Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D513/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for in groups C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D499/00 - C07D507/00
  • C07D513/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for in groups C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D499/00 - C07D507/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D513/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
  • A61K31/519—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
  • A61K31/519—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic rings
  • A61K31/52—Purines, e.g. adenine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/535—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one oxygen as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. 1,2-oxazines
  • A61K31/5375—1,4-Oxazines, e.g. morpholine
  • A61K31/5377—1,4-Oxazines, e.g. morpholine not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. timolol
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
  • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
  • A61P35/04—Antineoplastic agents specific for metastasis
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
  • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D473/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems
  • C07D473/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems with an oxygen, sulphur, or nitrogen atom directly attached in position 2 or 6, but not in both
  • C07D473/32—Nitrogen atom
  • C07D473/34—Nitrogen atom attached in position 6, e.g. adenine
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
  • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D491/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00
  • C07D491/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D491/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D491/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00
  • C07D491/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D491/04—Ortho-condensed systems
  • C07D491/044—Ortho-condensed systems with only one oxygen atom as ring hetero atom in the oxygen-containing ring
  • C07D491/048—Ortho-condensed systems with only one oxygen atom as ring hetero atom in the oxygen-containing ring the oxygen-containing ring being five-membered
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D495/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D495/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D495/04—Ortho-condensed systems

Definitions

• This invention provides compounds that modulate glucose uptake activity.
• Compounds of the invention are useful for treating diseases, including cancer, autoimmune diseases and inflammation, infectious diseases, and metabolic diseases.
• Glucose represents a central nutrient for many organisms, and control of glucose signaling and consumption is tightly regulated. Accordingly, many disease states are associated with defects in this regulation and therefore may be susceptible to therapeutic intervention using glucose uptake inhibitors. Glucose uptake inhibitors may have utility in disease areas such as oncology, autoimmunity and inflammation, infection diseases/virology, and metabolic disease.
• A is selected from the group consisting of:
• Ring B is a five- or six-membered ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S;
• Ring C is a five- or six-membered aryl or heteroaryl ring containing from 0 to 2 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S; each R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl,
• each R is independently selected from the group consisting of halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl,
• R 3 is selected from the group consisting of halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, C3-C 6 cycloalkyl, hydroxy, amino, cyano and C 1 -C3 perfluoro alkyl;
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, C3-C 6 cycloalkyl, hydroxy, amino, cyano and C 1 -C3 perfluoro alkyl; and
• y is selected from 1, 2, or 3;
• R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, -(Ci-C 6 alkyl)-0-(Ci-C 6 alkyl), aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and C3- C 6 cycloalkyl,
• R 5 and R 6 may be taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a 5- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring having up to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, and which is optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, C3-C 6 cycloalkyl, oxo, hydroxy, amino, cyano and C 1 -C3 perfluoro alkyl; and
• R 7 is selected from the group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, and a hetercyclic group.
• the invention is based, at least in part, on the discovery of compounds that modulate glucose uptake activity.
• the compounds of the invention are useful for treating cancer.
• the compounds are useful for treating autoimmune diseases.
• the compounds are useful for treating
• the compounds are useful for treating infectious diseases.
• the compounds are useful for treating metabolic diseases.
• the compounds modulate glucose uptake activity by modulating cellular components, including, but not limited to those related to glycolysis and the known transporters of glucose such as GLUT1 and other GLUT family members.
• Figure 1 shows two mitochondrial deficient cell lines (UOK262, UOK269) treated with a dose-curve of the compound of Example 7 for one hour. Cellular ATP levels were measured by Cell Titer Glo (Promega).
• Figure 3A-B shows a dose-response curve for HT1080 cells that were treated (72 hours) with the compound of Example 31 ( Figure 3 A) or Example 7 ( Figure 3B) -/+ 1 mM Metformin or 10 ⁇ Phenformin.
• Figure 4A-B shows a dose-response curve for HT1080 cells that were treated (72 hours) with the compound of Example 31 -/+ 10 ⁇ ABT-737.
• Figure 4A shows relative cell number and IC 50 values.
• Figure 4B shows the percentage cell death (relative to number of cells plated).
• Figure 5A-B shows a dose-response curve for HT1080 cells that were treated (72 hours) with the compound of Example 31 -/+ 25 ⁇ H2O2.
• Figure 5 A shows IC 50 values for the compound of Example 31 -/+ H2O2.
• Figure 5B shows the percentage cell death following indicated treatments.
• Figure 6A-B shows a dose response curve for HT1080 cells that were treated (48 hrs) with of ascorbic acid -/+ the indicated concentrations of the compound of Example 31.
• Figure 6A shows the IC 50 for cell proliferation.
• Figure 6B shows the LD 50 for cell death.
• Figure 7A-B shows that cultured Plasmodium falciparum is sensitive to glucose uptake inhibition.
• Figure 7A shows blood cultures of P. falciparum (HB3 strain; 2% initial parasitemia; 1% hematocrit; 0+ blood) that were seeded in 96- well culture plates and treated with the varying concentrations of the compound of Example 7 and chloroquine (CQ) in 0.1% DMSO for 48 hours. The cultures were harvested and DNA quantitated using the standard Sybr Green I fluorescence assay.
• Figure 7B shows cultures that were seeded as above and treated with varying concentrations of the indicated compounds for 48 hours. The culture medium was harvested and extracellular lactic acid was quantified by LC-MS.
• Figure 8A-B shows that the metabolism, function and proliferation of activated T cells are suppressed by compounds disclosed herein.
• left panel human CD4 positive T cells were activated for 24 hours prior to a one hour treatment with the indicated glucose uptake inhibitors combined with 10 ⁇ oligomycin (the same conditions used for the glycolysis assay in HT1080 cells described below).
• right panel human CD4 T cells were activated for 48 hours in the presence of the glucose uptake inhibitors.
• IL-17 secreted into the supernatant was measured by ELISA (R&D systems). Proliferation was measured by Cell Titer Glo (Promega).
• Figure 8B lists the IC50 values ( ⁇ ) for the glucose uptake inhibitors against activated T cell glycolysis, IL-17 secretion and proliferation.
• Figure 9 demonstrates in vivo efficacy for glucose uptake inhibitors disclosed herein in a model of mouse Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE).
• MOG Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
• EAE experimental autoimmune encephalitis
• Glucose represents a central nutrient for many organisms, and control of glucose signaling and consumption is tightly regulated. Accordingly, many disease states are associated with defects in this regulation and therefore may be susceptible to therapeutic intervention using glucose uptake inhibitors.
• Glucose uptake inhibitors have utility in disease areas such as oncology, autoimmunity and inflammation, infection diseases/virology, and metabolic disease.
• cancer cells adopt the process of "aerobic glycolysis.” While normal cells maintain a low rate of glycolysis, followed by full oxidization of pyruvate in the mitochondria, cancer cells rely on an increased rate of glycolysis followed by lactic acid fermentation (even in the presence of oxygen). Since mitochondrial oxidation phosphorylation generates more ATP than glycolysis alone, cancer cells rely heavily on increased rates of glucose consumption.
• One common way cancer cells achieve this goal is through the up-regulation of glucose transporters. In fact, many well-characterized oncogenes are thought to up-regulate both glycolytic enzymes and glucose transporters.
• T effector cells switch to the process of aerobic glycolysis to meet their energetic demands (Maclver, N.J., R.D. Michalek, and J.C. Rathmell, Metabolic regulation of T lymphocytes. Annu Rev Immunol, 2013. 31: p. 259-83.) Since hyper- activation of helper T-cells (e.g. Thl7, Th2, Thl) play a large role in autoimmune disorders and inflammation, decreasing the rate of glycolysis in these cells would be predicted to curb their secretion of inflammatory cytokines.
• helper T-cells e.g. Thl7, Th2, Thl
• glucose uptake inhibitors As inhibition of glucose uptake activates AMPK, a master regulator of T regulatory cells (Michalek, R.D., et al, Cutting edge: distinct glycolytic and lipid oxidative metabolic programs are essential for effector and regulatory CD4+ T cell subsets. J Immunol, 201 1. 186(6): p. 3299-303)), the use of glucose uptake inhibitors would also be predicted to increase the T regulatory cell population (which suppress inflammation), thereby "rebalancing" the immune system. In addition to T cells, other cells of the immune system (including but not limited to macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells) rely heavily on glycolysis for their development, activation and effector functions. Thus it is predicted that glucose uptake inhibitors will have utility as immunesuppressants and may provide benefit in many autoimmune and inflammatory conditions.
• Interfering with glucose uptake at either step with the compounds disclosed herein is predicted to have anti-malarial activity.
• many other infectious agents also hijack the mammalian cellular machinery to support their own growth, often targeting host glucose metabolism.
• the activity of the glucose transporter GLUT1 is critically important for the infection and replication of HIV- 1 in cultured T cells (Loisel -Meyer, S., et al., Glut 1 -mediated glucose transport regulates HIV infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2012. 109(7): p. 2549-54).
• Hyperglycemia resulting from diabetes mellitus can lead to various long-term consequences. Because certain cells rely solely on passive glucose transporters (where glucose flows down a concentration gradient), such cells consume damaging levels of glucose under these conditions. Inhibitors of glucose uptake (particular those that inhibit GLUT1) could protect such cells from damage. For example, the compounds disclosed herein may have utility in both diabetic retinopathy (Lu, L., et al, Suppression of GLUT1; a new strategy to prevent diabetic complications. J Cell Physiol, 2013. 228(2): p.
• A is selected from the group consisting of:
• Ring B is a five- or six-membered ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S;;
• Ring C is a five- or six-membered aryl or heteroaryl ring containing from 0 to 2 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S;
• each R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl,
• each R 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl,
• R 3 is selected from the group consisting of halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, C3-C 6 cycloalkyl, hydroxy, amino, cyano and C 1 -C3 perfluoro alkyl;
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, C3-C 6 cycloalkyl, hydroxy, amino, cyano and C 1 -C3 perfluoro alkyl; and
• y is selected from 1, 2, or 3;
• R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, -(Ci-C 6 alkyl)-0-(Ci-C 6 alkyl), aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and C3- C 6 cycloalkyl,
• R' may be taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a 5- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring having up to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, and which is optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, C3-C 6 cycloalkyl, oxo, hydroxy, amino, cyano and C 1 -C3 perfluoro alkyl; and
• R is selected from the group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, and a hetercyclic group.
• X is selected from O and S, and R 11 is selected from H and Ci to C 6 alkyl
• R is selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, aryl, and heterocycle.
• the present invention relates to a compound having the formula II:
• A is selected from the group consisting of:
• Ring B is a five- or six-membered ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S;
• each R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl,
• each R is independently selected from the group consisting of halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl,
• R 3 is selected from the group consisting of halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, C3-C 6 cycloalkyl, hydroxy, amino, cyano and C 1 -C3 perfluoro alkyl;
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, C3-C 6 cycloalkyl, hydroxy, amino, cyano and C 1 -C3 perfluoro alkyl; and
• y is selected from 1, 2, or 3;
• R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, -(Ci-C 6 alkyl)-0-(Ci-C 6 alkyl), aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and C3- C 6 cycloalkyl,
• R 5 and R 6 may be taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a 5- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring having up to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, and which is optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, C3-C 6 cycloalkyl, oxo, hydroxy, amino, cyano and C 1 -C3 perfluoro alkyl; and
• R is selected from the group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, and a hetercyclic group.
• the present invention relates to a compound having the formula III a or !3 ⁇ 4:
• A is selected from th sting of: and ;
• Ring B is a five- or six-membered ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S;
• each R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C6 alkenyl,
• each R 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl,
• R is selected from the group consisting of halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, hydroxy, amino, cyano and C1-C3 perfluoro alkyl;
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, hydroxy, amino, cyano and C1-C3 perfluoro alkyl; and
• y is selected from 1, 2, or 3;
• R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, -(Ci-C 6 alkyl)-0-(Ci-C6 alkyl), aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and C3- C 6 cycloalkyl, or R 5 and R 6 may be taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a 5- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring having up to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, and which is optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C6 alkenyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, oxo, hydroxy, amino, cyano and C 1 -C3 perfluoro alkyl; and
• R 7 is selected from the group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, and a hetercyclic group.
• each expression e.g. alkyl, m, n, R, etc., when it occurs more than once in any structure, is intended to be independent of its definition elsewhere in the same structure.
• heteroatom as used herein means an atom of any element other than carbon or hydrogen. Preferred heteroatoms are nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
• alkyl refers to the radical of saturated aliphatic groups, including straight-chain alkyl groups and branched-chain alkyl groups.
• a straight chain or branched chain alkyl has 10 or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone (e.g., C 1 -C 10 for straight chain, C3-C 10 for branched chain).
• preferred cycloalkyls have from 3-10 carbon atoms in their ring structure, and more preferably have 3 to 6 carbons in the ring structure.
• cycloalkyl refers to saturated, carbocyclic groups having from 3 to 7 carbons in the ring.
• Preferred cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.
• aralkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted with an aryl group (e.g., an aromatic or heteroaromatic group).
• alkenyl and alkynyl refer to unsaturated aliphatic groups analogous in length and possible substitution to the alkyls described above, but that contain at least one double or triple bond respectively.
• aryl as used herein includes 5- and 6-membered single-ring aromatic groups that may include from zero to four heteroatoms, for example, benzene, pyrene, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, triazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazine and pyrimidine, and the like.
• aryl heterocycles “heteroaromatics” or "heteroaryl”.
• the aromatic ring can be substituted at one or more ring positions with such substituents as described above, for example, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxyl, amino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido, phosphonate, phosphinate, carbonyl, carboxyl, silyl, ether, alkylthio, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, ketone, aldehyde, ester, heterocyclyl, aromatic or
• aryl also includes polycyclic ring systems having two or more cyclic rings in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings (the rings are "fused rings") wherein at least one of the rings is aromatic, e.g., the other cyclic rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, aryls and/or heterocyclic groups.
• heterocyclyl or “heterocyclic group” refer to 3- to 10-membered ring structures, more preferably 5- or 6-membered rings, whose ring structures include one to four heteroatoms. Heterocycles can also be polycycles.
• Heterocyclic groups include, for example, thiophene, thianthrene, furan, pyran, isobenzofuran, chromene, xanthene, phenoxathiin, pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, isothiazole, isoxazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, indolizine, isoindole, indole, indazole, purine, quinolizine, isoquinoline, quinoline, phthalazine, naphthyridine, quinoxaline, quinazoline, cinnoline, pteridine, carbazole, carboline,
• phenanthridine acridine, pyrimidine, phenanthroline, phenazine, phenarsazine, phenothiazine, furazan, phenoxazine, pyrrolidine, oxolane, thiolane, oxazole, piperidine, piperazine, morpholine, lactones, lactams such as azetidinones and pyrrolidinones, sultams, sultones, and the like.
• the heterocyclic ring can be substituted at one or more positions with such substituents as described above, as for example, halogen, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, amino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido, phosphonate, phosphinate, carbonyl, carboxyl, silyl, ether, alkylthio, sulfonyl, ketone, aldehyde, ester, a heterocyclyl, an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety, -CF 3 , -CN, or the like.
• substituents as described above, as for example, halogen, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, amino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido, phosphonate, phosphinate, carbonyl, carboxy
• polycyclyl or “polycyclic group” refer to two or more rings (e.g., cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, aryls and/or heterocyclyls) in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings, e.g., the rings are "fused rings". Rings that are joined through non-adjacent atoms are termed "bridged" rings.
• Each of the rings of the polycyclic group can be substituted with such substituents as described above, for example, halogen, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, amino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido, phosphonate, phosphinate, carbonyl, carboxyl, silyl, ether, alkylthio, sulfonyl, ketone, aldehyde, ester, a heterocyclyl, an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety, -CF 3 , -CN, or the like.
• nitro means -N0 2 .
• halogen or halo designates -F, -CI, -Br or -I, and preferably -F, -CI, or -Br.
• hydroxyl means -OH.
• amine and “amino” refer to both unsubstituted and substituted amines, e.g., a moiety that can be represented by the general formula:
• R, R and R" each independently represent H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, aryl, and heterocyclic groups, and most preferably H or lower alkyl.
• alkoxyl refers to an alkyl group, as defined above, having an oxygen radical attached thereto.
• Representative alkoxyl groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, tert-butoxy and the like.
• lower alkoxy refers to an alkoxy group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
• oxo refers to an oxygen atom that has a double bond to a another atom, particularly to carbon.
• substitution includes the implicit proviso that such substitution is in accordance with permitted valence of the substituted atom and the substituent, and that the substitution results in a stable compound, e.g., which does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, etc.
• substituted is contemplated to include all permissible substituents of organic compounds.
• the permissible substituents include acyclic and cyclic, branched and unbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, aromatic and non- aromatic substituents of organic compounds.
• Illustrative substituents include, for example, those described herein above.
• Certain compounds of the present invention may exist in particular geometric or stereoisomeric forms.
• the present invention contemplates all such compounds, including cis- and iram-isomers, R- and -S-enantiomers, diastereomers, the racemic mixtures thereof, and other mixtures thereof, as falling within the scope of the invention.
• Additional asymmetric carbon atoms may be present in a substituent such as an alkyl group. All such isomers, as well as mixtures thereof, are included in this invention.
• Certain embodiments of the present compounds may contain a basic functional group, such as amino or alkylamino, and are, thus, capable of forming pharmaceutically- acceptable salts with pharmaceutically-acceptable acids.
• salts refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic acid addition salts of compounds of the present invention.
• Representative salts include the hydrochloride, hydrobromide, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, nitrate, acetate, stearate, laurate, benzoate, lactate, phosphate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, napthylate, and mesylate salts and the like.
• the compounds of the present invention may contain one or more acidic functional groups and, thus, are capable of forming pharmaceutically-acceptable salts with pharmaceutically-acceptable bases.
• Representative salts include alkali or alkaline earth salts such as lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium salts and the like.
• Representative organic amines useful for the formation of base addition salts include ethylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperazine and the like. (See, for example, Berge et al, supra).
• terapéuticaally-effective amount means that amount of a compound, material, or composition comprising a compound of the present invention which is effective for producing some desired therapeutic effect in at least a sub-population of cells in an animal at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment, e.g. reasonable side effects applicable to any medical treatment.
• Glucose uptake inhibitors of the invention inhibit tumor cell growth and metastasis and angiogenesis, and are useful for treating neoplastic diseases.
• Neoplastic diseases include any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal or uncontrolled cell division, and may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream.
• Neoplastic disease includes, without limitiation, lymphoma (a neoplasm of lymph tissue that is usually malignant), carcinoma (any malignant tumor derived from epithelial tissue), leukemia (malignant neoplasm of blood-forming tissues; characterized by abnormal proliferation of leukocytes), sarcoma (a usually malignant tumor arising from connective tissue (bone or muscle etc.), and blastoma (malignancy in precursor cells).
• lymphoma a neoplasm of lymph tissue that is usually malignant
• carcinoma any malignant tumor derived from epithelial tissue
• leukemia malignant neoplasm of blood-forming tissues; characterized by abnormal proliferation of leukocytes
• sarcoma a usually malignant tumor arising from connective tissue (bone or muscle etc.
• blastoma malignancy in precursor cells.
• Nonlimiting examples include squamous cell cancer, small-cell lung cancer, pituitary cancer, esophageal cancer, astrocytoma, soft tissue sarcoma, non-small cell lung cancer, adenocarcinoma of the lung, squamous carcinoma of the lung, cancer of the peritoneum, hepatocellular cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, bladder cancer, hepatoma, breast cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial or uterine carcinoma, salivary gland carcinoma, kidney cancer, liver cancer, prostate cancer, vulval cancer, thyroid cancer, hepatic carcinoma, brain cancer, endometrial cancer, testis cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, gallbladder carcinoma, gastric cancer, melanoma, and various types of head and neck cancer.
• the compounds of the present invention inhibit tumors with a defined genetic background that render cancer cells more reliant on glycolysis.
• Non-limiting examples include genetic mutations in TCA cycle components Fumarate Hydratase (FH), Succinate Dehydrogenase (SDH), and mitochondrial encoded complex I mutations. Mutations in FH underlie an inherited cancer disease termed leiomyomatosis renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC). Kidney tumors associated with this disease are aggressive and have the tendency to metastasize early. Tumor cell lines derived from such tumors are extremely dependent on glucose uptake for survival (Yang et al, Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 2010 January 1 ; 196(1): 45-55.).
• Germline mutations in SDH have been observed in patients with hereditary paragangliomas and phaeochromocytomas (Belinksi et al, Front Oncol. 2013 May 17;3: 117.). Germline mutations in SDH have also been associated with renal neoplasia (Gill, Pathology (June 2012) 44(4), pp. 285-292) and cell lines derived from such tumors consume very little oxygen and thus are predicted to be completely dependent on glycolysis for survival.
• a glucose uptake inhibitor of the invention is used as part of a rational combination therapy.
• Other compounds or therapies to be used with a glucose uptake inhibitor of the invention include, but are not limited to, 3 ⁇ 4(3 ⁇ 4 Vitamin C
• Glucose uptake inhibitors of the invention may be co-administered with other antineoplastic agents, including chemotherapeutic agents and radiation.
• Anti-neoplastic agents can be grouped into a variety of classes including, for example, mitotic inhibitors, alkylating agents, anti-metabolites, intercalating antibiotics, growth factor inhibitors, cell cycle inhibitors, enzymes, topoisomerase inhibitors, anti-survival agents, biological response modifiers, anti- hormones, steroids and anti-angiogenesis agents.
• alkylating agents include, but are not limited to, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, melphalan, and dacarbazine.
• antimetabolites include, but are not limited to, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, and paclitaxel, gemcitabine.
• topoisomerase inhibitors are irinotecan (CPT-11), aminocamptothecin, camptothecin, DX-8951f, and topotecan (topoisomerase I) and etoposide (VP- 16) and teniposide (VM-26) (topoisomerase II).
• the source of the radiation can be either external (e.g., external beam radiation therapy - EBRT) or internal (i.e., brachytherapy - BT) to the patient being treated.
• the dose of anti-neoplastic agent administered depends on numerous factors, including, for example, the type of agent, the type and severity tumor being treated and the route of administration of the agent. It should be emphasized, however, that the present invention is not limited to any particular dose.
• Glucose uptake inhibitors in this invention could be co-administered with an anti- angiogenic agent, for example a small molecule or biological molecule that targets a vascular endothelial growth factor (e.g., VEGF) or its receptor (e.g., VEGFR1, VEGFR2).
• an anti- angiogenic agent for example a small molecule or biological molecule that targets a vascular endothelial growth factor (e.g., VEGF) or its receptor (e.g., VEGFR1, VEGFR2).
• the compound is co-administered with an antagonist of the human EGFR related family of receptor tyrosine kinases (HER1/EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor)/c-erbBl, HER2/c-erbB2, HER3/c-erbB3 and HER4/c-erbB4).
• HER1/EGFR epidermal
• HER2/c-erbB2 HER3/c
• Glucose uptake inhibitors in this invention could be further co-administered with other agents that deplete cellular ATP or energy.
• agents include, but are not limited to: metformin, phenformin, pyrvinium, rotenone.
• the glucose uptake inhibitors could be co-administered with cell death inducing agents, which could include but are not limited to: BCL2 family inhibitors (e.g.: ABT737, ABT263, ABT199, obatoclax), SMAC family mimetics, TRAIL agonists, ferroptosis inducing agents (e.g.: sorafenib, erastin) and ER stress inducers.
• BCL2 family inhibitors e.g.: ABT737, ABT263, ABT199, obatoclax
• SMAC family mimetics e.g.: SMAC family mimetics
• TRAIL agonists e.g.: sorafenib, erastin
• ferroptosis inducing agents e.g.: sorafenib, erastin
• ER stress inducers e.g.: sorafenib, erastin
• a glucose uptake inhibitor of the invention is used to treat inflammation, including, but not limited to, asthma, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, liver fibrosis, renal fibrosis, LAM, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, arthritis (especially rheumatoid arthritis and/or psoriatic arthritis and/or juvenile arthritis), sepsis and/or other autoimmune diseases such as but not limited to atherosclerosis, psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus, lupus nephritis, chronic graft vs. host disease, acute graft vs.
• inflammation including, but not limited to, asthma, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, liver fibrosis, renal fibrosis, LAM, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, arthritis (especially rheumatoid arthritis and/or psoriatic arthritis and/or juvenile arthritis), sepsis and/or other autoimmune diseases
• glucose uptake inhibitors disclosed herein may also be used as immunosuppressants for preventing rejection of transplanted organs.
• Glucose uptake inhibitors in this invention can be co-administered with a corticosteroid hormone, anti-inflammatory drugs and cytokine targeting agents to achieve a better therapeutic activity on relieving/reducing the symptoms associated with autoimmune conditions.
• corticosteroid hormone include, but are not limited to, prednisolone, prednisone, hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, and dexamethasone, Cortisol, cortisone, triamcinolone, betamethasone, etc.
• glucose uptake inhibitors of the invention are used to treat parasitic or viral infections, including, but not limited to, acute malaria and African trypanosomiasis, HIV, HCMV, tuberculosis, herpes virus.
• a glucose uptake inhibitor of the invention is used to treat metabolic disease.
• a glucose uptake inhibitor is used to reduce or prevent hyperglycemia.
• a glucose uptake inhibitor is used to treat diabetic retinopathy or diabetic nephropathy.
• Metabolic diseases or conditions include, without limitation, diabetes (type 1 and type 2), insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, hyperinsulinemia, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), dyslipidemia, and hypercholesterolemia, obesity, hypertension, retinal degeneration, retinal detachment, cardiovascular diseases including vascular disease, atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, heart failure and peripheral vascular disease in a subject.
• compounds in this invention could be co-administered with other agents used for treatment of metabolic disease.
• agents used for treatment of metabolic disease include: biguanides (including, but not limited to metformin), which reduce hepatic glucose output and increase uptake of glucose by the periphery, SGLT inhibitors, insulin secretagogues (including but not limited to sulfonylureas and meglitinides) which trigger or enhance insulin release by pancreatic ⁇ -cells, and PPARy, PPARa, and PPARa/ ⁇ modulators (e.g., thiazolidinediones such as pioglitazone and rosiglitazone).
• statins may include statins, lipid lowering drugs such as MTP inhibitors and LDLR upregulators, antihypertensive agents such as angiotensin antagonists, e.g., losartan, irbesartan, olmesartan, candesartan, and telmisartan, calcium channel antagonists, e.g. lacidipine, ACE inhibitors, e.g., enalapril, and ⁇ - andrenergic blockers ( ⁇ -b lockers), e.g., atenolol, labetalol, and nebivolol.
• angiotensin antagonists e.g., losartan, irbesartan, olmesartan, candesartan, and telmisartan
• calcium channel antagonists e.g. lacidipine
• ACE inhibitors e.g., enalapril
• ⁇ -b lockers e
• the compound of Formula I can be administered by routes commonly known in the art. This includes oral administration, or any other convenient route.
• the compound of Formula I may also be administered together with another biologically active agent. Administration can be systemic or local.
• Various delivery systems are known, e.g., encapsulation in liposomes, microparticles, microcapsules, capsules, and can be used to administer the compound and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
• Methods of administration include but are not limited to parenteral, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, epidural, oral, sublingual, intranasal, intracerebral, intravaginal, transdermal, transmucosal, rectally, by inhalation, or topically, particularly to the ears, nose, eyes, or skin.
• the mode of administration is left to the discretion of the practitioner. In most instances, administration will result in the release of a compound into the bloodstream.
• a compound may be desirable to administer a compound locally. This may be achieved, for example, and not by way of limitation, by local infusion, topical application, by injection, by means of a catheter, by means of a suppository, or by means of an implant, said implant being of a porous, non-porous, or gelatinous material, including membranes, such as sialastic membranes, or fibers. In such instances, administration may selectively target a local tissue without substantial release of a compound into the bloodstream.
• Pulmonary administration can also be employed, e.g., by use of an inhaler or nebulizer, and formulation with an aerosolizing agent, or via perfusion in a fluorocarbon or synthetic pulmonary surfactant.
• a compound is formulated as a suppository, with traditional binders and vehicles such as triglycerides.
• a compound is delivered in a vesicle, in particular a liposome (see Langer, 1990, Science 249: 1527-1533; Treat et al, in Liposomes in the Therapy of Infectious Disease and Bacterial infection, Lopez-Berestein and Fidler (eds.), Liss, New York, pp. 353-365 (1989); Lopez Berestein, ibid., pp. 317-327; see generally ibid.).
• a liposome see Langer, 1990, Science 249: 1527-1533; Treat et al, in Liposomes in the Therapy of Infectious Disease and Bacterial infection, Lopez-Berestein and Fidler (eds.), Liss, New York, pp. 353-365 (1989); Lopez Berestein, ibid., pp. 317-327; see generally ibid.).
• a compound is delivered in a controlled release system (see, e.g., Goodson, in Medical Applications of Controlled Release, supra, vol. 2, pp. 115-138 (1984)). Examples of controlled-release systems are discussed in the review by Langer, 1990, Science 249: 1527-1533 may be used.
• a pump may be used (See Langer, supra; Sefton, 1987, CRC Cnt. Ref. Biomed. Eng. 14:201 ; Buchwald et al., 1980, Surgery 88:507; Saudek et al, 1989, N. Engl. J. Med. 321 :574).
• polymeric materials can be used (see Medical Applications of Controlled Release, Langer and Wise (eds.), CRC Pres., Boca Raton, Florida (1974); Controlled Drug Bioavailability, Drug Product Design and Performance, Smolen and Ball (eds.), Wiley, New York (1984); Ranger and Peppas, 1983, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. 23:61; See also Levy et al, 1985, Science 228: 190; During et al., 1989, Ann. Neurol. 25:351; Howard et al., 1989, J. Neurosurg. 71 : 105).
• the present invention provides a method of treating breast cancer in a subject.
• subject refers to the animal being treated, wherein the animal can be a mammal such as a human.
• the therapeutically effective amount of the compound of Formula I, and particularly Formula II, Ilia, or Illb is the dose of this compound, or of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, that provides a therapeutic benefit in the treatment or management of a tumor, delays or minimizes one or more symptoms associated with a tumor, or enhances the therapeutic efficacy of another therapeutic agent used in the treatment or management of a tumor.
• the therapeutically effective amount may be an amount that reduces or inhibits the growth of breast cancer. A person skilled in the art would recognize that the therapeutically effective amount may vary depending on known factors such as the
• the therapeutically effective amount, or dose, of the compound of Formula I, Formula II, Formula III a , or Formula ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4 can be determined based on the disclosures in this patent application and common knowledge in the art.
• the amount of a compound, or the amount of a composition comprising a compound, that will be effective in the treatment and/or management of a tumor can be determined by standard clinical techniques. In vitro or in vivo assays may optionally be employed to help identify optimal dosage ranges.
• a compound of the present invention, and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be formulated in a pharmaceutical composition.
• the composition may comprise said compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, or diluent.
• the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be in any form that allows for the composition to be administered to a subject, including, but not limited to a human, and formulated to be compatible with an intended route of administration.
• compositions provided herein may be supplied either separately or mixed together in unit dosage form, for example, as a dry lyophilized powder or water free concentrate in a hermetically sealed container such as an ampoule or sachette indicating the quantity of active agent.
• a hermetically sealed container such as an ampoule or sachette indicating the quantity of active agent.
• the composition is to be administered by infusion, it can be dispensed with an infusion bottle containing sterile pharmaceutical grade water or saline.
• an ampoule of sterile water for injection or saline can be provided so that the ingredients may be mixed prior to administration.
• compositions include those approved by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or listed in the U.S.
• Such pharmaceutical carriers can be sterile liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like. Water is a preferred carrier when the pharmaceutical composition is administered intravenously. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions. Examples of suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in "Remington's
• compositions and dosage forms comprise one or more excipients.
• Suitable excipients are well-known to those skilled in the art of pharmacy, and non-limiting examples of suitable excipients include starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanol and the like. Whether a particular excipient is suitable for incorporation into a pharmaceutical composition or dosage form depends on a variety of factors well known in the art including, but not limited to, the way in which the dosage form will be administered to a patient and the specific active ingredients in the dosage form.
• the composition or single unit dosage form if desired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents.
• Lactose free compositions can comprise excipients that are well known in the art and are listed, for example, in the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) SP (XXI) NF (XVI).
• USP U.S. Pharmacopeia
• XXI XXI
• XVI XVI
• lactose free compositions comprise an active ingredient, a binder/filler, and a lubricant in pharmaceutically compatible and pharmaceutically acceptable amounts.
• Preferred lactose free dosage forms comprise a compound, microcrystalline cellulose, pre-gelatinized starch, and magnesium stearate.
• anhydrous pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms comprising one or more compounds, since water can facilitate the degradation of some compounds.
• water e.g., 5%
• water is widely accepted in the
• compositions and dosage forms provided herein can be prepared using anhydrous or low moisture containing ingredients and low moisture or low humidity conditions.
• Compositions and dosage forms that comprise lactose and at least one compound that comprises a primary or secondary amine are preferably anhydrous if substantial contact with moisture and/or humidity during manufacturing, packaging, and/or storage is expected.
• anhydrous composition should be prepared and stored such that its anhydrous nature is maintained. Accordingly, anhydrous compositions are preferably packaged using materials known to prevent exposure to water such that they can be included in suitable formulary kits. Examples of suitable packaging include, but are not limited to, hermetically sealed foils, plastics, unit dose containers (e.g., vials), blister packs, and strip packs.
• compositions and dosage forms that comprise one or more agents that reduce the rate by which a compound will decompose.
• agents which are referred to herein as “stabilizers,” include, but are not limited to, antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, pH buffers, or salt buffers.
• compositions and single unit dosage forms can take the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsions, tablets, pills, capsules, powders, sustained-release formulations and the like.
• Oral formulations can include standard carriers such as pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine, cellulose, magnesium carbonate, etc.
• Such compositions and dosage forms will contain a therapeutically effective amount of a compound, preferably in purified form, together with a suitable amount of carrier so as to provide the form for proper administration to the patient.
• tablets and capsules represent the most advantageous oral dosage unit forms, in which case solid excipients are employed.
• tablets can be coated by standard aqueous or nonaqueous techniques.
• Such dosage forms can be prepared by any of the methods of pharmacy.
• pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms are prepared by uniformly and intimately admixing the active ingredients with liquid carriers, finely divided solid carriers, or both, and then shaping the product into the desired presentation, if necessary.
• a tablet can be prepared by compression or molding.
• Compressed tablets can be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredients in a free flowing form such as powder or granules, optionally mixed with an excipient.
• Molded tablets can be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
• excipients that can be used in oral dosage forms provided herein include, but are not limited to, binders, fillers, disintegrants, and lubricants.
• Binders suitable for use in pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms include, but are not limited to, corn starch, potato starch, or other starches, gelatin, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, sodium alginate, alginic acid, other alginates, powdered tragacanth, guar gum, cellulose and its derivatives (e.g., ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, carboxymethyl cellulose calcium, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), polyvinyl pyrrolidone, methyl cellulose, pre gelatinized starch, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, (e.g., Nos. 2208, 2906, 2910), microcrystalline cellulose, and mixtures thereof.
• fillers suitable for use in the pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms provided herein include, but are not limited to, talc, calcium carbonate (e.g., granules or powder), microcrystalline cellulose, powdered cellulose, dextrates, kaolin, mannitol, silicic acid, sorbitol, starch, pre gelatinized starch, and mixtures thereof.
• the binder or filler in pharmaceutical compositions provided herein is typically present in from about 50 to about 99 weight percent of the pharmaceutical composition or dosage form.
• Suitable forms of microcrystalline cellulose include, but are not limited to, the materials sold as AVICEL® PH 101, AVICEL® PH 103 AVICEL® RC 581, AVICEL® PH 105 (available from FMC Corporation, American Viscose Division, Avicel Sales, Marcus Hook, PA), and mixtures thereof.
• a specific binder is a mixture of microcrystalline cellulose and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose sold as AVICEL® RC 581.
• Suitable anhydrous or low moisture excipients or additives include AVICEL® PH 103TM and Starch 1500 LM.
• Disintegrants are used in the compositions provided herein to provide tablets that disintegrate when exposed to an aqueous environment. Tablets that contain too much disintegrant may disintegrate in storage, while those that contain too little may not disintegrate at a desired rate or under the desired conditions. Thus, a sufficient amount of disintegrant that is neither too much nor too little to detrimentally alter the release of the active ingredients should be used to form solid oral dosage forms provided herein. The amount of disintegrant used varies based upon the type of formulation, and is readily discernible to those of ordinary skill in the art. Typical pharmaceutical compositions comprise from about 0.5 to about 15 weight percent of disintegrant, specifically from about 1 to about 5 weight percent of disintegrant.
• Disintegrants that can be used in pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms provided herein include, but are not limited to, agar, alginic acid, calcium carbonate,
• microcrystalline cellulose croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, polacrilin potassium, sodium starch glycolate, potato or tapioca starch, pre gelatinized starch, other starches, clays, other algins, other celluloses, gums, and mixtures thereof.
• Lubricants that can be used in pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms provided herein include, but are not limited to, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, mineral oil, light mineral oil, glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol, polyethylene glycol, other glycols, stearic acid, sodium lauryl sulfate, talc, hydrogenated vegetable oil (e.g., peanut oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil, and soybean oil), zinc stearate, ethyl oleate, ethyl laureate, agar, and mixtures thereof.
• calcium stearate e.g., magnesium stearate, mineral oil, light mineral oil, glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol, polyethylene glycol, other glycols, stearic acid, sodium lauryl sulfate, talc
• hydrogenated vegetable oil e.g., peanut oil, cottonseed oil
• Additional lubricants include, for example, a syloid silica gel (AEROSIL 200, manufactured by W.R. Grace Co. of Baltimore, MD), a coagulated aerosol of synthetic silica (marketed by Degussa Co. of Piano, TX), CAB O SIL (a pyrogenic silicon dioxide product sold by Cabot Co. of Boston, MA), and mixtures thereof. If used at all, lubricants are typically used in an amount of less than about 1 weight percent of the
• compositions or dosage forms into which they are incorporated are incorporated.
• Controlled release of an active ingredient can be stimulated by various conditions including, but not limited to, pH, temperature, enzymes, water, or other physiological conditions or agents.
• Mass spectrometry was recorded on an LC-MS: Shimadzu 2000 LCMS. Unless otherwise stated all mass spectrometry was run in ESI mode.
• 2-(3-bromophenoxy)-N-isopropylacetamide 39.00 g, 143.31 mmol, 1.00 Eq
• KOAc 28.13 g, 286.62 mmol
• 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl- l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-l,3,2-dioxabrolane 47.31 g, 186.30 mmol
• Pd(dppf)Cl 2 5.32 g, 7.17 mmol
• the mixture was diluted with CH 2 C1 2 (40 mL) and washed with water (50 mLx2), citric acid (10%, 50 mLx3), sat.NaHC0 3 (50 mLx2), brine (50 mLx2).
• the organic layer was dried over Na 2 S0 4 , filtered and
• the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue.
• the residue (about 100 mg crude product was used together) was purified by prep-HPLC (FA conditions). But HNMR showed the product contained some MeCN.
• the product was suspended in distilled water and the mixture was stirred at 95 °C for 16 h and collected by filtration. The product was resuspended in water and stirred at 120 °C for another 16 h and was lyophilized to provide the title compound (195 mg) as an off-white solid.
• the mixture was diluted with CH 2 CI 2 (30 mL) and washed with water (40 mLx2), citric acid (10%, 40 mLx2), NaHC0 3 (40 mLx2), brine (40 mLx2).
• the organic layer was dried over Na 2 S0 4 , filtered and
• the mixture was diluted with CH 2 C1 2 (30 mL) and washed with water (40 mLx2), citric acid (10%, 40 mLx2), sat.NaHC0 3 (40 mLx2), brine (40 mLx2).
• the organic layer was dried over Na 2 S0 4 , filtered and
• Example 84A [0405] l-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2- yl)-lH-pyrazole

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