WO2016181540A1 - 温度測定装置、温度測定方法および温度測定プログラム - Google Patents
温度測定装置、温度測定方法および温度測定プログラム Download PDFInfo
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01K11/00—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00
- G01K11/32—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00 using changes in transmittance, scattering or luminescence in optical fibres
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01K11/00—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00
- G01K11/32—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00 using changes in transmittance, scattering or luminescence in optical fibres
- G01K11/324—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00 using changes in transmittance, scattering or luminescence in optical fibres using Raman scattering
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- This case relates to a temperature measurement device, a temperature measurement method, and a temperature measurement program.
- the present case has been made in view of the above problems, and an object thereof is to provide a temperature measuring device, a temperature measuring method, and a temperature measuring program capable of correcting a measured temperature.
- the temperature measurement device includes a light source that enters light into an optical fiber, a detector that detects a Stokes component and an anti-Stokes component from backscattered light from the optical fiber, and a predetermined sample point of the optical fiber.
- a predetermined range including the sample point is calculated according to the magnitude of the correlation between the Stokes component and the anti-Stokes component, and the Stokes component and the anti-Stokes component are smoothed in the predetermined range.
- a correction unit and a measurement unit that measures the temperature of the sample point using the Stokes component after smoothing and the anti-Stokes component after smoothing.
- Measured temperature can be corrected.
- (A) is the schematic showing the whole structure of the temperature measuring device which concerns on embodiment
- (b) is a block diagram for demonstrating the hardware constitutions of a control part. It is a figure showing the component of backscattered light.
- (A) is a figure which illustrates the relationship between the elapsed time after light-pulse emission by a laser, and the light intensity of a Stokes component and an anti-Stokes component
- (b) is the detection result of (a), and Formula (1). It is the temperature calculated using An example of response when a part of the optical fiber is immersed in hot water of about 55 ° C. at room temperature of about 24 ° C. is shown. It is a figure which shows the result obtained from FIG. 4 and Formula (2).
- FIG. 10 is a diagram in which temperatures are calculated by averaging Stokes components and anti-Stokes components of two signals incident from both ends of FIG. 9. It is a figure which illustrates measurement accuracy quantitatively.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating another application example.
- (A) And (b) is a figure which illustrates another example of application.
- (A) And (b) is a figure which illustrates another example of application.
- (A) to (c) are the results when a light pulse is incident from the first end side. This is a result when a light pulse is incident from the first end side.
- FIGS. 24A to 24C and FIG. 25 are the results when a light pulse is incident from the second end (L meter) side. This is a result when a light pulse is incident from the second end (L meter) side.
- the temperature distribution obtained from FIGS. 24A to 24C and FIG. 25 is illustrated. It is a partially enlarged view of FIG.
- the temperature distribution obtained from FIGS. 26A to 26C and FIG. 27 is illustrated.
- FIG. 31 is a partially enlarged view of FIG. 30.
- An example of comparison between before and after the application of the present embodiment to loop measurement is illustrated.
- An example of comparison between before and after the application of the present embodiment to loop measurement is illustrated.
- FIG. 11 shows a quantitative comparison of each temperature distribution after the processing of FIGS.
- (A) is a figure which illustrates the comparison with the Stokes component before and behind a process, and an anti-Stokes component, when an optical pulse injects from the 1st end side
- (b) is an enlarged view of the interference waveform area of FIG. . It is a figure which illustrates comparison of temperature distribution.
- (A) And (b) illustrates the case where the light pulse is incident from the second end. It is a figure which illustrates comparison of temperature distribution. Examples of temperature distributions in the case of loop measurement obtained using the Stokes component and anti-Stokes component after the processing of FIGS. Examples of temperature distributions in the case of loop measurement obtained using the Stokes component and anti-Stokes component after the processing of FIGS. The measurement accuracy calculated from each waveform in FIGS. 40A to 45 and the reduction rate based on FIG. 37 are shown.
- FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram illustrating an overall configuration of a temperature measuring apparatus 100 according to the embodiment.
- the temperature measuring device 100 includes a measuring machine 10, a control unit 20, and the like.
- the temperature measuring device 100 is connected to the optical fiber 30.
- the measuring device 10 includes a laser 11, a beam splitter 12, an optical switch 13, a filter 14, a plurality of detectors 15a and 15b, and the like.
- the control unit 20 includes an instruction unit 21, a temperature measurement unit 22, a correction unit 23, and the like.
- FIG. 1B is a block diagram for explaining the hardware configuration of the control unit 20.
- the control unit 20 includes a CPU 101, a RAM 102, a storage device 103, an interface 104, and the like. Each of these devices is connected by a bus or the like.
- a CPU (Central Processing Unit) 101 is a central processing unit.
- the CPU 101 includes one or more cores.
- a RAM (Random Access Memory) 102 is a volatile memory that temporarily stores programs executed by the CPU 101, data processed by the CPU 101, and the like.
- the storage device 103 is a nonvolatile storage device.
- the storage device 103 for example, a ROM (Read Only Memory), a solid state drive (SSD) such as a flash memory, a hard disk driven by a hard disk drive, or the like can be used.
- a ROM Read Only Memory
- SSD solid state drive
- the CPU 101 executes the temperature measurement program stored in the storage device 103
- an instruction unit 21, a temperature measurement unit 22, a correction unit 23, and the like are realized in the control unit 20.
- the instruction unit 21, the temperature measurement unit 22, and the correction unit 23 may be hardware such as a dedicated circuit.
- the laser 11 is a light source such as a semiconductor laser, and emits laser light in a predetermined wavelength range in accordance with an instruction from the instruction unit 21.
- the laser 11 emits light pulses (laser pulses) at predetermined time intervals.
- the beam splitter 12 makes the optical pulse emitted from the laser 11 enter the optical switch 13.
- the optical switch 13 is a switch for switching the emission destination of the incident optical pulse, and injects the optical pulse alternately into the first end and the second end of the optical fiber 30 at a constant period in accordance with an instruction from the instruction unit 21.
- the length of the optical fiber 30 is L meters (m)
- the position of the first end is 0 meters (m)
- the position of the second end is L meters (m).
- the light pulse incident on the optical fiber 30 propagates through the optical fiber 30.
- the light pulse gradually attenuates and propagates through the optical fiber 30 while generating forward scattered light traveling in the propagation direction and back scattered light (returned light) traveling in the feedback direction.
- the backscattered light passes through the optical switch 13 and enters the beam splitter 12 again.
- the backscattered light incident on the beam splitter 12 is emitted to the filter 14.
- the filter 14 is a WDM coupler or the like, and extracts a long wavelength component (a Stokes component described later) and a short wavelength component (an anti-Stokes component described later) from the backscattered light.
- the detectors 15a and 15b are light receiving elements.
- the detector 15a converts the received light intensity of the short wavelength component of the backscattered light into an electrical signal and transmits it to the temperature measurement unit 22 and the correction unit 23.
- the detector 15 b converts the received light intensity of the long wavelength component of the backscattered light into an electrical signal and transmits it to the temperature measurement unit 22 and the correction unit 23.
- the correction unit 23 corrects the Stokes component and the anti-Stokes component.
- the temperature measurement unit 22 performs temperature measurement using the Stokes component and the anti-Stokes component.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing components of backscattered light.
- backscattered light is roughly classified into three types. These three types of light are in order of increasing light intensity and closer to the incident light wavelength, such as Rayleigh scattered light used for OTDR (optical pulse tester), Brillouin scattered light used for strain measurement, temperature measurement, etc.
- Raman scattered light used in The Raman scattered light is generated by the interference between the lattice vibration in the optical fiber 30 that changes according to the temperature and the light. Short-wavelength components called anti-Stokes components are generated by the strengthening interference, and long-wavelength components called Stokes components are generated by the weakening interference.
- FIG. 3A is a diagram illustrating the relationship between the elapsed time after light pulse emission by the laser 11 and the light intensity of the Stokes component (long wavelength component) and the anti-Stokes component (short wavelength component).
- the elapsed time corresponds to the propagation distance in the optical fiber 30 (position in the optical fiber 30).
- the light intensities of the Stokes component and the anti-Stokes component both decrease with elapsed time. This is because the light pulse gradually attenuates and propagates through the optical fiber 30 while generating forward scattered light and back scattered light.
- the light intensity of the anti-Stokes component is stronger than the Stokes component at a position where the temperature is high in the optical fiber 30, and compared to the Stokes component at a position where the temperature is low. Become weaker. Therefore, the temperature at each position in the optical fiber 30 can be detected by detecting both components with the detectors 15a and 15b and using the difference in characteristics between the two components.
- the region showing the maximum is a region where the optical fiber 30 is intentionally heated with a dryer or the like in FIG.
- region which shows minimum is an area
- the temperature measurement unit 22 measures the temperature from the Stokes component and the anti-Stokes component for each elapsed time. Thereby, the temperature of each position in the optical fiber 30 can be measured.
- the temperature measurement unit 22 measures the temperature at each position in the optical fiber 30 by calculating the temperature according to the following formula (1), for example.
- FIG. 3B shows the temperature calculated using the detection result of FIG. 3A and the above equation (1).
- the horizontal axis of FIG.3 (b) is the position in the optical fiber 30 calculated based on elapsed time.
- the temperature at each position in the optical fiber 30 can be measured by detecting the Stokes component and the anti-Stokes component.
- the laser 11 makes an optical pulse incident on the optical fiber 30 at a constant period.
- the spatial resolution is improved as the pulse width of the light pulse is narrowed.
- the temperature can be measured by the above equation (1).
- the incident position is switched between the first end and the second end at a constant period as in the present embodiment, the anti-Stokes light amount and the Stokes light amount are averaged (calculated average value) at the position of each optical fiber 30. That's fine.
- This switching method is called “loop measurement”, “double end measurement”, “dual end measurement”, or the like.
- FIG. 4 shows a response example when a part of the optical fiber 30 is immersed in hot water of about 55 ° C. at a room temperature of about 24 ° C.
- the peak temperature is 55 ° C. which is the same as that of hot water at about 2 m or more. Therefore, in order to measure an accurate temperature, it is preferable to lengthen the temperature measurement target section.
- the sensitivity of the measurement system is defined by the following equation (2).
- Sensitivity (peak temperature at hot water immersion position-room temperature measured with fiber before and after immersion position) / applied temperature x 100 (%) (2)
- the results obtained from FIG. 4 and the above equation (2) are shown in FIG. As illustrated in FIG. 5, there is a slight overshoot. This is because the impulse response of the system is not Gaussian and has a negative component close to a sinc function and a higher-order peak, as will be described later.
- the minimum length at which the sensitivity is 100% or can be considered is referred to as the minimum heating length.
- the impulse response of the system is obtained.
- FIG. 6 illustrates a typical example of the determined impulse response.
- the impulse response can be regarded as a waveform that has been subjected to window function processing such that a position away from the center is attenuated cleanly in a sinc function.
- the overshoot of the sensitivity curve in FIG. 5 is caused by this impulse response waveform. If this impulse response is convoluted with the applied temperature distribution along the length direction of the optical fiber 30, the output can be predicted almost accurately.
- FIGS. 7A to 7C are diagrams illustrating a comparison between the output waveform estimated from the impulse response for each immersion length and the actually obtained output waveform. As illustrated in FIGS. 7A to 7C, the output waveform can be predicted almost accurately. In the 3.25 m immersion of FIG. 7A, the peak is flattened due to interference between the impulse response convolutions.
- FIG. 8 a section not applied to the center is provided for the two high temperature application sections of 20 cm (that is, in the case of immersion in hot water, it is taken out into the air), and the width of the section is gradually changed.
- the minimum temperature in the central non-heating section becomes equal to the reference temperature, that is, the interference of the impulse response waveform can be ignored. This is a case where the width is larger than the interval width, for example, about the primary component width.
- the zeroth-order component width is centered on that position. It is preferable to pay attention to the temperature change in the above-described range and the primary component width or less.
- the light pulse propagates while gradually spreading and attenuating due to the influence of wavelength spread, incident angle of view, scattering, and the like. Therefore, it is preferable that the impulse response is measured and calculated at the center position when the fiber having the maximum usable length described in the specification of the optical fiber 30 is connected, or the impulse response is measured at the near end, the center, or the far end. It is preferable to take measures such as taking the average of the places.
- a plurality of ranges in which the difference between the convolution and the output data as illustrated in FIGS. are preferably measured, calculated and stored at the center position of each section, and the stored impulse response is used for each section. Since the impulse response waveform changes slightly with the passage of time due to laser degradation or the like, it is preferable to calibrate the impulse response at the same position as the first acquisition for every predetermined period in order to measure temperature with higher accuracy. .
- FIG. 9 shows an example of a temperature distribution when a pulse is incident from one end obtained by detection of backward Raman scattered light.
- the waveform when entering from the first end (0 meter) illustrated in FIG. 1 and the waveform when entering from the second end (L meter) are illustrated in an overlapping manner.
- the variation in the measured temperature is small near the first end, and the variation in the measured temperature increases toward the second end.
- the variation in measured temperature is small near the second end, and the variation in measured temperature increases toward the first end.
- the vicinity of 3000 m where the temperature change is large is a connector connection position where cleaning is insufficient, and the 4900 m point is a place immersed in hot water.
- the optical fiber 30 is wound around a plurality of bobbins to form a path, and since the average temperatures thereof are slightly different, a plurality of steps are generated. According to FIG. 9, it can be seen that the further away from the light source, the larger the variation and the lower the measurement accuracy.
- FIG. 10 shows the temperature obtained by averaging (calculating an average value) the Stokes component and the anti-Stokes component of the two signals incident from both ends of FIG. This is an example of a so-called double end or dual end method.
- the averaging the decrease in the measurement accuracy of the end point is moderated as compared with FIG. 9, but does not reach the end point on the good side.
- FIG. 11 quantitatively illustrates the measurement accuracy. This is the value of the standard deviation 3 ⁇ calculated using the values of 100 m for each of the three flat portions where there is no temperature change. It can be confirmed that the average (loop type) is an average value of the value when incident from 0 (m) and the value when incident from L (m).
- a bandpass filter that cuts both low and high frequencies (and midrange) other than the required signal band, and a noise model are designed, and an effective signal band is determined based on it.
- applications such as adaptive filters to extract.
- FIG. 12 the temperature distribution of the immersion section in the hot water of L meter side one end extracted from FIG. 9 extracted from FIG. 9 and the flat temperature part near 200 m extracted from FIG. The fluctuation of the temperature of the flat temperature part is due to noise.
- FIG. 14 illustrates a Stokes component and an anti-Stokes component which are original signals for calculating the temperature distribution illustrated in FIG.
- two light quantities in ln () are caused by temperature noise.
- the noise is small for both the Stokes component and the anti-Stokes component on the incident end side of the optical fiber 30, but the noise of the anti-Stokes component is particularly large at the output end. That is, in order to reduce noise, it is preferable to pay attention to a method that can reduce the noise of the anti-Stokes component at the emission end.
- FIG. 15 illustrates Stokes components and anti-Stokes components when a light pulse is incident from one end of the 0 meter side at the hot water immersion position.
- both signals show changes at locations where the temperature changes, and are attenuated as light propagates at other locations.
- the change in temperature means that the Stokes component and the anti-Stokes component change in synchronization with the length direction of the optical fiber 30.
- the synchronization range can be limited, it can be considered that the other regions do not change with respect to the temperature of the adjacent fiber position on the light source side, or that the inclination changes gently.
- Optical fiber temperature measurement by detection of back Raman scattered light may show approximately the same minimum heating length response within a fixed interval.
- the fiber having the minimum heating length is heated more than around the constant temperature, a waveform almost the same as the impulse response of FIG. 6 is obtained.
- the range affecting the surroundings may be focused on the range of the zeroth-order component width where the gradient is reversed and the first-order component width where the amplitude is attenuated to almost zero.
- FIG. 16 is an example of a flowchart executed when the temperature measuring apparatus 100 performs temperature measurement.
- the correction unit 23 includes a sample point, and the correlation magnitude ⁇ between the Stokes component and the anti-Stokes component in a predetermined region (specified range) that is greater than or equal to the zeroth order component width and less than or equal to the first order component width of the minimum heating length response waveform It calculates
- the sample point is a temperature measurement target point in the length direction of the optical fiber 30.
- the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient around the sample point k of the optical fiber 30 is ⁇ [k]
- the Stokes component array is STK [k]
- the anti-Stokes component array is ASTK [k]
- the number of samples in the specified range is n
- n is the average of the designated range of STK [k]
- STKave is the average of the designated range of STTK [k]
- the average of the designated range of ASTK [k] is ASTKave
- the above equation (3) can be expressed specifically as the following equation (4): it can.
- the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient is used for the rankings.
- the correction formula is used.
- the Stokes component and the anti-Stokes component hardly occur at the same rank, and therefore, the process of making the first occurrence higher may be used.
- ⁇ 3.6 m is set as a range that matches the above condition in the section indicated by the impulse response in FIG. 6, and the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient and the Spearman rank correlation with the data in FIGS.
- the number comparison is illustrated in FIG.
- the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient is 1 or ⁇ 1
- a perfect correlation a high correlation of 0.7 to less than 1 in absolute value
- 0.2 or less is treated as no correlation.
- the slope of Spearman changes more in the region of 0.2 or less where there is no correlation, it is almost 1: 1 for the value of 0.3 or more in the low correlation range. Produces equivalent results. If it is standardized, it may be made by itself or of course using other correlation coefficients.
- the correction unit 23 determines whether or not the correlation coefficient ⁇ is equal to or less than a threshold value (for example, 0.2 or less) (step S2).
- a threshold value for example, 0.2 or less
- the correction unit 23 expands the smoothing range of the sample point of interest to the smoothing upper limit value (Step S3).
- the smoothing upper limit value can be, for example, a total of 11 samples of 6 samples on one side with reference to the sample point.
- amendment part 23 makes the smoothing range the part for the integer sample rounded to 1 / (alpha) about one side (step S4).
- step S3 or step S4 the correction unit 23 smoothes the Stokes component and the anti-Stokes within the determined smoothing range.
- the temperature measurement unit 22 calculates the temperature of the sample point using the Stokes component and the anti-Stokes component corrected by the correction unit 23 (step S5). If the correlation coefficient ⁇ is 1 or a value close to 1, the smoothing range is 1, and smoothing is not performed.
- the smoothing process is a process for suppressing variation in data within a predetermined range.
- the average value of the data in the obtained smoothing range is calculated, but other averages such as an arithmetic average considering weighting, a geometric average, and a harmonic average may be used.
- the reciprocal of the magnitude of the correlation coefficient is used as the index of the smoothing range, but the reciprocal may not necessarily be used. If the correlation coefficient is large, the smoothing range is relatively narrow. If the correlation coefficient is small, the smoothing range is relatively large. If the correlation coefficient is further reduced, the smoothing range is limited to a predetermined upper limit. Good.
- FIG. 18 shows another example of a flowchart executed when the temperature measuring apparatus 100 performs temperature measurement.
- Steps S1 to S13 and step S17 are the same processes as steps S1 to S3 and step S5 in FIG.
- the correction unit 23 determines whether or not the correlation coefficient ⁇ is greater than or equal to a threshold value (for example, 0.55) larger than the threshold value in Step S12 (Step S14).
- amendment part 23 sets the smoothing range to 1 (step S15).
- step S14 When it determines with "No” at step S14, the correction
- the correlation coefficient is only about 0.5 to 0.66 in the case of a minute temperature change due to noise. If the reciprocal number is rounded off, the number of smoothing elements (number of samples) becomes 2, and smoothing is performed with 3 data including both adjacent data. However, since the temperature change is very small, the detection sensitivity may be further reduced. is there. However, it is possible to suppress a decrease in detection sensitivity by providing a threshold value on the large side as well. In general, noise is increased when the correlation coefficient is 0.4 or less, so that no particular problem occurs.
- the upper limit width of the predetermined region obtained from the smoothing upper limit value shown in FIGS. 16 and 18 is also equal to or smaller than the above-described primary component width of the minimum heating length. This is because when the width of the primary component is exceeded, the smoothed signal is highly likely to be affected by the crosstalk of adjacent signals. For example, when the obtained correlation coefficient is ⁇ 1, it is classified as complete correlation, but in the present application, it is treated as noise. For example, if the temperature rises, both Stokes and anti-Stokes will rise upward, and if the temperature falls, both will protrude downward, but the opposite direction means noise at the time when the temperature has not changed. This is because there is no possibility other than the state.
- the Stokes component and the anti-Stokes component are smoothed in the smoothing range corresponding to the magnitude of the correlation between the Stokes component and the anti-Stokes component in the predetermined region including the predetermined sample point.
- the measured temperature can be corrected.
- the smoothing interval becomes longer as the correlation becomes smaller. In this case, noise is further reduced. It is preferable to set an upper limit on the length of the smoothing section. In this case, redundancy in the smoothing section is suppressed, and a decrease in temperature measurement accuracy is suppressed.
- the said small correlation means that a temperature change is small around the said sample point, even if it performs smoothing, the fall of measurement temperature accuracy is suppressed.
- the smoothing interval becomes shorter or is not corrected.
- the temperature measurement apparatus 100 can be applied to various temperature measurement objects.
- FIG. 19 it is conceivable to lay an optical fiber in a branch pipe of a high-temperature and high-pressure raw material transport pipe.
- heat insulation and protection are provided by the racking material and the outer metal plate, so even if leakage occurs due to corrosion of the connection joint, it does not lead to a serious situation that leads to fire accidents, etc. Often not found. Therefore, it is wrapped around the connection joint of the optical fiber, and by comparing the correlation between changes in the temperature at each optical fiber position, even if the outside air temperature or the internal temperature / pressure changes, the leakage of the connection can be accurately performed.
- Presence or absence can be detected early.
- a means for comparing the correlation between the temperatures of the respective optical fiber positions there is a method of generating a dispersion covariance matrix using the temperature of each optical fiber position as an element and performing an outlier test by a method such as Mahalanobis distance or MSD method.
- FIG. 20 exemplifies application to a method of measuring the passing air temperature by a large number of winding parts manufactured with a single optical fiber. Each wound portion is wound around the same place several times with substantially the same diameter and is connected to the adjacent wound portion. What temperature distribution should be obtained if the average temperature of each winding unit is acquired using the measuring device 10 and the control unit 20 according to the above embodiment and gradation is generated as the representative temperature of the center position coordinates of each winding unit? It is possible to measure whether or not the wind passes through the sheet / frame where the fiber is laid. As the number of turns wound around each winding part is increased, the number of measurement points to be averaged is increased and the apparent measurement accuracy is improved, so that a desired measurement accuracy can be obtained in a short time measurement.
- the attenuation of the incident pulse is reduced, so that the measurement accuracy is improved.
- the output temperature data itself is required to be highly accurate. If the above embodiment is applied, this requirement can be realized.
- 21 (a) and 21 (b) exemplify an example in which a fiber net in which a large number of winding parts manufactured using heat-resistant fibers are connected is laid on the surface of the melting furnace. Each fiber net is connected, but the fibers at the entrance and exit of the two nets at the end are connected to the measuring device 10 and the control unit 20 to perform loop measurement.
- the relationship between the positions of the nets 1 to 3 and the temperature distribution is displayed in a two-dimensional gradation illustrated in FIG. 21B, and the generated two-dimensional gradation is generated at a position corresponding to the direction of each net with respect to the reference direction of the melting furnace. By fitting, the surface temperature of the melting furnace can be visualized easily.
- the Mahalanobis distance of the Mahalanobis distance is calculated using the time transition of the relative temperature change between the winding portions of each net. Even in the case of analyzing a sign of abnormality from a change or a change in a value calculated by the MSD method, temperature measurement can be performed with high accuracy.
- the optical fiber is laid in a straight line or a certain amount of meandering to the exhaust surface side in the upper part of the intake surface of the server rack. Then, the temperature of the rack part is measured in advance by some method, and the length of the optical fiber corresponding to the upper part of each rack is determined by associating the number of margins with the installed optical fiber. Set the alarm threshold.
- the server rack is generally about 60 cm or 70 cm.
- the data sampling interval is 50 cm
- the number of measurement points is only one or two, so the measurement accuracy of the loop measurement level is required. is there.
- temperature measurement can be performed with high accuracy.
- control that can increase the margin by increasing the air conditioning becomes possible, and both energy saving and safety can be achieved.
- FIG. 23 exemplifies the application to the cultivation of high-quality fruits and theft prevention in a greenhouse.
- the example of FIG. 23 is based on the premise of cultivation of crown melon, for example.
- An optical fiber for measuring soil temperature, ambient temperature, fruit temperature, etc. is installed, and an optical fiber for humidity management using the same principle as a moisture meter is installed, and temperature and temperature are measured using Raman scattering. Humidity can be measured.
- the thief steals the melon and pulls the melon the optical fiber in the soil is pulled out, and the temperature changes sharply. With that, an alarm can be notified to the owner that a theft has occurred.
- the measurement accuracy of the system is required to be good.
- the time value transition of each temperature is managed in detail and integrated value management is performed to perform good growth, it is required that the measurement accuracy of the system is also good. This requirement can be realized by using the above embodiment.
- FIG. 24 (a) to 24 (c) and FIG. 25 show the results when an optical pulse is incident from the first end (0 meter) side.
- FIG. 24A illustrates the relationship between the Stokes component and the anti-Stokes component and their correlation coefficients.
- FIG. 24B is an enlarged view of the vicinity of a region immersed in hot water.
- FIG. 24C shows the relationship with the number of one-side smoothing elements determined based on the flowchart of FIG. However, in this embodiment, unlike FIG. 16, the upper limit value is 5 (including the current position), so the maximum number of smoothing elements is 9.
- FIG. 25 shows the Stokes component and the anti-Stokes component converted using FIG.
- the variation in the Stokes component after processing is suppressed with respect to the Stokes component drawn with a thick solid line.
- the anti-Stokes component after processing is suppressed from the anti-Stokes component drawn with a thick solid line. According to FIG. 25, it can be seen that the noise is suppressed without losing the temperature change component.
- FIG. 26 (a) to FIG. 26 (c) and FIG. 27 show the results when a light pulse is incident from the second end (L meter) side.
- 26 (a) to 26 (c) and FIG. 27 are the same as those in FIGS. 24 (a) to 24 (c) and FIG. 25, and the correlation coefficient is small at locations where the temperature change is small.
- the number of smoothing elements is increasing. However, since the noise is generally small, for example, when attention is paid to 4970 (m) to 5050 (m), the number of smoothing elements is smaller than that in FIGS. 24 (a) to 24 (c) and FIG. I understand that. According to FIG.
- the Stokes component drawn with a thick solid line suppresses variation in the processed Stokes component, and the anti-Stokes component drawn with the thick solid line is changed.
- variation is suppressed in the anti-Stokes component after processing. According to FIG. 27, it can be seen that the noise is suppressed without losing the temperature change component.
- FIG. 28 and 29 illustrate temperature distributions obtained from FIGS. 24 (a) to 24 (c) and FIG. FIG. 29 is a partially enlarged view of FIG. 30 and 31 illustrate the temperature distribution obtained from FIGS. 26 (a) to 26 (c) and FIG. FIG. 31 is a partially enlarged view of FIG.
- the present embodiment for the loop measurement is performed by using the average of the Stokes light amount after processing and the average of the anti-Stokes light amount after processing when the first end (0 meter) and the second end (L meter) are incident.
- the thing which compared before and after application of a form is illustrated. It can be seen that also in the loop measurement, the noise can be reduced while suppressing the reduction of the signal component.
- FIG. 34 shows a quantitative comparison of each temperature distribution after the processing of FIGS. 28 to 33 with respect to FIG. Since there is no change before and after the process in any case at the temperature change position, the standard deviation value 3 ⁇ at the flat portion is compared. As illustrated in FIG. 34, noise suppression of about 20% to 70% is achieved. 20% was obtained when the original measurement accuracy was less than ⁇ 1 ° C., and 70% or more was obtained when the original measurement accuracy was ⁇ 5 ° C. or more. In comparison with the measurement time, in the case of the 73% suppression effect obtained by the processing of the above embodiment, the measurement accuracy is 1 / 3.7. Therefore, in the case of the same measurement accuracy, the measurement time is compressed so that the pre-processing is 14 and the post-processing is 1. Further, in FIG. 11, at the time of loop measurement, the positions of 100 to 200 m and 5600 to 5700 m are three times as large as the measurement accuracy at the center of 2800 to 2900 m. It can also be seen that it is suppressed to about 5 times.
- FIG. 35 is a temperature distribution when a light pulse is incident from the first end (0 meter) and the second end (L meter).
- FIG. 36 shows a temperature distribution during loop measurement calculated from the average of Stokes components and anti-Stokes components when light pulses are incident from both ends.
- the temperature waveform interferes as shown in FIG. 8 in the section from 5400 m to 5700 m, and there is a temperature change width of 150 ° C. or more.
- FIG. 37 illustrates each measurement accuracy corresponding to FIG. Even during loop measurement, the measurement accuracy at both ends exceeds ⁇ 10 ° C.
- FIG. 38 compares the Stokes and anti-Stokes component waveforms and the number of one-side smoothing elements when a light pulse is incident from the first end (0 meter) side.
- FIG. 39 compares the Stokes and anti-Stokes component waveforms and the number of one-side smoothing elements when an optical pulse is incident from the second end (L meter).
- the smoothing number is not often 1. In the section where there is no temperature change even with the interference waveform, it shows that the processing of the above-described embodiment works effectively.
- FIG. 40 (a) illustrates a comparison between the Stokes component and the anti-Stokes component before and after performing the processing of the above embodiment when a light pulse is incident from the first end (0 meter) side.
- FIG. 41 illustrates a temperature distribution comparison in this case.
- FIG. 40B is an enlarged view of the interference waveform section of FIG.
- both the Stokes component after processing and the anti-Stokes component are suppressed from variation compared to before processing.
- an example in which a light pulse is incident from the second end (L meter) is illustrated in FIG. 42A, FIG. 42B, and FIG.
- both the Stokes component after processing and the anti-Stokes component are suppressed from variation compared to before processing.
- FIG. 46 shows the measurement accuracy calculated from the waveforms shown in FIGS. 40A to 45 and the reduction rate based on FIG. As illustrated in FIG. 46, a suppression effect of about 50 to 70% is obtained. 14% in the section from 5830m to 5920m at the time of incidence from the second end (L meter) is that the original measurement accuracy is high, the temperature distribution is not flat, and the value is somewhat large It is thought that it is because. Compared to FIG.
- the measurement accuracy ratio of the 300 m to 400 m position and the 5830 m to 5920 m position with respect to the central 2800 m to 2900 m position does not improve, but when viewed from the difference, the 300 m to 400 m position is 8.3 ° C.
- the positions 5830m to 5920m were 11.8 ° C larger, but they were 3.2 ° C and 5.3 ° C, respectively, and contracted.
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Abstract
Description
図1(a)は、実施形態に係る温度測定装置100の全体構成を表す概略図である。図1(a)で例示するように、温度測定装置100は、測定機10、制御部20などを備える。温度測定装置100は、光ファイバ30に接続されている。測定機10は、レーザ11、ビームスプリッタ12、光スイッチ13、フィルタ14、複数の検出器15a,15bなどを備える。制御部20は、指示部21、温度測定部22、補正部23などを備える。
温度=ゲイン/{オフセット-2×ln(アンチストークス光量/ストークス光量}} (1)
感度=(お湯浸漬位置のピーク温度-浸漬位置前後のファイバで測定した室温)/印加温度×100(%) (2)
図4および上記式(2)から得られる結果を図5に示す。図5で例示するように、わずかにオーバーシュートが見られる。これは、後述するように、システムのインパルス応答がガウシアンではなく、sinc関数に近い負の成分および高次のピークを持つ波形のためである。感度100%となる、もしくはみなせる最小長さを最小加熱長と称する。
相関係数α=(指定範囲のストークス成分と同範囲のアンチストークス成分の共分散)/(同範囲のストークス成分の標準偏差)/(同範囲のアンチストークス成分の標準偏差) (3)
上記実施形態に係る温度測定装置100は、様々な温度測定対象に適用することができる。例えば、図19で例示するように、高温高圧の原料輸送配管の枝配管に光ファイバを敷設することが考えられる。このような高温高圧の配管では、ラッキング材および外側金属板により保温・保護がなされているため、接続継手部の腐食により漏洩が発生しても、火災事故等につながる甚大な状況にまで至らないと発見されない場合が多い。そこで、光ファイバの接続継手部に巻きつけておき、各光ファイバ位置の温度どうしの変化の相関関係を比較することで外気温や内部の温度・圧力が変化した場合でも正確に接続部の漏洩の有無を早期に検知することができる。各光ファイバ位置の温度どうしの相関関係を比較する手段として、各光ファイバ位置の温度を要素として分散共分散行列を生成し、マハラノビス距離やMSD法といった手法で外れ値検定を行う方法がある。
処理後温度=ゲイン/{オフセット-2×ln(処理後アンチストークス光量/処理後ストークス光量)} (5)
Claims (10)
- 光ファイバに光を入射する光源と、
前記光ファイバからの後方散乱光からストークス成分およびアンチストークス成分を検出する検出器と、
前記光ファイバの所定のサンプル点を含む所定領域において、前記ストークス成分と前記アンチストークス成分との相関の大きさに応じて前記サンプル点を含む所定範囲を算出し、前記所定範囲において前記ストークス成分および前記アンチストークス成分を平滑化する補正部と、
平滑化後の前記ストークス成分および平滑化後の前記アンチストークス成分を用いて前記サンプル点の温度を測定する測定部と、を備えることを特徴とする温度測定装置。 - 前記補正部は、前記相関の大きさが小さいほど前記所定範囲を長く設定することを特徴とする請求項1記載の温度測定装置。
- 前記補正部は、前記相関の大きさが第1閾値未満である場合、前記所定範囲を上限値に設定することを特徴とする請求項1または2記載の温度測定装置。
- 前記補正部は、前記第1閾値よりも大きい第2閾値以上であれば、前記サンプル点におけるストークス成分およびアンチストークス成分を平滑化しないことを特徴とする請求項3記載の温度測定装置。
- 前記補正部は、前記相関の大きさとしてPearsonの積率相関係数を用いることを特徴とする請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の温度測定装置。
- 前記補正部は、前記相関の大きさとしてSpearmanの順位相関係数を用いることを特徴とする請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の温度測定装置。
- 前記補正部は、前記所定範囲を、前記サンプル点の周囲の光ファイバを一定温度とし、前記サンプル点を中心とした最小加熱長区間に該一定温度と異なる一定の温度を付与した際に得られる温度分布の半値幅よりも大きく、1次成分幅よりも小さく設定することを特徴とする請求項1~6のいずれか一項に記載の温度測定装置。
- 前記光ファイバへの前記光の入射先を、所定の周期で前記光ファイバの第1端と第2端との間で交互に切り替える光スイッチを備え、
前記補正部は、前記光スイッチによる切替前後における補正結果の平均値を算出することを特徴とする請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載の温度測定装置。 - 光源から光が入射した光ファイバからの後方散乱光からストークス成分およびアンチストークス成分を、検出器を用いて検出し、
前記光ファイバの所定のサンプル点を含む所定領域において、前記ストークス成分と前記アンチストークス成分との相関の大きさに応じて前記サンプル点を含む所定範囲を算出し、
前記所定範囲において前記ストークス成分および前記アンチストークス成分を平滑化し、
平滑化後の前記ストークス成分および平滑化後の前記アンチストークス成分を用いて前記サンプル点の温度を測定する、ことを特徴とする温度測定方法。 - コンピュータに、
光源から光が入射した光ファイバからの後方散乱光からストークス成分およびアンチストークス成分を検出する処理と、
前記光ファイバの所定のサンプル点を含む所定領域において、前記ストークス成分と前記アンチストークス成分との相関の大きさに応じて前記サンプル点を含む所定範囲を算出する処理と、
前記所定範囲において前記ストークス成分および前記アンチストークス成分を平滑化する処理と、
平滑化後の前記ストークス成分および平滑化後の前記アンチストークス成分を用いて前記サンプル点の温度を測定する処理と、を実行させることを特徴とする温度測定プログラム。
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