WO2016118565A1 - Quinazoline and quinoline compounds and uses thereof - Google Patents

Quinazoline and quinoline compounds and uses thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016118565A1
WO2016118565A1 PCT/US2016/014026 US2016014026W WO2016118565A1 WO 2016118565 A1 WO2016118565 A1 WO 2016118565A1 US 2016014026 W US2016014026 W US 2016014026W WO 2016118565 A1 WO2016118565 A1 WO 2016118565A1
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aliphatic
independently selected
branched
linear
occurrence
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Brian Scott Freeze
Kenneth M. Gigstad
David A. Janowick
Hong Myung Lee
Zhan Shi
Francois Soucy
Stepan Vyskocil
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Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc
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Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc
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Priority to EP16740634.7A priority Critical patent/EP3247705B1/en
Priority to US15/544,192 priority patent/US10323018B2/en
Priority to CN201680013053.4A priority patent/CN107438598A/zh
Priority to JP2017537966A priority patent/JP2018502141A/ja
Priority to CA2974078A priority patent/CA2974078A1/en
Publication of WO2016118565A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016118565A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/47—Quinolines; Isoquinolines
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/47—Quinolines; Isoquinolines
    • A61K31/4709—Non-condensed quinolines and containing further heterocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/50—Pyridazines; Hydrogenated pyridazines
    • A61K31/501—Pyridazines; Hydrogenated pyridazines not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
    • A61K31/517—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic ring systems, e.g. quinazoline, perimidine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/54—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one sulfur as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. sulthiame
    • A61K31/541—Non-condensed thiazines containing further heterocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D215/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinoline or hydrogenated quinoline ring systems
    • C07D215/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinoline or hydrogenated quinoline ring systems having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen atoms or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D215/16—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinoline or hydrogenated quinoline ring systems having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen atoms or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D215/20—Oxygen atoms
    • C07D215/22—Oxygen atoms attached in position 2 or 4
    • C07D215/233—Oxygen atoms attached in position 2 or 4 only one oxygen atom which is attached in position 4
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
    • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D403/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
    • C07D403/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing three or more hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D405/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing three or more hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D409/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing three or more hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
    • C07D417/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D417/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
    • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D495/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D495/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D495/04—Ortho-condensed systems

Definitions

  • Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT; also known as visfatin and pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor 1 (PBEF)) is an enzyme that catalyzes the condensation of nicotinamide (NaM) with 5 -phosphoribosyl-1 -pyrophosphate to yield nicotinamide mononucleotide.
  • NAMPT nicotinamide aM
  • NAD+ nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
  • NAD+ is a critical cofactor for multiple enzymes involved in cell metabolism and homeostasis.
  • Cancer cells have a higher basal turnover of NAD+ and also display higher energy requirements compared with normal cells.
  • Small-molecule inhibitors of NAMPT have been shown to cause depletion of intracellular NAD+ levels and ultimately induce tumor cell death (Hansen, C M et al. Anticancer Res. 20, 42111-4220, 2000) as well as inhibit tumor growth in xenograft models (Olese, U. H. et al. Mol Cancer Ther. 9, 1609-1617, 2010).
  • Compounds of the invention inhibit the activity of NAMPT, and therefore, may be useful for the treatment of cancer. Cases where NAMPT inhibition has been linked to cancer, a disease where the compounds of the invention may have a therapeutic benefit, include but are not limited to colorectal cancer (Van Beijnum, J. R. et al. Int. J. Cancer 101, 118-127, 2002) and NAMPT is involved in angiogenesis (Kim, S. R. et al. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 357, 150-156, 2007), multiple myeloma (Chauhan, D. et al, Blood, 2012, 120, 3519-3529), breast cancer (Lord, C. J.
  • liver carcinoma Hasmann, M. Cancer Res. 2003, 63, 7436-7442
  • renal carcinoma Drevs, J. Anticancer Res. 2003, 23, 4853-4858, cervix adenocarcinoma (Pittelli, M. et al. J. Biol. Chem. 2010, 285, 34106-34114), glioma (Pitelli, N. et al), lymphoma (Le, A. et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2010, 107, 2037-2042), pancreatic cancer (Le, A.
  • ovarian cancer Olesen, U. H. et al. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2010, 9, 1609-1617
  • melanoma Maldi, E. et al. Pigm. Cell Melanoma Res. 2013, 26, 144-146
  • prostate cancer Zerp, S. F. et al. Radiother. and Oncol. 10, 2014, 110, 348).
  • NAMPT N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethylcholine
  • inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowl disease, asthma, COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, sepsis, lupus, spinal cord injury and infection (Galli, M. et al Cancer Res. 70, 8-11, 2010).
  • NAMPT is the predominant enzyme in T and B lymphocytes. Selective inhibition of NAMPT leads to NAD+ depletion in lymphocytes blocking the expansion that accompanies autoimmune disease progression whereas cell types expressing the other NAD+ generating pathways might be spared.
  • a small molecule NAMPT inhibitor (FK866) has been shown to selectively block proliferation and induce apoptosis of activated T cells and was efficacious in animal models of arthritis (collagen-induced arthritis) (Busso, N. et al. Plos One 3, e2267, 2008).
  • FK866 a small molecule NAMPT inhibitor, ameliorated the manifestations of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of T-cell mediated autoimmune disorders. (Bruzzone, S et al. Plos One 4, e7897, 2009).
  • NAMPT activity increases NF-kB transcriptional activity in human vascular endothelial cell, resulting in MMP-2 and MMP-9 activation, suggesting a role for NAMPT inhibitors in the prevention of inflammatory mediated complications of obesity and type 2 diabetes (Adya, R. et. Al. Diabetes Care, 31, 758-760, 2).
  • This invention provides compounds that are inhibitors of NAMPT and accordingly are useful for the treatment of cancer, inflammatory conditions, and/or T-cell mediated autoimmune disease.
  • the invention relates to the following:
  • R B is XR'R 2 R 3 ;
  • W is N, CH or CR ql ;
  • Y is selected from C, O, S, and N, provided that (1) when Y is N, then one of R c , R D , and R E is absent and the remaining two of R c , R D , and R E are both not hydrogen and (2) when Y is O or S, then two of R c , R D , and R E are absent and the remaining one of R c , R D , and R E is not hydrogen;
  • R c , R D , and R E are each independently selected from hydrogen; linear or branched Ci-ealiphatic, wherein 1 or 2 methylene units of the Ci_6 aliphatic are optionally and independently replaced by O, S, S(O), S(0) 2 , or N(R 25 ); (CH 2 ) q -6-10-membered aryl; (CH 2 ) r -3-10-membered cycloaliphatic; (CH 2 ) x -4-10-membered heterocycle having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and (CH 2 ) b -5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein the Ci_ 6 aliphatic, aryl, cycloaliphatic, heterocycle, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more R e ;
  • X is selected from halogen, C, O, S, and N, provided that (1) when X is N, then one R 2 , and R 3 is absent; (2) when X is halogen, then R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are absent, and (3) when X is O or S, then two
  • R , R , and R are absent and the remaining one of R , R , and R is not hydrogen;
  • R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are each independently selected from hydrogen; linear or branched Ci-ealiphatic, wherein 1 or 2 methylene units of the Ci_6 aliphatic are optionally and independently replaced by O, S, S(O), S(0) 2 , or N(R 19 ); (CH 2 ) s -6-10-membered aryl; (CH 2 ) t -3-10-membered cycloaliphatic; (CH 2 ) u -4- 10-membered heterocycle having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and (CH 2 ) p -5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein the Ci_6 aliphatic, aryl, cycloaliphatic, heterocycle, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more R k ;
  • R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 taken together with the atom X to which they are bound, when X is C or N, form a ring selected from 4-10-membered heterocycle ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and 3-10-membered cycloaliphatic, wherein the ring is optionally substituted with one or more R b ;
  • R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 taken together with the atom X to which they are bound, when X is C, form a ring selected from 5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and 6-10-membered aryl, wherein the ring is optionally substituted with one or more R b ;
  • R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 taken together with the atom X to which they are bound, when X is N, form a 5- 10-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independenly selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein the ring is optionally substituted with one or more R b ; a ring selected from 3-7-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, and aromatic monocyclic ring having 0-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur and 8-10-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, and aromatic bicyclic ring having 0-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
  • each occurrence of R a is independently selected from linear or branched Ci_ 6 aliphatic and Z R 8 ;
  • R a taken together with the atom or atoms to which they are bound, form a ring selected from 4-10-membered heterocycle having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur and 3-6-membered cycloaliphatic, wherein the ring is optionally substituted with one or more R p ;
  • each occurrence of R p is independently selected from CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , CH 2 F, CF 2 H, NH 2 , NH(linear or branched C 1 -3 aliphatic), N(linear or branched C 1 -3 aliphatic) 2 , OH, halogen, OCH 3 , OCF 3 , OCH 2 F, OCF 2 H, 0(linear or branched C 2 -3 aliphatic) and linear or branched C 2 -3 aliphatic, wherein the C 2 -3 aliphatic is optionally substituted with one or more F;
  • each occurrence of Zi is independently selected from a direct bond, C 1 -3 alkylene chain, O, N(R 16 ), S, S(O), S(0) 2 , C(O), C0 2 , C(0)NR 16 , N(R 16 )C(0), N(R 16 )C0 2 , S(0) 2 NR 16 , N(R 16 )S(0) 2 ,
  • each occurrence of R h is indepenendently selected from CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , CH 2 F, CF 2 H, OH, halogen, OCH 3 , OCF 3 , OCH 2 F, OCF 2 H, 0(linear or branched C 2 -3 aliphatic) and linear or branched C 2 -3 aliphatic, wherein the C 2 -3 aliphatic is optionally substituted with one or more F;
  • each occurrence of R b is independently selected from linear or branched Ci_6 aliphatic and Z 2 -R 6 ;
  • each occurrence of R c is independently selected from linear or branched Ci_ 6 aliphatic, CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, halogen, OR 12 , (CH 2 ) v -C(0)R 9 , and (CH 2 ) w -NR 10 C(O)R u ;
  • each occurrence of Z 2 is independently selected from direct bond, C 1 -3 alkylene chain, O, N(R 17 ), S, S(O), S(0) 2 , C(O), C0 2 , C(0)NR 17 , N(R 17 )C(0), N(R 17 )C0 2 , S(0) 2 NR 17 , N(R 17 )S(0) 2 , OC(0)N(R 17 ), N(R 17 )C(0)NR 17 , N(R 17 )S(0) 2 N(R 17 ), and OC(O), wherein the alkylene chain is optionally substituted with one or more R 1 ; each occurrence of R 1 is independently selected from CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , CH 2 F, CF 2 H, halogen, OH, OCH 3 ,
  • OCF 3 OCH 2 F, OCF 2 H, 0(linear or branched C 2 -3 aliphatic) and linear or branched C 2 -3 aliphatic, wherein the C 2 -3 aliphatic is optionally substituted with one or more F;
  • each occurrence of R k is independently selected from linear or branched Ci_6 aliphatic and Z3-R 23 ;
  • each occurrence of Z 3 is independently selected from direct bond, C 1 -3 alkylene chain, O, N(R 24 ), S, S(O),
  • each occurrence of R n is independently selected from CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, halogen, OH, OCH 3 ,
  • OCF 3 OCH 2 F, OCF 2 H, 0(linear or branched C 2 -3 aliphatic), and linear or branched C 2 -3 aliphatic, wherein the C 2 -3 aliphatic is optionally substituted with one or more F;
  • each occurrence of R e is independently selected from linear or branched Ci_6 aliphatic and Z 4 -R 22 ;
  • each occurrence of Z 4 is independently selected from direct bond, C 1 -3 alkylene chain, O, N(R 20 ), S, S(O),
  • each occurrence of R l is independently selected from CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, halogen, OH, OCH 3 ,
  • OCF 3 OCH 2 F, OCF 2 H, 0(linear or branched C 2 -3 aliphatic), and linear or branched C 2 -3 aliphatic, wherein the C 2 -3 aliphatic is optionally substituted with one or more F;
  • J is selected from a direct bond; linear or branched Ci_6 aliphatic, wherein 1 or 2 methylene units of J are optionally and independently replaced by O, S, or N(R 13 ) and further wherein the Ci_6 aliphatic is optionally substituted with one or more R J ;
  • each occurrence of R is independently selected from fluorine, CH 3 , CF 3 , CH 2 F, CF 2 H, OH, OCH 3 , OCF 3 ,
  • R j taken together with the atom or atoms to which they are bound form a ring selected from 3-6-membered heterocycle having 1 heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur and 3-6-membered cycloaliphatic ring, wherein the ring is optionally substituted with one or more
  • each occurrence of R is independently selected from hydrogen and linear or branched C 1 -3 aliphatic, wherein the C 1 -3 aliphatic is optionally substituted with one or more F;
  • R 4 is selected from hydrogen and linear or branched Ci_6 aliphatic
  • R and R 4 taken together with the atoms to which they are bound, form a ring selected from 4-10-membered heterocycle having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein the ring is optionally substituted with one or more R m ;
  • R j and R 4 taken together with the atoms to which they are bound, form a ring selected from 4-10-membered heterocycle having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein the ring is optionally substituted with one or more R m ;
  • each occurrence of R m is independently selected from halogen, CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, and linear or branched C 1-6 aliphatic,
  • R m taken together with the atom or atoms to which they are bound, form a ring selected from 3-7-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic monocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein the ring is optionally substituted with one or more R h ;
  • each occurrence of R h is independently selected from halogen, CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, linear or branched Ci_6 aliphatic, C(0)N(R 18 ) 2 , OH, and 0(linear or branched Ci_6 aliphatic);
  • each occurrence of R 5 is independently selected from hydrogen, CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, and linear or branched Ci-ealiphatic;
  • each occurrence of R 6 is independently selected from CN, halogen, OR 7 , N(R 19 ) 2 , linear or branched Ci_6 aliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, 4-10-membered heterocycle having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and 3-10-membered cycloaliphatic, wherein the aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, and cycloaliphatic are optionally substituted with one or more R c ;
  • each occurrence of R 7 is independently selected from hydrogen, CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, linear or branched Ci_ 6 aliphatic, and 6-10-membered aryl;
  • each occurrence of R 8 is independently selected from CN, halogen, OR 5 , N(R 21 ) 2 , linear or branched Ci_ 6 aliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, 3-10-membered cycloaliphatic, 5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and 4-10-membered heterocycle having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein the aryl, cycloaliphatic, heteroaryl, and heterocycle are optionally substituted with one or more R 8 ; each occurrence of R g is independently selected from CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, halogen, OH, OCH 3 , OCF 3 , OCH 2 F, OCF 2 H, 0(linear or branched C2-3 aliphatic) and linear or branched C2-3 aliphatic, wherein the C2-3 aliphatic is optionally substituted
  • each occurrence of R 9 is independently selected from OH, 0(linear or branched Ci_6 aliphatic), N(R 15 ) 2 , and linear or branched Ci_6 aliphatic;
  • each occurrence of R is independently selected from CN, halogen, OR , SR , N(R )2, and linear or branched Ci-ealiphatic;
  • each occurrence of R 24 is independently selected from hydrogen and linear or branched Ci_ 6 aliphatic; each occurrence of R 25 is independently selected from hydrogen and linear or branched Ci_ 3 aliphatic; each occurrence of R 26 is independently selected from hydrogen and linear or branched Ci_ 3 aliphatic; each occurrence of R 27 is independently selected from hydrogen and linear or branched Ci_ 3 aliphatic; each occurrence of R 28 is independently selected from hydrogen, CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, linear or branched Ci_
  • each occurrence of R 29 is independently selected from hydrogen and linear or branched C1-3 aliphatic; each occurrence of R 30 is independently selected from hydrogen, CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, linear or branched Ci_
  • T is (CH 2 ) s -6-10-membered aryl or (CH 2 ) z -5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein the aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more
  • each occurrence of R d is independently selected from CN, halogen, N(R 27 ) 2 , and linear or branched Ci_6 aliphatic;
  • each occurrence of R ql is independently selected from CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, halogen, OH, OCH 3 ,
  • OCF 3 OCH 2 F, OCF 2 H, 0(linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic), and linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic, wherein the C 2 _ 3 aliphatic is optionally substituted with one or more F;
  • b 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • n 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;
  • o 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • p 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • r 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • s 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • t 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • q 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • u 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • x 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • v 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • w 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • z 0, 1, 2, or 3
  • T is not phenyl or 3 -pyridine, wherein the phenyl and 3 -pyridine are optionally substituted with one of more R d .
  • Compounds of this invention include those described generally above, and are further illustrated by the classes, subclasses, and species disclosed herein. It will be appreciated that preferred subsets described for each variable herein can be used for any of the structural subsets as well. As used herein, the following definitions shall apply unless otherwise indicated. [0009] As described herein, compounds of the invention may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents, such as are illustrated generally above, or as exemplified by particular classes, subclasses, and species of the invention.
  • substituted is used interchangeably with the phrase “substituted or unsubstituted.”
  • substituted whether preceded by the term “optionally” or not, means that a hydrogen radical of the designated moiety is replaced with the radical of a specified substituent, provided that the substitution results in a stable or chemically feasible compound.
  • substituted when used in reference to a designated atom, means that attached to the atom is a hydrogen radical, which hydrogen atom can be replaced with the radical of a suitable substituent.
  • an "optionally substituted" group may have a substituent at each substitutable position of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure may be substituted with more than one substituent selected from a specified group, the substituent may be either the same or different at every position.
  • Combinations of substituents envisioned by this invention are preferably those that result in the formation of stable or chemically feasible compounds.
  • a stable compound or chemically feasible compound is one in which the chemical structure is not substantially altered when kept at a temperature from about -80 °C to about +40 °C, in the absence of moisture or other chemically reactive conditions, for at least a week, or a compound which maintains its integrity long enough to be useful for therapeutic or prophylactic administration to a patient.
  • substituents refers to a number of substituents that equals from one to the maximum number of substituents possible based on the number of available bonding sites, provided that the above conditions of stability and chemical feasibility are met.
  • nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur includes cycloaliphatic, heterocyclic, aryl and heteroaryl rings.
  • aromatic includes aryl and heteroaryl groups as described generally below and herein.
  • aliphatic or "aliphatic group”, as used herein, means an optionally substituted straight-chain or branched C 1-12 hydrocarbon, or a cyclic Ci-12 hydrocarbon which is completely saturated or which contains one or more units of unsaturation, but which is not aromatic (also referred to herein as “carbocycle”, “cycloaliphatic”, “cycloalkyl”, or “cycloalkenyl”).
  • suitable aliphatic groups include optionally substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl groups and hybrids thereof, such as (cycloalkyl)alkyl, (cycloalkenyl)alkyl, or (cycloalkyl)alkenyl.
  • aliphatic groups have 1-12, 1-10, 1-8, 1-6, 1-4, 1-3, or 1-2 carbon atoms.
  • alkyl used alone or as part of a larger moiety, refers to an optionally substituted straight or branched chain hydrocarbon group having 1-12, 1-10, 1-8, 1-6, 1-4, 1-3, or 1-2 carbon atoms.
  • alkenyl used alone or as part of a larger moiety, refers to an optionally substituted straight or branched chain hydrocarbon group having at least one double bond and having 2- 12, 2-10, 2-8, 2-6, 2-4, or 2-3 carbon atoms.
  • alkynyl used alone or as part of a larger moiety, refers to an optionally substituted straight or branched chain hydrocarbon group having at least one triple bond and having 2-12, 2-10, 2-8, 2-6, 2-4, or 2-3 carbon atoms.
  • cycloaliphatic refers to an optionally substituted saturated or partially unsaturated cyclic aliphatic ring system having from 3 to about 14 ring carbon atoms.
  • the cycloaliphatic group is an optionally substituted monocyclic hydrocarbon having 3-8 or 3-6 ring carbon atoms.
  • Cycloaliphatic groups include, without limitation, optionally substituted cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl, cycloheptenyl, cyclooctyl, cyclooctenyl, or cyclooctadienyl.
  • cycloaliphatic also include optionally substituted bridged or fused bicyclic rings having 6-12, 6-10, or 6-8 ring carbon atoms, wherein any individual ring in the bicyclic system has 3-8 ring carbon atoms.
  • cycloalkyl refers to an optionally substituted saturated ring system of 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms.
  • exemplary monocyclic cycloalkyl rings include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and cycloheptyl.
  • cycloalkenyl refers to an optionally substituted non-aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic ring system containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond and having 3 to 10 carbon atoms.
  • exemplary monocyclic cycloalkenyl rings include cyclopentyl, cyclohexenyl, and cycloheptenyl.
  • haloaliphatic refers to an aliphatic, alkyl, alkenyl or alkoxy group, as the case may be, which is substituted with one or more halogen atoms.
  • halogen or halo means F, CI, Br, or I.
  • fluoroaliphatic refers to a haloaliphatic wherein the halogen is fluoro, including perfluorinated aliphatic groups.
  • fluoroaliphatic groups include, without limitation, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 2- fluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 1, 1,2-trifluoroethyl, 1,2,2-trifluoroethyl, and pentafluoroethyl.
  • heteroatom refers to one or more of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, or silicon (including, any oxidized form of nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, or silicon; the quatemized form of any basic nitrogen or; a substitutable nitrogen of a heterocyclic ring, for example N (as in 3,4-dihydro- 2H-pyrrolyl), NH (as in pyrrolidinyl) or NR + (as in N-substituted pyrrolidinyl)).
  • aryl and "ar-”, used alone or as part of a larger moiety, e.g., "aralkyl”,
  • aryl group refers to an optionally substituted Ce- H aromatic hydrocarbon moiety comprising one to three aromatic rings.
  • the aryl group is a Ce-ioaryl group.
  • Aryl groups include, without limitation, optionally substituted phenyl, naphthyl, or anthracenyl.
  • aryl and ar- as used herein, also include groups in which an aryl ring is fused to one or more cycloaliphatic rings to form an optionally substituted cyclic structure such as a tetrahydronaphthyl, indenyl, or indanyl ring.
  • aryl may be used interchangeably with the terms “aryl group”, “aryl ring”, and "aromatic ring”.
  • an "aralkyl” or “arylalkyl” group comprises an aryl group covalently attached to an alkyl group, either of which independently is optionally substituted.
  • the aralkyl group is C 6 -io arylCi_ 6 alkyl, including, without limitation, benzyl, phenethyl, and naphthylmethyl.
  • heteroaryl and “heteroar-”, used alone or as part of a larger moiety, e.g., “heteroaralkyl”, or “heteroaralkoxy”, refer to groups having 5 to 14 ring atoms, for example 5, 6, 9, or 10 ring atoms; having 6, 10, or 14 ⁇ electrons shared in a cyclic array; and having, in addition to carbon atoms, from one to five heteroatoms.
  • a heteroaryl group may be mono-, bi-, tri-, or poly cyclic, in one aspect, mono-, bi-, or tricyclic, in another aspect, mono- or bicyclic.
  • heteroatom refers to nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and includes any oxidized form of nitrogen or sulfur, and any quatemized form of a basic nitrogen atom.
  • a nitrogen atom of a heteroaryl may be a basic nitrogen atom and may also be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide.
  • heteroaryl When a heteroaryl is substituted by a hydroxy group, it also includes its corresponding tautomer.
  • heteroaryl and “heteroar-”, as used herein, also include groups in which a heteroaromatic ring is fused to one or more aryl,
  • heteroaryl groups include thienyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, indolizinyl, purinyl,
  • heteroaryl may be used interchangeably with the terms “heteroaryl ring”, “heteroaryl group”, or “heteroaromatic”, any of which terms include rings that are optionally substituted.
  • heteroarylkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted by a heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl and heteroaryl portions independently are optionally substituted.
  • heterocycle As used herein, the terms “heterocycle”, “heterocyclyl”, “heterocyclic radical”, and
  • heterocyclic ring are used interchangeably and refer to a stable 3- to 8-membered monocyclic or 7—10- membered bicyclic heterocyclic moiety that is either saturated or partially unsaturated, and having, in addition to carbon atoms, one or more, preferably one to four, heteroatoms, as defined above.
  • nitrogen includes a substituted nitrogen atom.
  • the nitrogen may be N (as in 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrolyl), NH (as in pyrrolidinyl), or NR + (as in N-substituted pyrrolidinyl).
  • a heterocyclic ring can be attached to its pendant group at any heteroatom or carbon atom that results in a stable structure and any of the ring atoms can be optionally substituted.
  • saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic radicals include, without limitation, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, piperidinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperazinyl, dioxanyl, dioxolanyl, diazepinyl, oxazepinyl, thiazepinyl, morpholinyl, and thiamorpholinyl.
  • a heterocyclyl group may be mono-, bi-, tri-, or poly cyclic, in one aspect, mono-, bi-, or tricyclic, in another aspect, mono- or bicyclic.
  • heterocyclylalkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted by a heterocyclyl, wherein the alkyl and heterocyclyl portions independently are optionally substituted.
  • a heterocyclic ring also includes groups in which the heterocyclic ring is fused to one or more aryl rings.
  • partially unsaturated refers to a ring moiety that includes at least one double or triple bond between ring atoms.
  • the term “partially unsaturated” is intended to encompass rings having multiple sites of unsaturation, but is not intended to include aromatic (e.g., aryl or heteroaryl) moieties, as herein defined.
  • alkylene refers to a bivalent alkyl group.
  • An "alkylene chain” is a polymethylene group, i.e., -(CH 2 ) n -, wherein n is a positive integer, in one aspect from 1 to 6, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 3, from 1 to 2, or from 2 to 3.
  • An optionally substituted alkylene chain is a polymethylene group in which one or more methylene hydrogen atoms is optionally replaced with a substituent. Suitable substituents include those described below for a substituted aliphatic group and also include those described in the specification herein. It will be appreciated that two substituents of the alkylene group may be taken together to form a ring system. In certain embodiments, two substituents can be taken together to form a 3-7-membered ring. The substituents can be on the same or different atoms.
  • An alkylene chain also can be optionally interrupted by a functional group.
  • An alkylene chain is "interrupted" by a functional group when an internal methylene unit is interrupted by the functional group. Examples of suitable "interrupting functional groups" are described in the specification and claims herein.
  • An aryl (including aralkyl, aralkoxy, aryloxyalkyl and the like) or heteroaryl (including heteroaralkyl and heteroarylalkoxy and the like) group may contain one or more substituents and thus may be "optionally substituted".
  • An aliphatic or heteroaliphatic group, or a non-aromatic carbycyclic or heterocyclic ring may contain one or more substituents and thus may be "optionally substituted".
  • substituents on the nitrogen of a non-aromatic heterocyclic ring also include and are generally selected from
  • a ring nitrogen atom of a heteroaryl or non-aromatic heterocyclic ring also may be oxidized to form the corresponding N-hydroxy or N-oxide compound.
  • a nonlimiting example of such a heteroaryl having an oxidized ring nitrogen atom is N-oxidopyridyl.
  • Exemplary rings that are formed when two independent occurrences of R + (or any other variable similarly defined in the specification and claims herein), are taken together with their intervening atom(s) include, but are not limited to the following: a) two independent occurrences of R + (or any other variable similarly defined in the specification or claims herein) that are bound to the same atom and are taken together with that atom to form a ring, for example, N(R + ) 2 , where both occurrences of R + are taken together with the nitrogen atom to form a piperidin-l-yl, piperazin-l-yl, or morpholin-4-yl group; and b) two independent occurrences of R + (or any other variable similarly defined in the specification or claims herein) that are bound to different atoms and are taken together with both of those atoms to form a ring, f r example where a phenyl group is substituted with two occurrences of OR +
  • structures depicted herein are also meant to include all isomeric (e.g., enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational)) forms of the structure; for example, the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center, (Z) and (E) double bond isomers, and (Z) and (E) conformational isomers. Therefore, single stereochemical isomers as well as enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational) mixtures of the present compounds are within the scope of the invention. Unless otherwise stated, all tautomeric forms of the compounds of the invention are within the scope of the invention.
  • structures depicted herein are also meant to include compounds that differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms.
  • compounds having the present structures where there is a replacement of hydrogen by deuterium or tritium, or a replacement of a carbon by a C- or C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention.
  • Such compounds are useful, as a nonlimiting example, as analytical tools or probes in biological assays.
  • the present invention encompasses one enantiomer of compound free from the corresponding optical isomer, racemic mixture of the compound and mixtures enriched in one enantiomer relative to its corresponding optical isomer.
  • the mixture contains, for example, an enantiomeric excess of at least 50%, 75%, 90%, 95% 99% or 99.5%.
  • the enantiomers of the invention may be resolved by methods known to those skilled in the art, for example by formation of diastereoisomeric salts which may be separated, for example, by crystallization; formation of diastereoisomeric derivatives or complexes which may be separated, for example, by crystallization, gas-liquid or liquid chromatography; selective reaction of one enantiomer with an enantiomer-specific reagent, for example enzymatic esterification; or gas-liquid or liquid chromatography in a chiral environment, for example on a chiral support for example silica with a bound chiral ligand or in the presence of a chiral solvent.
  • enantiomers may be synthesized by asymmetric synthesis using optically active reagents, substrates, catalysts or solvents, or by converting one enantiomer into the other by asymmetric transformation.
  • the invention encompasses a diastereomer free of other diastereomers, a pair of diastereomers free from other diasteromeric pairs, mixtures of diasteromers, mixtures of diasteromeric pairs, mixtures of diasteromers in which one diastereomer is enriched relative to the other diastereomer(s) and mixtures of diasteromeric pairs in which one diastereomeric pair is enriched relative to the other diastereomeric pair(s).
  • a mixture is enriched in one diastereomer or diastereomeric pair(s) relative to the other diastereomers or
  • the mixture is enriched with the depicted or referenced diastereomer or diastereomeric pair(s) relative to other diastereomers or diastereomeric pair(s) for the compound, for example, by a molar excess of at least 50%, 75%, 90%, 95%, 99% or 99.5%.
  • the diastereoisomeric pairs may be separated by methods known to those skilled in the art, for example chromatography or crystallization and the individual enantiomers within each pair may be separated as described above. Specific procedures for chromatographically separating diastereomeric pairs of precursors used in the preparation of compounds disclosed herein are provided the examples herein. 3. Description of Exemplary Compounds:
  • Embodiment [2] A compound of formula
  • R ql is selected from hydrogen, CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, halogen, OH, OCH 3 , OCF 3 , OCH 2 F, OCF 2 H, 0(linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic), and linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic, wherein the C 2 _ 3 aliphatic is optionally substituted with one or more F.
  • Embodiment [3] A compound of formula II or III:
  • R 1A , R 2A , and R 3A are each independently selected from hydrogen; linear or branched Ci-ealiphatic,
  • Ci_6 aliphatic wherein 1 or 2 methylene units of the Ci_6 aliphatic are optionally and independently replaced by O, S, S(O), S(0) 2 , or N(R 19 ); (CH 2 ) s -6-10-membered aryl; (CH 2 ) t -3-10-membered cycloaliphatic; (CH 2 ) u -4-10-membered heterocycle having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and (CH 2 ) p -5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein the Ci_ 6 aliphatic, aryl, cycloaliphatic, heterocycle, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more R k , provided that for formula III, R 1A is not hydrogen and
  • R 1A , R 2A , and R 3A are each hydrogen and J is a direct bond
  • the T is not phenyl or 3 -pyridine, wherein the phenyl and 3 -pyridine are optionally substituted with one or more R d ;
  • R 1A , R 2A , and R 3A taken together with the carbon atom to which they are bound, form a ring selected from 4-10-membered heterocycle having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and 3-10-membered cycloaliphatic, wherein the ring is optionally substituted with one or more R b ;
  • R 1A , R 2A , and R 3A taken together with the carbon atom to which they are bound form a ring selected from 5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and 6-10-membered aryl, wherein the ring is optionally substituted with one or more R b ;
  • each occurrence of R b is independently selected from linear or branched Ci_ 6 aliphatic and Z 2 -R 6 ;
  • R b taken together with the atom or atoms to which they are bound, form a ring selected from 3-7-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic monocyclic ring having 0-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein the ring is optionally substituted with one or more R c ;
  • each occurrence of R c is independently selected from linear or branched Ci_6 aliphatic, CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, halogen, OR 12 , (CH 2 ) v -C(0)R 9 , and (CH 2 ) w -NR 10 C(O)R u ;
  • each occurrence of Z 2 is independently selected from direct bond, C1-3 alkylene chain, O, N(R 17 ), S, S(O),
  • each occurrence of R 1 is independently selected from CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , CH 2 F, CF 2 H, halogen, OH, OCH 3 ,
  • OCF 3 OCH 2 F, OCF 2 H, 0(linear or branched C 2 _3 aliphatic) and linear or branched C 2 _3 aliphatic, wherein the C 2 _3 aliphatic is optionally substituted with one or more F;
  • each occurrence of R k is independently selected from linear or branched Ci_6 aliphatic and Z3-R 23 ;
  • each occurrence of Z 3 is independently selected from direct bond, C1-3 alkylene chain, O, N(R 24 ), S, S(O),
  • each occurrence of R n is independently selected from CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, halogen, OH, OCH 3 ,
  • OCF 3 OCH 2 F, OCF 2 H, 0(linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic), and linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic, wherein the C 2 _ 3 aliphatic is optionally substituted with one or more F;
  • each occurrence of R 6 is independently selected from CN, halogen, OR 7 , N(R 19 ) 2 , linear or branched Ci_6 aliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, 4-10-membered heterocycle having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and 3-10-membered cycloaliphatic, wherein the aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, and cycloaliphatic is optionally substituted with one or more R c ; each occurrence of R 7 is independently selected from hydrogen, CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, linear or branched Ci_6 aliphatic, and 6-10-membered aryl;
  • each occurrence of R 9 is independently selected from OH, 0(linear or branched Ci_6 aliphatic), N(R 15 ) 2 , and linear or branched Ci_6 aliphatic;
  • R is independently se CN, halogen, OR , SR , N(R ) 2 , and linear or branched Ci-ealiphatic;
  • each occurrence of R 24 is independently selected from hydrogen and linear or branched Ci_6 aliphatic; each occurrence of R 26 is independently selected from hydrogen and linear or branched C 1 -3 aliphatic; each occurrence of R 30 is independently selected from hydrogen, CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, linear or branched Ci_
  • p 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • s 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • t 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • u 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • v 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • w 0, 1, 2, or 3.
  • R 1A , R 2A , and R 3A are as defined herein for formula II.
  • Embodiment [5] A compound of formula Ila or lib:
  • R 1A , R 2A , and R 3A are as defined herein for formula II;
  • R ql is selected from hydrogen, CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, halogen, OH, OCH 3 , OCF 3 , OCH 2 F, OCF 2 H, 0(linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic), and linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic, wherein the C 2 _ 3 aliphatic is optionally substituted with one or more F.
  • Embodiment [6] The compound of any one of embodiments [3]-[5], wherein R 1A , R 2A , and
  • R 3A are each independently selected from hydrogen; linear or branched Ci_ 6 aliphatic, wherein 1 or 2 methylene units of the Ci_6 aliphatic are optionally and independently replaced by O; (CH 2 ) t -3-7- membered cycloaliphatic; (CH 2 ) s -6-membered aryl; and (CH 2 ) u -4-6-membered heterocycle having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein the Ci-ealiphatic, cycloaliphatic, aryl, and heterocycle are optionally substituted with one or more R k , provided that when R 1A , R 2A , and R 3A are each hydrogen and J is a direct bond, the T is not phenyl or 3-pyridine, wherein the phenyl and 3-pyridine are optionally substituted with one or more R d ;
  • R 1A , R 2A , and R 3A taken together with the carbon atom to which they are bound, form a ring selected from 5 -6-membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur and 6-membered aryl, wherein the ring is optionally substituted with one or more R b .
  • Embodiment [7] The compound of any one of embodiments [3]-[6], wherein CR 1A R 2A R 3A is selected from
  • Embodiment [8] The compound of any one of embodiments [3]-[7], wherein CR R R is selected from
  • Embodiment [9] The compound of any one of embodiments [3]-[6], wherein R , R , and
  • R 3A are each independently selected from hydrogen and linear or branched Ci-ealiphatic, wherein 1 or 2 methylene units of the Ci_6 aliphatic are optionally and independently replaced by O.
  • Embodiment [10] The compound of any one of embodiments [3]-[9], wherein CR 1A R 2A R 3A is selected from
  • Embodiment [11] The compound of any one of embodiments [3]-[10], wherein
  • Embodiment [12] The compound of any one of embodiments [3]-[6], wherein R 1A , R 2A , and
  • R 3A are each independently selected from hydrogen and linear or branched Ci-ealiphatic, provided that when R 1A , R 2A , and R 3A are each hydrogen and J is a direct bond, the T is not phenyl or 3-pyridine, wherein the phenyl and 3-pyridine are optionally substituted with one or more R d .
  • Embodiment [13] The compound of any one of embodiments [3]- [12], wherein
  • Embodiment [14] The compound of any one of embodiments [3]-[13], wherein
  • Embodiment [15] A compound of formula III: (III) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of formula III, wherein T, J, R,
  • R 4 , R q , o, W, and R A are as defined herein for formula I;
  • R 1A is selected from linear or branched Ci-ealiphatic, wherein 1 or 2 methylene units of the Ci_6 aliphatic are optionally and independently replaced by O, S, S(O), S(0)2, or N(R 19 ); (CH 2 ) s -6- 10- membered aryl; (CH 2 ) t -3- 10-membered cycloaliphatic; (CH 2 ) u -4- 10-membered heterocycle having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and (CH 2 ) p -5- 10-membered heteroaryl having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein the Ci_6 aliphatic, aryl, cycloaliphatic, heterocycle, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more R k ;
  • each occurrence of R k is independently selected from linear or branched Ci_ 6 aliphatic and Z 3 -R 23 ;
  • each occurrence of Z 3 is independently selected from direct bond, Ci_ 3 alkylene chain, O, N(R 24 ), S, S(O), S(0) 2 , C(O), C0 2 , C(0)NR 24 , N(R 24 )C(0), N(R 24 )C0 2 , S(0) 2 NR 24 , N(R 24 )S(0) 2 , OC(0)N(R 24 ), N(R 24 )C(0)NR 24 , N(R 24 )S(0) 2 N(R 24 ), and OC(O), wherein the alkylene chain is optionally substituted with one or more R n ;
  • each occurrence of R n is independently selected from CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, halogen, OH, OCH 3 , OCF 3 , OCH 2 F, OCF 2 H, 0(linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic), and linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic, wherein the C 2 _ 3 aliphatic is optionally substituted with one or more F;
  • each occurrence of R 19 is independently selected from hydrogen and linear or branched Ci_ 3 aliphatic; each occurrence of R 23 is independently selected from CN, halogen, OR 30 , SR 30 , N(R 26 ) 2 , and linear or branched Ci-ealiphatic;
  • each occurrence of R 24 is independently selected from hydrogen and linear or branched Ci_6 aliphatic; each occurrence of R 26 is independently selected from hydrogen and linear or branched Ci_ 3 aliphatic; each occurrence of R 30 is independently selected from hydrogen, CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, linear or branched Ci_
  • p 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • s 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • t 0, 1, 2, or 3
  • u 0, 1, 2, or 3.
  • Embodiment [15-1] The compound of formula (III) of embodiment [15] or a
  • R 4 , R 5 , R 13 , R d , o, R 26 and R 30 are as defined herein for formula I;
  • J is linear Ci_6 aliphatic, wherein 1-2 methylene units of J are optionally and independently replaced by O, S, or N(R 13 );
  • T is 5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-5 nitrogen, wherein the heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R d ;
  • R is hydrogen
  • R A is , wherein is a 5- or 6-membered aromatic monocyclic ring having 0-3 nitrogen;
  • n 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • R a is Z R 8 ;
  • Zi is a direct bond
  • R 8 is independently selected from halogen, R 5 and OR 5 ;
  • W is CH
  • R q is hydrogen
  • R 1A is linear or branched Ci-ealiphatic, wherein 1 or 2 methylene units of the Ci_6 aliphatic are optionally and independently replaced by O, S, or N(R 19 ); and wherein the Ci_6 aliphatic is optionally substituted with one or more R k ;
  • each occurrence of R k is independently selected from linear or branched Ci_6 aliphatic and Z 3 -R 23 ;
  • each occurrence of Z 3 is independently selected from direct bond, and C1-3 alkylene chain; and each occurrence of R 23 is independently selected from CN, halogen, OR 30 , SR 30 , N(R 26 ) 2 , and linear or branched Ci-ealiphatic.
  • Embodiment [15-2] The compound of embodiment [15-1] or a pharmaceutically acceptable d herein for formula I;
  • R 1A is linear or branched Ci-ealiphatic, wherein 1 or 2 methylene units of the Ci_6 aliphatic are optionally and independently replaced by O, S, or NH.
  • Embodiment [16] A compound of formula Ilia or Illb:
  • R 1A is as defined herein for formula III;
  • R ql is selected from hydrogen, CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, halogen, OH, OCH 3 , OCF 3 , OCH 2 F, OCF 2 H, 0(linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic), and linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic, wherein the C 2 _ 3 aliphatic is optionally substituted with one or more F.
  • Embodiment [17] The compound of any one of embodiments [15]-[16], wherein R is selected from a linear or branched Ci_ 6 aliphatic, wherein 1 or 2 methylene units of the Ci_ 6 aliphatic are optionally and independently replaced by O and (CH 2 ) t -3-7-membered cycloaliphatic.
  • Embodiment [17-l] The compound of any one of embodiments [15]-[16], wherein R 1A is linear or branched Ci-ealiphatic, wherein 1 or 2 methylene units of the Ci aliphatic are optionally replaced by O; and wherein the Ci aliphatic is optionally substituted with OH, SH, or N(R 26 ) 2 .
  • Embodiment [18] The compound of any one of embodiments [15]-[17], wherein OR 1A is selected from
  • OR is selected from and OH :
  • R 1A is selected from linear or branched Ci-ealiphatic, wherein 1 or 2 methylene units of the Ci aliphatic are optionally and independently replaced by O, S, S(O), S(0) 2 , or N(R 19 ); (CH 2 ) s -6- 10- membered aryl; (CH 2 ) t -3-10-membered cycloaliphatic; (CH 2 ) u -4- 10-membered heterocycle having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and (CH 2 ) p -5- 10-membered heteroaryl having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein the Ci_6 aliphatic, aryl, cycloaliphatic, heterocycle, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more R k ;
  • each occurrence of R k is independently selected from linear or branched Ci_6 aliphatic and Z 3 -R 23 ;
  • each occurrence of Z 3 is independently selected from direct bond, C1-3 alkylene chain, O, N(R 24 ), S, S(O),
  • each occurrence of R n is independently selected from CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, halogen, OH, OCH 3 ,
  • OCF 3 OCH 2 F, OCF 2 H, 0(linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic), and linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic, wherein the C 2 _ 3 aliphatic is optionally substituted with one or more F;
  • each occurrence of R 19 is independently selected from hydrogen and linear or branched Ci_ 3 aliphatic; each occurrence of R 23 is independently selected from CN, halogen, OR 30 , SR 30 , N(R 26 ) 2 , and linear or branched Ci-ealiphatic;
  • each occurrence of R 24 is independently selected from hydrogen and linear or branched Ci_6 aliphatic; each occurrence of R 26 is independently selected from hydrogen and linear or branched Ci_ 3 aliphatic; each occurrence of R 30 is independently selected from hydrogen, CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, linear or branched Ci_
  • p 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • s 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • t 0, 1, 2, or 3
  • u 0, 1, 2, or 3.
  • Embodiment [20] A compound of formula IVa or IVb:
  • R 1A is as defined herein for formula IV.
  • R ql is selected from hydrogen, CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, halogen, OH, OCH 3 , OCF 3 , OCH 2 F, OCF 2 H, 0(linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic), and linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic, wherein the C 2 _ 3 aliphatic is optionally substituted with one or more F.
  • Embodiment [21] The compound of any one of embodiments [19]-[20], wherein R is selected from linear or branched Ci-ealiphatic, wherein 1 or 2 methylene units of the Ci_6 aliphatic are optionally and independently replaced by O.
  • Embodiment [22] The compound of any one of embodiments [19]-[21], wherein SR 1A is A compound of formula V:
  • R 1A and R 2A are each independently selected from hydrogen; linear or branched Ci-ealiphatic, wherein 1 or 2 methylene units of the Ci_6 aliphatic are optionally and independently replaced by O, S, S(O), S(0)2, or N(R 19 ); (CH 2 ) s -6-10-membered aryl; (CH 2 ) t -3-10-membered cycloaliphatic; (CH 2 ) u -4-10-membered heterocycle having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and (CH 2 ) p -5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein the Ci_ 6 aliphatic, aryl, cycloaliphatic, heterocycle, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more R k ,
  • R 1A and R 2A taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a 4-10- membered heterocycle ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein the ring is optionally substituted with one or more R b ;
  • R 1A and R 2A taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound form a 5-10- membered heteroaryl ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independenly selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein the ring is optionally substituted with one or more R b ;
  • each occurrence of R b is independently selected from linear or branched Ci_6 aliphatic and Z 2 -R 6 ;
  • R c independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein the ring is optionally substituted with one or more R c ; each occurrence of R c is independently selected from linear or branched Ci_6 aliphatic, CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, halogen, OR 12 , (CH 2 ) v -C(0)R 9 , and (CH 2 ) w -NR 10 C(O)R u ;
  • each occurrence of Z 2 is independently selected from direct bond, C1-3 alkylene chain, O, N(R 17 ), S, S(O),
  • each occurrence of R 1 is independently selected from CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , CH 2 F, CF 2 H, halogen, OH, OCH 3 ,
  • OCF 3 OCH 2 F, OCF 2 H, 0(linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic) and linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic, wherein the C 2 _ 3 aliphatic is optionally substituted with one or more F;
  • each occurrence of R k is independently selected from linear or branched Ci_ 6 aliphatic and Z 3 -R 23 ;
  • each occurrence of Z 3 is independently selected from direct bond, Ci_ 3 alkylene chain, O, N(R 24 ), S, S(O),
  • each occurrence of R n is independently selected from CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, halogen, OH, OCH 3 ,
  • OCF 3 OCH 2 F, OCF 2 H, 0(linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic), and linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic, wherein the C 2 _ 3 aliphatic is optionally substituted with one or more F;
  • each occurrence of R 6 is independently selected from CN, halogen, OR 7 , N(R 19 ) 2 , linear or branched Ci_6 aliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, 4-10-membered heterocycle having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and 3-10-membered cycloaliphatic, wherein the aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, and cycloaliphatic is optionally substituted with one or more R c ;
  • each occurrence of R 7 is independently selected from hydrogen, CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, linear or branched Ci_6 aliphatic, and 6-10-membered aryl;
  • each occurrence of R 9 is independently selected from OH, 0(linear or branched Ci_ 6 aliphatic), N(R 15 ) 2 , and linear or branched Ci_ 6 aliphatic;
  • each occurrence of R 24 is independently selected from hydrogen and linear or branched Ci_6 aliphatic; each occurrence of R 26 is independently selected from hydrogen and linear or branched C 1 -3 aliphatic; each occurrence of R 30 is independently selected from hydrogen, CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, linear or branched Ci_
  • p 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • s 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • t 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • u 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • v 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • w 0, 1, 2, or 3
  • R 1A and R 2A are not both hydrogen and
  • Va or (Vb) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of formula Va or Vb, wherein T, J, R, R 4 , R q , o, and R A are as defined herein for formula I; R 1A and R 2A are as defined for formula V; and
  • R ql is selected from hydrogen, CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, halogen, OH, OCH 3 , OCF 3 , OCH 2 F, OCF 2 H, 0(linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic), and linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic, wherein the C 2 _ 3 aliphatic is optionally substituted with one or more F.
  • Embodiment [25] The compound of any one of embodiments [23]-[24], wherein R 1A and R 2A are each independently selected from linear or branched Ci-ealiphatic.
  • Embodiment [26] The compound of any one of embodiments [23]-[25], wherein NR 1A R 2A is selected from
  • Embodiment [28] A compound of formula Via ly acceptable salt of formula Via or VIb, wherein T, J, R, R 4 , R q , o, R B ; as defined herein for formula I; and
  • R ql is selected from hydrogen, CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, halogen, OH, OCH 3 , OCF 3 , OCH 2 F, OCF 2 H, 0(linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic), and linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic, wherein the C 2 _ 3 aliphatic is optionally substituted with one or more F.
  • Embodiment [29] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[28], wherein is a 5- or 6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, monocyclic ring having 0-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • Embodiment [30] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[29], wherein is a 5- or 6-membered aromatic monocyclic ring having 0-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur and n is 0, 1, 2, or 3.
  • Embodiment [31] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[30],
  • n 0, 1, 2, or 3.
  • Embodiment [32] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[30], wherein x — a 6-membered aromatic monocyclic ring having 0-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur and n is 0, 1, 2, or 3.
  • Embodiment [33] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[30] or [32], wherein is a phenyl ring and n is 0, 1, 2, or 3.
  • Embodiment [34] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[33], wherein n is 0.
  • Embodiment [35] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[33], wherein n is 1 or 2
  • Embodiment [36] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[33], wherein n is 1.
  • pound of formula VII :
  • R ql is selected from hydrogen, CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, halogen, OH, OCH 3 , OCF 3 , OCH 2 F, OCF 2 H, 0(linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic), and linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic, wherein the C 2 _ 3 aliphatic is optionally substituted with one or more F.
  • n 0, 1, 2, or 3.
  • Embodiment [40] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[30] or [39], wherein is a 5-membered aromatic monocyclic ring having having one heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur and n is 0, 1, 2, or 3.
  • mbodiment [41] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[30] or [39]-[40], wherein thiophene and n is 0, 1, or 2.
  • R ql is selected from hydrogen, CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, halogen, OH, OCH 3 , OCF 3 , OCH 2 F, OCF 2 H, 0(linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic), and linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic, wherein the C 2 _ 3 aliphatic is optionally substituted with one or more F.
  • Embodiment [44] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[29], is selected from a 5- or 6-membered saturated monocyclic ring having 0-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur and n is 0, 1, 2, or 3.
  • Embodiment [45] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[29] or [44], wherein is a 5-membered saturated monocyclic ring having having one heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur and n is 0, 1, 2, or 3.
  • Embodiment [47] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[46], wherein each occurrence of R a is Z R 8 .
  • Embodiment [48] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[47], wherein Zi is a direct bond.
  • Embodiment [49] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[48], wherein each occurrence of R 8 is independently selected from halogen, R 5 and OR 5 .
  • Embodiment [50] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[49], wherein each occurrence of R 8 is independently selected from chlorine, fluorine, methyl and methoxy.
  • Embodiment [51] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[50], wherein each occurrence of R 8 is independently selected from chlorine and fluorine.
  • Embodiment [52] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[51], wherein R 8 is chlorine.
  • Embodiment [53] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[51], wherein R 8 is fluorine.
  • Embodiment [54] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[33] or [37]-[53], wherein n is 1 and R a is chlorine.
  • Embodiment [55] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[33] or [37]-[53], wherein n is 1 and R a is fluorine.
  • Embodiment [56] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[33] or [37]-[53], wherein n is 2 and one R a is fluorine and the other R a is chlorine.
  • Embodiment [57] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[26], wherein R is
  • R A For example, R A
  • Embodiment [58] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[26] or [57], wherein R A is selected from ound of formula IX:
  • T, J, R, R 4 , R q , o, R B , W, Y, R c , R D , and R E are as defined herein for formula I.
  • Embodiment [60] A compound of formula IXa or IXb:
  • R ql is selected from hydrogen, CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, halogen, OH, OCH 3 , OCF 3 , OCH 2 F, OCF 2 H, 0(linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic), and linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic, wherein the C 2 _ 3 aliphatic is optionally substituted with one or more F.
  • R C1 is selected from linear or branched Ci-ealiphatic, wherein 1 or 2 methylene units of the Ci_6 aliphatic are optionally and independently replaced by O, S, S(O), S(0) 2 , or N(R 25 ); (CH 2 ) q -6-10- membered aryl; (CH 2 ) r -3-10-membered cycloaliphatic; (CH 2 ) x -4-10-membered heterocycle having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and (CH 2 ) b -5- 10-membered heteroaryl having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein the Ci_ 6 aliphatic, aryl, cycloaliphatic, heterocycle, and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R e ;
  • each occurrence of R e is independently selected from linear or branched Ci_ 6 aliphatic and Z 4 -R 22 ;
  • each occurrence of Z 4 is independently selected from direct bond, Ci_ 3 alkylene chain, O, N(R 20 ), S, S(O), S(0) 2 , C(O), C0 2 , C(0)NR 20 , N(R 20 )C(O), N(R 20 )CO 2 , S(0) 2 NR 20 , N(R 20 )S(O) 2 , OC(0)N(R 20 ), N(R 20 )C(O)NR 20 , N(R 20 )S(O) 2 N(R 20 ), and OC(O), wherein the alkylene chain is optionally substituted with one or more R l ;
  • each occurrence of R l is independently selected from CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, halogen, OH, OCH 3 , OCF 3 , OCH 2 F, OCF 2 H, 0(linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic), and linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic, wherein the C 2 _ 3 aliphatic is optionally substituted with one or more F;
  • each occurrence of R 20 is independently selected from hydrogen and linear or branched Ci_6 aliphatic; each occurrence of R 22 is independently selected from CN, halogen, OR 28 , N(R 29 ) 2 , and linear or branched C 1-6 aliphatic; 6-10-membered aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, 4-10-membered heterocycle having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and 3-10-membered cycloaliphatic;
  • each occurrence of R 25 is independently selected from hydrogen and linear or branched Ci_ 3 aliphatic; each occurrence of R is independently selected from hydrogen, CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, linear or branched Ci_
  • each occurrence of R 29 is independently selected from hydrogen and linear or branched C 1 -3 aliphatic; b is 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • r 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • q 0, 1, 2, or 3
  • x 0, 1, 2, or 3.
  • Embodiment [62] A compound of formula Xa or Xb:
  • R ql is selected from hydrogen, CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, halogen, OH, OCH 3 , OCF 3 , OCH 2 F, OCF 2 H, 0(linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic), and linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic, wherein the C 2 _ 3 aliphatic is optionally substituted with one or more F.
  • Embodiment [63] A compound of formula XIa or Xlb:
  • R cl is as defined herein for formula X; and R ql is selected from hydrogen, CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, halogen, OH, OCH 3 , OCF 3 , OCH 2 F, OCF 2 H, 0(linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic), and linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic, wherein the C 2 _ 3 aliphatic is optionally substituted with one or more F.
  • Embodiment [64] The compound of any one of embodiments [61]-[63], wherein R C1 is linear or branched Ci_ 6 aliphatic.
  • Embodiment [65] A compound of formula XII: (XII) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of formula XII, wherein
  • T, J, R, R 4 , R q , o, W, and R B are as defined herein for formula I and
  • R cl and R D1 are each independently selected from hydrogen, linear or branched Ci_ 6 aliphatic, wherein 1 or 2 methylene units of the Ci_ 6 aliphatic are optionally and independently replaced by O, S, S(O), S(0) 2 , or N(R 25 ); (CH 2 ) q -6-10-membered aryl; (CH 2 ) r -3-10-membered cycloaliphatic; (CH 2 ) x -4- 10-membered heterocycle having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and (CH 2 ) b -5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein the Ci_6 aliphatic, aryl, cycloaliphatic, heterocycle, and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R e ;
  • each occurrence of R e is independently selected from linear or branched Ci_6 aliphatic and Z 4 -R 22 ;
  • each occurrence of Z 4 is independently selected from direct bond, C1-3 alkylene chain, O, N(R 20 ), S, S(O), S(0) 2 , C(O), C0 2 , C(0)NR 20 , N(R 20 )C(O), N(R 20 )CO 2 , S(0) 2 NR 20 , N(R 20 )S(O) 2 , OC(0)N(R 20 ), N(R 20 )C(O)NR 20 , N(R 20 )S(O) 2 N(R 20 ), and OC(O), wherein the alkylene chain is optionally substituted with one or more R l ;
  • each occurrence of R l is independently selected from CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, halogen, OH, OCH 3 , OCF 3 , OCH 2 F, OCF 2 H, 0(linear or branched C 2 _3 aliphatic), and linear or branched C 2 _3 aliphatic, wherein the C 2 _3 aliphatic is optionally substituted with one or more F;
  • each occurrence of R 20 is independently selected from hydrogen and linear or branched Ci_6 aliphatic; each occurrence of R is independently selected from CN, halogen, OR , N(R ) 2 , and linear or branched Ci_6 aliphatic; 6-10-membered aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, 4-10-membered heterocycle having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and 3-10-membered cycloaliphatic;
  • each occurrence of R 25 is independently selected from hydrogen and linear or branched C1-3 aliphatic; each occurrence of R 28 is independently selected from hydrogen, CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, linear or branched Ci_
  • each occurrence of R 29 is independently selected from hydrogen and linear or branched C1-3 aliphatic; b is 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • r 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • q 0, 1, 2, or 3
  • x is 0, 1, 2, or 3, provided that R C1 and R D1 are not both hydrogen.
  • R cl and R D1 are as defined herein for formula XII;
  • R ql is selected from hydrogen, CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, halogen, OH, OCH 3 , OCF 3 , OCH 2 F, OCF 2 H, 0(linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic), and linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic, wherein the C 2 _ 3 aliphatic is optionally substituted with one or more F.
  • Embodiment [67] The compound of any one of embodiments [65]-[66], wherein R C1 and
  • R C1 and R D1 are each independently selected from hydrogen and linear or branched Ci-ealiphatic, provided that R C1 and R D1 are not both hydrogen.
  • Embodiment [68] The compound of any one of embodiments [65]-[67], wherein R cl and
  • R C1 and R D1 are each independently selected from hydrogen and linear Ci_ 3 aliphatic, provided that R C1 and R D1 are not both hydrogen.
  • Embodiment [69] The compound of any one of embodiments [65]-[60], wherein YR C1 R D1 is selected from d of formula XIII:
  • R C1 , R D1 , and R E1 are each independently selected from hydrogen, linear or branched Ci_ 6 aliphatic,
  • Ci_ 6 aliphatic wherein 1 or 2 methylene units of the Ci_ 6 aliphatic are optionally and independently replaced by O, S, S(O), S(0) 2 , or N(R 25 ); (CH 2 ) q -6-10-membered aryl; (CH 2 ) r -3-10-membered cycloaliphatic; (CH 2 ) x -4-10-membered heterocycle having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and (CH 2 ) b -5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein the Ci_6 aliphatic, aryl, cycloaliphatic, heterocycle, and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R e ;
  • each occurrence of R e is independently selected from linear or branched Ci_6 aliphatic and Z 4 -R 22 ;
  • each occurrence of Z 4 is independently selected from direct bond, C1-3 alkylene chain, O, N(R 20 ), S, S(O), S(0) 2 , C(O), C0 2 , C(0)NR 20 , N(R 20 )C(O), N(R 20 )CO 2 , S(0) 2 NR 20 , N(R 20 )S(O) 2 , OC(0)N(R 20 ), N(R 20 )C(O)NR 20 , N(R 20 )S(O) 2 N(R 20 ), and OC(O), wherein the alkylene chain is optionally substituted with one or more R l ;
  • each occurrence of R l is independently selected from CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, halogen, OH, OCH 3 , OCF 3 , OCH 2 F, OCF 2 H, 0(linear or branched C 2 _3 aliphatic), and linear or branched C 2 _3 aliphatic, wherein the C 2 _3 aliphatic is optionally substituted with one or more F;
  • each occurrence of R 20 is independently selected from hydrogen and linear or branched Ci_6 aliphatic; each occurrence of R 22 is independently selected from CN, halogen, OR 28 , N(R 29 ) 2 , and linear or branched C 1-6 aliphatic; 6-10-membered aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, 4-10-membered heterocycle having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and 3-10-membered cycloaliphatic;
  • each occurrence of R 25 is independently selected from hydrogen and linear or branched C1-3 aliphatic; each occurrence of R 28 is independently selected from hydrogen, CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, linear or branched Ci_
  • each occurrence of R 29 is independently selected from hydrogen and linear or branched C1-3 aliphatic; b is 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • r 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • q 0, 1, 2, or 3
  • x 0, 1, 2, or 3.
  • Embodiment [71] A compound of formula XHIa or XHIb :
  • R ql is selected from hydrogen, CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, halogen, OH, OCH 3 , OCF 3 , OCH 2 F, OCF 2 H, 0(linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic), and linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic, wherein the C 2 _ 3 aliphatic is optionally substituted with one or more F.
  • Embodiment [72] The compound of any one of embodiments [70]-[71], wherein R C1 , R D1 , and R E1 are each independently selected from hydrogen and linear or branched Ci-ealiphatic.
  • Embodiment [73] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[26] or wherein R A is selected from
  • Embodiment [74] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[26] or [73], wherein R A is selected from
  • Embodiment [75] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[74], wherein J is selected from direct bond, Ci aliphatic, and C 2 aliphatic and further wherein, the aliphatic are optionally substituted with one or more R J ; or
  • Ci aliphatic and C 2 aliphatic wherein the aliphatic are substituted with one or more R and one of R J and one of R taken together with the atoms to which they are bound form a 3-6- membered cycloaliphatic ring; or
  • J is C 2 aliphatic, wherein the aliphatic is substituted with two or more R j and two R j taken together with the atom or atoms to which they are bound form a 3-6-membered cycloaliphatic ring.
  • Embodiment [76] A compound of formula XIV or XV:
  • Embodiment [77] A compound of formula XVIa, XVIb, XVa, or XVb:
  • R ql is selected from hydrogen, CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, halogen, OH, OCH 3 , OCF 3 , OCH 2 F, OCF 2 H, 0(linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic), and linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic, wherein the C 2 _ 3 aliphatic is optionally substituted with one or more F.
  • Embodiment [78] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[74], wherein J is linear Ci-6 aliphatic, wherein 1-2 methylene units of J are optionally and independently replaced by O, S, or N(R 13 ).
  • Embodiment [79] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[74] or [78], wherein J is linear Ci_6 aliphatic, wherein 1-2 methylene units of J are replaced by O.
  • Embodiment [80] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[74] or [78]-[79], wherein J is linear Ci_6 aliphatic, wherein 1 methylene unit of J is replaced by O.
  • Embodiment [81] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[74] or [78]-[80], wherein J is linear C 2 aliphatic, wherein 1 methylene unit of J is replaced by O.
  • Embodiment [82] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[74] or [78]-[81], wherein J is a linear C 2 aliphatic substituted with two R J .
  • Embodiment [83] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[74] or [78]-[82], wherein J is a linear C 2 aliphatic substituted with two R J , wherein said two R J taken together with the atom or atoms to which they are bound form a 3-6-membered cycloaliphatic ring.
  • Embodiment [84] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[74] or [78]-[83], wherein J is a linear C 2 aliphatic substituted with two R J , wherein said two R J taken together with the atom or atoms to which they are bound form a cyclopropyl ring.
  • odiment [86] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[74] or [82]-[85], wherein the substitution at the cyclopropyl ring is trans and the configuration of the stereocenters labeled 1 and 2 is R,R.
  • Embodiment [87] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[74] or [82]-[85], wherein
  • configuration of the stereocenters labeled 1 and 2 is S,S.
  • Embodiment [88] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[74] or [82]-[85], wherein
  • odiment [89] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[74] or [82]-[85], wherein the substitution at the cyclopropyl ring is trans and the compound is the second eluting enantiomer on a Chiralpak ID column.
  • Embodiment [91] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[90], wherein T is selected from (CH 2 ) s -6-10-membered aryl or 5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein the aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more R .
  • T is 5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-3 nitrogen, wherein the heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R d .
  • Embodiment [92] The compound of any one of embodiments [1]-[91], wherein T is (CH 2 ) S - 6-10-membered aryl, wherein the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more R d .
  • n 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • Embodiment [94] A compound of formula XVIa or XVIb pharmaceutically acceptable salt of formula XVIa or XVIb, wherein R d , J, R, R 4 , R q , o, R A , and R B are as defined herein for formula I;
  • n 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;
  • R ql is selected from hydrogen, CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , CF 2 H, CH 2 F, halogen, OH, OCH 3 , OCF 3 , OCH 2 F, OCF 2 H, 0(linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic), and linear or branched C 2 _ 3 aliphatic, wherein the C 2 _ 3 aliphatic is optionally substituted with one or more F.
  • Embodiment [95] The compound of any one of embodiments [1]-[91], wherein T is a 5-9- membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen and sulfur, wherein the ring is optionally substituted with one or more R d .
  • Embodiment [96] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[91] or [95], wherein T is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen and sulfur and the ring is optionally substituted with one or more R d .
  • Embodiment [97] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[91] or [95]-[96], wherein T is a 5 -membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen and sulfur and the ring is optionally substituted with one or more R d .
  • Embodiment [98] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[91] or [95]-[97], wherein T is a 5-membered heteroaryl ring having two nitrogen heteroatoms and the ring is optionally substituted with one or more R d .
  • Embodiment [99] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[91] or [96], wherein T is a 6-membered heteroaryl ring having one nitrogen heteroatom and the ring is optionally substituted with one or more R d .
  • Embodiment [100] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[91] or [95], wherein T is selected from
  • R is selected from hydrogen, CN, halogen, N(R ) 2 , and linear or branched Ci_ 6 aliphatic and each occurrence of R 27 is independently selected from hydrogen and linear or branched Ci_ 3 aliphatic.
  • Embodiment [101] The compound of embodiment [100], wherein R dl is hydrogen or CH 3 .
  • Embodiment [102] The compound of embodiment [100], wherein R dl is hydrogen.
  • Embodiment [103] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[91] or [95], wherein T is selected from
  • Embodiment [104] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[75], wherein J is a direct bond.
  • Embodiment [105] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[75] or [104], wherein T is a 8-10-membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein the bicyclic ring is optionally substituted with one or more R d or a 5 -6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein the monocyclic ring is substituted with two R d taken together with the atom or atoms to which they are bound, forms a 4-10-membered heterocycle ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • Embodiment [106] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[75] or [104]-[105], wherein T is a 8-10-membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein the bicyclic ring is optionally substituted with one or more R d .
  • Embodiment [107] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[75] or [104]-[106], wherein T is selected from
  • Embodiment [108] The compound of any one of embodiments [l]-[74], wherein
  • Embodiment [109] The compound of any one of embodiments [l],[3]-[4], [6]-[15], [17]- [19], [21]-[23], [26]-[27], [29]-[37], [39]-[42], [44]-[59], [61], [64]-[65], [67]-[70], [72]-[76], [78]-[93], or [95]-[108], wherein W is selected from CH and CR ql and wherein R ql is halogen.
  • Embodiment [1 10] The compound of any one of embodiments [l],[3]-[4], [6]-[15], [17]- [19], [21]-[23], [26]-[27], [29]-[37], [39]-[42], [44]-[59], [61], [64]-[65], [67]-[70], [72]-[76], [78]-[93], or [95]-[108], wherein W is CH.
  • Embodiment [1 1 1] The compound of any one of embodiments [l],[3]-[4], [6]-[15], [17]- [19], [21]-[23], [26]-[27], [29]-[37], [39]-[42], [44]-[59], [61], [64]-[65], [67]-[70], [72]-[76], [78]-[93], or [95]-[108], wherein W is CR ql and wherein R ql is halogen.
  • Embodiment [1 12] The compound of any one of embodiments [2], [5], [6]-[14], [16]-[ 18], [20]-[22], [24]-[26], [28]-[36], [38]-[41], [43]-[58], [60], [62]-[64], [66]-[69], [71]-[75], [77]-[92], or [94]-[108], wherein R ql is hydro gen or halogen.
  • Embodiment [1 13] The compound of any one of embodiments [2], [5], [6]-[14], [16]-[ 18], [20]-[22], [24]-[26], [28]-[36], [38]-[41], [43]-[58], [60], [62]-[64], [66]-[69], [71]-[75], [77]-[92], or [94]-[108], wherein R ql is hydrogen.
  • Embodiment [1 14] The compound of any one of embodiments [2], [5], [6]-[14], [16]-[ 18], [20]-[22], [24]-[26], [28]-[36], [38]-[41], [43]-[58], [60], [62]-[64], [66]-[69], [71]-[75], [77]-[92], or [94]-[108], wherein R ql is halogen. 4. Uses, Formulation and Administration
  • the invention provides compounds that are useful as inhibitors of the enzyme NAMPT.
  • the NAMPT inhibition of a compound of the invention can be measured using a varity of methods known in the art.
  • the ability of a compound of the invention to inhibit NAMPT enzyme activity can be measured using a homogeneous time resolved fluorescence (HTRF) assay using hNAMPT protein and anti 6His-Tb in buffer treated with a compound of the invention (or control e.g., DMSO) and BodiPY ligand.
  • the TR-FRET signal can be measured using a high throughput microplate reader (e.g., Pherastar). Excitation can be carried out at 320 nm.
  • the percent inhibition value at a single concentration of compound of the invention can be calculated relative to a control treated sample.
  • a concentration response curve can be generated for each compound of the invention and the curve fitted to generate an IC 50 value.
  • compounds of the invention inhibit NAMPT with an IC 50 value of ⁇ 10 nM.
  • compounds of the invention inhibit NAMPT with an IC 50 value of ⁇ 50 nM.
  • compounds of the invention inhibit NAMPT with an IC 50 value of ⁇ 100 nM.
  • the invention also provides compounds that inhibit cell growth.
  • the ability of a compound of the invention to inhibit the growth of cells can be measured using a variety of methods known in the art.
  • the ability of a compound of the invention to inhibit the growth of PC3 cells can be measured.
  • PC3 cells can be plated and incubated overnight under CO 2 .
  • a compound of the invention or vehicle e.g., DMSO
  • AIM serum free medium can be diluted with AIM serum free medium and added to the cell plate.
  • the cell plate can then be incubated for 72 h under CO 2 .
  • Cell-titer glo solution can be added and the plates can be incubated protected from light and the amount of luminescences can be measured.
  • Concentration response curves can be generated by calculating the luminescence increase in test compound treated samples relative to DMSO-treated controls. Percentage remaining viability values at a single concentration can be measured. Growth inhibition (GI 50 ) or cell viability (LD 50 ) values can be determined from thoses curves.
  • compounds of the invention have a percent viability in PC3 line @ 1.667 uM of ⁇ %. In one embodiment, compounds of the invention have a percent viability in PC3 line @ 1.667 uM of ⁇ 2%. In one embodiment, compounds of the invention have a percent viability in PC3 line @ 1.667 uM of ⁇ 3%. In one embodiment, compounds of the invention have a percent viability in PC3 line @ 1.667 uM of ⁇ 4%.
  • compounds of the invention have a percent viability in PC3 line @ 1.667 uM of ⁇ 5%. In one embodiment, compounds of the invention have a percent viability in PC3 line @ 1.667 uM of ⁇ 10%. In one embodiment, compounds of the invention have a percent viability in PC3 line @ 1.667 uM of ⁇ 50%. In one embodiment, compounds of the invention do not include compounds having a cell viability in PC3 line @ 1.667 uM of >50%.
  • conjugates e.g., antibody-drug conjugates
  • target- binding agents e.g., antibodies
  • conjugates bind to a target (e.g., an antigen such as HER2 and CD30) and internalize into the cells containing such target, which leads to release of the compounds of this invention in the cells and apoptosis of such cells. Because of the presence of the target-binding agents, such conjugates specifically bind and kill target-containing cells.
  • the conjugates can contain a linker group, which covalently connects a target-binding agent (e.g., an antibody) and a compound of this invention.
  • the linker group can contain at least two functional groups with one connecting to the target-binding agent and the other one connecting to the compound of this invention.
  • the linker group can be a polymeric scaffold. See, e.g., US 8,808,679, which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • the compounds of the invention are useful for treating diseases, disorders, and symptoms that will respond to therapy with a NAMPT inhibitor. Consequently, the invention provides therapeutic methods for treating cancer, inflammatory conditions, and/or T-cell mediated autoimmune disease. These therapeutic methods involve treating a patient (either a human or another animal) in need of such treatment, with a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the compounds of the invention or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the compounds of the invention. Additionally, the invention provides the use of one or more of the compounds of the invention for the manufacture of a medicament useful for human therapy.
  • the therapeutic method comprises a method of inhibiting abnormal cell growth or treating or preventing a hyperproliferative disorder in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the therapeutic method comprises therapy for the delaying the onset of, or reducing the symptoms of, cancer, an inflammatory disorder, or T-cell mediated autoimmune disease in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the invention also comprises treating isolated cells with a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the compounds of the invention.
  • the phrase "treating . . . with . . . a compound” means either administering one or more of the compounds of the invention directly to isolated cells or to a patient (animal or human).
  • the invention provides a method of treating cancer, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of the invention to a patient.
  • the patient is a human patient.
  • NAMPT over-expression in colon cancers Hufton et al., FEBS Lett. 463(l-2):77-82 (1999), Van Beijnum et al., Int. J. Cancer. 101(2): 118-27 (2002)), ovarian cancers (Shackelford et al., Int J. Clin. Exp. Pathol.
  • NAMPT transcript is known to be upregulated in colon cancers (van Beijnum J R, et al.; and Hufton S E, et al.) and glioblastoma cancers (Reddy P S, et al).
  • the invention provides a method of treating a cancer that
  • overexpresses NAMPT comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of the invention to a patient.
  • the invention provides methods of treating a wide range of cancers by administering therapeutically effective amounts of one or more of the compounds of the invention.
  • cancer cell types corresponding to gastrointestinal, prostate, breast, testicular, sarcoma, renal, skin, myeloma, ovarian, leukemia, lymphoma, lung, cervical or brain cancers can be killed by a compound of the invention.
  • the invention provides a method of treating cancer comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of the invention to a patient.
  • the cancer is gastrointestinal cancer.
  • the cancer is liver.
  • the cancer is pancreatic.
  • cancer is stomach (gastric).
  • the cancer is esophageal.
  • the cancer is colon.
  • the cancer is large intestine cancer.
  • the cancer is small intestine cancer.
  • the cancer is prostate.
  • the cancer is breast.
  • the cancer is testicular.
  • the cancer is lung.
  • the cancer is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
  • cancer is small cell lung cancer (SCLC).
  • SCLC small cell lung cancer
  • the cancer is sarcoma.
  • the cancer is renal.
  • the cancer is skin.
  • the cancer is myeloma.
  • the cancer is ovarian.
  • the cancer is leukemia.
  • the cancer is lymphoma.
  • the cancer is cervical.
  • the cancer is brain.
  • the cancer is glioma.
  • a method of the invention involves treating cancers that have been found to respond favorably to treatment with NAMPT inhibitors.
  • treating cancer should be understood as encompassing treating a patient who is at any one of the several stages of cancer, including diagnosed but as yet asymptomatic cancer.
  • Specific cancers that can be treated by the methods of the invention are those cancers that respond favorably to treatment with a NAMPT inhibitor.
  • Such cancers include, but are not limited to, colon carcinoma, stomach carcinoma, malignant pancreatic insulinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, esophageal carcinoma, liver carcinoma, prostatic carcinoma, breast carcinoma, Wilms' tumor, renal cell carcinoma, melanoma, multiple myeloma, ovarian carcinoma, acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, chronic granulocytic leukemia, acute granulocytic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, mantle-cell lymphoma, mycosis fungoides, essential primary macroglobulinemia, lung carcinoma, small-cell lung carcinoma, non-small cell carcinoma, cervical carcinoma, cervix adenocarcinoma, glioma, neuroblastoma, primary brain carcinoma, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), testicular carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, malignant
  • NAD+ can be generated by several NAMPT-independent pathways as well, including: (1) de novo synthesis from L-tryptophan via the kynurenine pathway; (2) from nicotinic acid (NA) via the Preiss-Handler pathway; and (3) from nicotinamide riboside or nicotinic acid riboside via nicotinamide/nicotinic acid riboside kinases (reviewed in Khan, J. A. et al. Expert Opin. Ther. Targets. 11(5):695-705 (2007)).
  • NAD+ synthesis is generally tissue specific: The de novo pathway is present in liver, brain, and immune cells, the Priess-Handler pathway is primarily active in the liver, kidney, and heart, and Nrk2, of the nicotinamide riboside kinase pathway, is expressed in brain, heart, and skeletal muscle (Bogan, K. L. and Brenner, C. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 28: 115-30 (2008) and Tempel, W. et al., PLoS Biol. 5(10):e263 (2007)).
  • the Preiss-Handler pathway is perhaps the most important for cancer cells.
  • the first and rate-limiting step of this pathway the conversion of nicotinic acid (NA) to nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NAMN), is catalyzed by the enzyme NAPRT 1.
  • Some embodiments include a method of treating cancer, wherein cells of the cancer exhibit low levels of NAPRT1 expression.
  • NAPRT1 expression is least in brain cancers, lung cancers, lymphoma, myeloma and osteosarcoma.
  • glioblastoma and sarcoma cell lines have been found to have reduced NAPRT 1 expression (Watson, et al. Mol. Cell. Biol. 29(21):5872-88 (2009)).
  • the invention provides a method of treating a cancer that exhibits low levels of NAPRT1 expression, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of the invention to a patient.
  • the cancer is brain, such as glioblastoma.
  • the cancer is lung.
  • the cancer is osteosarcoma.
  • the methods of treating cancer disclosed herein further comprise administering nicotinic acid, or a compound that could form nicotinic acid or provide nicotinamide dinucleotide (NAD) from an alternate pathway, such as quinolinic acid (Sahm, F., et al. Cancer Res 73:3225 (2013); Henderson, T.D. et al. J. Biol. Chem. 170:261 (1947); Pittelli, M. et al. J. Biol. Chem. 285(44): 34106 (2010)) to the patient in addition to administering a compound of the invention.
  • NAD nicotinamide dinucleotide
  • administering NA may include administering NA prior to administering one or more of the compounds of the invention, co-administering NA with one or more of the compounds of the invention, or first treating the patient with one or more of the compounds of the invention, followed by thereafter administering NA.
  • NAMPT expression in visceral adipose tissue has been found to correlate with the expression of proinflammatory genes, CD68 and TNF-alpha (Chang et al.; Metabolism. 59(l):93-9 (2010)).
  • Several studies have noted an increase in reactive oxygen species and activation of NF-kappaB in response to NAMPT expression (Oita et al.; Pflugers Arch. (2009); Romacho et al; Diabetologia. 52(11):2455-63 (2009)).
  • NAMPT serum levels were found to have been increased in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases and correlated with disease activity (Moschen et al.; Mutat. Res. (2009)).
  • NAMPT NAD-dependent deacetylase
  • the invention provides methods of treating an inflammatory condition by administering therapeutically effective amounts of one or more of the compounds of the invention.
  • the invention provides methods of treating rheumatoid arthritis by administering therapeutically effective amounts of one or more of the compounds of the invention to a patient.
  • the invention provides a method of treating an inflammatory condition comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of the invention to a patient.
  • the inflammatory condition is rheumatoid arthritis.
  • the inflammatory condition is inflammatory bowl disease.
  • the inflammatory condition is asthma.
  • the inflammatory condition is COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).
  • the inflammatory condition is osteoarthritis.
  • the inflammatory condition is osteoporosis.
  • the inflammatory condition is sepsis.
  • the inflammatory condition is related to a spinal cord injury.
  • the inflammatory condition is related to an infection
  • NAMPT expression has been shown to be upregulated in activated T-cells (Rongavaux et al.; J. Immunol. 181(7):4685-95 2008)) and Phase I clinical trials report lymphopenia in patients treated with NAMPT inhibitors (reviewed in von Heideman et al.; Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. (2009)).
  • NAMPT inhibition reduced the clinical disease score and demyelination in the spinal cord (Bruzzone et al.; PLoS One. 4(1 l):e7897 (2009)). In view of the above, it is believed that inhibition of NAMPT activity would be effective in treating T-cell mediated autoimmune disease.
  • the invention provides methods of treating T-cell mediated autoimmune disease by administering therapeutically effective amounts of one or more of the compounds of the invention to a patient.
  • the autoimmune disease is EAE.
  • the autoimmunce disease is lupus.
  • the compounds of the invention may be used in an application of monotherapy to treat a disorder, disease, or symptom
  • the compounds of the invention also may be used in combination therapy, in which the use of a compound of the invention is combined with the use of one or more other therapeutic agents for treating the same and/or other types of disorders, diseases, or symptoms.
  • Combination therapy includes administration of the therapeutic agents concurrently or sequentially.
  • the therapeutic agents can be combined into one composition which is administered to the patient.
  • the compounds of the invention are used in combination with other therapeutic agents, such as other inhibitors of NAMPT.
  • NAMPT inhibition has been shown to sensitize cells to amiloride, mitomycin C, etoposide, mechlorethamine, streptozotocin, 5-fluorouracil, raltitrexed, methotrexate, bortezomib, dasatinib, olaparib, TRAIL, cyclosporine A, valproate, temozolomide (TMZ), methoxyamine hydrochloride (MX), cisplatin, FX11 (3-dihydroxy-6-methyl-7-(phenylmethyl)-4- propylnaphthalene-l-carboxylic acid), rituximab (RTX), Sirtinol, 1 -methyl -D-tryptophan, and L-1 -methyl tryptophan (Ekelund, S.
  • a compound of the invention is administered in combination with a second therapeutic agent.
  • the second therapeutic agent is amiloride, mitomycin C, etoposide, mechlorethamine, streptozotocin, 5-fluorouracil, raltitrexed, methotrexate, bortezomib, dasatinib, olaparib, TRAIL, cyclosporine A, valproate, temozolomide (TMZ), methoxyamine
  • the invention provides a method of treating cancer, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of the present invention and one or more second agents selected from the second therapeutic agents described above.
  • the cancer is any cancer described herein.
  • the cancer is lymphoma, leukemia, gastric, breast, neuroblastoma, or pancreatic cancer.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to inhibiting NAMPT activity in a biological sample or a patient, which method comprises administering to the patient, or contacting said biological sample with a compound of the invention or a composition comprising said compound.
  • biological sample generally includes in vivo, in vitro, and ex vivo materials, and also includes, without limitation, cell cultures or extracts thereof; biopsied material obtained from a mammal or extracts thereof; and blood, saliva, urine, feces, semen, tears, or other body fluids or extracts thereof.
  • Still another aspect of this invention is to provide a kit comprising separate containers in a single package, wherein the compounds of the invention, compositions and/or salts thereof are used in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers to treat disorders, symptoms and diseases where NAMPT plays a role.
  • compositions comprising any of the compounds as described herein, and optionally comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant or vehicle.
  • these compositions optionally further comprise one or more additional therapeutic agents.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative includes, but is not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs, salts, esters, salts of such esters, or any other adduct or derivative which upon administration to a patient in need is capable of providing, directly or indirectly, a compound as otherwise described herein, or a metabolite or residue thereof.
  • the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
  • a “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” means any non-toxic salt or salt of an ester of a compound of this invention that, upon administration to a recipient, is capable of providing, either directly or indirectly, a compound of the invention or an inhibitorily active metabolite or residue thereof.
  • the term “inhibitorily active metabolite or residue thereof means that a metabolite or residue thereof is also an inhibitor of NAMPT.
  • compositions of the invention include those derived from suitable inorganic and organic acids and bases.
  • Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, nontoxic acid addition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange.
  • inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid
  • organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange.
  • salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethane sulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate
  • Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium and N + (Ci_ 4 alkyl) 4 salts.
  • This invention also envisions the quaternization of any basic nitrogen-containing groups of the compounds disclosed herein. Water or oil-soluble or dispersable products may be obtained by such quaternization.
  • Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like.
  • Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, loweralkyl sulfonate and aryl sulfonate.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of the invention additionally comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle, which, as used herein, includes any and all solvents, diluents, or other liquid vehicle, dispersion or suspension aids, surface active agents, isotonic agents, thickening or emulsifying agents, preservatives, solid binders, lubricants and the like, as suited to the particular dosage form desired.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle which, as used herein, includes any and all solvents, diluents, or other liquid vehicle, dispersion or suspension aids, surface active agents, isotonic agents, thickening or emulsifying agents, preservatives, solid binders, lubricants and the like, as suited to the particular dosage form desired.
  • Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sixteenth Edition, E. W. Martin (Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1980) discloses various carriers used in formulating pharmaceutically acceptable compositions and
  • any conventional carrier medium is incompatible with the compounds of the invention, such as by producing any undesirable biological effect or otherwise interacting in a deleterious manner with any other component(s) of the pharmaceutically acceptable composition, its use is contemplated to be within the scope of this invention.
  • materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, or potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, wool fat, sugars such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc
  • safflower oil sesame oil; olive oil; corn oil and soybean oil; glycols; such a propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol; esters such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline;
  • Ringer's solution ethyl alcohol, and phosphate buffer solutions, as well as other non-toxic compatible lubricants such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, releasing agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the composition, according to the judgment of the formulator.
  • a method for treating a proliferative, inflammatory, or cardiovascular disorder comprising administering an effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceutical composition to a subject in need thereof.
  • an "effective amount" of the compound or pharmaceutical composition is that amount effective for treating cancer, an inflammatory condition or T-cell mediated autoimmune disease or is that amount effective for treating cancer.
  • an "effective amount" of a compound is an amount which inhibits NAMPT and thereby blocks the resulting production of NAD+.
  • the compounds and compositions, according to the method of the invention may be administered using any amount and any route of administration effective for treating the disease.
  • the exact amount required will vary from subject to subject, depending on the species, age, and general condition of the subject, the severity of the disease, the particular agent, its mode of administration, and the like.
  • the compounds of the invention are formulated in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage.
  • dosage unit form refers to a physically discrete unit of agent appropriate for the patient to be treated. It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of the compounds and compositions of the invention will be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment.
  • the specific effective dose level for any particular patient or organism will depend upon a variety of factors including the disease being treated and the severity of the disease; the activity of the specific compound employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific compound employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidental with the specific compound employed, and like factors well known in the medical arts.
  • patient means an animal, in one aspect, a mammal, and in another aspect, a human.
  • compositions of the invention can be administered to humans and other animals orally, rectally, parenterally, intracisternally, intravaginally, intraperitoneally, topically (as by powders, ointments, or drops), bucally, as an oral or nasal spray, or the like, depending on the severity of the disease being treated.
  • a compound of the invention may be administered orally or parenterally at dosage levels of about 0.01 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg and preferably from about 1 mg/kg to about 25 mg/kg, of subject body weight per day, one or more times a day, to obtain the desired therapeutic effect.
  • Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include, but are not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs.
  • the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.
  • the oral compositions can also include adj
  • Injectable preparations for example, sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions may be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.
  • the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution, suspension or emulsion in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol.
  • the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution, U.S.P. and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
  • sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
  • any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides.
  • fatty acids such as oleic acid are used in the preparation of injectables.
  • the injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial- retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use.
  • compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are suppositories which can be prepared by mixing a compound of the invention with suitable non-irritating excipient or carrier such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.
  • suitable non-irritating excipient or carrier such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.
  • Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules.
  • the active compound is mixed with at least one inert,
  • excipient or carrier such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia, c) humectants such as glycerol, d) disintegrating agents such as agar—agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin, f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds, g) wetting agents such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate, h) absorbents such as kaolin and bentonite clay, and i) lubricants such as talc, calcium stea
  • Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.
  • the solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions that can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polethylene glycols and the like.
  • the active compounds can also be in micro-encapsulated form with one or more excipients as noted above.
  • the solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings, release controlling coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art.
  • the active compound may be admixed with at least one inert diluent such as sucrose, lactose or starch.
  • Such dosage forms may also comprise, as is normal practice, additional substances other than inert diluents, e.g., tableting lubricants and other tableting aids such a magnesium stearate and microcrystalline cellulose.
  • the dosage forms may also comprise buffering agents. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding
  • compositions that can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.
  • Dosage forms for topical or transdermal administration of a compound of the invention include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants or patches.
  • the active component is admixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any needed preservatives or buffers as may be required.
  • Ophthalmic formulation, ear drops, and eye drops are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.
  • the invention contemplates the use of transdermal patches, which have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound to the body.
  • Such dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispensing the compound in the proper medium.
  • Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the compound across the skin. The rate can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or by dispersing the compound in a polymer matrix or gel.
  • one or more of the compounds of the invention may be used in an application of monotherapy to treat a disorder, disease or symptom
  • one or more of the compounds of the invention may also may be used in combination therapy, in which the use of a compound of the invention or composition (therapeutic agent) is combined with the use of one or more other therapeutic agents for treating the same and/or other types of disorders, symptoms and diseases.
  • Combination therapy includes administration of the therapeutic agents concurrently or sequentially.
  • the therapeutic agents can be combined into one composition which is administered to the patient.
  • the compounds of the present invention can be prepared by methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art and / or by reference to the schemes shown below and the synthetic examples. Exemplary synthetic routes are set forth in Schemes below and in the Examples.
  • Scheme 1 shows a general route for the preparation of compounds of formula iii.
  • aminoterephthalate i (R' and R" are Ci_6 aliphatic) can be treated with nitrile ii in the presence of an acid, such as HC1 in a suitable solvent, for example dioxane at elevated temperature, for example, in a sealed reaction vessel (Method A) to provide 4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazoline 7- carboxylate iii.
  • an acid such as HC1
  • suitable solvent for example dioxane
  • Method iv 4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazoline 7- carboxylate iii.
  • Scheme 2 shows a general route for the preparation of compounds of formula iv.
  • Compound iii can be treated with an alkyl halide, for example ethyl iodide, a suitable base, such as potassium carbonate in an appropriate solvent, such as DMF (Method B) to afford a quinazoline of formula iv (R 1A is C 1-6 aliphatic).
  • an alkyl halide for example ethyl iodide
  • a suitable base such as potassium carbonate
  • an appropriate solvent such as DMF (Method B)
  • Scheme 3 shows a general route for the preparation of compounds of formula vi.
  • Compound iii can be treated with a suitable halogenating agent, for example PCI 5 in an appropriate solvent, such as dichloroethane.
  • a suitable halogenating agent for example PCI 5 in an appropriate solvent, such as dichloroethane.
  • the halogenation reaction can be performed at elevated temperature with thermal heating or microwave irradiation (Method C) to afford halide v (R' is Ci_6 aliphatic and X' is halogen).
  • Compound v can then be treated with amine in a suitable solvent, for example DCM, at room or elevated temperature (Method D) to afford aminoquinazoline vi.
  • Scheme 4 shows a general route for the preparation of compounds of formula vii.
  • Compound v R' is Ci-6 aliphatic and X' is halogen
  • an alkylthiolate salt for example sodium ethanethiolate in a suitable solvent, such as DMF (Method E) to afford alkylthioquinazoline vii.
  • a suitable solvent such as DMF (Method E)
  • Scheme 5 shows a general route for the preparation of compounds of formula viii, wherein R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are Ci_6 aliphatic or H.
  • Compound v (R' is Ci_6 aliphatic and X' is halogen) can be treated with an alkylmagnesium halide, for example ethylmagnesium chloride, using a catalyst such as Fe(acac) 3 in a suitable solvent, for example THF with cooling or at room temperature (Method F) to provide a compound of formula viii (R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are Ci_ 6 aliphatic or H). ounds of formula viii
  • Scheme 6 shows a general route for the preparation of compounds of formula viii, wherein R 1 , R 2 and R 3 taken together with the carbon atom to which they are bound form aryl or heteroaryl or any two of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 taken together with the carbon atom to which they are bound form cycloaliphatic or heterocycle, or each R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 represents an optionally substituted Ci_6 aliphatic or H.
  • Compound v (R' is Ci-6 aliphatic and X' is halogen) can be treated under Suzuki coupling conditions with aryl or benzylboronic acid with a suitable catalyst, for example dppf/Pd complex and an appropriate base, such as potassium carbonate in a suitable solvent, for example dioxane at elevated temperature (Method G) to provide a compound of formula viii.
  • a suitable catalyst for example dppf/Pd complex
  • an appropriate base such as potassium carbonate in a suitable solvent, for example dioxane at elevated temperature (Method G)
  • a trifluoroborate salt can be used, for example potassium methoxymethyltrifluoroborate with a suitable catalyst, for example SiliaCat® DPP-Pd, a base, such as cesium carbonate in a suitable solvent, for example dioxane at elevated temperature with thermal heating or microwave irradiation (Method H) to afford a compound of formula viii (R 1 , R 2 and R 3 taken together with the carbon atom to which they are bound form aryl, heteroaryl, cycloaliphatic, or heterocycle, or each R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 represents an optionally substituted Ci_6 aliphatic or H).
  • a suitable catalyst for example SiliaCat® DPP-Pd
  • a base such as cesium carbonate in a suitable solvent, for example dioxane at elevated temperature with thermal heating or microwave irradiation (Method H) to afford a compound of formula viii (R 1 , R 2 and R 3 taken together with the carbon atom
  • Scheme 7 shows a general route for the preparation of compounds of formula xii.
  • Compound x (R' is Ci-6 aliphatic) can be hydrolyzed to carboxylic acid xi using standard conditions, for example NaOH in a suitable aqueous solvent mixture, such as THF at room temperature or elevated temperature with an optional co-solvent, such as MeOH (Method I).
  • Compound xi can then be transformed to an amide xii using Method J or K.
  • Method J involves the initial formation of an acid halide using suitable conditions, for example thionyl chloride or oxalyl chloride in DCE, DCM with catalytic amount of DMF, at elevated temperature.
  • the resulting acid halide can be then coupled with an amine in a suitable solvent, for example THF or DMF.
  • a suitable solvent for example THF or DMF.
  • excess base is added, for example triethylamine can be added as a base.
  • R B in compound xi is a hydroxyl group (or compound xi is the corresponding tautomeric oxo-dihydroquinazoline)
  • Method J also can be utilized for introduction of a halide at R B position followed by subsequent transformations described in Schemes 3-6.
  • Method K is direct coupling of carboxylic acid xi with amine using amide coupling reagents, for example HATU, T3P®, TBTU, EDCI,with a suitable base such as diisopropylethylamine or triethylamine in a suitable solvent, such as THF, DMF, pyridine or DMSO.
  • amide coupling reagents for example HATU, T3P®, TBTU, EDCI
  • Scheme 8 shows an alternative route for the preparation of compounds of formula xii.
  • Quinazoline halide xiii (X' is halogen) can be transformed to compound xii using Methods D, E, F, G, or H as described in Schemes 3-6.
  • Scheme 9 shows a general route for the synthesis of compounds of formula xxi.
  • 7-bromo-4-chloroquinoline xiv can be treated with an alkaline metal, for examplesodium alkoxide in a suitable solvent, such as NMP (Method L) to provide the O-substituted compound of formula xv.
  • Alkoxycarbonylation of xv can be achieved for example, using carbon monoxide; an alcohol, such as methanol; a base, for example TEA; and a transition metal catalyst, for example palladium (II) acetate / bis(diphenylphosphino)propane, in a suitable solvent, for example DMSO at elevated temperature (Method M) to give ester xvi.
  • a halogen into the 2-position can be achieved using a 2-step procedure.
  • Compound xvi can be first N-oxidized using a suitable oxidizing reagent, such as raCPBA in an appropriate solvent, such as DCM (Method ⁇ ).
  • the resulting N- oxide xvii can then be transformed into a 2-halogenated quinoline xviii using for example oxalyl chloride and DMF in a suitable solvent, such as DCM (Method O).
  • Compounds xviii (X' is halogen) can be transformed into the 2-substituted compound xix using one of a variety of different methods (e.g., Method G, H, E, P, or Q).
  • Arylation can be achieved using Suzuki coupling conditions with a boronic acid or ester, for example using SiliaCat® DPP-Pd or Pd/dppf, a suitable base, such as cesium carbonate in an appropriate solvent, such as dioxane (with or without water), at elevated temperature with thermal heating or microwave irradiation (Method G).
  • a suitable base such as cesium carbonate in an appropriate solvent, such as dioxane (with or without water)
  • a trifluoroborate salt can be used, for example potassium methoxymethyltrifluoroborate, or potassium cyclopropyltrifluoroborate, with a suitable catalyst, for example SiliaCat® DPP-Pd, a base, such as cesium carbonate in a suitable solvent, for example dioxane, at elevated temperature with thermal heating or microwave irradiation (Method H).
  • a suitable catalyst for example SiliaCat® DPP-Pd
  • a base such as cesium carbonate in a suitable solvent, for example dioxane
  • Alkyloxy substitution at the 2-position can be achieved using an alkaline metal alkoxide, for example sodium ethoxide in a suitable solvent, such as ethanol at elevated temperature (Method P).
  • a 2- substituted thioether can be prepared by treating compound xviii with an alkaline metal alkylthiolate, for example sodium ethanethiolate in a suitable solvent, such as DMF (Method E).
  • 2-Aminoquinoline can be prepared by treatment of xviii with an amine, either neat (without solvent) or with a suitable co-solvent, such as DMA or NMP at elevated temperature with thermal heating or microwave irradiation (Method Q).
  • Compound xix can be hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid xx using Method I as described in Scheme 7.
  • the resulting carboxylic acid xx can then be coupled with for example, an amine from any one of Schemes 12-16 and transformed into amide xxi using Method J or K as described in Scheme 7.
  • Scheme 10 shows a general method for preparation of compounds of formula xxiii and xxiv.
  • Compound xxi where R' is a group that can be deprotected, such as a Ci_6 aliphatic group e.g., methyl or a benzyl group, can be utilized as starting material.
  • the first step can be removal of the protecting group e.g., the methyl ether can be deprotected using BBr 3 or BCI 3 in a suitable solvent, such as DCM with cooling or at room temperature (Method R).
  • the benzyl group can be removed by a transition metal catalyzed hydrogenation, for example treatment with Pd, under hydrogen gas pressure in a suitable solvent, such as ethyl acetate, methanol, with optional addition of acetic acid (Method S).
  • a suitable solvent such as ethyl acetate, methanol
  • acetic acid Methodhod S
  • the resulting phenol can then be converted to triflate xxii, for example using triflic anhydride and a base, such as pyridine, TEA, in a suitable solvent, such as DCM (Method T).
  • the triflate xxii can then be subjected to Suzuki coupling conditions with a boronic acid or ester to provide a compound of formula xxiii using a suitable catalyst, such as Pd/dppf or Pd/dpePhos, a suitable base, such as cesium carbonate in an appropriate solvent, such as dioxane with or without water, at elevated temperature with thermal heating or microwave irradiation (Method G).
  • a suitable catalyst such as Pd/dppf or Pd/dpePhos
  • a suitable base such as cesium carbonate in an appropriate solvent, such as dioxane with or without water
  • a trifluoroborate salt can be used, for example potassium methoxymethyltrifluoroborate, or potassium cyclopropyltrifluoroborate, with a suitable catalyst, for example SiliaCat® DPP-Pd, a base, such as cesium carbonate in a suitable solvent, for example dioxane at elevated temperature with thermal heating or microwave irradiation (Method H).
  • a suitable catalyst for example SiliaCat® DPP-Pd
  • a base such as cesium carbonate in a suitable solvent, for example dioxane at elevated temperature with thermal heating or microwave irradiation (Method H).
  • Triflate xxii can also be converted to amine xxiv using Buchwald-Hartwig conditions, using HN(Pv 1A Pv 2A ), Pd 2 dba 3 /BINAP, Pd 2 dba 3 /X-Phos or another suitable Pd based catalyst, with a suitable base, such as NaOtBu or CS 2 CO 3 in a suitable solvent, such as toluene or dioxane at elevated temperature or using microwave irradiation (Method U).
  • a suitable base such as NaOtBu or CS 2 CO 3
  • a suitable solvent such as toluene or dioxane at elevated temperature or using microwave irradiation (Method U).
  • Scheme 11 shows an alternative procedure for the preparation of compounds of formula xxvii.
  • the ester group of 2-haloquinoline xxv (X' is halogen) can be hydrolyzed to a carboxylic acid using Method I as described in Scheme 7, and the resulting carboxylic acid can be coupled with an amine from any one of Schemes 12-16 and converted in to amide xxvi using a variety of methods e.g., Method J or K as described in Scheme 7.
  • halogen atom in xxvi can then be utilized in a coupling reaction for the preparation of a compound of formula xxvii, wherein R A is attached to the quinoline via C- substitution (Methods G, H), S-substitution (Method E), O-substitution (Method P) or N-substitution (Method Q).
  • Methods G, H, E, P, and Q are described in Scheme 7.
  • Scheme 12 shows a general procedure for the synthesis of imidazole-containing compounds of formula xxxi.
  • Aldehyde xxviii can be prepared from the corresponding amino-alcohol compound, wherein the amine can be protected with a suitable amine protecting group (PG), such as a Boc group, and the alcohol can be oxidized to an aldehyde using a suitable oxidizing reagent, such as DMSO.
  • PG amine protecting group
  • DMSO oxidizing reagent
  • Aldehyde xxviii can be condensed with a dicarbonyl compound, such as a diketone, ketoaldehyde, or glyoxal, in the presence of an appropriate ammonia source, such as ammonium acetate or ammonia, in a solvent such as methanol to form the imidazole of formula xxix (Method V).
  • the amine protecting group can then be removed under appropriate conditions, for example TFA/DCM treatment for Boc group removal (Method X) to provide amine xxx, that can be coupled with for example an ester or an acid from any one of Schemes 1-7; 19-21 to form amide xxxi using Method J or K as described above.
  • Scheme 13 shows a general procedure for the synthesis of triazole-containing compounds of formula xxxv.
  • the carboxamide xxxii can be prepared from the corresponding amino-alcohol compound, wherein the amine can be protected with a suitable amine protecting group (PG), such as a Boc group, and the alcohol can be oxidized using a suitable oxidizing reagent, such as oxalyl chloride and DMSO.
  • PG amine protecting group
  • the resulting carboxamide xxxii can be treated with a dialkylamide-dialkylacetal, such as DMFDMA at elevated temperature or under microwave irradiation (Method Y) to give an intermediate amidine that can be transformed into a 1,2,4-triazole xxxiii e.g., using hydrazine in acetic acid at elevated temperature or under microwave irradiation (Method Z).
  • the amine can be deprotected to produce xxxiv under suitable conditions, for example, TFA in DCM for removal of a Boc group (Method X).
  • the resulting amine xxxiv can then be coupled with for example an acid or an ester from any one of Schemes 1-7; 19-21 to form an amide xxxv using Method J or K as described above.
  • Scheme 14 shows a general procedure for the synthesis of compounds of formula xxxix.
  • the ester xxxvi (R' is Ci_6 aliphatic) can be treated with a suitable reducing agent, such as LAH or DIBAL in a suitable solvent, for example diethyl ether or THF (Method AA) to provide alcohol xxxvii.
  • a suitable reducing agent such as LAH or DIBAL
  • a suitable solvent for example diethyl ether or THF (Method AA)
  • Alcohol xxxvii can then be converted to amine xxxviii, for example under Mitsunobu conditions, using phthalimide, triphenylphosphine, DEAD in a suitable solvent, such as THF (Method AB) followed by amine release, for example using hydrazine in ethanol at elevated temperature to remove the phthalimide protecting group (Method AC).
  • a suitable solvent such as THF (Method AB)
  • amine release for example using hydrazine in ethanol at elevated temperature to remove the phthalimide protecting group (Method AC).
  • the resulting amine can then be coupled to with an ester or an acid from any one of Schemes 1-7 to form amide xxxix using Method J or K as described above.
  • Scheme 15 shows a general procedure for the synthesis of compounds of formula xliv.
  • the suitably protected (for example Boc protected) allylamine xl can be converted to a boronic acid via hydroboration with a suitable reagent, such as 9-BBN in a suitable solvent, for example THF, followed by treatment with sodium hydroxide (Method AD).
  • a suitable reagent such as 9-BBN in a suitable solvent, for example THF
  • Method AD sodium hydroxide
  • the intermediate boronic acid can then be coupled with an aryl or heteroaryl halide xli under Suzuki conditions, using a catalyst for example Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 in a suitable solvent, for example THF at elevated temperature (Method G) to provide compound xlii.
  • Deprotection of the amine can afford compound xliii.
  • the deprotection can be carried out under suitable conditions, using for example TFA in DCM for deprotection of a Boc group (Method X).
  • the resulting amine can then be coupled with for example an ester or an acid from any one of Schemes 1-7; 19-21 to form amide xliv using Method J or K as described above.
  • Scheme 16 shows a general method for the synthesis of compounds of formula xlix.
  • the aldehyde group in compound xlv (R' is Ci_6 aliphatic) can be converted to an optionally substituted imidazole xlvi using Method V described in Scheme 12.
  • the ester group in xlvi can be treated with a suitable reducing agent, such as LAH or DIBAL in a suitable solvent, for example diethyl ether or THF (Method AA) to provide an alcohol followed by subsequent imidazole protection with a suitable protecting group (PG), for example a tosylate group (Ts).
  • a suitable reducing agent such as LAH or DIBAL
  • PG diethyl ether or THF
  • Ts tosylate group
  • Alcohol xlvii can then be converted onto amine xlviii under Mitsunobu conditions, using for example phthalimide, triphenylphosphine, DEAD in a suitable solvent, such as THF (Method AB) followed by deprotection of both the phthalimide and tosylate groups, for example using hydrazine in ethanol at elevated temperature (Method AC).
  • THF THF
  • Method AC hydrazine in ethanol at elevated temperature
  • the resulting amine xlviii can then be coupled with for example an ester or an acid from any one of Schemes 1-7; 19-21 to form amide xlix using Method J or K as described above.
  • Scheme 17 shows a general method for the synthesis of compounds of formula Hi.
  • Methyl substituted heteroaromatic compounds 1 can be halogenated under standard conditions, for example bromine in acetic acid with heating (Method AF).
  • the formed alkyl halides H can be then treated with alcohols in the presence of a suitable base, such as aqueous sodium hydroxide (Method AG).
  • Reaction can be run at room or elevated temperature with an optional co-solvent, such as dioxane or THF to provide ethers of formula Hi.
  • Scheme 18 shows a general method for the synthesis of compounds of formula Hv.
  • Alkyl substituted heteroaromatic compounds liii can be treated with suitable fluorinating agent, such as N- fluoro-N'-chloromethyl-triethylenediamine-bis(tetrafluoroborate) (F-TEDA-BF 4 ) (Selectfluor) in a suitable solvent, for example MeCN to afford compounds of formula Hv (Method AH)
  • Scheme 19 shows a general method for the synthesis of compounds of formula xxvii.
  • Optionally substituted formyl nitobenzoates lv can be reduced to intermediate formyl aminobenzoates using general conditions, such as iron powder in aqueous HC1 at elevated temperature (Method AI), followed by treatment with arylmethyl ketones lvi premixed with an excess of a suitable base, for example potassium hydroxide (Method AJ) to afford carboxylic acid intermediates that can be subsequently esterified to esters lvii using general conditions, such as oxalyl chloride, DMF, THF and an alcohol, such as methanol (Method AK).
  • general conditions such as iron powder in aqueous HC1 at elevated temperature (Method AI)
  • arylmethyl ketones lvi premixed with an excess of a suitable base for example potassium hydroxide (Method AJ)
  • carboxylic acid intermediates that can be subsequently esterified to esters lvii using general conditions, such as oxalyl chloride,
  • Esters lvii can be then halogenated using a 2-step procedure, starting with N-oxidation with a suitable reagent, for example raCPBA in DCM (Method ⁇ ), followed by treatment with an appropriate halogenting agent, such as oxalyl chloride in a suitable solvent, for example DMF/DCM mixture (Method O).
  • a suitable reagent for example raCPBA in DCM (Method ⁇ )
  • an appropriate halogenting agent such as oxalyl chloride in a suitable solvent, for example DMF/DCM mixture (Method O).
  • Resulting compounds lviii can be then converted to compounds xxvii using sequences described above, such as introduction of R B using methods G, H, L, U, and conversion of ester function to amide using Methods I followed by J or K.
  • Scheme 20 shows a general method for the synthesis of compounds of formula xxvii.
  • Optionally substituted esters lix (R' is Ci_6 aliphatic) can be halogenated to lx using a 2-step procedure, starting with N-oxidation with a suitable reagent, for example raCPBA in DCM (Method ⁇ ), followed by treatment with an appropriate halogenting agent, such as oxalyl chloride in a suitable solvent, for example DMF/DCM mixture (Method O).
  • Resulting compounds lx can be then converted to compounds lxi using sequences described above - methods G, H, L, U to introduce R A groups, followed by connversion of ester function to amides xxvii using Methods I and then J or K.
  • Scheme 21 shows a general method for the synthesis of compounds of formula lxx.
  • Compounds lxiv can be then converted to monofluorohydroxyquinolinones lxv using an appropriate method, such as zinc in acetic acid at elevated temperature (Method AN).
  • Compounds lxv can be then converted to ethers lxvi by treatment with alkyl halides, such as ethyl iodide with a suitable base, for example K 2 C0 3 in an appropriate solvent, such as DMF at elevated temperature (Method B).
  • alkyl halides such as ethyl iodide with a suitable base, for example K 2 C0 3 in an appropriate solvent, such as DMF at elevated temperature (Method B).
  • Conversion of halides in lxvi to esters lxvii (R' is Ci_ 6 aliphatic) can be achieved as described in Scheme 9, Method M.
  • halide towards compounds of formula Ixviii can be achieved using direct halogenation of lxvii as described in Scheme 3, Method C, or using a two-step procedure starting with triflate formation according to Method T described in Scheme 10, followed by exchange with a halogenating reagent, for example anhydrous HC1 in a suitable solvent, for example EtOAc (Method AO).
  • Resulting compounds Ixviii can be then converted to compounds lxix using sequences described above - methods G, H, L, U to introduce R A groups, followed by conversion of ester function to amides lxx using Methods I and then J or K.
  • Scheme 22 shows a general method for the synthesis of compounds of formula lxxv.
  • the aldehyde group in compounds xxviii can be converted to optionally substituted nitroalcohols Ixxi using treatment with nitroalkanes, for example nitroethane and a suitable base, such as TEA (Method AP).
  • nitroalkanes for example nitroethane and a suitable base, such as TEA (Method AP).
  • Elimination towards nitroalkenes Ixxii can be achieved for example by treatment with methanesulfonyl chloride and a suitable base, such as TEA in DCM (Method AQ).
  • Nitroalkenes Ixxii can be then converted to triazoles Ixxiii using treatment with sodium azide in DMSO (Method AR).
  • Removal of the protecting group (PG) can be achieved using methods described above, for example using hydrazine in ethanol at elevated temperature to remove phthalimide group (Method AC), or Boc group removal using TFA/DCM or HCl/dioxane (Method X).
  • the resulting amines lxxiv can then be coupled with an ester or an acid from any one of Schemes 1-7; 19-21 to form amides lxxv using Method J or K as described above.
  • Scheme 23 shows a general method for the synthesis of compounds of formula lxxix.
  • Compounds lxxvi can be converted to protected pyrazoles Ixxvii using treatment with hydrazine in a suitable solvent such as butanol at elevated temperature (Method AS).
  • Removal of the protecting group (PG) can be achieved using methods described above, for example Boc group removal using TFA/DCM or HCl/dioxane (Method X).
  • the resulting amines Ixxviii can then be coupled with an ester or an acid from any one of Schemes 1-7; 19-21 to form amides lxxix using Method J or K as described above.
  • Scheme 24 shows a general method for the synthesis of compounds of formula lxxxiii.
  • Conversion of alkynes lxxx to triazoles Ixxxi can be for example achieved by treatment of aqueous formaldehyde in acetic acid with sodium azide, followed by addition of alkynes lxxx and sodium ascorbate/cupric sulfate catalyst (Metod AT).
  • Removal of the protecting group (PG) can be achieved using methods described above, for example Boc group removal using TFA/DCM or HCl/dioxane (Method X).
  • the resulting amines lxxxii can then be coupled with an ester or an acid from any one of Schemes 1-7; 19-21 to form amides lxxxiii using Method J or K as described above.
  • Scheme 25 shows a general method for the synthesis of compounds of formula Ixxxviii.
  • Conversion of esters Ixxxiv (R' is Ci_6 aliphatic) to ot-cyanoketones lxxxv can be achieved by treatment with deprotonated acetonitrile, obtained for example by treatment of acetonitrile with «-BuLi in THF at low temperature (Method AU).
  • Compounds lxxxv can be converted to aminopyrazoles Ixxxvi using treatment with hydrazine in a suitable solvent, such as EtOH (Method AV).
  • Removal of the protecting group (PG) can be achieved using methods described above, for example Boc group removal using TFA/DCM or HCl/dioxane (Method X).
  • the resulting amines Ixxxvii can then be coupled with an ester or an acid from any one of Schemes 1-7; 19-21 to form amides Ixxxviii using Method J or K as described above.
  • Table 1 below depicts certain compounds represented by compounds of formula I.

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