WO2016103571A1 - リチウムコバルト系複合酸化物及びその製造方法、並びに電気化学デバイス及びリチウムイオン二次電池 - Google Patents
リチウムコバルト系複合酸化物及びその製造方法、並びに電気化学デバイス及びリチウムイオン二次電池 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2016103571A1 WO2016103571A1 PCT/JP2015/005822 JP2015005822W WO2016103571A1 WO 2016103571 A1 WO2016103571 A1 WO 2016103571A1 JP 2015005822 W JP2015005822 W JP 2015005822W WO 2016103571 A1 WO2016103571 A1 WO 2016103571A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- lithium
- composite oxide
- lithium cobalt
- negative electrode
- active material
- Prior art date
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- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 144
- CKFRRHLHAJZIIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt lithium Chemical compound [Li].[Co] CKFRRHLHAJZIIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 137
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 56
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 56
- -1 fluorine ions Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 66
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 229910021642 ultra pure water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000012498 ultrapure water Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 48
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 47
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 229910021439 lithium cobalt complex oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 25
- 150000002642 lithium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910001496 lithium tetrafluoroborate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon monoxide Chemical compound [Si-]#[O+] LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910013063 LiBF 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003480 eluent Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 229910009382 Li1-xCo1-zMzO2-aFa Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 30
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 27
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 19
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 19
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 15
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 15
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 13
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 11
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 229910012851 LiCoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229910018871 CoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 9
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 8
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 7
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 6
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000005676 cyclic carbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000005678 chain carbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010828 elution Methods 0.000 description 3
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- SBLRHMKNNHXPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical compound FC1COC(=O)O1 SBLRHMKNNHXPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910021139 Li0.5Ni0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910021157 Li0.5Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910015965 LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910014422 LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910013872 LiPF Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 101150058243 Lipf gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 description 2
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000008065 acid anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012752 auxiliary agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- OJIJEKBXJYRIBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium nickel Chemical compound [Ni].[Cd] OJIJEKBXJYRIBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000428 cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(ii) oxide Chemical compound [Co]=O IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011883 electrode binding agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000009616 inductively coupled plasma Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 2
- RSNHXDVSISOZOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nickel Chemical compound [Li].[Ni] RSNHXDVSISOZOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000008053 sultones Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229920003051 synthetic elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000057 synthetic resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000005061 synthetic rubber Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AVPYLKIIPLFMHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,6-oxadithiane 2,2,6,6-tetraoxide Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCS(=O)(=O)O1 AVPYLKIIPLFMHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZZXUZKXVROWEIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-butylene carbonate Chemical compound CCC1COC(=O)O1 ZZXUZKXVROWEIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FSSPGSAQUIYDCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-Propane sultone Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCO1 FSSPGSAQUIYDCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxol-2-one Chemical compound O=C1OC=CO1 VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DSMUTQTWFHVVGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical compound FC1OC(=O)OC1F DSMUTQTWFHVVGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BJWMSGRKJIOCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-ethenyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical compound C=CC1COC(=O)O1 BJWMSGRKJIOCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910018087 Al-Cd Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910018188 Al—Cd Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004438 BET method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910021099 Li0.5Ni0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021134 Li0.5Ni0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021136 Li0.5Ni0.8Al0.05Co0.15O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013733 LiCo Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012748 LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910011322 LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015752 LiNi0.8Al0.05Co0.15O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013842 M2PO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910018011 MK-II Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004962 Polyamide-imide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical group [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920002125 Sokalan® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- OEMGCAOEZNBNAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [P].[Li] Chemical compound [P].[Li] OEMGCAOEZNBNAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002134 carbon nanofiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002482 conductive additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011889 copper foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- VDGKFLGYHYBDQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N difluoromethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC(F)F VDGKFLGYHYBDQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YNQRWVCLAIUHHI-UHFFFAOYSA-L dilithium;oxalate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O YNQRWVCLAIUHHI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002612 dispersion medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010494 dissociation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005593 dissociations Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000002848 electrochemical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011532 electronic conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 1
- PIQRQRGUYXRTJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoromethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OCF PIQRQRGUYXRTJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical compound [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010335 hydrothermal treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004255 ion exchange chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004898 kneading Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium oxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001947 lithium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001386 lithium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000004 low energy electron diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052752 metalloid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KKQAVHGECIBFRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl propyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)OC KKQAVHGECIBFRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000652 nickel hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011056 performance test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid Substances OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920005575 poly(amic acid) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004584 polyacrylic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002312 polyamide-imide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- GCLGEJMYGQKIIW-UHFFFAOYSA-H sodium hexametaphosphate Chemical compound [Na]OP1(=O)OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])O1 GCLGEJMYGQKIIW-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 235000019982 sodium hexametaphosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001577 tetrasodium phosphonato phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K trilithium;phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000013585 weight reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a lithium cobalt composite oxide and a method for producing the same, and an electrochemical device and a lithium ion secondary battery using the lithium cobalt composite oxide. About.
- This secondary battery is not limited to a small electronic device, but is also considered to be applied to a large-sized electronic device represented by an automobile or the like, or an electric power storage system represented by a house.
- lithium ion secondary batteries are easily expected to be smaller and have higher capacity. This is because an energy density higher than that of a lead battery or a nickel cadmium battery can be obtained.
- This lithium ion secondary battery includes an electrolyte solution together with a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separator.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode include a positive electrode active material and a negative electrode active material related to the charge / discharge reaction.
- a lithium cobalt composite oxide having a hexagonal layered rock salt structure belonging to the space group R-3m and containing a transition metal which is a rare metal such as cobalt or nickel is used as a positive electrode active material.
- a water electrolyte secondary battery has been proposed. In recent years, a higher capacity is required for such a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, and a cycle life with respect to a higher potential is also required. However, there is still a high demand for improvement in terms of cycle life, and various attempts have been made to improve it (see, for example, Patent Documents 1-6).
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and when used as a positive electrode active material for an electrochemical device, a lithium cobalt composite oxide capable of obtaining high cycle characteristics along with a high charge / discharge capacity, and the production thereof It aims to provide a method.
- the present invention provides a lithium cobalt composite oxide used as an active material for a positive electrode of an electrochemical device, wherein the lithium cobalt composite oxide is dispersed in ultrapure water.
- Fluorine ions eluted into the lithium cobalt-based composite oxide in a mass ratio of 500 ppm to 15000 ppm, and the composition is the following general formula (1): Li 1 ⁇ x Co 1 ⁇ z M z O 2 ⁇ a F a ( ⁇ 0.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 2) (1)
- M represents one or more metal elements selected from the group consisting of Mn, Ni, Fe, V, Cr, Al, Nb, Ti, Cu, and Zn).
- a composite oxide is provided.
- lithium ions can be stably and appropriately supplied by facilitating desorption / insertion of lithium ions, so when used as a positive electrode active material for an electrochemical device High cycle characteristics can be obtained with a high charge / discharge capacity.
- the lithium ions eluted in the eluate in which the lithium cobalt composite oxide is dispersed with ultrapure water is 500 ppm or more and 20000 ppm or less in a mass ratio with respect to the lithium cobalt composite oxide.
- the charge / discharge capacity is used when used as the positive electrode active material for electrochemical devices. And the cycle characteristics can be improved more effectively.
- the mass ratio (the mass of fluorine ions / the mass of lithium ions) of lithium ions and fluorine ions eluted in the eluate in which the lithium cobalt composite oxide is dispersed with ultrapure water is 0.1 or more and 5 The following is preferable.
- the mass ratio of the eluted lithium ions to fluorine ions (the mass of fluorine ions / the mass of lithium ions) is within the above range, the charge / discharge capacity and cycle characteristics when used as the active material for the positive electrode of an electrochemical device Can be increased more reliably.
- the average particle size is preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or more and 30.0 ⁇ m or less.
- the charge / discharge capacity and cycle characteristics can be increased more effectively when used as the active material of the positive electrode of the electrochemical device.
- it preferably has a BET specific surface area of less 0.10 m 2 / g or more 2.00 m 2 / g.
- the charge / discharge capacity and cycle characteristics can be increased more effectively when used as the active material of the positive electrode of the electrochemical device.
- the composition of the present invention has the following general formula (1): Li 1 ⁇ x Co 1 ⁇ z M z O 2 ⁇ a F a ( ⁇ 0.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 2) (1) (Wherein, M represents one or more metal elements selected from the group consisting of Mn, Ni, Fe, V, Cr, Al, Nb, Ti, Cu, and Zn).
- Lithium cobalt composite oxide having a mass ratio of 500 ppm to 15000 ppm with respect to the lithium cobalt composite oxide is a fluorine ion eluted in the eluate when the lithium cobalt composite oxide is dispersed with ultrapure water.
- a method for producing a cobalt-based composite oxide is provided.
- the manufactured lithium cobalt composite oxide can provide high cycle characteristics with a high charge / discharge capacity when used as an active material for the positive electrode of an electrochemical device.
- the active material it is possible to produce a lithium-cobalt composite oxide that can provide high cycle characteristics with high charge / discharge capacity at low cost.
- lithium is extracted electrochemically from the lithium cobalt based composite oxide precursor.
- Such a method can be suitably used as a method for extracting lithium.
- lithium is extracted electrochemically after the lithium cobalt complex oxide precursor is molded with a thickness of 1.0 mm or more.
- Such a method can also be suitably used as a method for extracting lithium.
- the lithium compound preferably contains lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ).
- Fluorine can be added to the lithium cobalt complex oxide by using a lithium compound containing lithium hexafluorophosphate as the lithium compound to be reacted with the lithium cobalt complex oxide precursor.
- the lithium compound preferably contains lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF 4 ).
- Fluorine can be added to the lithium cobalt complex oxide by using a lithium compound containing lithium tetrafluoroborate as the lithium compound to be reacted with the lithium cobalt complex oxide precursor.
- the step of reacting includes a step of firing, and in the step of firing, the firing temperature is preferably 600 ° C. or higher and 1100 ° C. or lower.
- a method for reacting the lithium cobalt complex oxide precursor and the lithium compound a method of performing firing in the above temperature range can be suitably used.
- the reacting step includes a firing step, and the firing is performed in an air atmosphere in the firing step.
- firing is preferably performed in an air atmosphere containing oxygen.
- adjustment of the firing atmosphere becomes unnecessary, so that manufacturing costs can be reduced.
- the present invention provides a negative electrode comprising a negative electrode active material layer containing negative electrode active material particles having a charge / discharge efficiency of 80% or less when used as a negative electrode active material in an electrochemical device, and the negative electrode current collector,
- an electrochemical device having a positive electrode active material layer containing a lithium cobalt-based composite oxide and a positive electrode comprising a positive electrode current collector.
- Such an electrochemical device can have high cycle characteristics as well as high charge / discharge capacity.
- the present invention also includes a negative electrode active material layer containing negative electrode active material particles containing silicon oxide represented by a composition formula of SiO x (0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6) and a negative electrode current collector.
- a negative electrode active material layer containing negative electrode active material particles containing silicon oxide represented by a composition formula of SiO x (0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6) and a negative electrode current collector.
- an electrochemical device comprising a negative electrode, and a positive electrode comprising a positive electrode active material layer containing the lithium cobalt-based composite oxide and a positive electrode current collector.
- Such an electrochemical device can have high cycle characteristics as well as high charge / discharge capacity.
- the present invention also provides a negative electrode comprising a negative electrode active material layer containing negative electrode active material particles having a charge / discharge efficiency of 80% or less when used as a negative electrode active material of a lithium ion secondary battery, and a negative electrode current collector.
- a lithium ion secondary battery comprising a positive electrode active material layer containing the lithium cobalt-based composite oxide and a positive electrode comprising a positive electrode current collector.
- Such a lithium ion secondary battery can have high cycle characteristics as well as high charge / discharge capacity.
- the present invention also includes a negative electrode active material layer containing negative electrode active material particles containing silicon oxide represented by a composition formula of SiO x (0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6) and a negative electrode current collector.
- a lithium ion secondary battery comprising a negative electrode, a positive electrode comprising a positive electrode active material layer containing the lithium cobalt-based composite oxide, and a positive electrode current collector.
- Such a lithium ion secondary battery can have high cycle characteristics as well as high charge / discharge capacity.
- lithium cobalt based composite oxide of the present invention when used as an active material for a positive electrode of an electrochemical device, lithium ions can be smoothly inserted and removed, thereby stabilizing lithium ions. Since it can supply suitably, cycling characteristics can be made high with charge / discharge capacity.
- the method for producing a lithium cobalt composite oxide of the present invention is used, even a lithium cobalt composite oxide regenerated from a used positive electrode is high when used as an active material for a positive electrode of an electrochemical device.
- lithium cobalt-based composite oxides that can provide high cycle characteristics together with high charge / discharge capacity when used as an active material for the positive electrode of an electrochemical device are manufactured at low cost. be able to. Furthermore, if it is the electrochemical device of this invention, it can have a high cycle characteristic with a high charging / discharging capacity
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using lithium cobalt composite oxide as a positive electrode active material has been proposed.
- a cycle for higher capacity and higher potential is proposed. Life expectancy is required.
- the cycle life there is still a high demand for improvement, and various attempts for improvement have been made, but a satisfactory cycle life has not yet been achieved.
- the present inventors have made extensive studies on a lithium cobalt-based composite oxide that, when used as a positive electrode active material for an electrochemical device, can provide high cycle characteristics with a high charge / discharge capacity.
- the lithium cobalt composite oxide in which the fluorine ions eluted in the eluate in which the lithium cobalt composite oxide is dispersed with ultrapure water is in a mass ratio of 500 ppm to 15000 ppm with respect to the lithium cobalt composite oxide If it exists, when it used as a positive electrode active material of an electrochemical device, it discovered that a high cycle characteristic was acquired with a high charging / discharging capacity
- the lithium cobalt-based composite oxide of the present invention is a lithium cobalt-based composite oxide used as an active material for a positive electrode of an electrochemical device, wherein the lithium cobalt-based composite oxide is dispersed in ultrapure water.
- Fluorine ions to be eluted are 500 ppm to 15000 ppm, more preferably 1000 ppm to 15000 ppm, more preferably 1500 ppm to 15000 ppm in mass ratio to the lithium cobalt composite oxide, and the composition is represented by the following general formula (1): Li 1 ⁇ x Co 1 ⁇ z M z O 2 ⁇ a F a ( ⁇ 0.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 2) (1) (Wherein M represents one or more metal elements selected from the group consisting of Mn, Ni, Fe, V, Cr, Al, Nb, Ti, Cu and Zn).
- x is more preferably 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.5, and further preferably 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.3.
- z is more preferably 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.7, and further preferably 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.4. That is, it is preferable that the content of cobalt in the lithium cobalt composite oxide precursor is large. This is because if the cobalt content is high, high cycle characteristics are easily obtained along with a high charge / discharge capacity.
- lithium ions can be stably and appropriately supplied by facilitating lithium ion desorption / insertion.
- high cycle characteristics can be obtained with a high charge / discharge capacity.
- the eluted fluorine ions are considered to be contained in the form of LiF on the composite surface.
- Fluorine may be dissolved in the base material.
- the lithium ions eluted in the eluate dispersed with ultrapure water are preferably 500 ppm or more and 20000 ppm or less in a mass ratio with respect to the lithium cobalt complex oxide, and 500 ppm or more and 15000 ppm or less. More preferably, it is 500 ppm or more and 10000 ppm or less.
- the charge / discharge capacity is used when used as the positive electrode active material for electrochemical devices. And the cycle characteristics can be improved more effectively.
- the mass ratio of the lithium ions eluted in the eluate dispersed with ultrapure water and the fluorine ions is 0.1 or more and 5 or less. It is preferable that it is 0.3 or more and 4.5 or less, and it is more preferable that it is 0.5 or more and 4.5 or less.
- the mass ratio of the eluted lithium ions to fluorine ions (the mass of fluorine ions / the mass of lithium ions) is within the above range, the charge / discharge capacity and cycle characteristics when used as the active material for the positive electrode of an electrochemical device Can be increased more reliably.
- the average particle diameter (median diameter) of the lithium cobalt composite oxide is preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less.
- the standard of the average particle diameter is a volume standard.
- the charge / discharge capacity and cycle characteristics can be increased more effectively when used as the active material of the positive electrode of the electrochemical device.
- the BET specific surface area of the lithium cobalt composite oxide is less than 0.10 m 2 / g or more 2.00m 2 / g, 0.10m 2 / g or more 1.5 m 2 / g that less is it is more preferable, and even more preferably less 0.10 m 2 / g or more 1.0 m 2 / g.
- the BET specific surface area means a surface area per unit mass determined by the BET method (a method in which gas particles such as nitrogen are adsorbed on solid particles and the surface area is measured from the adsorbed amount).
- the charge / discharge capacity and cycle characteristics can be increased more effectively when used as the active material of the positive electrode of the electrochemical device.
- lithium cobalt-based composite oxide described above is used as an active material for the positive electrode of an electrochemical device, lithium ions can be smoothly inserted and removed, thereby stably supplying lithium ions appropriately. Therefore, high cycle characteristics can be obtained with a high charge / discharge capacity.
- the method for producing a lithium cobalt composite oxide of the present invention has the following general formula (1): Li 1 ⁇ x Co 1 ⁇ z M z O 2 ⁇ a F a ( ⁇ 0.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 2) (1) (Wherein, M represents one or more metal elements selected from the group consisting of Mn, Ni, Fe, V, Cr, Al, Nb, Ti, Cu, and Zn).
- x is more preferably 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.5, and further preferably 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.3.
- y is more preferably 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.8, and more preferably 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.6.
- z is more preferably 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.7, and further preferably 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.4. That is, it is preferable that the content of cobalt in the lithium cobalt composite oxide precursor is large. This is because if the content of cobalt is large, the used positive electrode can be easily regenerated, and high charge / discharge capacity and high cycle characteristics can be easily obtained.
- the elution amount of fluorine ions can be controlled, for example, by controlling the amount of the electrolyte solution containing fluorine when the lithium phosphorus complex oxide precursor and the lithium compound are reacted. That is, when the fluorine is insufficient, the electrolytic solution is added and regenerated.
- the amount of fluorine ions eluted can be controlled by discharging the electrolytic solution by centrifugation or the like.
- the elution amount of lithium ions can be controlled by, for example, the amount of lithium source other than the electrolyte, the firing temperature, etc., if the elution amount of fluorine ions is determined.
- the lithium cobalt composite oxide precursor from which lithium has been extracted is, for example, one that is taken out from the used electrode after charge / discharge using an organic solvent.
- Chemically extracted lithium state in which lithium ions are scattered by baking at high temperature, state after lithium is extracted from powder or pellets by charge and discharge, and the like.
- lithium cobalt composite oxide precursor from which lithium is partially removed lithium remains partially, so that it is easier to produce a lithium cobalt composite oxide than when a coprecipitate raw material is used.
- the amount of the lithium compound used can be reduced, and the lithium cobalt composite oxide can be produced at a low cost.
- lithium is extracted electrochemically (specifically, by charge / discharge).
- Such a method can be suitably used as a method for extracting lithium. This is because lithium can be easily extracted.
- the lithium cobalt composite oxide precursor is molded with a thickness of 1.0 mm or more, more preferably 5.0 mm or more. It is preferable that it is pulled out.
- Such a method can be suitably used as a method for extracting lithium. This is because if the lithium cobalt based composite oxide precursor is molded with the above thickness, handling of the lithium cobalt based composite oxide precursor is good.
- the lithium compound is, for example, lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium oxide, lithium oxalate, lithium phosphate, lithium hexafluorophosphate, or lithium tetrafluoroborate.
- it is lithium hydroxide, more preferably lithium hydroxide and lithium hexafluorophosphate, or a mixture of lithium hydroxide and lithium tetrafluoroborate, more preferably hydroxide. It is a mixture of lithium and lithium hexafluorophosphate.
- Lithium hydroxide is particularly preferable because it is easily available industrially, has high reactivity, and is inexpensive. Further, it is a good lithium conductor contained as an electrolyte in a lithium hexafluorophosphate electrolyte and a lithium tetrafluoroborate electrolyte, and is an ideal lithium compound for obtaining an excellent charge / discharge capacity.
- the step of reacting includes a step of firing, and in the step of firing, the firing temperature is preferably 600 ° C. or higher and 1100 ° C. or lower, and 700 ° C. or higher and 1100 ° C. or lower. More preferably, it is 800 degreeC or more and 1100 degrees C or less.
- a method for reacting the lithium cobalt complex oxide precursor and the lithium compound a method of performing firing in the above temperature range can be suitably used.
- Calcination time is preferably 1 hour to 50 hours, more preferably 2 hours to 15 hours, and further preferably 2 hours to 8 hours. Furthermore, it is preferable to perform a calcining step before firing, the calcining temperature is preferably 150 ° C. or higher and 450 ° C. or lower, more preferably 200 ° C. or higher and 300 ° C. or lower, and the calcining time is 30 minutes. It is preferably 5 hours or less and more preferably 2 hours or more and 5 hours or less.
- the above firing is preferably performed in an air atmosphere or an oxygen atmosphere. Since it is desirable that oxygen be present during the reaction between the lithium cobalt complex oxide precursor and the lithium compound, it is preferable to carry out the reaction in an air atmosphere containing oxygen or an oxygen atmosphere. If firing is performed in an air atmosphere, adjustment of the firing atmosphere is unnecessary, which can reduce the manufacturing cost and is more preferable.
- lithium cobalt type complex oxide it can also bake together with another lithium containing compound.
- the lithium-containing compound include a composite oxide composed of lithium and a transition metal element, or a phosphate compound having lithium and a transition metal element.
- these lithium-containing compounds compounds having at least one of nickel, iron, manganese, and cobalt are preferable.
- These chemical formulas are represented by, for example, Li c M1O 2 or Li d M2PO 4 .
- M1 and M2 represent at least one or more transition metal elements, and the values of c and d vary depending on the battery charge / discharge state, but generally 0.05 ⁇ c ⁇ 1.1, 0.05 ⁇ d ⁇ 1.1.
- Examples of the composite oxide having lithium and a transition metal element include lithium cobalt composite oxide (Li c CoO 2 ) and lithium nickel composite oxide (Li c NiO 2 ).
- a method other than firing may be used, or firing and other methods. You may use together. For example, when the reaction is performed, hydrothermal treatment may be performed, the number of firings may be increased, pellet molding may be performed, and firing may be performed.
- the method for producing a lithium-cobalt composite oxide described above is used, even if the lithium-cobalt composite oxide regenerated from a used positive electrode is used as an active material for the positive electrode of an electrochemical device, it is highly charged. Since high cycle characteristics can be obtained together with the discharge capacity, it is possible to produce a lithium-cobalt composite oxide that can provide high cycle characteristics together with a high charge / discharge capacity when used as an active material for a positive electrode of an electrochemical device at a low cost. .
- the lithium cobalt based composite oxide can be used as a positive electrode active material for various electrochemical devices (for example, batteries, sensors, electrolytic cells, etc.).
- electrochemical device refers to a device including an electrode plate material through which an electric current flows, that is, a device that can extract electric energy in general, and includes an electrolytic cell, a primary battery, and a secondary battery. It is a concept that includes.
- the “secondary battery” is a concept including so-called storage batteries such as lithium ion secondary batteries, nickel hydride batteries, nickel cadmium batteries, and power storage elements such as electric double layer capacitors.
- Said lithium cobalt type complex oxide is especially suitable as an electrode material of a lithium ion secondary battery and an electrolytic cell.
- the shape of the electrolytic cell may be any shape as long as it contains an electrode plate material that allows current to flow.
- the shape of the lithium ion secondary battery can be applied to any of coins, buttons, sheets, cylinders, and square shapes.
- the use of the lithium ion secondary battery to which the lithium cobalt based composite oxide of the present invention is applied is not particularly limited.
- the positive electrode active material layer preferably contains 50 to 100% by mass of the lithium cobalt composite oxide of the present invention. Further, it contains any one or more of positive electrode active materials capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions, and may contain other materials such as binders, conductive assistants, and dispersants depending on the design. Good.
- the positive electrode has, for example, a positive electrode active material layer on both sides or one side of the current collector.
- the current collector may be formed of a conductive material such as aluminum, for example.
- the negative electrode active material is preferably any one of silicon oxides represented by the general formula SiO x (0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6) or a mixture of two or more thereof.
- the negative electrode active material layer contains the above negative electrode active material, and may contain other materials such as a binder, a conductive additive, and a dispersant depending on the design.
- the negative electrode has the same configuration as the positive electrode described above, and has, for example, a negative electrode active material layer on one side or both sides of a current collector. It is preferable that the negative electrode has a larger negative electrode charge capacity than the electric capacity (charge capacity as a battery) obtained from the positive electrode active material agent. This is for suppressing the deposition of lithium metal on the negative electrode.
- binder for example, any one or more of a polymer material and a synthetic rubber can be used.
- the polymer material include polyvinylidene fluoride, polyimide, polyamideimide, aramid, polyacrylic acid, lithium polyacrylate, and carboxymethylcellulose.
- the synthetic rubber is, for example, styrene butadiene rubber, fluorine rubber, ethylene propylene diene, or the like.
- any 1 or more types of carbon materials such as carbon black, acetylene black, graphite, ketjen black, a carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber, can be used, for example.
- Electrode At least a part of the active material layer or the separator is impregnated with a liquid electrolyte (electrolytic solution).
- This electrolytic solution has an electrolyte salt dissolved in a solvent, and may contain other materials such as additives.
- the solvent include non-aqueous solvents.
- the non-aqueous solvent include the following materials. Ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, 1,2-dimethoxyethane or tetrahydrofuran.
- At least one of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and ethyl methyl carbonate is desirable. This is because better characteristics can be obtained. In this case, more advantageous characteristics can be obtained by combining a high viscosity solvent such as ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate and a low viscosity solvent such as dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate or diethyl carbonate. This is because the dissociation property and ion mobility of the electrolyte salt are improved.
- the solvent contains at least one of a halogenated chain carbonate or a halogenated cyclic carbonate.
- a halogenated chain carbonate is a chain carbonate having halogen as a constituent element (at least one hydrogen is replaced by a halogen).
- the halogenated cyclic carbonate is a cyclic carbonate having halogen as a constituent element (at least one hydrogen is replaced by halogen).
- the kind of halogen is not particularly limited, but fluorine is more preferable. This is because a film having a higher quality than other halogens is formed. Further, the larger the number of halogens, the more desirable, because the resulting coating is more stable and the decomposition reaction of the electrolyte is reduced.
- the halogenated chain carbonate include fluoromethyl methyl carbonate and difluoromethyl methyl carbonate.
- halogenated cyclic carbonate include 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolane-2-one and 4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolane-2-one.
- the solvent additive contains an unsaturated carbon bond cyclic carbonate. This is because a stable film is formed on the surface of the negative electrode during charging and discharging, and the decomposition reaction of the electrolyte can be suppressed.
- the unsaturated carbon bond cyclic ester carbonate include vinylene carbonate and vinyl ethylene carbonate.
- sultone cyclic sulfonate ester
- sultone include propane sultone and propene sultone.
- the solvent preferably contains an acid anhydride. This is because the chemical stability of the electrolytic solution is improved.
- the acid anhydride include propanedisulfonic acid anhydride.
- the electrolyte salt can contain, for example, any one or more of light metal salts such as lithium salts.
- the lithium salt include lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ) and lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF 4 ).
- the content of the electrolyte salt is preferably 0.5 mol / kg or more and 2.5 mol / kg or less with respect to the solvent. This is because high ionic conductivity is obtained.
- the current collector of the electrode is not particularly limited as long as it is an electronic conductor that does not cause a chemical change in the configured lithium ion secondary battery and electrochemical device, but for example, stainless steel, nickel, aluminum, titanium, The surface of calcined carbon, aluminum or stainless steel is surface-treated with carbon, nickel, copper, titanium or silver.
- the negative electrode is made of copper, in addition to stainless steel, nickel, copper, titanium, aluminum, calcined carbon, etc. Or a surface of stainless steel treated with carbon, nickel, titanium, silver, or the like, or an Al—Cd alloy is used.
- the separator separates the positive electrode and the negative electrode and allows lithium ions to pass through while preventing current short-circuiting due to both-pole contact.
- This separator is formed of, for example, a porous film made of synthetic resin or ceramic, and may have a laminated structure in which two or more kinds of porous films are laminated.
- the synthetic resin include polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, and polyethylene.
- the electrochemical device of the present invention comprises a negative electrode active material layer containing negative electrode active material particles having a charge / discharge efficiency of 80% or less when used as a negative electrode active material of an electrochemical device, and a negative electrode current collector, An electrochemical device having a positive electrode active material layer containing the lithium cobalt-based composite oxide and a positive electrode comprising a positive electrode current collector.
- the electrochemical device of the present invention includes a negative electrode active material layer containing negative electrode active material particles containing silicon oxide represented by a composition formula of SiO x (0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6) and a negative electrode current collector.
- It may be an electrochemical device having a negative electrode composed of a body, and a positive electrode composed of a positive electrode active material layer containing the lithium cobalt composite oxide and a positive electrode current collector. Note that the negative electrode and the positive electrode may not include a current collector.
- Such an electrochemical device can have high cycle characteristics as well as high charge / discharge capacity.
- the regenerated lithium cobalt composite oxide tends to increase the powder resistance.
- the charge / discharge efficiency decreases. Therefore, the negative electrode active material particles having a charge / discharge efficiency of 80% or less are used. When used, it is sufficient in terms of the balance between the charge and discharge efficiency of the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and a stable charge and discharge current is obtained, which is preferable.
- the lithium secondary battery of the present invention comprises a negative electrode active material layer containing negative electrode active material particles having a charge / discharge efficiency of 80% or less when used as a negative electrode active material of a lithium ion secondary battery, and a negative electrode current collector. And a positive electrode made of a positive electrode active material layer containing the lithium cobalt-based composite oxide and a positive electrode current collector. Further, the lithium secondary battery of the present invention includes a negative electrode active material layer containing negative electrode active material particles containing silicon oxide represented by a composition formula of SiO x (0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6), and a negative electrode collector.
- It may be a lithium ion secondary battery having a negative electrode made of an electric conductor, a positive electrode active material layer containing the lithium cobalt-based composite oxide, and a positive electrode made of a positive electrode current collector. Note that the negative electrode and the positive electrode may not include a current collector.
- Such a lithium secondary battery can have high cycle characteristics as well as high charge / discharge capacity.
- Example 1 In a button-type coin battery (CR2032), Li 0.5 CoO 2 in the form of pellets (thickness 15 mm) from which lithium was extracted with a constant current was dried together with an electrolyte using lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ) as an electrolyte. Then, lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 ) was mixed with the lightly pulverized powder so that the equivalent ratio of Li / Co was 1.00 / 1.00. The mixture was fired in the atmosphere (800 ° C. for 5 hours), then cooled and finely pulverized. Then classified with a sieve having a mesh opening 75 [mu] m, to produce a lithium-cobalt composite oxide having the composition of LiCoO 2.
- LiPF 6 lithium hexafluorophosphate
- Example 2 In an electrolytic cell, Li 0.5 CoO 2 in the form of a pellet (thickness 20 mm) from which lithium was extracted at a constant current was dried together with an electrolyte using lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ) as an electrolyte, and lightly pulverized. Lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 ) was mixed with the powder so that the equivalent ratio of Li / Co was 1.00 / 1.00. The mixture was fired in the atmosphere (850 ° C. for 3 hours), then cooled and finely pulverized. Then classified with a sieve having a mesh opening 75 [mu] m, to produce a lithium-cobalt composite oxide having the composition of LiCoO 2.
- LiPF 6 lithium hexafluorophosphate
- Example 3 Take out the positive electrode plate from the already used lithium ion secondary battery, dissolve the positive electrode active material applied on the aluminum foil together with the electrolyte using lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ) as the electrolyte, The extracted Li 0.5 CoO 2 was filtered and dried, and mixed with lightly pulverized powder so that lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 ) had an equivalent ratio of Li / Co of 1.00 / 1.00. The mixture was fired in the atmosphere (800 ° C. for 4 hours), then cooled and finely pulverized. Then classified with a sieve having a mesh opening 75 [mu] m, to produce a lithium-cobalt composite oxide having the composition of LiCoO 2.
- LiPF 6 lithium hexafluorophosphate
- Example 4 A positive electrode plate is taken out from a lithium ion secondary battery that has already been used, and the positive electrode is applied on an aluminum foil in DMC (dimethyl carbonate) together with an electrolytic solution using lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ) as an electrolyte.
- the active material was dissolved, the extracted Li 0.5 CoO 2 was filtered and dried, and the powder was lightly pulverized, and lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 ) was added to a Li / Co equivalent ratio of 1.00 / 1.00. And mixed.
- the mixture was fired in the air (800 ° C. for 8 hours), then cooled and finely pulverized. Then classified with a sieve having a mesh opening 75 [mu] m, to produce a lithium-cobalt composite oxide having the composition of LiCoO 2.
- Example 5 Lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 ), cobalt oxide (particle size: 2 ⁇ m), and lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ) powder so that the equivalent ratio of Li / Co is 1.00 / 1.00 Mixed.
- the mixture was fired in the air (800 ° C. for 10 hours), then cooled and finely pulverized. Then classified with a sieve having a mesh opening 75 [mu] m, to produce a lithium-cobalt composite oxide having the composition of LiCoO 2.
- Example 6 Lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 ), cobalt oxide (particle size: 2 ⁇ m), and lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF 4 ) powder so that the equivalent ratio of Li / Co is 1.00 / 1.00 Mixed.
- the mixture was fired in the air (800 ° C. for 6 hours), then cooled and finely pulverized. Then classified with a sieve having a mesh opening 75 [mu] m, to produce a lithium-cobalt composite oxide having the composition of LiCoO 2.
- Example 7 Li 0.5 Ni 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 in the form of pellets (thickness 20 mm) from which lithium was extracted at a constant current in an electrolytic cell, and lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF) as the electrolyte 6 ) Lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 ) was mixed with the electrolyte solution using ( 4 ) and lightly pulverized so that the equivalent ratio of Li / (Ni + Mn + Co) was 1.05 / 1.00. The mixture was fired in the atmosphere (700 ° C. for 5 hours), then cooled and finely pulverized. Subsequently, the mixture was classified with a sieve having an opening of 75 ⁇ m to produce a lithium cobalt composite oxide having a composition of LiNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 .
- Example 8 Li 0.5 Ni 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 in the form of pellets (thickness 15 mm) from which lithium was extracted at a constant current in an electrolytic cell, and lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF) as the electrolyte 6 ) Lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 ) was mixed with the electrolyte solution using ( 4 ) and lightly pulverized so that the equivalent ratio of Li / (Ni + Mn + Co) was 1.02 / 1.00. The mixture was baked in the atmosphere for about 5 hours (700 ° C. for 5 hours), then cooled and finely pulverized. Subsequently, the mixture was classified with a sieve having an opening of 75 ⁇ m to produce a lithium cobalt composite oxide having a composition of LiNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 .
- Example 9 Li 0.5 Ni 0.5 Mn 0.3 Co 0.2 O 2 in the form of a pellet (thickness 12 mm) from which lithium was extracted with a constant current using a button-type coin battery (CR 2032) was washed with DMC and filtered. After drying, the powder of lightly pulverized powder is mixed with lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 ) and lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ) with an equivalent ratio of Li / (Ni + Mn + Co) of 1.00 / 1.00 Mixed. The mixture was fired in the atmosphere (750 ° C. for 5 hours), then cooled and finely pulverized. Subsequently, the mixture was classified with a sieve having an opening of 75 ⁇ m to produce a lithium cobalt composite oxide having a composition of LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.3 Co 0.2 O 2 .
- LiPF 6 lithium hexafluorophosphate
- Example 10 Li 0.5 Ni 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 O 2 in the form of a pellet (thickness 10 mm) obtained by extracting lithium with a constant current using a button-type coin battery (CR 2032), and phosphorous hexafluoride as an electrolyte Lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 ) and Li / (Ni + Mn + Co) in an equivalent ratio of 1.00 / 1.00 to a powder that has been dried and lightly pulverized with an electrolyte using lithium acid (LiPF 6 ) Mixed.
- the mixture was fired in the atmosphere (750 ° C. for 5 hours), then cooled and finely pulverized. Subsequently, the mixture was classified with a sieve having an opening of 75 ⁇ m to produce a lithium cobalt composite oxide having a composition of LiNi 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 O 2 .
- Li 0.5 Ni 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O 2 in the form of a pellet (thickness 5 mm) obtained by extracting lithium with a constant current with a button-type coin battery (CR 2032) was used as the electrolyte.
- Lithium hydroxide (LiOH.H 2 O) in Li / (Ni + Mn + Co) equivalent ratio is 1.02 / 1.00 in a powder that has been dried and lightly pulverized with an electrolyte using lithium acid (LiPF 6 ) Mixed.
- the mixture was fired in O 2 gas (700 ° C. for 5 hours), then cooled and finely pulverized. Subsequently, the mixture was classified with a sieve having an opening of 75 ⁇ m to produce a lithium cobalt composite oxide having a composition of LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O 2 .
- Example 12 Using a button-type coin battery (CR2032), Li 0.5 Ni 0.8 Al 0.05 Co 0.15 O 2 in the form of a pellet (thickness 2 mm) from which lithium was extracted at a constant current was washed with DMC.
- the powder of lithium hydroxide (LiOH.H 2 O), lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ), and lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF 4 ) was mixed with Li / (Ni + Al + Co) into the powder that was filtered and dried and lightly pulverized. Were mixed so that the equivalent ratio of 1.00 / 1.00.
- the mixture was fired in O 2 gas (700 ° C. for 5 hours), then cooled and finely pulverized. Subsequently, the mixture was classified with a sieve having an opening of 75 ⁇ m to produce a lithium cobalt composite oxide having a composition of LiNi 0.8 Al 0.05 Co 0.15 O 2 .
- Li 0.5 CoO 2 in the form of pellets (thickness 4 mm) from which lithium was extracted at a constant current was washed with DMC, filtered and dried, and lightly pulverized into lithium carbonate.
- Li 2 CO 3 ) and lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ) powder were mixed so that the equivalent ratio of Li / Co was 1.00 / 1.00. This mixture was fired in the atmosphere (900 ° C., 0.5 hour), then cooled and finely pulverized. Then classified with a sieve having a mesh opening 75 [mu] m, to produce a lithium-cobalt composite oxide having the composition of LiCoO 2.
- Li 0.5 CoO 2 in the form of pellets (thickness 5 mm) from which lithium was extracted at a constant current was washed with DMC, filtered, dried, and lightly pulverized into lithium carbonate. (Li 2 CO 3 ) was mixed so that the equivalent ratio of Li / Co was 1.04 / 1.00.
- This mixture was calcined (950 ° C., 20 hours) in an N 2 —H 2 mixed gas having a H 2 concentration of 5%, then cooled and finely pulverized. Then classified with a sieve having a mesh opening 75 [mu] m, to produce a lithium-cobalt composite oxide having the composition of LiCoO 2.
- Li 0.5 CoO 2 in the form of pellets (thickness 8 mm) from which lithium was drawn at a constant current was washed with DMC, filtered, dried, and lightly pulverized into lithium carbonate. (Li 2 CO 3 ) was mixed so that the equivalent ratio of Li / Co was 1.00 / 1.00. The mixture was fired in the atmosphere (650 ° C. for 8 hours), then cooled and finely pulverized. Then classified with a sieve having a mesh opening 75 [mu] m, to produce a lithium-cobalt composite oxide having the composition of LiCoO 2.
- the measured value is expressed in ppm of the mass ratio with respect to the lithium cobalt complex oxide.
- Table 1 shows the measurement results of the amounts of ultrapure water-eluting fluorine ions and lithium ions. Further, the ratio thereof (the mass of fluorine ions / the mass of lithium ions) is also shown in Table 1.
- ⁇ Battery performance test> 95% by mass of the lithium cobalt composite oxide of Example 1-12 and Comparative Example 1-5 produced as described above, 2.5% by mass of graphite powder, and 2.5% by mass of polyvinylidene fluoride were mixed.
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone
- a SiO negative electrode was produced.
- a raw material in which metallic silicon and silicon dioxide were mixed was placed in a reaction furnace, deposited in a vacuum of 10 Pa, cooled sufficiently, and then the deposit was taken out and pulverized by a ball mill. After adjusting the particle size, the carbon layer was coated by pyrolysis CVD.
- the prepared powder was subjected to bulk modification using an electrochemical method in a 1: 1 mixed solvent of propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate (electrolyte salt 1.3 mol / kg).
- the obtained negative electrode active material particles were dried in a carbon dioxide atmosphere.
- the negative electrode active material particles, the precursor of the negative electrode binder, the conductive auxiliary agent 1 (Ketjen black), and the conductive auxiliary agent 2 (acetylene black) are dried at 80: 8: 10: 2.
- the mixture was mixed at a mass ratio to obtain a negative electrode agent, and diluted with NMP to obtain a paste-like negative electrode mixture slurry.
- NMP was used as a solvent for polyamic acid (a binder precursor).
- the negative electrode mixture slurry was applied to the negative electrode current collector with a coating apparatus and then dried.
- the negative electrode binder (polyimide) was formed. After firing, it was punched into a disk having a diameter of 16 mm by a press to obtain a negative electrode plate.
- a coin-type non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was manufactured using each member such as the prepared positive electrode plate and negative electrode plate, separator, current collector plate, mounting bracket, external terminal, electrolyte, and the like.
- the electrolytic solution one obtained by dissolving 1 mol of LiPF 6 in 1 liter of a 2: 7: 1 kneaded solution of ethylene carbonate, didiethyl carbonate, and fluoroethylene carbonate was used.
- the lithium cobalt composite oxide of Example 1-11 in which the fluorine ions eluted in the eluate dispersed with ultrapure water are in a mass ratio of 500 ppm to 15000 ppm with respect to the lithium cobalt composite oxide.
- a comparative example in which the fluorine ions eluted in the eluate dispersed with ultrapure water are less than 500 ppm or more than 15000 ppm in a mass ratio with respect to the lithium cobalt complex oxide.
- a high cycle capacity and a high cycle characteristic are obtained.
- the present invention is not limited to the above embodiment.
- the above-described embodiment is an exemplification, and the present invention has substantially the same configuration as the technical idea described in the claims of the present invention, and any device that exhibits the same function and effect is the present invention. It is included in the technical scope of the invention.
Abstract
Description
に関する。
Li1-xCo1-zMzO2-aFa(-0.1≦x<1、0≦z<1、0≦a<2)・・・(1)
(式中、MはMn、Ni、Fe、V、Cr、Al、Nb、Ti、Cu、Znの群から選ばれる1種以上の金属元素を示す。)で表わされることを特徴とするリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を提供する。
Li1-xCo1-zMzO2-aFa(-0.1≦x<1、0≦z<1、0≦a<2)・・・(1)
(式中、MはMn、Ni、Fe、V、Cr、Al、Nb、Ti、Cu、Znの群から選ばれる1種以上の金属元素を示す。)で表わされるリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を製造する方法であって、組成が下記一般式(2):
Li1-yCo1-zMzO2-bFb(x<y≦1、0≦z<1、0≦b<2)・・・(2)
(式中、MはMn、Ni、Fe、V、Cr、Al、Nb、Ti、Cu、Znの群から選ばれる1種以上の金属元素を示す。)で表わされるリチウムが引き抜かれたリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物前駆体をリチウム化合物と混合して、反応させる工程を有し、前記リチウムコバルト系複合酸化物前駆体、及び/又は、前記リチウム化合物として、フッ素を含むものを用いることで、製造された前記リチウムコバルト系複合酸化物が超純水で分散させた際に溶出液に溶出するフッ素イオンを前記リチウムコバルト系複合酸化物に対する質量比で500ppm以上15000ppm以下とすることを特徴とするリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物の製造方法を提供する。
Li1-xCo1-zMzO2-aFa(-0.1≦x<1、0≦z<1、0≦a<2)・・・(1)
(式中、MはMn、Ni、Fe、V、Cr、Al、Nb、Ti、Cu、Znの群から選ばれる1種以上の金属元素を示す。)で表わされるものである。ここで、xは0≦x<0.5であることがより好ましく、0≦x<0.3であることがさらに好ましい。また、zは0<z<0.7であることがより好ましく、0<z<0.4であることがさらに好ましい。すなわち、リチウムコバルト系複合酸化物前駆体のコバルトの含有量が多い方が好ましい。コバルトの含有量が多ければ、高い充放電容量とともに高いサイクル特性が得られやすいからである。
Li1-xCo1-zMzO2-aFa(-0.1≦x<1、0≦z<1、0≦a<2)・・・(1)
(式中、MはMn、Ni、Fe、V、Cr、Al、Nb、Ti、Cu、Znの群から選ばれる1種以上の金属元素を示す。)で表わされるリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を製造する方法であって、組成が下記一般式(2):
Li1-yCo1-zMzO2-bFb(x<y≦1、0≦z<1、0≦b<2)・・・(2)
(式中、MはMn、Ni、Fe、V、Cr、Al、Nb、Ti、Cu、Znの群から選ばれる1種以上の金属元素を示す。)で表わされるリチウムが引き抜かれたリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物前駆体をリチウム化合物と混合して、反応させる工程を有し、前記リチウムコバルト系複合酸化物前駆体、及び/又は、前記リチウム化合物として、フッ素を含むものを用いることで、製造された前記リチウムコバルト系複合酸化物が超純水で分散させた際に溶出液に溶出するフッ素イオンを前記リチウムコバルト系複合酸化物に対する質量比で500ppm以上15000ppm以下とする方法である。ここで、xは0≦x<0.5であることがより好ましく、0≦x<0.3であることがさらに好ましい。また、yは0<y<0.8がより好ましく、0<y<0.6がさらに好ましい。さらに、zは0<z<0.7であることがより好ましく、0<z<0.4であることがさらに好ましい。すなわち、リチウムコバルト系複合酸化物前駆体のコバルトの含有量が多い方が好ましい。コバルトの含有量が多ければ、使用済の正極を再生しやすくするとともに、高い充放電容量や高いサイクル特性が得られやすいからである。
正極活物質層は、本発明のリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を50~100質量%含んでいるものであることが好ましい。また、リチウムイオンの吸蔵放出可能な正極活物質のいずれか1種又は2種以上を含んでおり、設計に応じて結着剤、導電助剤、分散剤などの他の材料を含んでいてもよい。
正極は、例えば、集電体の両面または片面に正極活物質層を有している。集電体は、例えば、アルミニウムなどの導電性材により形成されているものでも良い。
負極活物質は、一般式SiOx(0.5≦x<1.6)で表される酸化珪素のいずれか、又はこれらのうち2以上の混合物とすることが好ましい。負極活物質層は、上記の負極活物質を含んでおり、設計に応じて結着剤、導電助剤、分散剤などの他の材料を含んでいてもよい。
負極は、上記した正極と同様の構成を有し、例えば、集電体の片面もしくは両面に負極活物質層を有している。この負極は、正極活物質剤から得られる電気容量(電池として充電容量)に対して、負極充電容量が大きくなる事が好ましい。負極上でのリチウム金属の析出を抑制するためである。
結着剤として、例えば高分子材料、合成ゴムなどのいずれか1種類以上を用いることができる。高分子材料は、例えば、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、ポリイミド、ポリアミドイミド、アラミド、ポリアクリル酸、あるいはポリアクリル酸リチウム、カルボキシメチルセルロース等である。合成ゴムは、例えば、スチレンブタジエン系ゴム、フッ素系ゴム、エチレンプロピレンジエン等である。
正極導電助剤、負極導電助剤としては、例えば、カーボンブラック、アセチレンブラック、黒鉛、ケチェンブラック、カーボンナノチューブ、カーボンナノファイバーなどの炭素材料のいずれか1種以上を用いることができる。
活物質層の少なくとも一部、またはセパレータには液状の電解質(電解液)が含浸されている。この電解液は、溶媒中に電解質塩が溶解されており、添加剤など他の材料を含んでいても良い。溶媒は、例えば非水溶媒が挙げられる。非水溶媒として、例えば次の材料が挙げられる。炭酸エチレン、炭酸プロピレン、炭酸ブチレン、炭酸ジメチル、炭酸ジエチル、炭酸エチルメチル、炭酸メチルプロピル、1,2-ジメトキシエタンあるいはテトラヒドロフランである。その中でも、炭酸エチレン、炭酸プロピレン、炭酸ジメチル、炭酸ジエチル、炭酸エチルメチルのうちの少なくとも1種以上が望ましい。より良い特性が得られるからである。またこの場合、炭酸エチレン、炭酸プロピレンなどの高粘度溶媒と、炭酸ジメチル、炭酸エチルメチル、炭酸ジエチルなどの低粘度溶媒を組み合わせるとより優位な特性を得ることができる。電解質塩の解離性やイオン移動度が向上するためである。
電極の集電体は、構成されたリチウムイオン二次電池、電気化学デバイスにおいて化学変化を起こさない電子伝導体であれば特に制限されるものではないが、例えばステンレス鋼、ニッケル、アルミニウム、チタン、焼成炭素、アルミニウムやステンレス鋼の表面をカーボン、ニッケル、銅、チタンまたは銀で表面処理したものが用いられ、負極にはステンレス鋼、ニッケル、銅、チタン、アルミニウム、焼成炭素などの他に、銅やステンレス鋼の表面をカーボン、ニッケル、チタンまたは銀などで処理したもの、Al-Cd合金などが用いられる。
セパレータは、正極と負極を隔離し、両極接触に伴う電流短絡を防止しつつ、リチウムイオンを通過させるものである。このセパレータは、例えば、合成樹脂、あるいはセラミックからなる多孔質膜により形成されており、2種以上の多孔質膜が積層された積層構造を有しても良い。合成樹脂として、例えば、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレンなどが挙げられる。
ボタン型コイン電池(CR2032)で、一定電流でリチウムを引き抜いたペレット形状(厚さ15mm)のLi0.5CoO2を電解質に六フッ化リン酸リチウム(LiPF6)を用いた電解液とともに乾燥し、軽く粉砕した粉末に炭酸リチウム(Li2CO3)をLi/Coの当量比が1.00/1.00になるようにして混合した。この混合物を大気中で焼成(800℃5時間)した後、冷却し、細かく粉砕した。次いで、目開き75μmの篩で分級し、LiCoO2の組成をもつリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を製造した。
電解槽にて、一定電流でリチウムを引き抜いたペレット形状(厚さ20mm)のLi0.5CoO2を電解質に六フッ化リン酸リチウム(LiPF6)を用いた電解液とともに乾燥し、軽く粉砕した粉末に、炭酸リチウム(Li2CO3)をLi/Coの当量比が1.00/1.00になるようにして混合した。この混合物を大気中で焼成(850℃3時間)した後、冷却し、細かく粉砕した。次いで、目開き75μmの篩で分級し、LiCoO2の組成をもつリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を製造した。
既に使用されたリチウムイオン二次電池より、正極板を取り出し、電解質に六フッ化リン酸リチウム(LiPF6)を用いた電解液とともに、アルミ箔上に塗布された正極活物質を溶解させて、取り出したLi0.5CoO2を濾過乾燥し、軽く粉砕した粉末に、炭酸リチウム(Li2CO3)をLi/Coの当量比が1.00/1.00になるようにして混合した。この混合物を大気中で焼成(800℃4時間)した後、冷却し、細かく粉砕した。次いで、目開き75μmの篩で分級し、LiCoO2の組成をもつリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を製造した。
既に使用されたリチウムイオン二次電池より、正極板を取り出し、電解質に六フッ化リン酸リチウム(LiPF6)を用いた電解液と共に、DMC(ジメチルカーボネート)中でアルミ箔上に塗布された正極活物質を溶解させて、取り出したLi0.5CoO2を濾過乾燥し、軽く粉砕した粉末に、炭酸リチウム(Li2CO3)をLi/Coの当量比が1.00/1.00になるようにして混合した。この混合物を大気中で焼成(800℃8時間)した後、冷却し、細かく粉砕した。次いで、目開き75μmの篩で分級し、LiCoO2の組成をもつリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を製造した。
炭酸リチウム(Li2CO3)と、酸化コバルト(粒径2μm)と、六フッ化リン酸リチウム(LiPF6)の粉末を、Li/Coの当量比が1.00/1.00となるように混合した。この混合物を大気中で焼成(800℃10時間)した後、冷却し、細かく粉砕した。次いで、目開き75μmの篩で分級し、LiCoO2の組成をもつリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を製造した。
炭酸リチウム(Li2CO3)と、酸化コバルト(粒径2μm)と、四フッ化ホウ酸リチウム(LiBF4)の粉末を、Li/Coの当量比が1.00/1.00となるように混合した。この混合物を大気中で焼成(800℃6時間)した後、冷却し、細かく粉砕した。次いで、目開き75μmの篩で分級し、LiCoO2の組成をもつリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を製造した。
電解槽にて、一定電流でリチウムを引き抜いたペレット形状(厚さ20mm)のLi0.5Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2を、電解質に六フッ化リン酸リチウム(LiPF6)を用いた電解液とともに乾燥し、軽く粉砕した粉末に、炭酸リチウム(Li2CO3)をLi/(Ni+Mn+Co)の当量比が1.05/1.00となるように混合した。この混合物を大気中で焼成(700℃5時間)した後、冷却し、細かく粉砕した。次いで、目開き75μmの篩で分級し、LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2の組成をもつリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を製造した。
電解槽にて、一定電流でリチウムを引き抜いたペレット形状(厚さ15mm)のLi0.5Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2を、電解質に六フッ化リン酸リチウム(LiPF6)を用いた電解液とともに乾燥し、軽く粉砕した粉末に、炭酸リチウム(Li2CO3)をLi/(Ni+Mn+Co)の当量比が1.02/1.00になるように混合した。この混合物を大気中で約5時間焼成(700℃5時間)した後、冷却し、細かく粉砕した。次いで、目開き75μmの篩で分級し、LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2の組成をもつリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を製造した。
ボタン型コイン電池(CR2032)にて一定電流でリチウムを引き抜いたペレット形状(厚さ12mm)のLi0.5Ni0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2をDMCで洗浄して、濾過乾燥した後、軽く粉砕した粉末に、炭酸リチウム(Li2CO3)と六フッ化リン酸リチウム(LiPF6)の粉末をLi/(Ni+Mn+Co)の当量比が1.00/1.00になるように混合した。この混合物を大気中で焼成(750℃5時間)した後、冷却し、細かく粉砕した。次いで、目開き75μmの篩で分級し、LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2の組成をもつリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を製造した。
ボタン型コイン電池(CR2032)にて一定電流でリチウムを引き抜いたペレット形状(厚さ10mm)のLi0.5Ni0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2を、電解質に六フッ化リン酸リチウム(LiPF6)を用いた電解液とともに乾燥し、軽く粉砕した粉末に、炭酸リチウム(Li2CO3)をLi/(Ni+Mn+Co)の当量比が1.00/1.00になるように混合した。この混合物を大気中で焼成(750℃5時間)した後、冷却し、細かく粉砕した。次いで、目開き75μmの篩で分級し、LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2の組成をもつリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を製造した。
ボタン型コイン電池(CR2032)にて一定電流でリチウムを引き抜いたペレット形状(厚さ5mm)のLi0.5Ni0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2を、電解質に六フッ化リン酸リチウム(LiPF6)を用いた電解液とともに乾燥し、軽く粉砕した粉末に、水酸化リチウム(LiOH・H2O)をLi/(Ni+Mn+Co)の当量比が1.02/1.00になるようにして混合した。この混合物をO2ガス中で焼成(700℃5時間)した後、冷却し、細かく粉砕した。次いで、目開き75μmの篩で分級し、LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2の組成をもつリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を製造した。
ボタン型コイン電池(CR2032)にて、一定電流でリチウムを引き抜いたペレット形状(厚さ2mm)のLi0.5Ni0.8Al0.05Co0.15O2をDMCで洗浄して、濾過乾燥し、軽く粉砕した粉末に、水酸化リチウム(LiOH・H2O)と六フッ化リン酸リチウム(LiPF6)と四フッ化ホウ酸リチウム(LiBF4)の粉末をLi/(Ni+Al+Co)の当量比が1.00/1.00となるように混合した。この混合物をO2ガス中で焼成(700℃5時間)した後、冷却し、細かく粉砕した。次いで、目開き75μmの篩で分級し、LiNi0.8Al0.05Co0.15O2の組成をもつリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を製造した。
ボタン型コイン電池(CR2032)にて、一定電流でリチウムを引き抜いたペレット形状(厚さ4mm)のLi0.5CoO2をDMCで洗浄して、濾過乾燥し、軽く粉砕した粉末に、炭酸リチウム(Li2CO3)と、六フッ化リン酸リチウム(LiPF6)の粉末を、Li/Coの当量比が1.00/1.00になるようにして混合した。この混合物を大気中で焼成(900℃0.5時間)した後、冷却し、細かく粉砕した。次いで、目開き75μmの篩で分級し、LiCoO2の組成をもつリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を製造した。
ボタン型コイン電池(CR2032)にて、一定電流でリチウムを引き抜いたペレット形状(厚さ5mm)のLi0.5CoO2をDMCで洗浄して、濾過乾燥し、軽く粉砕した粉末に、炭酸リチウム(Li2CO3)をLi/Coの当量比が1.04/1.00になるようにして混合した。この混合物をH2濃度5%のN2-H2混合ガス中で焼成(950℃20時間)した後、冷却し、細かく粉砕した。次いで、目開き75μmの篩で分級し、LiCoO2の組成をもつリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を製造した。
電解槽にて、一定電流でリチウムを引き抜いたペレット形状(厚さ6mm)のLi0.5CoO2をDMCで洗浄して濾過乾燥し、軽く粉砕した粉末に、炭酸リチウム(Li2CO3)をLi/Coの当量比が1.03/1.00になるようにして混合した。この混合物を大気中で焼成(940℃8時間)した後、冷却し、細かく粉砕した。次いで、目開き75μmの篩で分級し、LiCoO2の組成をもつリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を製造した。
ボタン型コイン電池(CR2032)にて、一定電流でリチウムを引き抜いたペレット形状(厚さ8mm)のLi0.5CoO2をDMCで洗浄して、濾過乾燥し、軽く粉砕した粉末に、炭酸リチウム(Li2CO3)をLi/Coの当量比が1.00/1.00になるようにして混合した。この混合物を大気中で焼成(650℃8時間)した後、冷却し、細かく粉砕した。次いで、目開き75μmの篩で分級し、LiCoO2の組成をもつリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を製造した。
ボタン型コイン電池(CR2032)にて、一定電流でリチウムを引き抜いたペレット形状(厚さ7mm)のLi0.5Ni0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2をDMCで洗浄して乾燥し、軽く粉砕した粉末に、水酸化リチウム(LiOH・H2O)と、六フッ化リン酸リチウム(LiPF6)を、Li/(Ni+Mn+Co)の当量比が1.00/1.00になるようにして、混合した。この混合物をO2ガス中で焼成(650℃8時間)した後、冷却し、細かく粉砕した。次いで、目開き75μmの篩で分級し、LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2の組成をもつリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を製造した。
実施例1-12、比較例1-5のリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を超純水で分散させた際に超純水に溶出するフッ素イオン、リチウムイオンの量を以下のようにして測定した。すなわち、リチウムコバルト系複合酸化物粉末1gを超純水200mlに5分間25℃で分散させたときの分散液中のリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物に対するフッ素イオン、リチウムイオンの質量比を、ICP法(高周波誘導結合プラズマ法)とイオンクロマト法を用いて測定した。測定値はリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物に対する質量比のppmで表される。超純水溶出フッ素イオン、リチウムイオン量の測定結果を表1に示す。又、それらの比(フッ素イオンの質量/リチウムイオンの質量)も表1に示す。
実施例1-12、比較例1-5のリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物の粒度分布の測定は、イオン交換水を分散媒とし、マイクロトラックMK-II(SRA)(LEED&NORTHRUP、レーザー散乱光検出型)を用いて行った。
なお、粒度分布の測定における分散剤、環流量、超音波出力を以下に示す。
分散剤 :10%ヘキサメタりん酸ソーダ水溶液2ml
環流量 :40ml/sec
超音波出力 :40W 60秒
平均粒子径の測定結果を表1に示す。
実施例1-12、比較例1-5のリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物のBET比表面積の測定を、フローソーブ2300型(島津製作所製)を用いて行った。
BET比表面積の測定結果を表1に示す。
(正極の作製)
上記のように製造した実施例1-12、比較例1-5のリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物95質量%と、黒鉛粉末2.5 質量%と、ポリフッ化ビニリデン2.5 質量%とを混合して正極剤とし、これをN-メチル-2-ピロリジノン(以下、NMPと称する)に分散させて混練ペーストを調製した。この混練ペーストをアルミ箔に塗布した後に乾燥、プレスして、直径15mmの円盤に打ち抜いて正極板を得た。
次にSiO負極を作製した。金属ケイ素と二酸化ケイ素を混合した原料を反応炉へ設置し、10Paの真空度中で堆積し、十分に冷却した後、堆積物を取出しボールミルで粉砕した。粒径を調整した後、熱分解CVDを行うことで炭素層により被覆した。作成した粉末はプロピレンカーボネート及びエチレンカーボネートの1:1混合溶媒(電解質塩1.3mol/kg)中で電気化学法を用いバルク改質を行った。得られた負極活物質粒子は炭酸雰囲気下で乾燥処理を行った。続いて、この負極活物質粒子と、負極結着剤の前駆体と、導電助剤1(ケッチェンブラック)と、導電助剤2(アセチレンブラック)とを、80:8:10:2の乾燥質量比で混合して負極剤とし、NMPで希釈してペースト状の負極合剤スラリーとした。この場合には、ポリアミック酸(結着剤の前駆体)の溶媒としてNMPを用いた。続いて、コーティング装置で負極集電体に負極合剤スラリーを塗布してから乾燥させた。この負極集電体としては、電解銅箔(厚さ=15μm)を用いた。最後に、真空雰囲気中で400℃×1時間焼成した。これにより、負極結着剤(ポリイミド)が形成された。焼成後にプレスにより直径16mmの円盤に打ち抜いて、負極板を得た。
作製した正極板及び負極板、セパレータ、集電板、取り付け金具、外部端子、電解液、等の各部材を用いて、コイン型非水電解質二次電池を製作した。このうち、電解液には、エチレンカーボネートと、ジジエチルカーボネートと、フルオロエチレンカーボネイトとの2:7:1混練液1リットルに、LiPF61モルを溶解したものを用いた。
上記のようにして作製したコイン型リチウムイオン二次電池を、0.5Cに相当する電流で定電流定電圧で4.00Vまで5時間充電し、次いで0.1Cに相当する電流で2.5Vまで放電する充放電試験を行い、正極初回放電容量(mAh/g)を測定した。この結果を表1に示す。
さらに、上記の充放電を20サイクル繰り返し、「[(20サイクル目の正極放電容量)/(正極初回放電容量)]×100(%)」で定義されるサイクル特性を測定した。この結果も表1に示す。ここでサイクル特性とは、繰り返し電極として電流を流して使用した場合のその容量維持率を%で表したものである。
Claims (16)
- 電気化学デバイスの正極の活物質に用いられるリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物であって、
前記リチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を超純水で分散させた溶出液に溶出するフッ素イオンが前記リチウムコバルト系複合酸化物に対する質量比で500ppm以上15000ppm以下であり、
組成が下記一般式(1):
Li1-xCo1-zMzO2-aFa(-0.1≦x<1、0≦z<1、0≦a<2)・・・(1)
(式中、MはMn、Ni、Fe、V、Cr、Al、Nb、Ti、Cu、Znの群から選ばれる1種以上の金属元素を示す。)
で表わされることを特徴とするリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物。 - 前記リチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を超純水で分散させた溶出液に溶出するリチウムイオンが前記リチウムコバルト系複合酸化物に対する質量比で500ppm以上20000ppm以下であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物。
- 前記リチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を超純水で分散させた溶出液に溶出するリチウムイオンと前記フッ素イオンとの質量比(フッ素イオンの質量/リチウムイオンの質量)が0.1以上5以下であることを特徴とする請求項1又は請求項2に記載のリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物。
- 平均粒子径が、0.5μm以上30.0μm以下であることを特徴とする請求項1から請求項3のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物。
- BET比表面積が0.10m2/g以上2.00m2/g以下であることを特徴とする請求項1から請求項4のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物。
- 組成が下記一般式(1):
Li1-xCo1-zMzO2-aFa(-0.1≦x<1、0≦z<1、0≦a<2)・・・(1)
(式中、MはMn、Ni、Fe、V、Cr、Al、Nb、Ti、Cu、Znの群から選ばれる1種以上の金属元素を示す。)
で表わされるリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を製造する方法であって、
組成が下記一般式(2):
Li1-yCo1-zMzO2-bFb(x<y≦1、0≦z<1、0≦b<2)・・・(2)
(式中、MはMn、Ni、Fe、V、Cr、Al、Nb、Ti、Cu、Znの群から選ばれる1種以上の金属元素を示す。)
で表わされるリチウムが引き抜かれたリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物前駆体をリチウム化合物と混合して、反応させる工程を有し、
前記リチウムコバルト系複合酸化物前駆体、及び/又は、前記リチウム化合物として、フッ素を含むものを用いることで、製造された前記リチウムコバルト系複合酸化物が超純水で分散させた際に溶出液に溶出するフッ素イオンを前記リチウムコバルト系複合酸化物に対する質量比で500ppm以上15000ppm以下とすることを特徴とするリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物の製造方法。 - 前記リチウムコバルト系複合酸化物前駆体が、電気化学的にリチウムが引き抜かれていることを特徴とする請求項6に記載のリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物の製造方法。
- 前記リチウムコバルト系複合酸化物前駆体が、厚みが1.0mm以上で成型されてから、電気化学的にリチウムが引き抜かれていることを特徴とする請求項6に記載のリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物の製造方法。
- 前記リチウム化合物は、六フッ化リン酸リチウム(LiPF6)を含んでいる請求項6から請求項8のいずれか一項に記載のリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物の製造方法。
- 前記リチウム化合物は、四フッ化ホウ酸リチウム(LiBF4 )を含んでいる請求項6から請求項9のいずれか一項に記載のリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物の製造方法。
- 前記反応させる工程が、焼成する段階を含み、
前記焼成する段階において、焼成温度が600℃以上1100℃以下であることを特徴とする請求項6から請求項10のいずれか一項に記載のリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物の製造方法。 - 前記反応させる工程が、焼成する段階を含み、
前記焼成する段階において、大気雰囲気で焼成することを特徴とする請求項6から請求項11のいずれか一項に記載のリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物の製造方法。 - 電気化学デバイスの負極活物質として用いたときに充放電効率が80%以下である負極活物質粒子を含有する負極活物質層と、負極集電体とからなる負極と、
請求項1から請求項5のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を含む正極活物質層と、正極集電体とからなる正極と
を有することを特徴とする電気化学デバイス。 - 組成式がSiOx(0.5≦x<1.6)で表される酸化珪素を含有する負極活物質粒子を含有する負極活物質層と、負極集電体とからなる負極と、
請求項1から請求項5のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を含む正極活物質層と、正極集電体とからなる正極と
を有することを特徴とする電気化学デバイス。 - リチウムイオン二次電池の負極活物質として用いたときに充放電効率が80%以下である負極活物質粒子を含有する負極活物質層と、負極集電体とからなる負極と、
請求項1から請求項5のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を含む正極活物質層と、正極集電体とからなる正極と
を有することを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池。 - 組成式がSiOx(0.5≦x<1.6)で表される酸化珪素を含有する負極活物質粒子を含有する負極活物質層と、負極集電体とからなる負極と、
請求項1から請求項5のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムコバルト系複合酸化物を含む正極活物質層と、正極集電体とからなる正極と
を有することを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池。
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