WO2016184393A1 - 一种可修复的电化学储能器件 - Google Patents

一种可修复的电化学储能器件 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016184393A1
WO2016184393A1 PCT/CN2016/082507 CN2016082507W WO2016184393A1 WO 2016184393 A1 WO2016184393 A1 WO 2016184393A1 CN 2016082507 W CN2016082507 W CN 2016082507W WO 2016184393 A1 WO2016184393 A1 WO 2016184393A1
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energy storage
storage device
electrochemical energy
liquid
electrolyte
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PCT/CN2016/082507
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English (en)
French (fr)
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车勇
王青
朱用
陆卫平
戴翔
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恩力能源科技（南通）有限公司
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Priority to JP2018512470A priority Critical patent/JP6615323B2/ja
Priority to US15/574,649 priority patent/US10797300B2/en
Publication of WO2016184393A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016184393A1/zh

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
    • H01M4/0438—Processes of manufacture in general by electrochemical processing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/36—Accumulators not provided for in groups H01M10/05-H01M10/34
    • H01M10/38—Construction or manufacture
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/4214—Arrangements for moving electrodes or electrolyte
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/4242—Regeneration of electrolyte or reactants
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/70—Arrangements for stirring or circulating the electrolyte
    • H01M50/77—Arrangements for stirring or circulating the electrolyte with external circulating path
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
    • H01M2220/10—Batteries in stationary systems, e.g. emergency power source in plant
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an aqueous electrochemical energy storage device, in particular to an electrochemical energy storage device capable of improving or repairing its performance.
  • electrochemical energy storage that is, the energy storage method using the rechargeable battery is known for its high energy storage efficiency (high energy conversion efficiency), and is an ideal energy storage option.
  • high energy conversion efficiency high energy conversion efficiency
  • the development of battery technology has not predicted such a large-scale (1kWh-100MWh) energy storage demand from home, commercial, industrial to power grid. In other words, none of the existing battery technologies can fully satisfy this raid.
  • the huge market demand comes from the requirements of ideal energy storage solutions: safety, environmental protection, high efficiency, long life and low cost.
  • the water-based ion battery technology that has emerged in recent years, including the water-based lithium ion battery (CN1328818C) and the water-based sodium ion battery (CN 102027625A) technology, is a solution that is expected to solve the current energy storage technology bottleneck and take into account the above market requirements.
  • the water-based ion battery utilizes a metal ion intercalation/deintercalation reaction similar to that of a lithium ion battery, and replaces the non-aqueous (organic) electrolyte of the existing lithium ion battery with an aqueous phase electrolyte, thereby solving the flammability and explosiveness of the lithium ion battery.
  • the water-based ion battery uses metal oxide and carbon material as the electrode material, and the neutral aqueous solution is the electrolyte.
  • the materials used are non-toxic and harmless, low environmental load materials, suitable for large-scale energy storage applications and a wide range of applications. Popularity.
  • the driving force for the large-scale application and popularization of energy storage technology will also be the cost of energy storage, that is, the decline in the level of cost of electricity (LCOE), which allows users to obtain economic benefits by storing electrical energy.
  • LCOE level of cost of electricity
  • any rechargeable battery (secondary battery) has a limited cycle life. As the cycle of charging and discharging is repeated, the capacity of the battery will gradually decrease, and different types of secondary batteries have completely different capacity attenuation mechanisms.
  • the invention has made intensive research on the capacity decay mechanism of the water-based ion battery, and found that the causes of the water-based ion battery capacity attenuation mainly have the following aspects: 1) the deviation of the pH value of the electrolyte due to slight hydrogen evolution and oxygen evolution reaction; 2) the absence of electrolyte on the surface of the electrode due to the slow decomposition of water in the electrolyte and the accumulation of a small amount of gas; 3) by-products of chemical or electrochemical side reactions of metal oxides as electrode active materials, such as A trace amount of transition metal ions are dissolved in the electrolyte; 4) transition metal ions generated by slow corrosion of the metal in the current collector or the bus bar are dissolved in the electrolyte.
  • the present invention provides a replaceable electrolyte to achieve a repairable electrochemical energy storage device and a method for improving or repairing the performance of the electrochemical energy storage device.
  • an electrochemical energy storage device comprising an electrochemical energy storage device including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator, an aqueous phase electrolyte, and a positive electrode and a negative electrode.
  • the inlet and outlet ports of the housing may be coupled to an external fluid circulation device for flowing fluid into and into the electrochemical energy storage device, the fluid circulation device including a circulation pump, A liquid storage tank and a connecting line as a fluid passage, the liquid storage tank may include an upstream liquid storage tank and a downstream liquid storage tank.
  • a control valve for controlling its opening and closing is also provided at the necessary timing, and the inlet and outlet of the housing can be controlled by the control valve, and the external inlet is utilized.
  • the drive of the circulation pump in the fluid circulation device causes the new electrolyte to flow from the upstream reservoir (ie, the new tank) into the energy storage device, and the electrolyte (including traces of gas) in the energy storage device flows out of the energy storage device and flows in.
  • Downstream storage tank ie waste tank.
  • the control valve can open and close the inlet port and the outlet port according to a predetermined cycle, and the operation of the fluid circulation device can be started and stopped according to a predetermined cycle.
  • the electrochemical energy storage device is further provided with a sensor, which uses its signal to intelligently control the control valve, automatically activates the opening and closing of the inlet and outlet of the housing, and the external fluid.
  • a sensor which uses its signal to intelligently control the control valve, automatically activates the opening and closing of the inlet and outlet of the housing, and the external fluid.
  • Intelligent control can be performed based on the state of the electrochemical energy storage device detected by the sensor.
  • the above monitoring, modulation or internal physical, chemical or electrochemical environment of the electrochemical energy storage device can be realized by the flow of the internal and external electrolytes (including trace gases) of the energy storage device, including the replenishment and renewal of the electrolyte. optimization.
  • the active material of the negative electrode used in the electrochemical energy storage device of the electrochemical energy storage device of the present invention is selected from the group consisting of transition metal-containing oxides, phosphates, sulfates, carbonates, silicates, metals, alloys, and One or more of different carbonization materials, different specific surface areas, and carbon materials of different nanotopography and structure.
  • the carbon material therein may include one or more of graphite, carbon black, activated carbon, carbon fiber, carbon nanotubes, and graphene.
  • the active material of the positive electrode used in the electrochemical energy storage device of the electrochemical energy storage device of the present invention is selected from the group consisting of transition metal-containing oxides, phosphates, sulfates, carbonates, silicates, and different degrees of graphitization.
  • the carbon material may include one or more of graphite, hard carbon, soft carbon, carbon black, activated carbon, carbon fiber, carbon nanotubes, and graphene.
  • the active material of the positive electrode and/or the negative electrode includes at least one material capable of performing ion intercalation and deintercalation reactions in an aqueous phase electrolyte, including but not limited to lithium ions, ammonium ions, sodium ions, potassium ions, One or more of magnesium ions, zinc ions, aluminum ions or metal ions and ligands formed by the ligand.
  • the active material of the positive and/or negative electrode may be, for example, a transition metal containing oxide, phosphate, sulfate material.
  • the active material of the positive and/or negative electrode may comprise a material capable of undergoing a reversible redox reaction.
  • the active material of the positive and/or negative electrode may comprise a material (eg, an oxide and a carbon material) capable of performing a Faraday tantalum capacitor or an illegal pull capacitor energy storage behavior.
  • a material eg, an oxide and a carbon material
  • the electrochemical energy storage device of the electrochemical energy storage device of the present invention may comprise a water-soluble lithium salt, an ammonium salt, a sodium salt, a potassium salt, a magnesium salt, a zinc salt, an aluminum salt or a ligand salt.
  • a water-soluble lithium salt an ammonium salt, a sodium salt, a potassium salt, a magnesium salt, a zinc salt, an aluminum salt or a ligand salt.
  • One or more of them act as an electrolyte.
  • the pH of the electrolyte should generally be in the range of 4-10, preferably 5-9, more preferably 6-8.
  • the aqueous phase electrolyte may contain a buffer solution for stabilizing the pH.
  • the electrolyte usually has the characteristics of a neutral electrolyte. If the electrolyte deviates from neutrality, the acidity or alkalinity may aggravate the hydrogen evolution or oxygen evolution reaction, and may also cause irreversible chemical side reactions with the positive or negative active material. , resulting in attenuation of the capacity of the energy storage device.
  • a method for improving or repairing the performance of an electrochemical energy storage device described above comprising using a control valve to control a liquid inlet of an electrochemical energy storage device housing and Opening and closing of the liquid outlet, and using an external fluid circulation device to flow out and flow into the casing, the fluid circulation device comprising a circulation pump, a liquid storage tank and a connecting pipe as a fluid passage, the storage
  • the liquid tank may include an upstream liquid storage tank and a downstream liquid storage tank.
  • the control valve can open and close the inlet port and the outlet port according to a predetermined cycle, and the operation of the fluid circulation device can be started and stopped according to a predetermined cycle.
  • monitoring, modulation or optimization of the physical, chemical or electrochemical environment within the electrochemical energy storage device is achieved by fluid flow out and into the housing.
  • monitoring, modulating or optimizing the internal chemical environment of the electrochemical energy storage device may include: controlling the pH of the aqueous phase electrolyte to the following range: 4-10, or 5-9, or 6-8.
  • the fluid flowing out of the casing may include by-products produced by electrochemical or chemical side reactions of the aqueous phase electrolyte, which may include gases, dissolved substances, solid particles, and electrolytes deviating from predetermined components ( For example, an electrolyte that deviates from the normal pH), fluid flowing out of the electrochemical energy storage device will flow into the downstream reservoir.
  • the fluid flowing into the electrochemical energy storage device includes an aqueous phase electrolyte having a predetermined composition, deionized water for replenishment, and an additive for maintaining, improving or repairing specific physicochemical properties of the electrochemical energy storage device, inflowing electricity
  • the fluid of the chemical energy storage device comes from the upstream liquid storage tank.
  • the method of improving or repairing the performance of the electrochemical energy storage device described above further includes utilizing an intelligent control system to control the opening and closing of the inlet and outlet of the housing and the operation of the fluid circulation device.
  • the physical environment, chemical environment or electrochemical environment of the electrochemical energy storage device caused by the opening of the inlet and outlet of the housing and the operation of the fluid circulation device can be used in the product of the electrochemical energy storage device
  • the production stage is carried out, or in the actual application site, maintenance and performance repair are performed for an energy storage module composed of the energy storage device (for example, a battery stack composed of a plurality of electrochemical energy storage devices) or an energy storage system. Or when the performance is upgraded.
  • the intelligent control system can be controlled based on the state of the electrochemical energy storage device detected by the sensor.
  • an electrochemical energy storage device comprising at least one electrochemical energy storage device, the at least one electrochemical energy storage device comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a diaphragm, and an aqueous phase electrolyte And a housing accommodating the positive electrode, the negative electrode, the separator and the aqueous electrolyte, wherein the positive electrode and/or the active material comprises at least one material capable of performing ion intercalation and deintercalation reaction in the aqueous electrolyte; There is a liquid inlet and a liquid outlet for circulating fluid into and out of the housing; the inlet and outlet of the at least one electrochemical energy storage device are arranged to form a fluid passage in the electrochemical energy storage device.
  • the electrochemical energy storage device of the electrochemical energy storage device of the present invention includes a liquid inlet and a liquid outlet for circulating fluid into and out of the casing
  • the electrochemical energy storage device of the present invention can replace the electrolyte to achieve electrochemical
  • the monitoring, modulation or optimization and repair of the internal physical, chemical or electrochemical environment of the energy storage device enhances various performance indicators and greatly extends its service life. It is also possible to suppress the development of capacity decay by replacing the electrolyte, and then it is possible to suppress specific side reactions and to repair materials (including active materials and inactive materials) of the electrochemical energy storage device by adding specific additives to the electrolyte. It is also possible to infer the kind and degree of side reactions by testing the composition of the electrolyte, and the like.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a repairable electrochemical energy storage device in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic structural view of a repairable electrochemical energy storage device in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic structural view of an electrochemical energy storage device according to still another embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 1 to 3 are schematic structural views of an electrochemical energy storage device in the electrochemical energy storage device of FIGS. 1 to 3.
  • the electrochemical energy storage device of the present embodiment includes an electrochemical energy storage device 1 (for example, may be a water-based ion battery), and the device includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator, an aqueous phase electrolyte, and a positive electrode and a negative electrode.
  • the casing 11 of the diaphragm and the aqueous phase electrolyte, the casing 11 has a liquid inlet 12 and a liquid outlet 13 for circulating fluid into and out of the casing 11.
  • the liquid inlet 12 and the liquid outlet 13 of the housing 11 are connectable to an external fluid circulation device to allow fluid to flow out and into the electrochemical energy storage device 1.
  • the fluid circulation device may include a circulation pump (for example, may include a first pump 31 and a second pump 32), a liquid storage tank, and a connecting line as a fluid passage, and the liquid storage tank may include an upstream liquid storage tank (new liquid tank 42) And downstream storage tank (waste tank 41).
  • the electrochemical energy storage device may further include control valves (for example, a first control valve 21 and a second control valve 22) provided at the inlet port 12 and the outlet port 13 of the housing 11 for controlling the inlet port 12 and The liquid outlet 13 is opened and closed.
  • control valves for example, a first control valve 21 and a second control valve 22
  • the liquid outlet 13 on the casing 11 is connected to the waste liquid tank 41 through the first control valve 21, and the liquid inlet 12 on the casing 11 passes through the second control valve 22 and the second.
  • the pump 32 is connected to a new liquid tank 42.
  • the first control valve 21 connected to the waste liquid tank 41 may be first opened and The first pump 31 extracts the electrolyte in the electrochemical energy storage device 1; then opens the second control valve 22 and the second pump 32 connected to the new liquid tank 42, and cleans the inside of the electrochemical energy storage device 1 with a new electrolyte.
  • the electrochemical energy storage device 1 is filled with the electrolyte.
  • the repairable electrochemical energy storage device completes a minimal repair.
  • the capacity of the electrochemical energy storage device can be improved to varying degrees before and after the liquid exchange.
  • the capacity of the electrochemical energy storage device may be attenuated.
  • By-products produced by these side reactions may include gases, dissolved or solid particles, etc. which are suspended in the electrolyte.
  • the presence of such by-products and accumulation within the energy storage device accelerates the attenuation of the capacity and other properties of the energy storage device.
  • monitoring, modulation or optimization of the physical environment, chemical environment or electrochemical environment inside the electrochemical energy storage device can be realized by flowing out of the fluid and flowing into the casing.
  • the physical environment includes, but is not limited to, pressure and temperature;
  • the chemical environment includes, but is not limited to, the pH of the electrolyte, the concentration of oxygen dissolved in the electrolyte, the composition of the electrolyte in the electrolyte, including the concentration of anions and cations, And the concentration ratio of different metal cations, etc.;
  • the electrochemical environment includes, but is not limited to, the conductivity of the electrolyte, the redox voltage window of the electrolyte, the electrochemical corrosion of the metal current collector, and the corrosion prevention state.
  • the liquid inlet 12 and the liquid outlet 13 of the device 1 can be opened periodically or irregularly, and the liquid circulation device can be activated to cause the electrolyte contaminated by the side reaction product, including gases, dissolved substances, And the electrolyte which deviates from the predetermined pH value, flows out of the energy storage device 1 into the waste liquid tank 41.
  • an electrolyte having a predetermined composition, including an additive, etc. can be flowed from the new liquid tank 42 into the electrochemical energy storage device 1 to improve the physical, chemical, and electrochemical environments within the energy storage device, and to optimize and repair the electricity of the energy storage device. Chemical properties.
  • the liquid circulation device in the present embodiment is not always in an activated state, and the liquid inlet port 12 and the liquid outlet port 13 of the device 1 can be opened according to a predetermined cycle, and the liquid circulation device can be activated. That is, the control valve opens and closes the liquid inlet and the liquid outlet according to a predetermined cycle, and the operation of the fluid circulation device is started and stopped according to a predetermined cycle.
  • the charge and discharge cycle of the energy storage device may be set to a predetermined cycle, for example, the electrical cycle 300 weeks is a predetermined cycle, or the other number of cycle weeks may be set to a predetermined cycle, or other quantities may be required according to specific operation requirements.
  • the cycle week is set to a predetermined cycle.
  • the energy storage device controls the opening of the liquid inlet and the liquid outlet through a control valve provided at the inlet and outlet of the casing for several weeks of charging and discharging cycles, and simultaneously starts the operation of the liquid circulation device to cause side reactions.
  • Product contaminated electrolyte The outflow energy storage device 1 flows into the waste liquid tank 41, and an electrolyte having a predetermined composition flows from the new liquid tank 42 into the electrochemical energy storage device 1. Then, the control valve is used to control the closing of the inlet port and the outlet port, and the operation of the liquid circulation device is stopped.
  • the fluid flowing out of the housing 11 may include by-products produced by electrochemical or chemical side reactions that are mixed or dissolved in the aqueous phase electrolyte, the by-products including gases, dissolved materials, solid particles, and electrolytes that deviate from predetermined components. (For example, an electrolyte that deviates from a predetermined pH value), the fluid flowing out of the electrochemical energy storage device 1 will flow into the waste liquid tank 41.
  • the fluid flowing into the electrochemical energy storage device 1 may include an aqueous phase electrolyte having a predetermined composition, deionized water for replenishment, and an additive for maintaining, improving or repairing specific physicochemical properties of the electrochemical energy storage device,
  • the fluid flowing into the electrochemical energy storage device is from the new liquid tank 42.
  • the predetermined component refers to a component capable of bringing the electrolyte into a normal working state, for example, including but not limited to the pH of the electrolyte, the concentration of oxygen dissolved in the electrolyte, and the composition of the electrolyte in the electrolyte, including The concentration of anions and cations, the concentration ratio of different metal cations, etc., and the electrical conductivity of the electrolyte, the redox voltage window of the electrolyte, and the like.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic structural view of a repairable electrochemical energy storage device in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
  • the electrochemical energy storage device of the present embodiment may further include a sensor and an intelligent control system, which can utilize the signal pair control of the sensor.
  • the valve is intelligently controlled, and the intelligent control system is used to control the opening and closing of the liquid inlet 12 and the liquid outlet 13 of the casing 11 and the operation of the external fluid circulation device, thereby performing automatic repair of the electrochemical energy storage device. .
  • the liquid circulation device is not always in the activated state. Intelligent control is controlled based on the state of the electrochemical energy storage device detected by the sensor.
  • the sensor is used to detect the state of the electrochemical energy storage device, for example, a physical environment, a chemical environment, or an electrochemical environment inside the electrochemical energy storage device.
  • the sensor may comprise: 1 a pressure sensor 51 disposed on the electrochemical energy storage device 1 (in time monitoring); 2 a temperature sensor 55 disposed on the electrochemical energy storage device 1 (in time monitoring); a first liquid level sensor 52 on the upper portion of the energy storage device 1 and a second liquid level sensor 53 disposed on the lower portion of the electrochemical energy storage device 1 (in time monitoring); 4 electrolyte electrochemical analyzer 54 (for periodic liquid sampling test,
  • the workflow is a control unit (not shown) instructing the first pump 31, the first pump 31 extracting a quantity of electrolyte to test the electrochemical analyzer).
  • the intelligent control system may include a data collector 61 and a management unit 62.
  • the data collector 61 can read and analyze the data information stream from the sensor, and can transmit the analysis result to the management unit 62 in the form of information flow.
  • the management unit 62 can give a work instruction (control signal) to the fluid circulation device according to the received analysis result, wherein the analysis result can include: for example, the electrolyte is deteriorated, the electrolyte needs to be changed; or the temperature of the electrochemical energy storage device is The pressure is abnormal, the electrolyte activity is not enough, the electrolyte is required to be in the body circulation, and the activity of the electrochemical energy storage device is enhanced; or the electrolyte liquid level is low, and the electrolyte needs to be replenished.
  • the electrochemical energy storage device may also include a wireless module set 63 to implement monitoring and remote management functions.
  • a wireless module group 63 is provided to support online monitoring of smart mobile devices such as APPLE systems (eg, Iphone or Ipad) and Andriod systems.
  • the remote monitoring and management of the Internet of the system 64 can also be realized by the TCP/IP protocol.
  • the workflow of the electrochemical energy storage device includes the following steps:
  • the data collector 61 reads and analyzes the data from the electrochemical energy storage device state detecting sensor, and transmits the analysis result to the management unit 62.
  • the second step the management unit 62 receives the analysis result.
  • the third step the management unit 62 gives a work instruction (control signal), and the execution flow is as follows:
  • the first pump 31 is controlled by the management unit 62 to extract the electrolyte
  • the first electromagnetic reversing valve is commanded to move to the 2 position
  • the electrolyte is pumped to the waste tank 41
  • the management unit 62 is based on the first level sensor.
  • the signal of 21 stops the operation command to the first pump 31; then the second pump 32 is instructed to start operation, extracting a new electrolyte (i.e., an electrolyte having a predetermined composition) from the new liquid tank 42, while the second electromagnetic reversing valve 22
  • the instruction is moved to the 2nd position, and finally the new electrolyte pumped by the second pump 32 is supplied to the electrochemical energy storage device 1.
  • the management unit 62 stops the operation command of the second pump 32 according to the signal of the first liquid level sensor 52;
  • the first pump 31 is instructed to start the operation by the management unit, the first electromagnetic reversing valve 21 is commanded to move to the 3 position, and the second electromagnetic reversing valve 22 is in the default position, the electrolyte After circulating the tank 43 , flowing back to the electrochemical energy storage device 1 until the management unit stops the work instruction;
  • the second pump 32 is instructed to start working, and a new electrolyte is drawn, while the second electromagnetic reversing valve 22 is commanded to move to the 2 position, and the second pump 32 draws a new electrolyte supply.
  • the electrochemical energy storage device 1 the management unit 62 gives a signal according to the signal of the second liquid level sensor 53 The second pump 32 stops the work command.
  • the state of the energy storage device can be monitored by the sensor, and the liquid inlet and the liquid outlet of the device are opened according to the monitoring result, and the liquid circulation device is activated to make the electrolyte contaminated by the side reaction product.
  • the gas flowing out of the energy storage device 1 flows into the waste liquid tank 41 including a gas, a dissolved matter, and an electrolytic solution deviating from a predetermined component (for example, a predetermined pH).
  • a predetermined component for example, a predetermined pH
  • an electrolyte having a predetermined composition, including an additive, etc. can be flowed from the new liquid tank 42 into the electrochemical energy storage device 1 to improve the physical, chemical, and electrochemical environments within the energy storage device, and to optimize and repair the electricity of the energy storage device. Chemical properties.
  • the opening of the inlet port 12 and the outlet port 13 of the housing and the operation of the fluid circulation device result in an internal physical, chemical or electrochemical environment of the electrochemical energy storage device 1
  • the change can also be carried out during the formation stage of the product production of the electrochemical energy storage device 1, or at the actual application site, for the energy storage module composed of the energy storage device 1 (for example, composed of a plurality of electrochemical energy storage devices) The battery stack, etc.) or the energy storage system for maintenance, performance repair or performance upgrades.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic structural view of an electrochemical energy storage device according to still another embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 3, the structure of the electrochemical energy storage device is different from the structure of the electrochemical energy storage device of the first embodiment. The main difference is that the electrochemical energy storage device in the embodiment may include at least one electrochemical storage. Energy device.
  • the electrochemical energy storage device includes at least one electrochemical energy storage device including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator, an aqueous phase electrolyte, and a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator, and a water phase electrolysis.
  • a housing of the liquid having a liquid inlet and a liquid outlet for circulating fluid into and out of the housing; the inlet and outlet of the at least one electrochemical energy storage device are configured to form a fluid passage in the electrochemical energy storage device .
  • the at least one electrochemical energy storage device may be formed into a battery stack in series or in parallel to increase capacity and voltage.
  • electrochemical energy storage devices namely electrochemical energy storage devices 1a, 1b, 1c
  • electrochemical energy storage devices 1a, 1b, 1c for example, can be a water-based ion battery.
  • the electrochemical energy storage device 1a and the electrochemical energy storage device 1b are connected in parallel to form a first parallel battery pack
  • the electrochemical energy storage device 1c and the electrochemical energy storage device 1d are connected in parallel to form a second parallel battery pack, the first parallel battery pack and the second
  • the parallel battery packs are connected in series to share a fluid circulation device including a pump, a valve, a waste liquid tank, and a new liquid tank.
  • the liquid exchange control logic is the same as the liquid exchange control logic of a single electrochemical energy storage device.
  • the battery composed of at least one electrochemical energy storage device The stack is not limited to the above structure, and the battery stack of any structure composed of an indefinite number of electrochemical energy storage devices can be formed according to the following series-parallel principle: the electrochemical energy storage device adopts a parallel connection and a series connection to form a battery stack; The above parallel electrochemical energy storage devices can share a set of pumps, valves, waste liquid tanks and new liquid tanks; no set of pumps, valves, waste liquid tanks and new ones can be shared between any two sets of electrochemical energy storage devices connected in series Liquid tank.
  • the electrochemical energy storage device 1 (for example, may be a water-based ion battery) may include a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator 18, an aqueous phase electrolyte 17, and a positive electrode and a negative electrode (group), a separator, and a water phase electrolysis.
  • the liquid housing 11 has a liquid inlet 12 and a liquid outlet 13 (for example, the liquid inlet 12 is disposed at an upper portion of the housing 11 and the liquid outlet 13 is disposed at a lower portion of the housing 11) for fluid circulation.
  • the electrochemical energy storage device 1 is accessed.
  • FIG. 1 the electrochemical energy storage device 1 is accessed.
  • the electrochemical energy storage device 1 may further have a pressure relief valve 14; the positive electrode may be composed of, for example, a positive electrode current collector 153, a positive electrode active material 154, a positive electrode bus bar 152, and a positive electrode terminal 151; and a negative electrode may be, for example, a negative electrode current collector 163, a negative electrode active material 164, a negative electrode bus bar 162, and a negative electrode terminal 161, wherein the positive electrode active material and/or the negative electrode active material contains at least one material capable of performing ion intercalation and deintercalation reaction in an aqueous phase electrolyte; It is free to flow inside and outside the casing 11.
  • the electrochemical energy storage device is not limited to the configuration of the above-described water-based ion battery, and the positive and negative electrodes may also be disposed according to other different structures in the art.
  • the active material of the negative electrode may be selected from transition metal-containing oxides, phosphates, sulfates, carbonates, silicates, metals, alloys, and having different degrees of graphitization, different specific surface areas, and different nanotopologies and One or more of the structural carbon materials.
  • the carbon material therein may include one or more of graphite, carbon black, activated carbon, carbon fiber, carbon nanotubes, and graphene.
  • the active material of the negative electrode may include a material capable of performing ion intercalation and deintercalation reaction in an aqueous phase electrolyte (for example, a transition metal-containing oxide, a phosphate, a sulfate, a carbonate, a silicate, a modified graphite material, etc.) ).
  • the active material of the negative electrode may also contain an inorganic or organic material capable of undergoing a reversible redox reaction.
  • Negative electrode The active material may also include materials (eg, oxides and carbon materials) capable of performing Faraday tantalum or illegal pull-capacitor energy storage behavior.
  • the active material of the positive electrode may be selected from the group consisting of transition metal-containing oxides, phosphates, sulfates, carbonates, silicates, and carbon materials having different degrees of graphitization, different specific surface areas, and different nanotopologies and structures.
  • the carbon material may include one or more of graphite, hard carbon, soft carbon, carbon black, activated carbon, carbon fiber, carbon nanotubes, and graphene.
  • the active material of the positive electrode comprises at least one material capable of performing ion intercalation and deintercalation reaction in an aqueous phase electrolyte, including but not limited to lithium ions, ammonium ions, sodium ions, potassium ions, magnesium ions, One or more of zinc ions, aluminum ions or metal ions and ligands formed by the ligand.
  • the active material of the positive electrode may include a material capable of performing ion intercalation and deintercalation reaction in an aqueous phase electrolyte (for example, a transition metal-containing oxide, a phosphate, a sulfate, a carbonate, a silicate, a modified graphite material, etc.) ).
  • the active material of the positive electrode may also contain an inorganic or organic material capable of undergoing a reversible redox reaction.
  • the active material of the positive electrode may also contain materials (such as oxides and carbon materials) capable of performing Faraday tantalum or illegal pull capacitor energy storage behavior.
  • the aqueous phase electrolyte used in the electrochemical energy storage device 1 may comprise one or more of a water-soluble lithium salt, an ammonium salt, a sodium salt, a potassium salt, a magnesium salt, a zinc salt, an aluminum salt or a ligand salt. Electrolyte.
  • the pH of the electrolyte should generally be in the range of 4-10, preferably 5-9, more preferably 6-8.
  • the aqueous phase electrolyte may contain a buffer solution for stabilizing the pH.
  • the positive active material 154 may be a commercialized LiMn 2 O 4 .
  • the corrosion-resistant metal anode current collector 163 was applied to a negative electrode sheet.
  • the concentration of metal ions such as Fe, Ni, Zn and Mn in the electrolyte was measured by ICP.
  • the concentration of Ni in the initial state was 0.1 mg/L, and the concentration of the other three elements was 0.01 mg/L.
  • the metal ions were used.
  • the concentrations of /L, Fe and Zn were increased to 0.97 mg/L and 0.47 mg/L, respectively.
  • the pH value of the electrolyte increased from the initial state of 7.10 to 8.37 after 100 cycles, and increased to 8.80 after the 300-week cycle, indicating that the negative electrode of the battery has a hydrogen evolution reaction, and the decomposition of the electrolyte produces gas discharge, resulting in 100 cycles and 300 cycles.
  • the battery quality was reduced by 0.10% and 0.25%, respectively.
  • Example 1 The battery of Example 1 was cycled for 300 weeks, and the fresh electrolyte was replaced by an external electrolyte circulation device.
  • the metal ion concentration of the electrolyte after the replacement was tested by ICP, and the metal ion concentration of Fe, Ni, Zn, Mn and the like was 0.01-0.10.
  • the mg/L range was restored to the original; the electrolyte pH was 7.36, which was close to the initial state.
  • the 1C current intensity is tested for charge and discharge cycles, and the battery capacity is increased from 24.6Ah to 26.8Ah before replacement, which is only a 4% attenuation for the first time. See Table 1 for detailed data.

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Abstract

本发明涉及一种水系电化学储能设备，其特征在于该电化学储能设备包括电化学储能器件，该器件具有进液口和出液口，并可分别与外置的流体循环装置相连接，可使流体进出该电化学储能器件，从而起到调节该电化学储能器件内部的物理、化学和电化学环境的作用。本发明也涉及一种通过储能器件内部与外部的电解液更新，实现对储能器件电化学性能的优化或修复，提升各项性能指标并大幅延长其使用寿命的方法。

Description

一种可修复的电化学储能器件
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求于2015年5月18日提交的申请号为201510254355.8的中国专利申请的权益和优先权，上述中国专利申请的全部内容通过引用并入本文。
技术领域
本发明涉及一种水系电化学储能设备，尤其涉及一种可改善或修复其性能的电化学储能设备。
背景技术
随着人类社会对能源需求的持续上涨，化石能源的短缺和其对环境造成的破坏等因素，世界各大工业化国家在大力发展风能、太阳能等新能源的同时，追求现有能源体系的合理化和高效化已成为一种必然的趋势。为解决能源生产和需求在时间和地域上的不均衡，推广和普及新能源，提高能源的使用效率等一系列为实现能源利用可持续发展的大趋势中，储能技术有着极其重要的地位。
在现有的储能技术中，电化学储能，即利用可充电电池的储能方式以其高储能效率(高能量转换效率)而见长，是一种理想的储能方案的选项。但是迄今为止电池技术的发展并没能预知这样一种从家居、商业、工业到电网等大规模(1kWh-100MWh)的储能需求，换言之，现有的电池技术无一可以完全满足这突袭而来的巨大市场需求对理想储能方案的要求：安全、环保、高效率、长寿命、低成本。
近年出现的水系离子电池技术，包括水系锂离子电池(CN1328818C)和水系钠离子电池(CN 102027625A)技术是一种有望解决当前储能技术瓶颈，兼顾上述市场要求的方案。水系离子电池利用和锂离子电池类似的金属离子嵌入/脱嵌反应，以水相电解液取代现有的锂离子电池的非水相(有机)电解液，在解决了锂离子电池易燃易爆的安全隐患的同时，大大降低了电解液成 本和电池的生产成本。另外，水系离子电池采用金属氧化物和碳材料作为电极材料，接近中性的水溶液为电解液，所用材料均为无毒无害、低环境负荷的材料，适合于规模化的储能应用和广泛的普及。然而，储能技术规模化应用和普及的原动力还将是来自储能的成本，即度电成本(LCOE:Levelized Cost of Electricity)的下降，使用户通过储存电能可以获取经济收益。例如：在实施阶梯式电价的地区，将廉价时段电网中的电储存在储能产品(电池)里，在峰值电价的时段使用电池中所储存的电，并可从电价差中获取经济收益。这就要求储能产品有着足够低的度电成本(LCOE)值。最有效降低度电成本值的方法是延长储能产品，即电池的循环使用寿命。
任何一种可充电电池(二次电池)都有着有限的循环寿命，随着充电和放电的循环反复，电池的容量会逐渐下降，不同种类的二次电池有其完全不同的容量衰减机理。本发明通过对水系离子电池容量衰减机理的锐意研究，发现引起水系离子电池容量衰减的原因主要有以下几个方面：1)由于轻微的析氢和析氧反应所造成的电解液pH值的偏离；2)由于电解液中水的缓慢分解所造成的电极表面电解液的缺失及少量气体的累积；3)作为电极活性材料的金属氧化物发生化学或电化学副反应所产生的副产物，如产生微量的过渡金属离子并溶入电解液中；4)集流体或汇流条中的金属的缓慢腐蚀所产生的过渡金属离子，并溶入电解液中。
以上尽管引起水系离子电池容量衰减的副反应原因和机理各异，但其共同点是，其副反应的产物会对电解液造成污染，而被污染后的电解液有可能进一步加剧电池容量的衰减。
发明内容
为解决上述技术问题，本发明提供了一种可更换电解液以实现可修复的电化学储能设备及改善或修复该电化学储能设备性能的方法。
根据本发明实施方式的一个方面，提供了一种电化学储能设备，该设备包括电化学储能器件，该电化学储能器件包括正极、负极、隔膜、水相电解液以及容纳正极、负极、隔膜和水相电解液的壳体，其中，所述正极和/或负极的活性材料至少包含一种能够在水相电解液中进行离子嵌入和脱嵌反应的材料，所述壳体具有进液口和出液口，供流体循环进出所述壳体。
在进一步的实施方式中，壳体的进液口和出液口可与外置的流体循环装置相连接，使流体流出和流入所述电化学储能器件，所述流体循环装置包括循环泵、储液罐和作为流体通道的连接管路，所述储液罐可包括上游储液罐和下游储液罐。在壳体的进液口和出液口处还设有用于控制其开启和关闭的控制阀在必要的时机，可通过控制阀控制开启壳体的进液口和出液口，利用外置的流体循环装置中循环泵的驱动，使新的电解液从上游储液罐(即新液罐)中流入储能器件，储能器件内的电解液(包括微量的气体)流出储能器件，流入下游储液罐(即废液罐)。控制阀可根据预定周期开启和关闭进液口和出液口，流体循环装置的工作可根据预定周期启动和停止。
在进一步的实施方式中，电化学储能设备还设有传感器，利用其信号对控制阀进行智能化的控制，自动启动壳体的进液口和出液口的开启和关闭，以及外置流体循环装置的工作。智能化的控制可根据传感器检测到的电化学储能器件的状态而进行。
以上通过储能器件内部和外部电解液(包括微量气体)的流动，包括电解液的补充和更新，可实现对该电化学储能器件内部物理环境、化学环境或电化学环境的监控、调制或优化。
本发明的电化学储能设备的电化学储能器件所采用的负极的活性材料选自含过渡金属的氧化物、磷酸盐、硫酸盐、碳酸盐、硅酸盐和金属、合金，以及具有不同石墨化程度、不同比表面积以及不同纳米形貌和结构的碳材料中的一种或多种。其中的碳材料可包括石墨、碳黑、活性碳、碳纤维、碳纳米管和石墨烯的一种或多种。
本发明的电化学储能设备的电化学储能器件所采用的正极的活性材料选自含过渡金属的氧化物、磷酸盐、硫酸盐、碳酸盐、硅酸盐，以及具有不同石墨化程度、不同比表面积以及不同纳米形貌和结构的碳材料中的一种或多种。其中的碳材料可包括石墨、硬碳、软碳、碳黑、活性碳、碳纤维、碳纳米管和石墨烯的一种或多种。
正极和/或负极的活性材料至少包含一种能够在水相电解液中进行离子嵌入和脱嵌反应的材料，所述离子包括但不局限于锂离子、铵根离子、钠离子、钾离子、镁离子、锌离子、铝离子或金属离子和配体所形成的配离子中的一种或多种。
在可选的实施方式中，正极和/或负极的活性材料可以是例如含过渡金属的氧化物、磷酸盐、硫酸盐材料。
在可选的实施方式中，正极和/或负极的活性材料可包含能够进行可逆氧化还原反应的材料。
在可选的实施方式中，正极和/或负极的活性材料可包含能够进行法拉第赝电容或非法拉第电容储能行为的材料(例如氧化物和碳材料)。
本发明的电化学储能设备的电化学储能器件采用水相电解液可包含有水溶性的锂盐、铵盐、钠盐、钾盐、镁盐、锌盐、铝盐或配体盐中的一种或多种作为电解质。电解液的pH值的范围通常应控制在4-10，优选为5-9，更为优选为6-8。该水相电解液可含有缓冲溶液用于稳定pH值。
该电解液通常具有中性电解液的特征，如果电解液偏离中性，偏酸性或偏碱性都有可能加剧析氢或析氧反应，也可能会与正极或负极活性材料产生不可逆的化学副反应，从而造成储能器件容量的衰减。
根据本发明实施方式的另一方面，提供了一种用于改善或修复上述的电化学储能设备性能的方法，该方法包括使用控制阀来控制电化学储能器件壳体的进液口和出液口的开启和关闭，并利用外置的流体循环装置使流体流出和流入所述壳体，所述流体循环装置包括循环泵、储液罐和作为流体通道的连接管路，所述储液罐可包括上游储液罐和下游储液罐。控制阀可根据预定周期开启和关闭进液口和出液口，流体循环装置的工作可根据预定周期启动和停止。
在进一步的实施方式中，通过流体流出和流入壳体，实现对电化学储能器件内部物理环境、化学环境或电化学环境的监控、调制或优化。其中，对所述电化学储能设备内部化学环境的监控、调制或优化可包括：将水相电解液的pH值控制在下列范围：4-10，或者5-9，或者6-8。
其中，流出壳体的流体可包括混合或溶解于水相电解液的电化学或化学副反应所产生的副产物，该副产物包括气体、溶解物、固体颗粒以及偏离预定组分的电解液(例如偏离正常pH值的电解液)，流出电化学储能器件的流体将流入下游储液罐。流入电化学储能器件的流体包括具有预定组分的水相电解液、用于补给的去离子水、以及用于维护、改善或修复电化学储能设备的特定物理化学性能的添加剂，流入电化学储能器件的流体来自于上游储液 罐。在进一步的实施方式中，改善或修复上述的电化学储能设备性能的方法还包括利用智能化控制系统管控壳体的进液口和出液口的开启和关闭以及流体循环装置的工作。壳体的进液口和出液口的打开以及流体循环装置的工作所导致的该电化学储能器件内部物理环境、化学环境或电化学环境的改变，可在该电化学储能器件的产品生产的化成阶段进行，或者在实际应用现场，为由该储能器件所组成的储能模块(例如，由多个电化学储能器件组成的电池堆等)或储能系统进行维护、性能修复或性能升级时进行。智能化控制系统可根据传感器检测到的电化学储能器件的状态而进行管控。
根据本发明实施方式的又一方面，提供了一种电化学储能设备，该设备包括至少一个电化学储能器件，该至少一个电化学储能器件包括正极、负极、隔膜、水相电解液以及容纳正极、负极、隔膜和水相电解液的壳体，其特征在于，正极和/或的活性材料至少包含一种能够在水相电解液中进行离子嵌入和脱嵌反应的材料；壳体具有进液口和出液口，供流体循环进出壳体；至少一个电化学储能器件的进液口和出液口设置成在所述电化学储能设备中形成流体通路。
由于本发明的电化学储能设备的电化学储能器件包括可供流体循环进出壳体的进液口和出液口，因此本发明的电化学储能器件可以更换电解液，实现对电化学储能器件内部物理环境、化学环境或电化学环境的监控、调制或优化、修复，提升各项性能指标并可大幅延长其使用寿命。还可以通过更换电解液来抑制容量衰减的发展，继而可以通过向电解液中添加特定的添加剂来抑制特定的副反应并可修复电化学储能器件的材料(包括活性材料和非活性材料)，也可以通过对电解液成分的测试推断出副反应的种类和程度，等等。
附图说明
图1为根据本发明的一种实施方式的可修复的电化学储能设备的结构示意图。
图2为根据本发明的另一种实施方式的可修复的电化学储能设备的结构示意图。
图3为根据本发明的又一种实施方式的电化学储能设备的结构示意图。
图4为图1至3中的电化学储能设备中的电化学储能器件的结构示意图。
上述附图中的标记如下：1/1a/1b/1c/1d-电化学储能器件，11-壳体，12-进液口，13-出液口，14-泄压阀，151-正极端子，152-正极汇流条，153-正极集流体，154-正极活性材料，161-负极端子，162-负极汇流条，163-负极集流体，164-负极活性物质，17-电解液，18-隔膜/隔板，21-第一控制阀/第一电磁换向阀，22-第二控制阀/第二电磁换向阀，23-节流阀，31-第一泵，32-第二泵，41-废液罐，42-新液罐，43-电解液循环处理罐，51-压力传感器，52-第一液位传感器，53-第二液位传感器，54-电解液电化学分析仪，55-温度传感器，61-数据收集仪，62-管理单元，63-无线模块组，64-系统。
具体实施方式
为使本发明的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚，下面将结合附图对本发明作进一步地详细描述。需要注意的是，本发明并不限于附图所示的部件构造和/或布置，在不脱离本发明实质的情况下，还可以对本发明的各种实施方式进行各种不同的组合。
图1为根据本发明的一种实施方式的可修复的电化学储能设备的结构示意图。如图1所示，本实施方式的电化学储能设备包括电化学储能器件1(例如，可为水系离子电池)，该器件包括正极、负极、隔膜、水相电解液以及容纳正极、负极、隔膜和水相电解液的壳体11，壳体11具有进液口12和出液口13，供流体循环进出壳体11。优选地，壳体11的进液口12和出液口13可与外置的流体循环装置相连接，使流体流出和流入电化学储能器件1。该流体循环装置可包括循环泵(例如可包括第一泵31和第二泵32)、储液罐和作为流体通道的连接管路，储液罐可包括上游储液罐(新液罐42)和下游储液罐(废液罐41)。电化学储能设备还可包括在壳体11的进液口12和出液口13处设置的控制阀(例如第一控制阀21和第二控制阀22)，用于控制进液口12和出液口13的开启和关闭。在图1中，壳体11上的出液口13通过第一控制阀21及第一泵31和废液罐41相连，壳体11上的进液口12通过第二控制阀22及第二泵32和新液罐42相连。在电化学储能器件1工作一定时间后(如连续工作100天)，可先打开连接废液罐41的第一控制阀21和 第一泵31，将电化学储能器件1中的电解液抽出；后打开连接新液罐42的第二控制阀22和第二泵32，利用新电解液将电化学储能器件1内部清洗1-3次后，再给电化学储能器件1注满电解液。此时，可修复的电化学储能设备即完成一次最简修复。换液前后，电化学储能器件的容量可得到不同程度的提升。
由于电化学储能器件在充放电循环过程中可能会发生不希望发生的不可逆的副反应，包括化学的和电化学的副反应，电化学储能器件的容量可能衰减。这些副反应所产生的副产物可包括气体、溶解物或固体颗粒等会悬浮于电解液中。此类副产物的存在和在储能器件内的累积会加速储能器件的容量及其他性能的衰减。本发明中可通过流体流出和流入壳体，实现对电化学储能设备内部物理环境、化学环境或电化学环境的监控、调制或优化。所述物理环境包括但不局限于压力、温度；所述化学环境包括但不局限于电解液的pH值、溶解于电解液中的氧气浓度、电解液中电解质的成分，包括阴阳离子的浓度、及不同金属阳离子的浓度比例等；所述电化学环境包括但不局限于电解液的电导率、电解液的氧化还原电压窗口、金属集流体的电化学腐蚀和防腐蚀状态。
例如，本实施方式中可通过定期或不定期地打开器件1的进液口12和出液口13，并启动液体循环装置，使被副反应产物所污染的电解液，包括气体、溶解物、以及偏离预定pH值的电解液，流出储能器件1流入废液罐41。同时，可使具有预定组分的电解液，包括添加剂等从新液罐42流入电化学储能器件1，以改善储能器件内的物理、化学和电化学环境，优化和修复储能器件的电化学性能。
本实施方式中的液体循环装置并非一直处于启动状态，可根据预定周期打开器件1的进液口12和出液口13，并启动液体循环装置。即，控制阀根据预定周期开启和关闭进液口和出液口，流体循环装置的工作根据预定周期启动和停止。例如，可以将储能器件充放电循环复数周设定为预定周期，例如电循环300周为一预定周期，也可以是其他数量循环周设为预定周期，也可以是根据具体的操作需要将其他数量的循环周设定为预定周期。储能器件每充放电循环数周，就通过设在壳体的进液口和出液口处的控制阀控制进液口和出液口的开启，同时启动液体循环装置工作，使被副反应产物所污染的电解液 流出储能器件1流入废液罐41，并使具有预定组分的电解液从新液罐42流入电化学储能器件1。之后再通过控制阀控制进液口和出液口的关闭，并停止液体循环装置的工作。
例如，流出壳体11的流体可包括混合或溶解于水相电解液的电化学或化学副反应所产生的副产物，该副产物包括气体、溶解物、固体颗粒以及偏离预定组分的电解液(例如偏离预定pH值的电解液)，流出电化学储能器件1的流体将流入废液罐41。流入电化学储能器件1的流体可包括具有预定组分的水相电解液、用于补给的去离子水、以及用于维护、改善或修复电化学储能设备的特定物理化学性能的添加剂，流入电化学储能器件的流体来自于新液罐42。
例如，预定组分是指能够使电解液处于正常工作状态下的组分，例如，包括但不局限于电解液的pH值、溶解于电解液中的氧气浓度、电解液中电解质的成分，包括阴阳离子的浓度、及不同金属阳离子的浓度比例等，以及电解液的电导率、电解液的氧化还原电压窗口等。
图2为根据本发明的另一种实施方式的可修复的电化学储能设备的结构示意图。如图2所示，与前一实施方式的电化学储能设备的结构相比，区别在于：本实施方式的电化学储能设备还可包括传感器和智能控制系统，可利用传感器的信号对控制阀进行智能化的控制，利用智能化控制系统管控壳体11的进液口12和出液口13的开启和关闭以及外置的流体循环装置的工作，从而进行电化学储能设备的自动修复。
在本实施方式中，液体循环装置也非一直处于启动状态。智能化的控制是根据传感器检测到的电化学储能器件的状态而进行管控的。
其中，传感器用于检测电化学储能器件状态，例如，电化学储能器件内部的物理环境、化学环境或电化学环境。优选地，传感器可包括：①设置在电化学储能器件1上的压力传感器51(适时监控)；②设置在电化学储能器件1上的温度传感器55(适时监控)；③设置在电化学储能器件1上部的第一液位传感器52和设置在电化学储能器件1下部的第二液位传感器53(适时监控)；④电解液电化学分析仪54(用于定期抽液化验，工作流程是控制单元(未示出)给第一泵31指令，第一泵31抽取定量的电解液给电化学分析仪做检验)。
优选地，智能控制系统可包括：数据收集仪61和管理单元62。数据收集仪61可读取来自传感器的数据信息流并做分析，并可将分析结果以信息流的形式传给管理单元62。管理单元62可根据收到的分析结果向流体循环装置给出工作指令(控制信号)，其中，分析结果可包括：例如，电解液变质，需要换电解液；或电化学储能器件内温度和压力异常，电解液活性不够，需要电解液做体循环，增强电化学储能器件活力；或电解液液位低，需要补电解液等等。
优选地，电化学储能设备还可包括无线模块组63以实现监控和远程管理功能。例如，设置有无线模块组63，可支持智能移动设备如APPLE系统(例如Iphone或Ipad)和Andriod系统在线监测。还可以通过TCP/IP协议实现系统64的互联网远程监控和管理等。
如图2所示，该电化学储能设备的工作流程包括如下步骤：
第一步：数据收集仪61读取来自电化学储能器件状态检测传感器的数据并做分析，将分析结果传给管理单元62。
第二步：管理单元62收到分析结果。
第三步：管理单元62给出工作指令(控制信号)，执行流程如下：
如果电解液变质，首先第一泵31得到管理单元62指令抽取电解液，第一电磁换向阀得到指令移向2位，电解液抽到废液罐41,管理单元62根据第一液位传感器21的信号给第一泵31停止工作指令；然后第二泵32得到指令开始工作，从新液罐42抽取新电解液(即，具有预定组分的电解液)，同时第二电磁换向阀22得到指令移向2位，最后第二泵32抽取的新电解液补给电化学储能器件1，管理单元62根据第一液位传感器52的信号给第二泵32停止工作指令；
如果电解液做体循环增强活力，则首先第一泵31得到管理单元指令开始工作，第一电磁换向阀21得指令移向3位，第二电磁换向阀22在缺省1位，电解液经过循环处理罐43后，流回电化学储能器件1，直至得到管理单元停止工作指令；
如果电解液液位低，需要补液，则第二泵32得到指令开始工作，抽取新电解液，同时第二电磁换向阀22得到指令移向2位，第二泵32抽取的新电解液补给电化学储能器件1，管理单元62根据第二液位传感器53的信号给第 二泵32停止工作指令。
如上所述，本实施方式中可通过传感器对储能器件状态进行监控，并根据监控结果打开器件的进液口和出液口，启动液体循环装置，使被副反应产物所污染的电解液，包括气体、溶解物、以及偏离预定组分(例如预定pH值)的电解液，流出储能器件1流入废液罐41。同时，可使具有预定组分的电解液，包括添加剂等从新液罐42流入电化学储能器件1，以改善储能器件内的物理、化学和电化学环境，优化和修复储能器件的电化学性能。
在其他可选的实施方式中，壳体的进液口12和出液口13的打开以及流体循环装置的工作所导致的该电化学储能器件1内部物理环境、化学环境或电化学环境的改变，也可在该电化学储能器件1的产品生产的化成阶段进行，或者在实际应用现场，为由该储能器件1所组成的储能模块(例如由多个电化学储能器件组成的电池堆等)或储能系统进行维护，性能修复或性能升级时进行。
图3为根据本发明的又一种实施方式的电化学储能设备的结构示意图。如图3所示，该电化学储能设备的结构与第一实施方式的电化学储能设备的结构相比，主要区别在于本实施方式中的电化学储能设备可包括至少一个电化学储能器件。
如图3所示，电化学储能设备包括至少一个电化学储能器件，该至少一个电化学储能器件包括正极、负极、隔膜、水相电解液以及容纳正极、负极、隔膜和水相电解液的壳体，壳体具有进液口和出液口，供流体循环进出壳体；至少一个电化学储能器件的进液口和出液口设置成在电化学储能设备中形成流体通路。该至少一个电化学储能器件可被串联或并联组成电池堆以提升容量及电压，例如，在本实施方式中采用了4个电化学储能器件，即电化学储能器件1a、1b、1c、1d(例如，均可为水系离子电池)。电化学储能器件1a和电化学储能器件1b并联成第一并联电池组，电化学储能器件1c和电化学储能器件1d并联成第二并联电池组，第一并联电池组与第二并联电池组相串联，共用一组包括泵、阀、废液罐及新液罐的流体循环装置。其换液控制逻辑与单个电化学储能器件换液控制逻辑相同。
但是，本领域技术人员应当理解，至少一个电化学储能器件组成的电池 堆并不限定于上述结构，可以按照以下串并联原则将不定数量的电化学储能器件组成的任意结构的电池堆：电化学储能器件采取先并联后串联的方式组成电池堆；两组及以上并联的电化学储能器件可共用一组泵、阀、废液罐及新液罐；任意两组串联的电化学储能器件之间不可以共用一组泵、阀、废液罐及新液罐。
在上述实施方式中，阐述了根据本发明的电化学储能设备的几种实施方式，以下将具体描述这些实施方式中的电化学储能器件的结构、材料及更换电解液带来的效果。
图4为图1至3中的电化学储能设备的电化学储能器件的结构示意图。如图4所示，电化学储能器件1(例如，可为水系离子电池)可包括正极、负极、隔膜18、水相电解液17以及容纳上述正负电极(组)、隔膜和水相电解液的壳体11，壳体11上具有进液口12和出液口13(例如进液口12设置在壳体11的上部，出液口13设置在壳体11的下部)，供流体循环进出该电化学储能器件1。在图4中，电化学储能器件1还可具有泄压阀14；正极可由例如正极集流体153、正极活性材料154、正极汇流条152和正极端子151组成；负极可由例如负极集流体163、负极活性材料164、负极汇流条162、负极端子161组成，其中，正极活性材料和/或负极活性材料至少包含一种能够在水相电解液中进行离子嵌入和脱嵌反应的材料；电解液17可以在壳体11内外自由流动。但是，本领域技术人员应当理解，电化学储能器件并不限定于上述水系离子电池的构造，正负极也可以按照本领域的其他不同结构进行设置。
例如，负极的活性材料可选自含过渡金属的氧化物、磷酸盐、硫酸盐、碳酸盐、硅酸盐、金属、合金，以及具有不同石墨化程度、不同比表面积以及不同纳米形貌和结构的碳材料中的一种或多种。其中的碳材料可包括石墨、碳黑、活性碳、碳纤维、碳纳米管和石墨烯的一种或多种。负极的活性材料可包含能够在水相电解液中进行离子嵌入和脱嵌反应的材料(例如含过渡金属的氧化物、磷酸盐、硫酸盐、碳酸盐、硅酸盐，改性石墨材料等)。负极的活性材料也可包含能够进行可逆氧化还原反应的无机或有机材料。负极的 活性材料还可包含能够进行法拉第赝电容或非法拉第电容储能行为的材料(例如氧化物和碳材料)。
正极的活性材料可选自含过渡金属的氧化物、磷酸盐、硫酸盐、碳酸盐、硅酸盐，以及具有不同石墨化程度、不同比表面积以及不同纳米形貌和结构的碳材料中的一种或多种。其中的碳材料可包括石墨、硬碳、软碳、碳黑、活性碳、碳纤维、碳纳米管和石墨烯的一种或多种。该正极的活性材料至少包含一种能够在水相电解液中进行离子嵌入和脱嵌反应的材料，所述离子包括但不局限于锂离子、铵根离子、钠离子、钾离子、镁离子、锌离子、铝离子或金属离子和配体所形成的配离子中的一种或多种。正极的活性材料可包含能够在水相电解液中进行离子嵌入和脱嵌反应的材料(例如含过渡金属的氧化物、磷酸盐、硫酸盐、碳酸盐、硅酸盐，改性石墨材料等)。正极的活性材料也可包含能够进行可逆氧化还原反应的无机或有机材料。正极的活性材料还可包含能够进行法拉第赝电容或非法拉第电容储能行为的材料(例如氧化物和碳材料)。
电化学储能器件1采用的水相电解液可包含有水溶性的锂盐、铵盐、钠盐、钾盐、镁盐、锌盐、铝盐或配体盐中的一种或多种作为电解质。电解液的pH值的范围通常应控制在4-10，优选为5-9，更为优选为6-8。该水相电解液可含有缓冲溶液用于稳定pH值。
实施例1：
例如，正极活性材料154可采用商业化的LiMn2O4。正极材料按照LiMn2O4：乙炔黑：粘结剂PTFE＝80:10:10的质量比均匀混合，烘干后将混合物辊压或碾压到抗腐蚀金属正极集流体153上制成正极片。负极活性材料164采用LiTi2(PO4)3，按照LiTi2(PO4)3：导电炭黑：粘结剂PTFE＝80:10:10的质量比均匀混合，烘干后将混合物辊压或碾压到抗腐蚀金属负极集流体163上，然后制成负极片。采用分析纯的原料，配置1M Li2SO4电解液，用LiOH调节电解液pH值为7.10。将正负极电极按照规格裁切，采用亲水处理过的PP基隔膜18和上述配置的电解液17，配对组装成电化学储能器件(例如电池)。在1.0-1.8V的工作电压区间，1C电流强度进行充放电循环测试，首次容量为28Ah，首次效率为79.4％，平均电压为1.51V。100次和300次循环，容量分 别衰减了5％和12％。采用ICP测试了电解液中Fe、Ni、Zn、Mn等金属离子的浓度，初始态时Ni的浓度为0.1mg/L，其它三种元素浓度为0.01mg/L；循环100周后，金属离子浓度均增加，Fe浓度增加了约40倍最多达到0.42mg/L，Mn增加了11倍最少达到0.11mg/L；循环300周后，Ni浓度增加到5.80mg/L，Mn浓度增加达到0.32mg/L，Fe和Zn浓度分别增加到0.97mg/L和0.47mg/L。而电解液pH值由初始态7.10在100周循环后升高到8.37，300周循环后升高到8.80，表明电池负极发生析氢反应，电解液分解产生气体排出致使100周和300周循环后的电池质量分别降低了0.10％和0.25％。
详细数据见表1。
实施例2：
将实施实例1循环300周的电池，利用外置电解液循环装置更换新鲜电解液，采用ICP测试了更换后的电解液金属离子浓度，Fe、Ni、Zn、Mn等金属离子浓度在0.01-0.10mg/L范围，恢复到初始；电解液pH值为7.36，接近初始态。在1.0-1.8V的工作电压区间，1C电流强度进行充放电循环测试，电池容量由更换前的24.6Ah增加到26.8Ah，相比首次仅衰减了4％。详细数据见表1。
表1  水系电化学储能器件电解液状态及器件容量变化
Figure PCTCN2016082507-appb-000001
本领域技术人员应当理解，在不脱离本发明实质的情形下，可以对发明作出各种修改，并且可以进行等同替换。因此，本发明所请求保护的主题并不限于上述公开的具体实施方式，还可包括落入权利要求保护范围的所有技 术方案以及与之等同的技术方案。此外，在权利要求中，除非另有说明，所有的术语应按最宽泛合理的意思进行理解。

Claims (25)

  1. 一种电化学储能设备，包括电化学储能器件，该器件包括正极、负极、隔膜、水相电解液以及容纳所述正极、负极、隔膜和水相电解液的壳体，其特征在于，所述正极和/或负极的活性材料至少包含一种能够在水相电解液中进行离子嵌入和脱嵌反应的材料；所述壳体具有进液口和出液口，供流体循环进出所述壳体。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的电化学储能设备，其特征在于，所述壳体的进液口和出液口与外置的流体循环装置相连接，使流体流出和流入所述电化学储能器件，所述流体循环装置包括循环泵、储液罐和作为流体通道的连接管路，所述储液罐包括上游储液罐和下游储液罐。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的电化学储能设备，其特征在于，在所述壳体的进液口和出液口设有用于控制其开启和关闭的控制阀。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的电化学储能设备，其特征在于，所述控制阀根据预定周期开启和关闭所述进液口和出液口，所述流体循环装置的工作根据预定周期启动和停止。
  5. 根据权利要求3所述的电化学储能设备，其特征在于，还设有传感器，利用其信号对所述控制阀进行智能化的控制，自动启动所述壳体的进液口和出液口的开启和关闭，以及所述外置流体循环装置的工作。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的电化学储能设备，其特征在于，所述智能化的控制根据所述传感器检测到的电化学储能器件的状态而进行。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的电化学储能设备，其特征在于，所述负极的活性材料选自含过渡金属的氧化物、磷酸盐、硫酸盐、金属、合金，以及具有不同石墨化程度、不同比表面积以及不同纳米形貌和结构的碳材料中的一种或多种。
  8. 根据权利要求1所述的电化学储能设备，其特征在于，所述正极的活性材料选自含过渡金属的氧化物、磷酸盐、硫酸盐，以及具有不同石墨化程度、不同比表面积以及不同纳米形貌和结构的碳材料中的一种或多种。
  9. 根据权利要求1所述的电化学储能设备，其特征在于，所述正极和/或负极的活性材料包含能够进行可逆氧化还原反应的材料。
  10. 根据权利要求1所述的电化学储能设备，其特征在于，所述正极和/或负极的活性材料包含能够进行法拉第赝电容或非法拉第电容储能行为的材料。
  11. 根据权利要求1所述的电化学储能设备，其特征在于，所述进行离子嵌入和脱嵌反应的离子包括锂离子、钠离子、钾离子、镁离子、锌离子、铝离子或金属离子和配体所形成的配离子中的一种或多种。
  12. 根据权利要求1所述的电化学储能设备，其特征在于，所述水相电解液包含有水溶性的锂盐、钠盐、钾盐、镁盐、锌盐或铝盐中的一种或多种电解质。
  13. 根据权利要求1所述的电化学储能设备，其特征在于，所述水相电解液的pH值被控制在下列范围：4-10，5-9，或者6-8。
  14. 根据权利要求1所述的电化学储能设备，其特征在于，所述水相电解液含有缓冲溶液用于稳定pH值。
  15. 一种用于改善或修复权利要求1至14中任何一项所述的电化学储能设备性能的方法，该方法包括使用控制阀来控制所述电化学储能器件壳体的进液口和出液口的开启和关闭，并利用外置的流体循环装置使流体流出和流入所述壳体，所述流体循环装置包括循环泵、储液罐和作为流体通道的连接管路，所述储液罐包括上游储液罐和下游储液罐。
  16. 根据权利要求15所述的方法，其特征在于，所述控制阀根据预定周期开启和关闭所述进液口和出液口，所述流体循环装置的工作根据预定周期启动和停止。
  17. 根据权利要求15所述的方法，其特征在于，通过所述流体流出和流入所述壳体，实现对所述电化学储能设备内部物理环境、化学环境或电化学环境的监控、调制或优化。
  18. 根据权利要求17所述的方法，其特征在于，对所述电化学储能设备内部化学环境的监控、调制或优化包括：将水相电解液的pH值控制在下列范围：4-10，或者5-9，或者6-8。
  19. 根据权利要求15所述的方法，其特征在于，流出所述壳体的所述流体包括混合或溶解于所述水相电解液的电化学或化学副反应所产生的副产物，该副产物包括气体、溶解物、固体颗粒以及偏离预定组分的电解液，所述流出电化学储能器件的流体将流入所述下游储液罐。
  20. 根据权利要求19所述的方法，其特征在于，所述偏离预定组分的电解液为偏离预定pH值的电解液。
  21. 根据权利要求15所述的方法，其特征在于，所述流入电化学储能器件的所述流体包括具有预定组分的水相电解液、用于补给的去离子水以及用于维护、改善或修复所述电化学储能设备的特定物理化学性能的添加剂，所述流入电化学储能器件的流体来自于所述上游储液罐。
  22. 根据权利要求15所述的方法，其特征在于，包括利用智能化控制系统管控所述壳体的进液口和出液口的开启和关闭以及所述流体循环装置的工作。
  23. 根据权利要求22所述的方法，其特征在于，所述智能化控制系统根 据传感器检测到的电化学储能器件的状态而进行管控。
  24. 根据权利要求15所述的方法，其特征在于，所述壳体的进液口和出液口的打开以及所述流体循环装置的工作所导致的该电化学储能器件内部物理环境、化学环境或电化学环境的改变，在该电化学储能器件的产品生产的化成阶段进行，或者在实际应用现场，为由该储能器件所组成的储能模块或储能系统进行维护、性能修复或性能升级时进行。
  25. 一种电化学储能设备，包括至少一个电化学储能器件，所述至少一个电化学储能器件包括正极、负极、隔膜、水相电解液以及容纳所述正极、负极、隔膜和水相电解液的壳体，其特征在于，所述正极和/或负极的活性材料至少包含一种能够在水相电解液中进行离子嵌入和脱嵌反应的材料；所述壳体具有进液口和出液口，供流体循环进出所述壳体；所述至少一个电化学储能器件的进液口和出液口设置成在所述电化学储能设备中形成流体通路。
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