WO2016159431A1 - 실수 m진 신호 부호화 방법, 및 이를 이용한 부호화 장치 - Google Patents
실수 m진 신호 부호화 방법, 및 이를 이용한 부호화 장치 Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L25/00—Baseband systems
- H04L25/38—Synchronous or start-stop systems, e.g. for Baudot code
- H04L25/40—Transmitting circuits; Receiving circuits
- H04L25/49—Transmitting circuits; Receiving circuits using code conversion at the transmitter; using predistortion; using insertion of idle bits for obtaining a desired frequency spectrum; using three or more amplitude levels ; Baseband coding techniques specific to data transmission systems
- H04L25/4917—Transmitting circuits; Receiving circuits using code conversion at the transmitter; using predistortion; using insertion of idle bits for obtaining a desired frequency spectrum; using three or more amplitude levels ; Baseband coding techniques specific to data transmission systems using multilevel codes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
- H03M5/00—Conversion of the form of the representation of individual digits
- H03M5/02—Conversion to or from representation by pulses
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
- H03M5/00—Conversion of the form of the representation of individual digits
- H03M5/02—Conversion to or from representation by pulses
- H03M5/20—Conversion to or from representation by pulses the pulses having more than three levels
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
- H03M7/00—Conversion of a code where information is represented by a given sequence or number of digits to a code where the same, similar or subset of information is represented by a different sequence or number of digits
- H03M7/30—Compression; Expansion; Suppression of unnecessary data, e.g. redundancy reduction
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/0001—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff
- H04L1/0009—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff by adapting the channel coding
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/02—Amplitude-modulated carrier systems, e.g. using on-off keying; Single sideband or vestigial sideband modulation
- H04L27/04—Modulator circuits; Transmitter circuits
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/32—Carrier systems characterised by combinations of two or more of the types covered by groups H04L27/02, H04L27/10, H04L27/18 or H04L27/26
- H04L27/34—Amplitude- and phase-modulated carrier systems, e.g. quadrature-amplitude modulated carrier systems
- H04L27/36—Modulator circuits; Transmitter circuits
- H04L27/365—Modulation using digital generation of the modulated carrier (not including modulation of a digitally generated carrier)
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/32—Carrier systems characterised by combinations of two or more of the types covered by groups H04L27/02, H04L27/10, H04L27/18 or H04L27/26
- H04L27/34—Amplitude- and phase-modulated carrier systems, e.g. quadrature-amplitude modulated carrier systems
- H04L27/36—Modulator circuits; Transmitter circuits
- H04L27/366—Arrangements for compensating undesirable properties of the transmission path between the modulator and the demodulator
Definitions
- An embodiment according to the concept of the present invention relates to a signal encoding method and an encoding apparatus using the same, and more particularly, to a real M-ary signal encoding method capable of transmitting data with high transmission efficiency and quality, and an encoding apparatus using the same. will be.
- PAM-2 can be thought of as a kind of binary code.
- PAM-3, PAM-4, and PAM-5 are used, as well as PAM-16 in recent years. As such, the field of application of PAM is increasing.
- Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), Phase Shift Keying (PSK), and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), which are modulated by carrier, are used in wired / wireless modems and satellite communications.
- the QAM method is used for 4G mobile communication, WiFi, Ultra High Definition (UHD) TV transmission, and is expected to be applied to 5G mobile communication in the future.
- M-ary modulation technique is a technique of mapping and transmitting k (integer greater than 0) bits of binary data to M signal elements, where M, the number of signal elements, is an exponent of two. 2k must be established, which reduces the design freedom.
- the present invention provides a real M-ary signal encoding method capable of improving transmission efficiency according to a channel state, and an encoding apparatus using the same.
- a real M binary encoding apparatus includes an encoding unit 11 for encoding binary data DATA in units of K (integer) binary bits to generate a first input code and a second input code; A first signal generator for receiving the first input code to generate an N 1 M 1 of binary (M 1 -ary) signal; A second signal generator for receiving the second input code, generating a N 2 M 2 of binary (two M -ary) signal; And a first time-division multiplexing module that generates a first binary signal to the real M N 1 M 1 of binary (M 1 -ary) signal and the N 2 M 2 of binary (2 M -ary) the signal temporal multiplexed in Include.
- N 1 , N 2, M 1, and M 2 are integers, and N is an integer satisfying N 1 + N 2 .
- the first signal generator respectively, this is, each comprises a first PAM generator, said second signal generator for generating a N 1 of the first PAM signal that can have a M 1 of the voltage level M 2 of And a second PAM generator that generates N two second PAM signals that may have voltage levels.
- Example M-ary encoding apparatus Carried out according to the real Example M-ary encoding apparatus of claim 3 PAM generator for generating a N 1 of Claim 3 PAM signals, each of which may have a M 1 of voltage level; And a fourth PAM generator for generating N 2 fourth PAM signals, each of which may have M 2 voltage levels; And a second time division multiplexing module for generating a second real M-ary signal by temporally multiplexing the third PAM signal and the fourth PAM signal.
- a real M binary encoding method comprises the steps of: encoding binary data DATA in units of K binary bits; The step of mapping the binary data (DATA) of the coded into N 1 M 1 of binary (M 1 -ary) signal; The step of mapping the binary data (DATA) of the coded into N 2 M 2 of binary (M 2 -ary) signal; And generating a first binary signal to the real M N 1 M 1 of binary (M 1 -ary) signal and the N 2 M 2 of binary (2 M -ary) the signal temporal multiplexing to.
- N 1 , N 2, M 1, and M 2 are integers, and N is an integer satisfying N 1 + N 2 .
- FIG. 1A is a block diagram schematically illustrating a real M-ary encoding device according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 1B is a block diagram schematically illustrating a real M-ary encoding device according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 1C is a block diagram schematically illustrating a real M-ary encoding device according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 1C is a block diagram schematically illustrating a real M-ary encoding device according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an N-dimensional M-ary PAM modulator according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG 3 is a view illustrating a waveform diagram of a 3D 2 4/3 binary PAM signal according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a constellation diagram of a 3D 2 4/3 binary PAM signal according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating a real M-ary coder according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a constellation diagram of a square QAM according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is a constellation diagram of a rectangular QAM according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- 9A to 9D are tables showing the number of transmission bits per signal element of an N-dimensional M-ary signal according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- 10 is a graph showing the error rate of an arbitrary integer M binary PAM signal.
- 11 is a graph showing the error rate of any real M-ary PAM signal.
- 13 is a graph showing an optimized signal error rate of a real M-ary signal.
- first and / or second may be used to describe various components, but the components should not be limited by the terms. The terms are used only for the purpose of distinguishing one component from another, for example, without departing from the scope of rights in accordance with the inventive concept, and the first component may be called a second component and similarly The second component may also be referred to as the first component.
- the embodiment of the present invention provides an N-dimensional M-ary signal encoding method capable of selecting an optimal M value according to the state of a channel by allowing an M value to be an arbitrary rational number.
- a real M-ary encoding device 10 includes a coding unit 11 and a real M-ary modulator 12.
- the real M-ary modulator 12 includes first and second signal generators 13 and 15 and a time division multiplexing module 17.
- the encoding unit 11 receives the binary data BDAT, codes it in units of K binary bits, and provides it to the input codes SD1 and SD2 of the first and second signal generators 13 and 15.
- the encoding unit 11 may include a serial-to-parallel converter 110 and a symbol mapper 120, which will be described later in FIG. 2.
- the first signal generator 13 modulates the first input code SD1 to output the first modulated signal MD1. Specifically, the first signal generator 13 outputs the M temporally consecutive binary 1 (M 1 -ary) N 1 gae signal as a first modulated signal (MD1). Thus, the first signal generator 13 may be referred to the time dimension N 1 (N 1-dimensional time, N 1 -D) M 1 Gene (M 1 -ary) signal generating rep.
- the second signal generator 15 modulates the second input code SD2 to output the second modulated signal MD2. Specifically, the second signal generator 15 outputs a binary signal temporally M 2 N 2 as a continuous piece as the second modulation signal (MD2). Thus, the second signal generator 15 has N second time dimension (N 2-dimensional time, N 2 -D) M may be referred to a binary (2 M -ary) signal generating rep.
- the time dimension may be simply abbreviated as 'dimension'.
- the time division multiplexing module 17 multiplexes the first modulated signal MD1 and the second modulated signal MD2 in time to output the real M-ary modulated signal OUT.
- the real M-ary modulated signal OUT is an N (N is N 1 + N 2 ) dimensional M (M is an average of M 1 and M 2 according to Equation 4) M-ary signal.
- the real M-ary encoding device 10 generates one symbol waveform by combining two or more different modulation signals.
- the real M-ary encoding unit 10 may combine with each other M 1 binary signal (MD1) of the other two modulated signal and M 2 binary signal (MD2) to produce a single symbol waveform.
- the temporally consecutive M by combining the first binary signal and one M 2 N 1 N 2 binary signal dog, may generate G codes as shown in Equation 1 below.
- N is the sum of N 1 and N 2 and corresponds to the entire order (ie, the time dimension), and N ⁇ 1 is established. That is, one of N 1 and N 2 is always greater than zero. Therefore, the number of bits that can be transmitted per symbol waveform of the N-dimensional M-ary signal, K, is expressed by Equation 2 below.
- [x] means the maximum integer not exceeding x.
- Equation 3 If the average number of transmission bits per signal element is defined as k (M, N) , k (M, N) is expressed by Equation 3.
- N N 1 + N 2
- M M is equal to the following Equation 4, and this value is a rational number.
- E [M j ] means the average of M j .
- Equation 5 Since not all of the symbol waveforms that can be generated by taking the Gaussian symbol in Equation 2 are used, the number M e of valid signal elements can be obtained as shown in Equation 5 below.
- the encoding apparatus 10 Accordingly, the encoding apparatus 10 according to the embodiment of the present invention generates the M-ary signal OUT having an arbitrary real value.
- Equation 6 Since M e ⁇ M is established, the following Equation 6 can be obtained from Equations 4 and 5.
- a method of encoding a real M-ary signal is described as follows. Wherein encoding is La x binary data vector consisting of K elements, and when the M signal is called a vector y binary comprised of N elements, means providing a corresponding relationship such as equation (7) below.
- a typical M-ary signal was a vector to scalar correspondence, but the encoding apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention generates a real M-ary signal by mapping from vector to vector.
- the encoding apparatus 10 may be applied to all signal methods including ASK, FSK, PSK, QAM, Amplitude and Phase Shift Keying (APSK), and Amplitude, Phase, and Frequency Shift Keying (APFSK). have.
- the device 10 may be any integer M-coded device.
- the real M-ary encoding device 20 includes a coding unit 11 and a modulation block 21.
- the modulation block 21 includes an I channel signal generator 22, a Q channel signal generator 24, and an adder 26.
- the I-channel signal generator 22 includes an I-channel M-ary modulator 12a and a first multiplier 23, and the Q-channel signal generator 24 includes a Q-channel M-ary modulator 12b and a second multiplier 25. It includes.
- each of the I-channel M-ary modulator 12a and the Q-channel M-ary modulator 12b is the same as that of the M-ary modulator 12 shown in FIG. 1A.
- the first multiplier 23 multiplies the output signal OUT1 of the I-channel M-ary modulator 12a by the first cosine wave signal cos2 ⁇ fct to generate an I-channel modulated signal, and the second multiplier 25 generates a Q-channel M.
- the output signal OUT2 of the true modulator 12b is multiplied by the first sinusoidal wave signal -sin2 ⁇ fct orthogonal to the first cosine wave signal cos2 ⁇ fct to generate a Q channel modulated signal.
- the adder 26 sums and transmits the I channel modulated signal and the Q channel modulated signal.
- an N-dimensional M-ary amplitude, and phase shift keying (APSK) signal may be generated.
- FIG. 1C is a block diagram schematically illustrating a real M-ary encoding device according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- the real M-ary encoding device 30 may include a coding unit 11, a plurality (L) modulation blocks 21 (1). , 21 (L)) and an adder 31.
- Each of the modulation blocks 21 (1), ..., 21 (L) has the same configuration as the modulation block 21 shown in FIG. 1B. However, the frequency of the sine wave (or cosine wave) signal input to each modulation block is different.
- the first modulation block 21 (1) uses a first cosine wave signal (cos2 ⁇ f 1 t) and a first sinusoidal signal (-sin2 ⁇ f 1 t) having a first frequency f 1 , and uses the L modulation.
- the block 21 (L) uses the L-th cosine wave signal cos2 ⁇ f L t and the L-th sinusoidal signal (-sin2 ⁇ f L t) having the L th frequency f L.
- ICI Inter Carrier Interference
- the adder 31 sums and transmits the signal OUT1 modulated at the first frequency f 1 to the signal OUT L modulated at the L th frequency f L.
- a plurality of modulation blocks connected in parallel for each frequency may be provided to generate a real M binary signal in which an N time dimension and an L frequency dimension are combined.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an N-dimensional M-ary PAM modulator according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 3 is a view showing a waveform of a three-dimensional 2 4/3 binary PAM signal according to an embodiment of the present invention
- Figure 4 is a constellation of a three-dimensional 2 4/3 binary PAM signal according to an embodiment of the present invention .
- the N-dimensional M-ary encoding device 100 includes a serial to parallel converter 110, a symbol mapper 120, and a K-frequency divider. 130), an N-frequency multiplier 140 and a real M-ary PAM signal generator 150.
- the serial-parallel converter 110 converts the serial binary data BDAT into K-bit parallel data CDAT in response to the input clock signal CLK.
- the symbol mapper 120 serves to correspond to a signal waveform to transmit K-bit binary data CDAT in response to the divided clock signal DCLK.
- the K divider 130 divides the input clock signal CLK by K times to generate a divided clock signal DCLK.
- the N multiplier 140 generates a multiplied clock signal MCLK by frequency multiplication of the divided clock signal DCLK by N times frequency multiplication.
- the real M-ary PAM signal generator 150 may include a first PAM generator 160, a second PAM generator 170, and a time division multiplexing module 180.
- PAM claim 1 generator 160 generates an N 1 M 1-dimensional binary (N 1 -DM 1 -ary) PAM signal (MD1).
- Claim 2 PAM generator 170 generates an N 2 M 2-dimensional binary (N 2 -DM 2 -ary) PAM signal (MD2).
- M 1 and M 2 may be determined as in Equation 8 below.
- [M] represents the maximum integer not exceeding M. Therefore, when the real number M is determined, M 1 may be determined as a maximum integer not exceeding M, and M 2 may be determined as an integer obtained by adding '1' to M 1 .
- M 1 may be determined to be 3 and M 2 may be determined to be 4.
- N j value can be determined in consideration of complexity and efficiency. Complexity and efficiency can be a compromise, and N j can be determined by the tradeoff between complexity and efficiency. This will be described later.
- the serial-to-parallel converter 110 converts the binary data (BDAT) flowing in series into parallel data (CDAT) in units of K bits.
- K bit parallel data (CDAT) constitutes a symbol. Therefore, when binary data (BDAT) having a speed of R [bits / s] is introduced and parallelized by the serial-to-parallel converter 110, the symbol speed becomes R / K.
- the symbol mapper 120 may generate a gray code that maintains only one bit difference between adjacent symbol waveforms in order to minimize the error rate of the symbol.
- the symbol mapper 120 may include a mapping table that maps to the output y when the K-bit binary data CDAT is input x according to Equation 7.
- the symbol mapper 120 can classify which waveforms are used or not according to strategies such as power consumption and robustness of errors.
- the real M binary signal is generated from a combination of two arbitrary integer M j binary signals.
- the first PAM generator 160 generates N 1 PAM signals MD1, each of which may have M 1 voltage levels, and the second PAM generator 170 may each have M 2 voltage levels. N 2 generates a single PAM signal (MD2). Where M j is any integer and need not be 2 k .
- Time division multiplexer 180 performs a function of transmitting a signal wave N 1 M 1 spirit and one M 2 N 2 spirit signal waveforms shift the dog.
- the encoding apparatus 100 of FIG. 2 may generate a three-dimensional M-ary PAM signal including one binary signal and two ternary signals.
- a three-dimensional M binary PAM signal OUT may be composed of a combination of one baseband binary PAM signal and two ternary PAM signals.
- the first PAM generator 160 generates one binary PAM signal MD1, and the second PAM generator 170 generates two ternary PAM signals MD2.
- the time division multiplexing module 180 repeatedly transmits one baseband type binary PAM signal MD1 and subsequently transfers two ternary PAM signals MD2.
- the time division multiplexing module 180 transmits the binary PAM signal MD1 output from the first PAM generator 160 in the T11 section, and the second PAM generator 170 in the T12 and T13 sections. Transmits the two ternary PAM signals MD2 outputted from the first PAM signal, and transmits the binary PAM signal MD1 outputted from the first PAM generator 160 again in the T21 period, and in the T22 and T23 intervals, the second PAM signal MD2. Two ternary PAM signals MD2 output from the PAM generator 170 are transmitted.
- M 1 jeans if a voltage level difference between the adjacent binary signal M 2 is defined as each of A 1 and A 2, y is 0 ⁇ A 1/2, y 1 and y 2 has a 0 or ⁇ A 2 values.
- a binary PAM signal (MD1) is A + 1/2 or -A 1/2 may have a voltage level of
- ternary PAM signal (MD2) is A + 2, 0, or the voltage level of -A 2 Can have
- FIGS. 3 and 4 the waveform and constellation diagram of a signal obtained by mapping a symbol of a 4-bit block to a gray code are shown in FIGS. 3 and 4.
- a binary 4-bit gray two point located on the axis y 0 in FIG. 4 as it is necessary for the 16 symbols (+ A 1/2, 0 , 0) and (-A 1/2, 0, 0 ) Can be used for other purposes (such as synchronization) and is not used for symbol assignment.
- M e 2 4/3 from Equations 3 and 5
- the ratio of A 2 to A 1 will have a significant impact on performance and will later describe how to obtain the optimization ratio.
- the M-ary modulated signal OUT may be generated. That is, in the embodiment of FIG. 2, when N 1 or N 2 is '0', the M-ary modulated signal OUT becomes an M-ary modulated signal having an arbitrary integer value.
- the signal processing speed for each step is as follows.
- the inflow rate of binary data is R [bits / s]
- the modulation rate ie the rate at which the signal element changes, is (N 1 + N 2 ) R / K [baud].
- the 2D 3-PSK signal of FIG. 5 may be generated by the encoding apparatus 200 of FIG. 6 to be described later.
- the real M-ary encoding apparatus of FIG. 6 may be a real M-ary PSK, a real M-ary QAM, or a real M-ary APSK modulator.
- the real M-ary modulated signal OUT includes an in-phase I channel signal and a quadrature Q channel signal.
- M-ary PSK and QAM modulators can be referred to as subsets of APSK modulators.
- the real M coder 200 may include real number PAM generators 231 and 232 in the I and Q channels, respectively.
- This real PAM generator may have the same structure as the real PAM generator 150 shown in FIG. 2.
- the real PAM generator 231 for the I channel is referred to as the first real PAM generator 231
- the real PAM generator 232 for the Q channel is referred to as the second real PAM generator 232.
- the real M-ary encoding device 200 also includes a serial to parallel converter 210, a symbol mapper 220, first and second multipliers 241 and 242, and an oscillator 250. ), A phase shifter 260 and an adder 270.
- the real M-ary encoding device 200 also inputs the K divider (130 of FIG. 2) and the first and second real PAM generators 231 and 232 to generate a clock signal input to the symbol mapper 220. It may further include an N multiplier (140 of FIG. 2) for generating a clock signal.
- Serial-to-parallel converter 210 converts serial binary data BDAT into K-bit parallel data CDAT.
- the symbol mapper 220 serves to correspond to a signal waveform to transmit K-bit binary data (CDAT).
- CDAT K-bit binary data
- the symbol mapper 220 codes the binary data CDAT in units of K binary bits and provides the input codes SD1 and SD2 of the real PAM generators 231 and 232.
- Each of the first and second real PAM signal generators 231 and 232 may include a first PAM generator 160, a second PAM generator 170, and a time division multiplexing module 180 illustrated in FIG. 2.
- Each of the first and second real PAM signal generators 231 and 232 outputs the first real M binary signal MD1 and the second real M binary signal MD2.
- the first multiplier 241 multiplies the first real M-ary signal MD1 by the first cosine wave signal cos2 ⁇ fct to generate an I-channel modulated signal.
- the second multiplier 242 generates a Q channel modulated signal by multiplying the second real M-ary signal MD2 by the first sinusoidal signal -sin2 ⁇ fct orthogonal to the first cosine wave signal cos2 ⁇ fct.
- the oscillator 250 generates a first cosine wave signal cos2 ⁇ fct
- the phase shifter 260 shifts the phase of the first cosine wave signal cos2 ⁇ fct by 90 degrees to generate a first sinusoidal signal (-sin2 ⁇ fct).
- the adder 270 I sums and transmits the I channel modulated signal and the Q channel modulated signal.
- Equation 9 the number G of codes that can be generated is shown in Equation 9.
- the number of bits K that can be transmitted per code is expressed by the following equation (10).
- each of the first and second real PAM signal generators 231 and 232 in the embodiment of FIG. When implemented with a PAM generator. As such, both I and Q channels When the PAM generator is used, a square QAM is obtained, and the average number of signal elements M is expressed by Equation 11 below.
- the second embodiment in the embodiment of FIG. PAM generator, Q channel This is the case when the PAM generator is used. That is, the first real PAM signal generator 231 PAM generator, the second real PAM signal generator 232 is In the case of a PAM generator. In this case, a rectangular QAM is obtained, and the average number of signal elements M is represented by Equation 12.
- the average number of signal elements shows different values depending on how the points of constellation are arranged.
- the number of valid signal elements M e is the same because the number of bits that can be transmitted per signal element, k (M, N), is the same.
- FIG. 7 is a constellation diagram of a square QAM in which both the first and second real PAM generators of FIG. 6 sequentially generate binary-ternary-ternary waveforms as shown in FIG. 2 according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- 8 is another embodiment of the present invention, the first real PAM generator of FIG. 6 is a binary-ternary-ternary waveform as shown in FIG. A constellation diagram of rectangular QAMs as the binary waveforms are sequentially generated.
- the square QAM of FIG. 7 may be obtained by applying 2 ⁇ 3 ⁇ ternary PAM for both I and Q channels.
- the rectangular QAM of FIG. 8 may be obtained by applying 2 ⁇ 3 ⁇ binary PAM to the I channel and 3 ⁇ 3 ⁇ binary PAM to the Q channel.
- the square QAM of FIG. 7 may not use a point located at the center of the second and third time dimension constellations.
- a point located at the center of the constellation of the second time dimension may not be used, and 32 codes may be further excluded from symbol mapping.
- a / 2 can be defined as noise margin.
- the average power S per signal element is expressed as
- Equation (14) is derived when M is even but holds true when odd.
- the error rate P M may be expressed as Equation 16 by expressing Equation 15 using an error function.
- M has any integer value
- N 2 0
- SNR and ⁇ av per signal are as follows.
- Equation (14) is also true for M having an odd value, so that when a signal element is expressed as P (M, N) in N-dimensional random integer M-ary PAM, an error rate (P (M, N) ) ) Is as shown in Equation 18 below.
- ⁇ (M, N) is the average power of the signal per unit bit in unit noise margin in N-dimensional M-ary PAM.
- the error rate of a symbol When the error rate of a symbol is calculated, if the white noise probability density function between N consecutive signals in one symbol is independent, the error rate of the symbol may be obtained using the error rate of individual signal elements. That is, when the probability of an error in one symbol is defined as P S (M, N) , the following result can be obtained.
- M N-dimensional binary signal is composed of N 1 consecutive binary signal M 1 and N 2 M 2 consecutive binary signal. If M 1 gin to say the voltage difference between adjacent levels used by the M 2 Gene A 1 and A 2, respectively, the real number M signals with M 1 in one symbol waveform of a PAM binary is N 1 times, M 2 binary signal Since it appears N 2 times, the average power of the signal is
- Equation 21 Equation 23 is expressed as follows.
- Equation 24 is not an average of error rates of individual M j binary signals.
- the ratio a of the voltage intervals is defined as in the following equation.
- Equation 24 is expressed as an average of individual M j true signal error rates as follows.
- a method of determining an appropriate N value between ease of implementation (or computational complexity) and transmission efficiency in determining the number of bits that a signal element can send may be provided.
- a method of determining the optimal M with a graph of the average SNR per bit of the error rate of the signal may be provided.
- FIGS. 9A to 9D are tables showing the number of transmission bits k (M, N) per signal element of an N-dimensional M-ary signal. Specifically, FIGS. 9A to 9D are tables showing k (M, N) calculated when the ranges of M and N are 2 ⁇ M ⁇ 32 and 1 ⁇ N ⁇ 16, respectively.
- the number of bits (k (M, N) ) that a signal element can send is k (M, N) if N approaches infinity, although not a monotonically increasing function of N. Is Approach That is, the following equation holds.
- the red number represents a maximum value of the number of transmission bits (k (M, N) ) per signal element within a range of 1 ⁇ N ⁇ 16.
- N the number of transmission bits
- the maximum value k (3,12) 1.583 in the range because it is about 5.5% larger than k (3,2) .
- the transmission efficiency is only 0.25% difference.
- N may be determined using the number of transmission bits (k (M, N) ) per signal element of the N-dimensional M-ary signal shown in FIGS. 9A to 9D.
- N 2 to Figure 9a to 9d it can be determined using the M 1 and M 2 is N 2 to Figure 9a to 9d also determined that the floor, corresponds to the N 1 and M 2 given corresponding to the determined M 1.
- M 2 and N 2 are assumed to be 0 in FIGS. 9A to 9D, and the number of transmission bits per signal element (k (M, N) ) and complexity are determined.
- k (M, N) the number of transmission bits per signal element
- N 1 and N 1 are 0, and the number of transmission bits per signal element (k (M, N) ) is high.
- k (M, N) the number of transmission bits per signal element
- a relatively small value that is, a low complexity value
- 10 is a graph showing the error rate of an arbitrary integer M binary PAM signal.
- the average SNR per bit is 13 dB and the error rate must be less than 10 -5 .
- 11 is a graph showing an error rate of a real M-ary PAM signal.
- FIG. 11 shows the average error rate for SNR based on Equation 26 when M e is a real number.
- Equation 26 is not optimal.
- 12 is a graph showing the signal error rate P (2.2, 10) with respect to the ratio a 2 . 12 shows that the error rates P (2.2, 10) in various SNRs vary according to a. As described above, at high SNR Is the optimal value. The optimal value exists because, in Equation 24, the second term prevails at low a and the first term prevails at high a.
- 13 is a graph showing an optimized signal error rate of a real M-ary signal.
- FIG. 13 illustrates an error rate with an optimal ratio a based on Equations 29 and 30 using the same parameters used in FIG. 11.
- M also has a real value. It is not biased and the performance is also better.
- the receiver's SNR is 13.5 dB in FIG. 13, consider the upper limit of the error rate 10 -5 .
- 4-dimensional 3.5 binary PAM meets the corresponding error rate.
- the method yields a 75% increase in channel efficiency compared to conventional binary signals. Even if the complexity of the system increases, the increase in channel efficiency will approach 100% if N 2 increases infinitely. The efficiency is also increased by about 17% compared to two-dimensional ternary PAM.
- a signal-to-noise ratio is given by using a M-coded signal in which M can be freely selected according to the channel condition. As a result, high transmission efficiency can be ensured.
- Each component of the present invention may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software.
- the invention may also be embodied as computer readable code (ie, a computer program) on a computer readable recording medium.
- the computer-readable recording medium includes all kinds of recording devices in which data that can be read by a computer system is stored.
- Examples of computer-readable recording media include ROM, RAM, CD-ROM, magnetic tape, floppy disk, optical data storage device, and the like.
- the program code for performing the object information estimation method according to the present invention may be a carrier wave. It may also be transmitted in the form of (for example, transmission via the Internet).
- the computer readable recording medium can also be distributed over network coupled computer systems so that the computer readable code is stored and executed in a distributed fashion.
- functional programs, codes and code segments for implementing the present invention can be easily inferred by programmers in the art to which the present invention belongs.
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Abstract
Description
Mj | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 |
Nj | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 1 |
Mj | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 |
Nj | 12 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 1 |
Claims (20)
- 이진 데이터(DATA)를 K(정수)개의 이진 비트 단위로 코드화하여 제1 입력 코드 및 제2 입력 코드를 발생하는 코드화 유닛;상기 제1 입력 코드를 수신하여, N1 개의 M1 진(M1-ary) 신호를 발생하는 제1 신호 생성기;상기 제2 입력 코드를 수신하여, N2 개의 M2 진(M2-ary) 신호를 발생하는 제2 신호 생성기; 및상기 N1 개의 M1 진(M1-ary) 신호와 상기 N2 개의 M2 진(M2-ary) 신호를 시간적으로 다중화하여 실수 M진 신호를 발생하는 제1 시분할 다중화 모듈을 포함하며,상기 N1, N2, M1 및 M2 각각은 정수이고,상기 N은 N1 + N2 를 만족하는 정수인 실수 M진 부호화 장치.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 M은 채널의 오류율과 비트당 평균 신호대 잡음비(SNR)에 따라 결정되는 실수이고,상기 M1 및 M2 각각은 M1=[M], M2=[M]+1에 의해 결정되며,[M]은 M을 초과하지 않는 최대 정수인 실수 M진 부호화 장치.
- 제3항에 있어서,상기 Nj(j=1 또는 2)는 상기 실수 M 진 신호의 신호 요소당 평균 전송 비트 수인 전송효율 및 상기 전송효율과 절충적 관계인 연산 복잡도에 따라 결정되고,상기 신호요소당 평균 전송 비트 수는 k(M,N)=K/N=[N1log2M1+N2log2M2]/N에 의해 산출되는 실수 M진 부호화 장치.
- 제4항에 있어서,상기 Mj(j=1 또는 2)가 2, 4, 8, 16 또는 32일 때 상기 Nj(j=1 또는 2)는 1이고,상기 Mj(j=1 또는 2)가 3, 6, 12, 또는 23일 때 상기 Nj(j=1 또는 2)는 2이고,상기 Mj(j=1 또는 2)가 21, 또는 26일 때 상기 Nj(j=1 또는 2)는 3이고,상기 Mj(j=1 또는 2)가 5, 10, 20, 또는 27일 때 상기 Nj(j=1 또는 2)는 4이고,상기 Mj(j=1 또는 2)가 7, 11, 13, 14, 19, 22, 25 또는 28일 때 상기 Nj(j=1 또는 2)는 5이고,상기 Mj(j=1 또는 2)가 9, 15, 18, 또는 29일 때 상기 Nj(j=1 또는 2)는 6이고,상기 Mj(j=1 또는 2)가 24일 때 상기 Nj(j=1 또는 2)는 7이고,상기 Mj(j=1 또는 2)가 30일 때 상기 Nj(j=1 또는 2)는 8이고,상기 Mj(j=1 또는 2)가 31일 때 상기 Nj(j=1 또는 2)는 10이며,상기 Mj(j=1 또는 2)가 17일 때 상기 Nj(j=1 또는 2)는 12인 실수 M진 부호화 장치.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 제1 신호 생성기는 각각이 M1 개의 전압 레벨을 가질 수 있는 N1 개의 제1 PAM 신호를 생성하는 제1 PAM 생성기를 포함하고,상기 제2 신호 생성기는 각각이 M2 개의 전압레벨을 가질 수 있는 N2 개의 제2 PAM 신호를 생성하는 제2 PAM 생성기를 포함하고,상기 실수 M진 신호는 상기 제1 PAM 신호와 상기 제2 PAM 신호를 시간적으로 다중화한 제1 실수 M진 신호인 실수 M진 부호화 장치.
- 제6항에 있어서, 상기 실수 M진 부호화 장치는각각이 M1 개의 전압 레벨을 가질 수 있는 N1 개의 제3 PAM 신호를 생성하는 제3 PAM 생성기; 및각각이 M2 개의 전압레벨을 가질 수 있는 N2 개의 제4 PAM 신호를 생성하는 제4 PAM 생성기; 및상기 제3 PAM 신호와 상기 제4 PAM 신호를 시간적으로 다중화하여 제2 실수 M진 신호를 발생하는 제2 시분할 다중화 모듈을 더 포함하는 실수 M진 부호화 장치.
- 제7항에 있어서,상기 제1 시분할 다중화 모듈은 상기 제1 PAM 신호가 상기 제2 PAM 신호 보다 시간적으로 먼저 전송되도록 다중화하고,상기 제2 시분할 다중화 모듈은 상기 제4 PAM 신호가 상기 제3 PAM 신호 보다 시간적으로 먼저 전송되도록 다중화하는 실수 M진 부호화 장치.
- 제7항에 있어서, 상기 실수 M진 부호화 장치는상기 제1 실수 M진 신호를 제1 여현파 신호와 곱하여 I 채널 변조 신호를 발생하는 제1 곱셈기;상기 제2 실수 M진 신호를 제1 여현파 신호와 직교하는 제1 정현파 신호와 곱하여 Q 채널 변조 신호를 발생하는 제2 곱셈기; 및상기 I 채널 변조 신호와 상기 Q 채널 변조 신호를 더하는 덧셈기 모듈을 더 포함하는 실수 M진 부호화 장치.
- 제9항에 있어서, 상기 코드화 유닛은입력 클럭 신호에 응답하여 직렬의 상기 이진 데이터를 K비트의 병렬 데이터로 변환하는 직렬-병렬 변환기; 및상기 K 비트의 병렬 데이터를 상기 제1 입력 코드 및 상기 제2 입력 코드로 매핑시키는 심벌 매퍼를 포함하는 실수 M진 부호화 장치.
- 제10항에 있어서, 상기 실수 M진 부호화 장치는상기 입력 클럭 신호를 K배 분주하여 분주 클럭 신호를 생성하는 K 분주기; 및상기 분주 클럭 신호를 N배 주파수 체배(frequency multiplication)하여 체배 클럭 신호을 생성하는 N 체배기를 더 포함하고,상기 심벌 매퍼는 상기 분주 클럭 신호에 응답하여 동작하고,상기 제1 내지 제4 PAM 생성기는 상기 체배 클럭 신호에 응답하여 동작하는 실수 M진 부호화 장치.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 제1 실수 M진 신호는N 시간 차원 M 진 PAM(Pulse Amplitude Modulation), N 시간 차원 M 진 ASK(Amplitude Shift Keying) 신호, N 시간 차원 M 진 FSK(Frequency Shift Keying) 신호, N 시간 차원 M 진 PSK(Phase Shift Keying) 신호, N 시간 차원 M 진 QAM(Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) 신호, 또는 N 시간 차원 및 L 주파수 차원 M진 APFSK(Amplitude, Phase, and Frequency Modulation)이고,ICI가 높은 채널 환경에서는, 상기 N 시간 차원 및 L 주파수 차원 M진 APFSK 신호 생성시 주파수를 건너뛰도록 코드가 할당되는 실수 M진 부호화 장치.
- 이진 데이터(DATA)를 K 개의 이진 비트 단위로 코드화하는 단계;상기 코드화된 이진 데이터(DATA)를 N1 개의 M1 진(M1-ary) 신호로 매핑시키는 단계;상기 코드화된 이진 데이터(DATA)를 N2 개의 M2 진(M2-ary) 신호로 매핑시키는 단계; 및상기 N1 개의 M1 진(M1-ary) 신호와 상기 N2 개의 M2 진(M2-ary) 신호를 시간적으로 다중화하여 제1 실수 M진 신호를 생성하는 단계를 포함하며,상기 N1, N2, M1 및 M2 각각은 정수이고,상기 N은 N1 + N2 를 만족하는 정수인 실수 M진 부호화 방법.
- 제14항에 있어서,상기 M은 적어도 상기 Mj(j=1, 2)의 평균이고, 상기 N는 Nj(j=1, 2)의 합인 실수 M진 부호화 방법.
- 제14항에 있어서,상기 M은 채널의 오류율과 비트 당 평균 신호대 잡음비(SNR)에 따라 결정되는 실수이고,상기 M1 및 M2 각각은 M1=[M], M2=[M]+1에 의해 결정되며,[M]은 M을 초과하지 않는 최대 정수인 실수 M진 부호화 방법.
- 제14항에 있어서, 상기 방법은상기 N1 개의 M1 진(M1-ary) 신호와 상기 N2 개의 M2 진(M2-ary) 신호를 시간적으로 다중화하여 제2 실수 M진 신호를 생성하는 단계;상기 제1 실수 M진 신호를 제1 여현파 신호와 곱하여 I 채널 변조 신호를 발생하는 단계;상기 제2 실수 M진 신호를 제1 여현파 신호와 직교하는 제1 정현파 신호와 곱하여 Q 채널 변조 신호를 발생하는 단계; 및상기 I 채널 변조 신호와 상기 Q 채널 변조 신호를 다중화하는 단계를 더 포함하는 실수 M진 부호화 방법.
- 제14항 내지 제17항 중 어느 한 항에 기재된 방법을 수행하는 프로그램을 기록한 컴퓨터로 판독 가능한 기록 매체.
- 이진 데이터(DATA)를 K(정수)개의 이진 비트 단위로 코드화하는 제1 입력 코드를 발생하는 코드화 유닛; 및상기 제1 입력 코드를 수신하여, N1 개의 M1 진(M1-ary) 신호를 발생하는 제1 신호 생성기를 포함하며,상기 N1, 및 M1 각각은 정수인 임의의 정수 M진 부호화 장치.
- 이진 데이터(DATA)를 K(정수)개의 이진 비트 단위로 코드화하여 복수(2이상)의 입력 코드를 발생하는 코드화 유닛; 및각각이 상기 복수의 입력 코드들 중 해당하는 입력 코드를 수신하여, 서로 다른 주파수를 이용하여 실수 M진 신호를 발생하는 복수의 변조 블록을 구비하며,상기 복수의 변조 블록 각각은상기 해당하는 입력 코드를 수신하여, N1 개의 M1 진(M1-ary) 신호를 발생하는 제1 신호 생성기;상기 해당하는 입력 코드를 수신하여, N2 개의 M2 진(M2-ary) 신호를 발생하는 제2 신호 생성기; 및상기 N1 개의 M1 진(M1-ary) 신호와 상기 N2 개의 M2 진(M2-ary) 신호를 시간적으로 다중화하여 시분할 다중화 모듈을 포함하는 실수 M진 부호화 장치.
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CN107735952A (zh) | 2018-02-23 |
EP3276835A1 (en) | 2018-01-31 |
JP2018514995A (ja) | 2018-06-07 |
KR101713406B1 (ko) | 2017-03-07 |
US10277434B2 (en) | 2019-04-30 |
US20180123839A1 (en) | 2018-05-03 |
TW201639310A (zh) | 2016-11-01 |
KR20160115609A (ko) | 2016-10-06 |
EP3276835A4 (en) | 2018-12-19 |
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