WO2016096981A1 - Adjuvant de compactage pour la métallurgie des poudres - Google Patents

Adjuvant de compactage pour la métallurgie des poudres Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016096981A1
WO2016096981A1 PCT/EP2015/079985 EP2015079985W WO2016096981A1 WO 2016096981 A1 WO2016096981 A1 WO 2016096981A1 EP 2015079985 W EP2015079985 W EP 2015079985W WO 2016096981 A1 WO2016096981 A1 WO 2016096981A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
weight
amide
pressing aid
pressing
carboxylic acid
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2015/079985
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
René LINDENAU
Christopher SCHADE
Original Assignee
Gkn Sinter Metals Engineering Gmbh
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from DE102014226094.9A external-priority patent/DE102014226094A1/de
Application filed by Gkn Sinter Metals Engineering Gmbh filed Critical Gkn Sinter Metals Engineering Gmbh
Priority to EP15816140.6A priority Critical patent/EP3233335B1/fr
Priority to ES15816140T priority patent/ES2787674T3/es
Priority to CN201580069076.2A priority patent/CN107427911B/zh
Publication of WO2016096981A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016096981A1/fr

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/02—Compacting only
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
    • B22F1/10—Metallic powder containing lubricating or binding agents; Metallic powder containing organic material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
    • B22F1/10—Metallic powder containing lubricating or binding agents; Metallic powder containing organic material
    • B22F1/103—Metallic powder containing lubricating or binding agents; Metallic powder containing organic material containing an organic binding agent comprising a mixture of, or obtained by reaction of, two or more components other than a solvent or a lubricating agent
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L91/00—Compositions of oils, fats or waxes; Compositions of derivatives thereof
    • C08L91/06—Waxes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/02—Compacting only
    • B22F2003/023—Lubricant mixed with the metal powder

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a pressing aid for powder metallurgy and a sinterable mixture comprising the pressing aid.
  • the production of powder metallurgy products essentially comprises three subareas. First, powders of elemental metals or alloys are needed. These metallic powders are then introduced alone or in mixtures in a corresponding mold (press tool). In this form, the later component form is formed under the action of pressure. This can be done both at room temperature (cold pressing) or at elevated temperature (hot pressing). The compact thus obtained is also called a green compact. This green compact is then fed to the actual sintering. This is a heat treatment in which the powder grains of the metals used are brought into a firm connection at their contact surfaces by the fusion of the metal atoms. It is possible in powder metallurgy to use a wide variety of metal powders as starting materials and thus to adjust the properties of the products obtained.
  • a challenge is to produce moldings with the highest possible density and also to introduce the metals used as needed either evenly or in certain areas in a particularly high concentration in the pressing tool in which the green compact is produced.
  • the use of a pressing aid is common in powder metallurgy. On the one hand, this ensures that the flowability of the metal or metal alloy powders used is retained, and thus, according to the geometry of the product to be produced in the pressing tool, it is distributed accordingly into smaller cavities. At the same time, it must be ensured that segregation does not take place when different powders are used as starting materials.
  • pressing aid must not affect the properties of the final product, so that it is removed from the mixture under heat before the actual sintering process. This must be done so that the shape of the component is not changed.
  • the density of the finished molded part essentially depends on the achieved density of the green compact, the so-called green density, wherein, unlike the pressing of ceramic powders, the metal powder particles undergo plastic deformation due to their different geometric structure and the associated number of movable lattice defects. Due to the particle geometry of metallic powders, also unlike ceramic powders, the lubricity of the individual powder particles is reduced against each other, so that even the loose bed in the mold has a pore volume that can be almost completely eliminated during pressing only by applying very high compression pressures . High compression pressures, however, have a high wear on the pressing tool during the compression process result and also lead to increased Ausurgigleitreib the finished green compact in the die, so here are also higher From shock forces apply with correspondingly increased wear.
  • WO 2010/1105740 A1 describes a lubricant for powder metallurgy, which comprises carnauba wax and at least one vegetable or animal based fat.
  • Carnauba wax as Component of a pressing aid is also described in WO 2008/028589 AI.
  • the pressing aid described therein further comprises an amide.
  • a pressing aid which comprises 20 to 60 parts by weight, based on the total amount of the pressing aid, of a polyglycol and 40 to 75 parts by weight of a montan wax, also based on the total amount of the pressing aid.
  • the proportion of pressing aids is therefore desirable to keep the proportion of pressing aids as low as possible.
  • a reduction in the amount of pressing aids is associated with commercial pressing aids with an increase in the friction during the pressing process and thus with a higher wear of the pressing tools or with excessive friction losses, so that the desired compression is not achieved.
  • the pressing aid should therefore also conduct the applied pressure well into the interior of the green body, so that in the end a lower pressure is necessary for the production, which means less wear in the pressing tools.
  • a pressing aid comprising at least one amide of a carboxylic acid and montan wax avoids the disadvantages of the prior art.
  • the object underlying the present invention is therefore achieved by a pressing aid for powder metallurgy, which comprises at least one amide of a carboxylic acid having 18 to 22 carbon atoms and montan wax.
  • the pressing aid according to the invention comprises at least one amide of a carboxylic acid (carboxylic acid amide).
  • the pressing aid may also comprise mixtures of different amides of the same carboxylic acid or amides of different carboxylic acids.
  • the amide may be fiction, a primary, secondary or tertiary amide.
  • the amide is a primary amide.
  • the corresponding carboxylic acid is fiction, according to a fatty acid having 18 to 22 carbon atoms.
  • the carboxylic acid amide (fatty acid amide) according to the invention has an acid number in the range from 0 to 10, in particular from 0 to 5 and particularly preferably from 0 to 1.
  • the acid number (SZ) is a chemical quantity for the characterization of acidic components in fats. It refers to the mass of potassium hydroxide (in mg) necessary to neutralize the free fatty acids contained in 1 g of fat. The indication is thus given in mg KOH / g fatty acid.
  • the melting point of the carboxylic acid amide according to the invention is preferably less than 110 ° C, in particular it is in the range of 50 ° C to 100 ° C, particularly preferably in the range of 65 ° C to 90 ° C.
  • the iodine value of the carboxylic acid amide is in the range of 50 to 100, and is preferably 95 or less and 60 or more.
  • the iodine number (IZ) is a fat index for the characterization of fats and oils. It is the amount in grams of iodine that can formally be added to 100 grams of fat (fatty acid, fatty acid amides, and similar compounds).
  • the amide of the carboxylic acid ensures that in the core of the green body, a good lubrication prevails. If the carboxylic acid has less than 18 carbon atoms, the pressing aid becomes very soft. It comes here to the formation of agglomerates of powders, so that a homogeneous insertion into the pressing tool is no longer possible. In contrast, if the carboxylic acid has more than 22 carbon atoms, the pressing aid is too hard. A homogeneous application to the metal powder is no longer possible here.
  • the carboxylic acid is particularly preferably one which comprises an ethylenic double bond. In particular, the carboxylic acid has 22 carbon atoms. Erucic acid is particularly preferably used as the carboxylic acid.
  • the pressing aid according to the invention comprises more than 50% by weight and less than 15% by weight, in particular 7.5% by weight to 13% by weight, especially 10% by weight, of the amide of the carboxylic acid.
  • the weights are in each case based on a total weight of the pressing aid of 100% by weight. A content of 5% by weight or less results in poor internal lubrication. If more than 15% by weight of the amide of the carboxylic acid is added to the pressing aid, then the pressing aid becomes too soft here as well, as a result of which a homogeneous introduction of the powder provided with the pressing aid into a mold is difficult.
  • Pressing auxiliaries which are particularly suitable for powder metallurgy, in particular with regard to internal lubrication and strength, have, according to the invention, between 7.5% by weight and 13% by weight of the amide of the carboxylic acid.
  • Amide of the carboxylic acid, carboxamide and fatty acid amide are used interchangeably herein. If in the present application “powder” or “metal powder” are described as starting materials of the sintering process, here powder of elemental metals as well as powder of metal alloys are included. If statements are made in “”, this is to be understood as “Gew.-”, unless otherwise indicated. Insofar as areas or number ranges are specified in the present application, it should be pointed out that these, and in particular at upper and lower range limits, are not absolute values. Rather, it is obvious to the person skilled in the art that the success of the present invention can still be achieved even in the case of deviations from the numerically defined numerical values.
  • the pressing aid comprises a montan wax.
  • Montan wax is a natural wax extractable from certain brown coal types. It consists of a mixture of long-chain carboxylic acid esters, such as esters of montanic acid. It also contains other ingredients such as montan alcohol, resins, unsaponifiable ingredients and traces of minerals. The purified product is almost colorless.
  • a correspondingly purified montan wax is used for the pressing aid of the present invention.
  • the montan wax has an acid number in the range of 15 to 20 mg KOH / g.
  • the dropping point is preferably in the range of 80 ° C to 90 ° C.
  • the pressing aid according to the invention comprises montan wax preferably in a proportion of 20% by weight to 95% by weight, preferably 22.5% by weight to 87% by weight and in particular 25% by weight to 60% by weight.
  • the montan wax ensures a good green strength. Green strength means that the manufactured green compact retains its shape even after removal from the press tool. Montan wax has improved green strength and improved lubricating properties over the carnauba wax described in the prior art. These again make it possible to work with a lower pressing pressure, whereby the wear on the pressing tool can be reduced. In addition, the frictional forces that occur on the punch (die) and the mandrel of the pressing tool, lower, which is also a lesser wear is observed.
  • the pressing aid according to the invention therefore further comprises, in addition to the amide of a carboxylic acid and a montan wax, an amide wax.
  • Waxes are substances that are defined by their mechanical-physical properties.
  • a substance is referred to as wax according to the invention, if it is kneadable at 20 ° C, solid to brittle hard, has a coarse to fine crystalline structure, color is translucent to opaque, but not glassy, melting above 40 ° C without decomposition, just above the Melting point is slightly liquid (less viscous), has a strong temperature-dependent consistency and solubility and is polishable under light pressure. If more than one of the above-mentioned properties is not met, the substance is not a wax according to this definition of the German Society for Fat Science [DGF unit method M-I 1 (75)].
  • the amide wax of the present invention is a corresponding wax based on an amide of a long chain carboxylic acid.
  • the amide may comprise a primary and / or a secondary and / or tertiary amide. Invention s according to different amides can thus be used.
  • the amide wax has an acid number of 0 to 10 mg KOH / g, in particular from 0 to 7 mg KOH / g.
  • the melting point is preferably more than 100 ° C and 160 ° C or less. More preferably, the melting point is in the range of 110 ° C to 155 ° C, especially in the range of 130 ° C to 155 ° C.
  • the amide wax is a secondary amide.
  • it is an amide, especially a secondary amide, of a carboxylic acid having from 28 to 45 carbon atoms.
  • the carboxylic acid can be linear or branched, saturated, be fold or polyunsaturated; it is preferably a linear branched carboxylic acid.
  • a carboxylic acid comprising 35 to 40 carbon atoms is preferred.
  • the amide wax is particularly preferably distearylethylenediamide.
  • the proportion of amide wax in fiction, contemporary pressing aid is preferably 75 parts by weight or less, based on the total weight of the pressing aid, which is to be regarded with 100 parts by weight.
  • the pressing aid preferably comprises 20% by weight to 70% by weight, in particular 40% by weight to 65% by weight, of the amide wax.
  • the pressing aid according to the invention consists of a carboxylic acid amide, a montan wax and an amide wax.
  • the present invention relates to a method for producing a pressing aid according to the invention.
  • the carboxylic acid amide and montan wax are fused together. More preferably, it is provided that the obtained and cooled melt is ground. The product thus obtained can be used in powder metallurgy.
  • the pressing auxiliary according to the invention also comprises an amide wax in addition to the carboxylic acid amide and the montan wax
  • the carboxylic acid amide and the montan wax are preferably first of one another according to the invention fused, the melt obtained cooled and ground after cooling. The particles thus obtained are then ground together with the small-particle amide wax in a suitable mill.
  • carboxylic acid amide, montan wax and optionally the amide wax are fused together and the resulting melt is subsequently atomized.
  • the product obtained preferably has a particle size distribution of from 5 to 15 ⁇ m, from 20 to 35 ⁇ m, from 35 to 50 ⁇ m and X99 ⁇ 70 ⁇ on.
  • x 10 means that 10% of the particles have a size in the range of 5 to 15 ⁇
  • X50 that 50% of the particles in the size range from 20 to 35 ⁇ are X90
  • 90% of the particles in the size range of 35 to 50 ⁇ lie and according to X99 that 99% of the particles have a size of less than 70 ⁇ .
  • the present invention relates to the use of the inventive pressing aid in powder metallurgy.
  • the pressing aid according to the invention for powder metallurgy is preferably used for the production of sintered molded parts.
  • sintered moldings are understood to mean moldings which have been made completely from a sinterable material, on the other hand composite parts are also understood, the basic body of such a composite part being able to be made, for example, from an aluminum- or iron-containing mixture, and with the Body further connected body Another material, such as cast steel, sintered or solid, or may be made of solid cast aluminum.
  • the composite part for example, only on the end faces or its surface have a sintered layer, whereas the base body of, for example, steel or cast iron, sintered or solid, is made.
  • the sintered molded parts can be calibrated preferably using the lubricant according to the invention and / or further cured in the heat.
  • Sintered molded parts in the sense of the present invention are in particular those molded parts which have a density of 7.2 g / cm or more after sintering, such as, for example, pump parts or gear parts such as synchronizer bodies. These moldings require due to the high stress in the further use of a high density. The preparation is therefore a great challenge, which was solved with the pressing aid according to the invention.
  • the pressing aid according to the invention can be used both during cold pressing and during hot pressing.
  • Cold pressing involves pressing at room temperature.
  • the matrix is heated.
  • the pressing aid according to the invention has particularly good properties in terms of green strength and lubricating properties and thus also wear protection during hot pressing. Therefore, the pressing aid according to the invention is particularly preferred in hot pressing at a die temperature in the range of 25 ° C to 100 ° C, especially from 35 ° C to 90 ° C, preferably from 40 ° C to 75 ° C, especially from 50 ° C. used up to 65 ° C.
  • the sinterable moldings are preferably made of a mixture comprising at least one metallic material and / or plastic material, as well as at least one inventive lubricant for powder metallurgy.
  • Sinterable metallic and / or plastic materials in the sense of the present invention are in particular powders or powder mixtures of metallic, ceramic and / or plastic components, for example, low-alloyed steels, chromium-nickel steels, bronzes, nickel-based alloys such as Hastalloy, Inconel, metal oxides, metal nitrides, metal silicides or the like, furthermore aluminum-containing powders or mixtures, wherein the mixtures may also contain high-melting constituents such as for example, platinum or the like.
  • iron-containing powders are the alloys 316L, 304L, InconelOOO, Inconel625, Monel and HastalloyB, X and C as well as 17-4PH.
  • Particularly preferred are low alloy steel powders such as iron-carbon steels, Distaloy AB, AE, DE and HP (Höganäs AB Sweden) and Ancorsteel 4300 (Hoeganaes Corp., USA). Titanium and / or titanium alloys are also suitable materials, even when mixed with other materials, in particular iron-containing powders.
  • the metallic material and / or plastic material can be wholly or partly made of synthetic fibers or fibers, preferably fibers with diameters between about 0.1 ⁇ m to about 2 ⁇ m and a length of a few micrometers up to about 50 mm.
  • the metallic materials and / or plastic materials can also be added in particular carbon in an appropriate amount to form desired alloys, as well as other additives such as binders or the like.
  • the object underlying the present invention is further achieved by a mixture for the production of sintered molded parts.
  • This mixture according to the invention comprises at least one powdery metal and / or one powdered alloy as well as a pressing aid according to the present invention.
  • a proportion of from 0.1% by weight to 2.0% by weight of the pressing assistant, based on the total weight of the mixture is sufficient to obtain a sinterable mixture having sufficient green strength within the green body and sufficient pressure is achieved.
  • the concentrates can be reduced by 0.2% by weight compared to pure amide waxes described in the prior art without this having a negative effect on the process or the product obtained.
  • a higher pressure and thus a higher density in the green compact can be achieved with the same amount of pressing aid used.
  • the pressing aid can be applied to the metal powder or the alloy powder elementarily or by spraying.
  • the order of spraying is advantageous because any resulting dusts can be prevented.
  • the mixture for the production of sintered moldings may according to the Invention comprise further additives known in the art, such as aerosils, graphite, self-lubricating materials or binders.
  • carbon may be added to the mixture to form desired alloys in an appropriate amount, as well as other additives known to the skilled person, such as, for example, binders or the like.
  • the sinterable mixture may also comprise at least one stabilizing agent and / or at least one antiagglomerating agent.
  • the sinterable mixture may also comprise self-lubricating agents, in addition to graphite, for example alternatively or additionally MoS 2 , WS 2 , BN and / or other carbon modifications such as coke, polarized graphite or the like.
  • the sinterable mixture may also comprise aerosils and other additives known to the person skilled in the art, depending on the intended use.
  • the present invention further relates to a process for the preparation of the mixture according to the invention, wherein
  • the at least one carboxylic acid amide and montan wax comprised by the pressing aid are melted together; and -
  • the pressing aid produced according to the first step is added to the metallic material. It is further preferred that, after the first step of the process according to the invention, the resulting melt is atomized or, after cooling, the cooled melt is ground.
  • the at least one carboxamide and montan wax comprised by the pressing assistant are melted together, then mixed or ground together with the amide wax;
  • the pressing aid produced according to the first step is added to the metallic material. Also by means of this alternative method obtained after the metallurgical pressing process green body with high densities and correspondingly high green strengths can be achieved.
  • the object on which the present invention is based is furthermore achieved by a sintering method for producing a component, in particular with a density of 7.2 g / cm or more using the pressing aid described above, and by a obtained by means of this method component.
  • the component is preferably pump parts and / or gear parts, such as synchronizer bodies, with a density of 7.2 g / cm or more.
  • An inventive pressing agent containing 10 wt of an amide of erucic acid (Crodamide ® ER Croda Chemicals Europe Ltd, UK), 30 weight Montan wax (Waradur ® from Völpker Special Products GmbH, Völpke, Germany) and 60 wt an amide wax (Distearylethylendia- mid, sold under the name Crodamide ® EBS of Croda Chemicals Europe Ltd, UK) included, was used as a pressing aid.
  • the mixture for the production of sintered shaped parts comprised iron as metal powder, furthermore 2% by weight of copper, 0.6% by weight of graphite and 0.6% by weight of the pressing aid according to the invention. The total weight was 100 parts by weight.
  • the pressing aid according to the invention consisted of 10% by weight of polycasamide, 30% by weight of montan wax and 60% by weight of amide wax.
  • the carboxylic acid amide and the montan wax were fused together, crushed into flakes after cooling and then ground with the amide wax.
  • flakes are small particles which have a predominantly 2-dimensional extent.
  • the thickness is only a few nanometers up to 1 ⁇ m.
  • the planar expansion can take any regular or irregular forms. Starting from an approximately round shape, the diameter is less than 70 ⁇ . Starting from an oval shape, the length of the longest axis is less than 70 ⁇ .
  • a mixture was prepared which also contains iron as metal powder, 2% by weight copper, 0.6% by weight graphite and 0.6% by weight of a pressing aid known from the prior art, namely one sold under the trade name " Licowachs® C "marketed by Clariant, Germany, amide wax. Again, the total weight was 100 wt.
  • the powder mixture was mixed homogeneously with the pressing aid.
  • the sinterable powder mixtures prepared in this way were filled into a conventional pressing tool and pressed at different pressures. At various pressing pressures, the densities of the green bodies produced were determined both when using the pressing aid according to the invention and when using an amide wax known from the prior art in accordance with DIN ISO 3369.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un adjuvant de compactage pour la métallurgie des poudres ainsi qu'un mélange frittable contenant ledit adjuvant de compactage.
PCT/EP2015/079985 2014-12-16 2015-12-16 Adjuvant de compactage pour la métallurgie des poudres WO2016096981A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP15816140.6A EP3233335B1 (fr) 2014-12-16 2015-12-16 Adjuvant de compactage pour la métallurgie des poudres
ES15816140T ES2787674T3 (es) 2014-12-16 2015-12-16 Auxiliar de prensado para la metalurgia en polvo
CN201580069076.2A CN107427911B (zh) 2014-12-16 2015-12-16 用于粉末冶金的压制助剂

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102014226094.9 2014-12-16
DE102014226094.9A DE102014226094A1 (de) 2014-12-16 2014-12-16 Presshilfsmittel für die Pulvermetallurgie
US14/970,010 2015-12-15
US14/970,010 US20160222310A1 (en) 2014-12-16 2015-12-15 Compacting Auxiliary Agent for Powder Metallurgy

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2016096981A1 true WO2016096981A1 (fr) 2016-06-23

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PCT/EP2015/079985 WO2016096981A1 (fr) 2014-12-16 2015-12-16 Adjuvant de compactage pour la métallurgie des poudres

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Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE10244486A1 (de) * 2002-09-24 2004-04-01 Gkn Sinter Metals Gmbh Mischung zur Herstellung von gesinterten Formteilen
US20040254280A1 (en) * 2001-10-20 2004-12-16 Eric Richter Blends of waxes and polymer additives

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20040254280A1 (en) * 2001-10-20 2004-12-16 Eric Richter Blends of waxes and polymer additives
DE10244486A1 (de) * 2002-09-24 2004-04-01 Gkn Sinter Metals Gmbh Mischung zur Herstellung von gesinterten Formteilen

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
"Plastics Additives - Rapra market Report", 1 March 2005, RAPRA TECHNOLOGY LIMITED, Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, SY4 4NR, UK, ISBN: 978-1-85-957499-7, article GEOFFREY PRITCHARD: "Plastics Additives - Rapra market Report", pages: 1 - 210, XP055116414 *

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