum Gametocytes in Vitro," Mol, Biochem, Parasitol. 154(1): 119-123 (2007), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Asexual replication was eliminated by treating with 50mM GlcNAc for 3 days.
• Gametocyte killing assays were setup on days 5 and 10 in triplicate 96-well format at 1% hematocrit and 2% gametocytemia. Compounds were setup in triplicate and serially diluted 3-fold. In addition, 6 solvent controls (DMSO) were distributed evenly across the plate. Following a 72 hour incubation, Stage III-IV (Day 5-7) and Stage IV-V (Day 10-12), (start the incubation in the afternoon on Day 5 and Day 10, take out plate for assay on Day 8 and Day 13 afternoon) cultures were stained with 16nM Hoechst 33342 and 50nM _ _
• DilCl(5) for 30min at 37C was determined by gating for DNA+, hemozoin-high cells and gametocyte viability was inferred based on mitochondrial membrane potential-dependent accumulation of DilCl(5) for 2000-3000 gametocytes (Tanaka et al., "Potent Plasmodium Falciparum Gametocytocidal Activity of Diaminonaphthoquinones, Lead Antimalarial Chemotypes Identified in an Antimalarial
• Figure 4A shows accumulation of poly-ub proteins in P. falciparum schizonts 4 hours post treatment with inhibitors at indicated concentrations (BTZ: bortezomib).
• Figure 4B shows that AsnEDAs specifically inhibit ⁇ 5 active subunit of Pf20S. Pf lysates were incubated with inhibitors at indicated concentrations for 1 hour prior to incubation with MV151 (2 ⁇ ) for an additional hour. SDS pages were scanned on a Typhoon fluorescent scanner. Top:
• FIG. 4C shows dose-dependent killing of P. berghei on sporozoite stage by PKS21004 (P/T: sporozoites pre-treated with PKS21004 for 30 minutes on ice, and added to HepG2 cells in lOx media volume and the media was replaced after 4 hours (triangle). PKS21004 & sporozoites incubated with HepG2 and media was replaced after 6 hours (square) and 14 hours (circle). EC50s were 157 nM, 41 nM, and 21 nM, respectively.
• ONX-0914 belongs to the peptide epoxyketone class of inhibitors whose irreversible mechanism involves recruiting the hydroxyl and amino groups of the active site Thr 1N into formation of a morpholine adduct with the epoxyketone warhead (Groll et al., "Crystal Structure of Epoxomicin: 20S Proteasome Reveals a Molecular Basis for Selectivity of ⁇ ', ⁇ '-Epoxyketone Proteasome Inhibitors," J Am. Chem. Soc. 122: 1237-1238 (2000), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Long-term use of an irreversible inhibitor presents a risk of toxicity from the gradual, cumulative inhibition of c-20S and unknown targets.
• inhibitors that are both more highly selective for i-20S and reversible.
• An additional benefit might accrue from a noncompetitive mode of action, so that progressive accumulation of substrate does not lessen the degree of inhibition.
• the present application reports the serendipitous discovery of a novel class of noncovalent compounds that non-competitively and selectively inhibit chymotryptic ⁇ 5 ⁇ over 5c.
• PKS21003 had no detectable activity against either ⁇ 5 ⁇ or ⁇ 5 ⁇ (IC50 > 100 ⁇ for both), whereas PKS21004 was a potent inhibitor of both ⁇ 5 ⁇ and ⁇ 5 ⁇ , with IC50s of 0.058 and 0.326 ⁇ , respectively. Inhibition of the ⁇ 5 subunits was specific, as no inhibition was observed of ⁇ or ⁇ 2 activities in either i-20S or c-20S (Table 5).
• PES21026 4'-cyano (PKS21028), 4-fluoro (PKS21196), 4,3'-difluoro (PKS21195) and 4,2'- difluoro (PKS21187).
• the 4'-substitutions decreased potency, while 4- and 4,3'- substitutions did not.
• 4,2'-difluoro- (PKS21187) improved potency against ⁇ 5 ⁇ to IC50 0.015 ⁇ and improved selectivity to ⁇ 20-fold over inhibition of ⁇ 5
• PKS21187 was investigated. PKS21277 was modestly potent against ⁇ 5 ⁇ with 36-fold selectivity over ⁇ 5 ⁇ Replacing the Asp-feu with Gly (PKS21276), Ala (PKS21280), or Asn (PKS21281) abolished the inhibitory activities against both ⁇ 5 ⁇ and ⁇ 5 ⁇ , suggesting that Asp-'Bu is critical for optimal binding to ⁇ 5. Phenylpropionate was then replaced with tosyl on the N-cap of the Asn of PKS21187, yielding PKS21221. IC50s were determined to be 2.4 nM against ⁇ 5 ⁇ and 70 nM against ⁇ 5 ⁇ , representing 30-fold selectivity. Again, replacing the Asp-feu of PKS21221 with Gly (PKS21289), Ala (PKS21290) or Asn (PKS21288) eliminated inhibitory activity against both ⁇ 5 ⁇ and ⁇ 5
• AsnEDA analogues as the selective inhibitors of the ⁇ 5 ⁇ over the $5c were developed. This is the first reported example of potent, noncovalent, noncompetitive, and selective ⁇ 5 ⁇ inhibitors. Unlike the competitive inhibitors whose intracellular activity is often diminished over time when substrates buildup, noncompetitive inhibitors, on the other hand, retain the inhibitory activity, and in this case of the ⁇ 5 ⁇ inhibition, the buildup of substrate actually enhances the binding of the inhibitor, which may broaden the therapeutic window for treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders.
• the versatility of the AsnEDA chemotype for proteasome inhibitors will be further demonstrated in a companion paper describing the development of selective inhibitors for the Plasmodium falciparum proteasome over human host proteasomes.

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