WO2016093350A1 - 改変型免疫細胞、改変型免疫細胞の製造方法、およびこれらの利用 - Google Patents
改変型免疫細胞、改変型免疫細胞の製造方法、およびこれらの利用 Download PDFInfo
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- C12N2510/00—Genetically modified cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a new tool capable of appropriately inducing immune activation among immune reactions in vivo.
- Immunotherapy is a treatment method for diseases that do not depend on chemical substances by artificially stimulating innate immunity, acquired immunity, or a combination thereof. Therefore, it is expected as a therapeutic method that can reduce the physical burden on the patient, inducing a function inherent in the living body.
- Innate immunity is expected to be effective even in cases that are not subject to antigen-specific immune cell therapy because immune cells involved in innate immunity react immediately after pattern recognition of foreign substances in the body. Therefore, the treatment for improving innate immunity has the advantage that it can be used not only for monotherapy but also for combination treatment for the purpose of complementing antigen-specific immune cell therapy.
- NK cells Natural killer cells
- ⁇ T cells Natural killer T cells
- NKT cells natural killer T cells
- lymphocytes In lymphocytes in vivo, the proportion of these immune cells involved in innate immunity is generally low. Therefore, in actual immunotherapy for improving innate immunity, a method is adopted in which lymphocytes are collected from a treatment target, target immune cells are cultured, the number of cells is amplified, and then returned to the body of the treatment target.
- the target immune cells may not proliferate and activate as desired.
- the present inventor utilizes a cell that has been amplified from a patient-derived NKT cell via an initialized cell such as an iPS cell and then redifferentiated into an NKT cell.
- Patent Documents 1 and 2 a cell that has been amplified from a patient-derived NKT cell via an initialized cell such as an iPS cell and then redifferentiated into an NKT cell.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a functional immune cell capable of activating innate immunity as a new tool capable of appropriately inducing immune activation in an immune response in vivo, and It is to provide a method for producing immune cells.
- the present inventor expresses an NKT cell invariant T cell receptor on the surface of a specific T cell, and is activated upon stimulation with a CD1d ligand to produce a Th1 cytokine (particularly, interferon ⁇ ). It was found that modified immune cells with improved can be produced. Furthermore, the modified immune cells not only improved the ability to produce Th1 cytokines by stimulation with the CD1d ligand, but also showed an improvement in cell proliferation ability. To date, no report has been made as to what conditions should be satisfied in order to bring the specific immune cells into a state that brings about the appropriate induction of immunity. As a result of repeated studies based on these findings, the present inventor has completed the present invention. That is, the present invention includes the following features in order to solve the above problems.
- FIG. 3 shows that the modified immune cells of FIG. 2 can mature dendritic cells. It is the figure which confirmed the NKT cell and (gamma) delta T cell in the peripheral blood of a healthy subject before and after the activation by each ligand. It is the figure which confirmed the modified type
- FIG. 6 is a diagram confirming the proliferation activation ability and cytokine production ability of the modified immune cells of FIG. 5.
- the first aspect of the present invention provides a modified immune cell.
- the modified immune cell comprises (1) an exogenous invariant (invariant) T cell receptor ⁇ chain and an exogenous T cell receptor ⁇ that forms a dimer with the T cell receptor ⁇ chain. (2) a polynucleotide encoding an invariant T cell receptor ⁇ chain and a T cell receptor ⁇ chain that forms a dimer with the T cell receptor ⁇ chain The polynucleotide which codes is included.
- the modified immune cells express the invariant T cell receptor ⁇ chain and T cell receptor ⁇ chain on their cell surfaces, the Th1 type cytokines are effectively (by more) stimulated by CD1d ligand stimulation. Specifically, it induces production of interferon ⁇ to show a high production amount).
- the modified immune cells produce interferon ⁇ and almost induce the production of immunosuppressive IL-10 by DC when co-cultured with dendritic cells (DC). Without strong induction of IL-12 (IL-12p70) production. Therefore, the modified immune cells are suitable for use in immunotherapy that improves innate immunity based on direct and indirect cytokine production induction.
- T cell means a T cell that does not inherently surface express the NKT cell TCR (hereinafter referred to as NKT-TCR). That is, the NKT-TCR ⁇ and ⁇ chains in the modified immune cells are exogenous rather than endogenous. Thus, as used herein, “T cell” can be read as “T cell other than NKT cell”. From the above, when referring to NKT cells in the present specification, “NK” or “natural killer” is always added in front of “T cells” to explain this.
- NKT cells are CD1d-restricted T cells. That is, a more detailed definition of an NKT cell is a cell with limited diversity of TCR ligands, and such an NKT cell is also referred to as an invariant NKT cell (iNKT cell).
- TCR exogenous T cell receptor
- iNKT cells eg, human V ⁇ 24 and mouse V ⁇ 14
- the exogenous TCR ⁇ chain expressed on the surface of the modified immune cell is a ⁇ chain unique to iNKT cells that form a dimer with the TCR ⁇ chain as described above (for example, human V ⁇ 11 as well as mouse V ⁇ 8.2). V ⁇ 7 and V ⁇ 2).
- the TCR ⁇ chain is preferably V ⁇ 24 and the TCR ⁇ chain is preferably V ⁇ 11.
- human V ⁇ 24 is encoded by a polynucleotide represented by the nucleotide sequence registered in GenBank Accession No. DQ341448, and human V ⁇ 11 is , Encoded by the polynucleotide indicated by the base sequence registered in GenBank Accession No. DQ341459.
- the nucleotide sequence information of the polynucleotide encoding the invariant T cell receptor ⁇ chain used in the present invention is, for example, subcloning an NKT cell line established from a healthy volunteer. Can be determined.
- base sequence information such as V ⁇ 14, V ⁇ 8.2, V ⁇ 7, V ⁇ 2 can be determined from a mouse-derived NKT cell line. Based on the nucleotide sequence information, the TCR ⁇ chain or TCR ⁇ chain polynucleotide of the present invention can be prepared.
- the polynucleotide encoding the TCR ⁇ chain used in the present invention preferably has a high homology with SEQ ID NO: 1, and the polynucleotide encoding the TCR ⁇ chain has a high homology with SEQ ID NO: 2.
- “high homology” refers to homology of 90% or more, preferably 95% or more, more preferably 98% or more.
- T cells that can be used as a material for preparing the modified immune cells are T cells, preferably CD3-positive T cells ( ⁇ T cells, ⁇ T cells expressing variable TCR, mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, etc.). Yes (in this specification, CD3 positive T cells are also referred to as Cd3 positive cells).
- the CD3-positive T cells are not particularly limited, and may be established T cell lines or T cells collected from individuals. Specific examples of CD3-positive T cells may be activated T cells, ⁇ T cells and / or MAIT cells. The activated T cell, ⁇ T cell and / or MAIT cell may be activated after (1) being collected in an inactive state, or (2) activated at the time of collecting the cell.
- an established inactive T cell line or an inactive T cell collected from an individual can be activated by applying a stimulus in vitro.
- the cells are derived from peripheral blood collected from an individual and activated at the time of collection.
- CD3 positive T cells derived from the peripheral blood of the individual are the most preferable.
- the modified immune cells are stored (preferably cryopreserved) or used in the prepared state.
- the modified immune cell is activated after production and then stored (preferably cryopreserved) or used.
- the modified immune cell is activated by a CD1d ligand or a ⁇ T cell proliferation activator.
- the above-mentioned modified immune cells show enhanced cell proliferation ability as well as effective production of interferon ⁇ by activation (Examples 1 to 3), and functional maturation into dendritic cells (DC) (Example 2). Let me show you.
- CD1d ligand means a glycolipid recognized by NKT-TCR in a state of being bound to CD1d.
- glycolipids include ⁇ -GalCer ( ⁇ -galactylceramide), ⁇ -C-GalCer ( ⁇ -C-galactylceramide), iGB3 (isoglobintrioxidoylceramide, GD3 (gangliosidyl-3) ), And GSL-1′SA (galacturonic acid). Of these, ⁇ -GalCer or ⁇ -C-GalCer is preferred.
- ⁇ T cell proliferation activator is a known agent that proliferates and activates ⁇ T cells.
- the drug include aminobisphosphonate, zoledronic acid, disodium pamidronate, (E) -4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butenyl diphosphate, and heat shock protein.
- the activation of the modified immune cell of the present invention is performed by contacting a CD1d-expressing cell in a state of being pulsed (loaded) with a CD1d ligand and the modified immune cell in an in vitro reaction system. obtain.
- the activation may be administration of the modified immune cell and a CD1d-expressing cell pulsed with a CD1d ligand to a subject. By administering to the administration subject, the modified immune cell and the CD1d-expressing cell pulsed with the CD1d ligand are contacted in the body of the subject, and the modified immune cell can be activated in the same manner as in an in vitro reaction system.
- the CD1d-expressing cell and the modified immune cell are administered simultaneously or sequentially to the administration subject.
- the order in which the two cells are administered to the administration subject is not particularly limited.
- a CD1d-expressing cell in a state of being pulsed (loaded) with a CD1d ligand can be obtained by co-culturing an arbitrary CD1d-expressing cell and a CD1d ligand and binding the CD1d ligand to CD1d on the cell surface.
- CD1d-expressing cells include tumor cells, dendritic cells that are normally present in healthy individuals, or any cell that expresses CD1d from an artificially introduced polynucleotide encoding CD1d (including established cell lines) (See, for example, International Publication Nos. WO2007 / 097370, WO2010 / 061930, WO2013 / 018778, etc.).
- the TCR ⁇ chain and the TCR ⁇ chain are expressed via a vector introduced into the modified immune cell.
- the vector consists of mRNA itself
- the TCR ⁇ and TCR ⁇ chains are translated directly from the mRNA.
- the modified immune cell maintains the expression of the TCR ⁇ and TCR ⁇ chains for at least about 48 hours after the introduction of mRNA. Therefore, the modified immune cells in this embodiment are preferably used within at least about 48 hours after generation after being activated by the above-mentioned CD1d ligand and / or ⁇ T cell proliferation activator (provided that This is not the case when the modified immune cells are stored (preferably cryopreserved).
- the modified immune cell in this embodiment returns to its original state in vivo with the degradation of mRNA and does not express the TCR ⁇ chain and the TCR ⁇ chain. That is, immunotherapy using the modified immune cells in this embodiment and immunity induction in a living body do not correspond to gene therapy.
- the TCR ⁇ chain and TCR ⁇ chain are expressed from DNA maintained in the modified immune cell.
- the modified immune cells in this embodiment are activated at an appropriate time before use. Therefore, in this embodiment, the modified immune cells can be stably and easily grown to the required number of cells by culture.
- modified immune cells in one aspect of the present invention are suitable for cells for immunotherapy, immunity inducers described below, and various other uses.
- the modified immune cells in one aspect of the present invention are suitable as cells for immunotherapy.
- Diseases that can be treated with the modified immune cells include, but are not limited to, cancer, infectious diseases, and allergic diseases.
- the modified immune cells can also be used in combination with other immunotherapeutic cells.
- the modified immune cells can be used together with cells that become functional and activated, etc. as a result of the above-described production of interferon ⁇ , functional maturation of DC, and the like.
- the treatment is described as an example, but the modified immune cell in one aspect of the present invention is effective in preventing the above-described diseases by inducing immunity in an individual.
- the second aspect of the present invention provides an immunity-inducing agent comprising the modified immune cell.
- This modified immune cell can induce an immune response in an individual according to production of interferon ⁇ , maturation of DC, and the like.
- the modified immune cells can exhibit immunity induction ability by activation, but activation of the modified immune cells can be realized inside and outside the living body.
- the immunity-inducing agent further includes the modified immune cell activator.
- modified immune cell activator are specifically described as the above-mentioned CD1d ligand and ⁇ T cell proliferation activators.
- the immunity-inducing agent is kitted in combination with the activator.
- the immunity-inducing agent is kitted with a CD1d-expressing cell pulsed with a CD1d ligand.
- CD1d-expressing cells pulsed with a CD1d ligand can be administered simultaneously with or before or after administration of the immunity-inducing agent.
- the third aspect of the present invention provides a method for producing the above-described modified immune cell.
- a polynucleotide encoding an invariant T cell receptor ⁇ chain and a polynucleotide encoding a T cell receptor ⁇ chain that forms a dimer with the T cell receptor ⁇ chain are transferred to CD3 positive cells. Including the introduction.
- the coding region in each of the two polynucleotides is formed by RNA. That is, a suitable example of the polynucleotide is mRNA. As described above, the main advantage of introducing mRNA into cells is that the method of administering the prepared modified immune cells does not correspond to gene therapy.
- the coding region in each of the two above polynucleotides can be formed by DNA that can continuously transform cells. Therefore, examples of the polynucleotide include a known vector containing a polynucleotide encoding a T cell receptor ⁇ chain and a polynucleotide encoding a T cell receptor ⁇ chain.
- the CD3-positive cells are derived from peripheral blood.
- the peripheral blood is preferably obtained from a subject to which the modified immune cells are to be administered.
- the CD3 positive cells can be expanded by the ⁇ T cell proliferation activator prior to the introduction of the two polynucleotides. As described in Examples below, ⁇ T cells proliferate by treatment with a proliferation activator. Therefore, ⁇ T cells can be secured in sufficient numbers at least in the initial presence in peripheral blood.
- the fourth aspect of the present invention provides a method for activating modified immune cells.
- the method includes co-culturing modified immune cells with a CD1d ligand or ⁇ T cell proliferation activator.
- the details of the modified immune cells, the CD1d ligand, and the ⁇ T cell proliferation activator are all as described in the above items.
- the CD1d ligand is bound to CD1d.
- the CD1d ligand is bound to CD1d expressed on the surface of dendritic cells.
- the dendritic cell is a human dendritic cell into which a polynucleotide encoding a disease-specific antigen has been introduced. This is because the antigenic peptide can further induce acquired immunity in the subject's body.
- the CD1d ligand is bound to immobilized CD1d. In this case, the modified immune cells can be used for administration to a subject without requiring isolation of the activated modified immune cells.
- the present invention includes the following features in order to solve the above problems.
- a method for producing a modified immune cell comprising: (10) The method according to (9), wherein the coding region in each of the
- (12) including coculturing a modified immune cell produced by the method according to any one of (9) to (11) with a CD1d ligand and / or a ⁇ T cell proliferation activator.
- a method of activating modified immune cells (13) The method according to (12), wherein the CD1d ligand is bound to CD1d.
- a subject comprising administering to the subject the modified immune cell according to any one of (1) to (6) or the immunity-inducing agent according to (7) or (8) To induce immunity.
- GM-CSF and IL-4 were purchased from R & D systems (Minneapolis, Minn.).
- IL-2 was purchased from Shionogi & Co., LTD (Osaka, Japan).
- ⁇ -GalCer was synthesized at RIKEN by Dr. Yasuyuki Ishii.
- ⁇ -GalCer and vehicle (0.4% DMSO) were diluted with PBS.
- Zoledronic acid (ZOL) was purchased from Novartis Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
- the following monoclonal antibodies (mAb) were purchased respectively.
- a FACSCalibur TM instrument and CELLQuest TM software (BD Biosciences) or FlowJo (Tree Star, San Carlos, CA) software were used for the analysis.
- HEK293 cell line was purchased from American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD).
- pCMV6-XLA4 / hCD1d OriGene Technologies Inc., Rockville, MD
- pCAG-puromycin resistance gene Provided by Dr. Atsushi Nishida at RCAI, RIKEN
- MX-hCD1d transfected HEK293 cells were subsequently sorted by FACSAria Sorter based on hCD1d expression.
- Human PBMCs were obtained from buffy coats from healthy blood donors and separated by density gradient centrifugation of Ficoll-Hypaque (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden).
- CD14 + monocytes purified by PBMC and in some cases by magnetic bead (Miltenyi Biotec Inc.) separation, were washed 3 times with PBS and serum-free cryopreservation medium Cellbanker2 (JUJI Field Inc., Tokyo) , Japan) and stored in liquid nitrogen until use. All trials were approved by the RIKEN Institutional Review Board.
- CD14 + cells isolated using magnetic beads were used for the generation of immature DC (imDC).
- imDC immature DC
- Monocytes were cultured for 3 days in the presence of GM-CSF (100 ng / mL) and IL-4 (25 ng / mL) to generate imDC.
- PBMC peripheral blood cells
- ⁇ -GalCer 100 ng / mL
- human iNKT cells were stained with FITC-labeled anti-V ⁇ mAb and selected with anti-FITC magnetic beads (Miltenyi Biotec Inc.).
- Human iNKT cells were maintained in the presence of 100 U / mL IL-2, 5 ng / mL IL-7 and 10 ng / mL IL-15.
- V ⁇ 9V ⁇ 2T cell line PBMCs were cultured in the presence of ZOL (100 ⁇ mol / L) and 300 U / mL IL-2. After 10-14 days, ⁇ T cells were stained with FITC-labeled anti- ⁇ 9 mAb and selected with anti-FITC magnetic beads (MiltenyiBiotec Inc.). Human V ⁇ 9V ⁇ 2 T cells were maintained in the presence of 300 U / mL IL-2.
- EGFP enhanced green fluorescent protein
- pSP64 Poly (A) vector was excised using HindIII and BamHI and cloned again into the pGEM-4Z vector (Promega, Madison, Wis.).
- the OVA plasmid used for this study has been described previously.
- An expression plasmid (pcDNA3 (+)-MART-1) for MART-1 was isolated.
- these plasmids were linearized by restriction enzyme digestion (BamHI for EGFP and OVA, and NotI for MART-1) and purified by QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (QIAGEN GmbH, Hilden, Germany) And used as a mold.
- RNA was generated under the control of the T7 promoter sequence on the vector by using the mMESSAGE mMACHINE T7 Ultra Kit (Ambion, Austin, TX). The template DNA was digested with DNase I based kit. IVT RNA was then purified by RNeasyMini / Midi Kits (QIAGEN, Valencia, CA) and eluted in water. The integrity of the RNA was confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions and the concentration was determined by a spectrophotometer.
- T cell RNA electroporation was performed as previously reported. Briefly, using 50 ng / mL anti-CD3 mAb OKT3 (Janssen pharmaceutical, Inc., Tokyo, Japan) and 300 IU / mL IL-2 in RPMI containing 10% FCS, 10 6 cells / mL of PBL was stimulated in vitro. After 2 or 3 days, the T cells were washed once with OptiMEM, it was suspended in a concentration of 5 ⁇ 10 6 / 100 ⁇ L in OptiMEM. 10 ⁇ g of each RNA was transferred to a 4 mm cuvette, 100 ⁇ L of cell suspension was added and pulsed in BTX. The pulse condition was a square wave pulse of 500 V and 5 msec. Immediately after electroporation, cells were transferred to fresh CM with 300 IU / mL IL-2 and incubated at 37 ° C.
- V ⁇ 24 + V ⁇ 11 + cells and V ⁇ 24 ⁇ V ⁇ 11 ⁇ cells were sorted by FACS Aria and used as responder cells.
- CD1d 293 was pulsed for 24 hours with or without 500 ng / mL ⁇ -GalCer.
- CD1d 293 was treated with 10 ⁇ mol / L ZOL for 24 hours and used as stimulator cells.
- 1 ⁇ 10 5 responder cells were co-cultured with 1 ⁇ 10 4 stimulator cells for 24 hours. Culture supernatants were collected and interferon ⁇ production was measured by IFN- ⁇ ELISA (BD).
- DC maturation T cells electroporated with NKT-TCR mRNA were sorted and then co-cultured with autologous immature DCs (1: 1) for 24 hours in the presence or absence of 100 ng / mL ⁇ -GalCer. . 100 ng / mL LPS was used as a positive control. After 24 hours, DCs were analyzed for CD40 and CD86 by flow cytometry, and IL10 and IL12p70 production in the culture supernatant was measured by ELISA (BD).
- cytotoxicity assay The cytotoxic activity of ⁇ T cells or ⁇ T cells electroporated with NKT-TCR was analyzed using the LDH assay kit (Takara Bio Company) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
- As target cells CD1d 293 was treated for 24 hours with or without 500 ng / mL ⁇ -GalCer or 10 ⁇ mol / L ZOL. 1 ⁇ 10 4 target cells were co-cultured with 1 ⁇ 10 5 effector cells in 1% FCS / RPMI for 12 hours. The culture supernatant was incubated with a freshly prepared Reaction Mixture containing tetrazolium salt and the absorbance was measured at 490 nm.
- Cytotoxicity (%) ⁇ (effector: target cell mixture-effector cell control) -spontaneous target cell control ⁇ / (maximum target cell control-spontaneous target cell control) ⁇ 100.
- Example 1 Production of modified immune cells using Jurkat cell line
- the V ⁇ and V ⁇ chains of the NKT cell TCR from an NKT cell line established from healthy volunteers were first subcloned. Each mRNA was generated from the coding region of TCR ⁇ chain and TCR ⁇ chain (TCR ⁇ chain: SEQ ID NO: 1, TCR ⁇ chain: SEQ ID NO: 2) in DNA by an in vitro transcription method. After transfecting both TCR chains into Jurkat T cells by electroporation, NKT by cytometry using a combination of anti-V ⁇ 24 and anti-V ⁇ 11 Ab, or a combination of CD3 and anti-6B11 or anti-CD1d / Gal-tetramer. -Expression of TCR was determined (Figure 1A).
- V ⁇ 24 and V ⁇ 11 were assessed by anti-6B11 mAb.
- the expression level of NKT-TCR was up-regulated from 6 to 12 hours and decreased after 48 hours (FIG. 1B).
- expression of V ⁇ 24 and V ⁇ 11 on Jurkat cells in excess of 90% was detected after 6 hours.
- the cells were then cultured with a solid phase of ⁇ -GalCer-conjugated CD1d antibody and evaluated downstream of the TCR signal.
- MAPK was phosphorylated 10 minutes after stimulation (FIG. 1C), indicating that TCR signaling was clearly enhanced in Jurkat cells transfected with V ⁇ 24 and V ⁇ 11 TCR mRNA.
- TCR ⁇ chain and TCR ⁇ chain mRNA modified immune cells that transiently express functional NKT-TCR on Jurkat cells could be produced.
- Example 2 Production of modified immune cells using activated T cells derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of healthy subjects]
- Primary activated T cells generated by anti-CD3Ab and IL-2 over 3 days were transfected with mRNAs of V ⁇ 24 and V ⁇ 11 TCR chains.
- Expression of TCR ⁇ -chain (V ⁇ 24) and ⁇ -chain (V ⁇ 11) on T cells transfected with mRNA was evaluated by anti-6B11 mAb.
- 6B11 + cells are 60-70% from CD3 + T cells, indicating that both chains are clearly expressed on their cell surface (FIGS. 2A and 2B).
- NKT-TCR + V ⁇ 24 + V ⁇ 11 + transfected cells
- NKT-TCR ⁇ V ⁇ 24 ⁇ V ⁇ 11 ⁇ non-transfected
- cytokine production was analyzed by co-culturing NKT-TCR + cells with cells loaded with ⁇ -GalCer (CD1d-HEK293 cells / Gal).
- NKT-TCR + cells produced more interferon ⁇ but not IL-4 in an ⁇ -GalCer dependent manner.
- both NKT-TCR ⁇ cells and activated T cells without transfection did not produce interferon ⁇ (FIG. 2D).
- activated T cells (NKT-TCR + cells) transfected with mRNA of V ⁇ 24TCR and V ⁇ 11TCR are functional for interferon ⁇ production and these 6B11 + cells that are inclined to Th1 type are Th1 type NKT cells. Can be mimicked over 48 hours.
- NKT-TCR + cells have previously been reported to induce DC maturation in both phenotype and function in vivo and in vitro. It was assessed whether NKT-TCR + T cells could mature DCs. Maturation markers and cytokine production were assessed after culturing mature DCs derived from NKT-TCR + T cells and autologous monocytes.
- ⁇ T cells are well known as one of innate lymphocytes.
- ⁇ 9 type ⁇ T cells can be expanded by cells loaded with zoledronic acid (ZA), in which several endogenous ⁇ T cell ligands are upregulated on APC.
- ZA zoledronic acid
- FIG. 4 even people with very low frequency of NKT cells in peripheral blood have an appropriate number of ⁇ T cells.
- ⁇ T cells have the potential to proliferate much more than NKT cells (FIGS. 4A and 4B).
- ⁇ T cells do not normally express NKT-TCR, but can express NKT-TCR along with ⁇ 9 ⁇ TCR after transfection by electroporation (FIG. 5).
- NKT-TCR + cells were co-cultured with CD1d-HEK293 cells loaded with ZA, ⁇ T cells produced interferon ⁇ , and it was confirmed that these were ⁇ T cells.
- ⁇ T cells that are relatively abundant in peripheral blood and can be grown to a sufficient amount for clinical use.
- ⁇ T cells may not be activated by ZA alone, or may be insufficiently stimulated, but this modified ⁇ T cell newly provides an option to utilize ⁇ -GalCer. Therefore, this modified ⁇ T cell can not utilize ⁇ T cells, or can substantially reduce the number of individuals with low utilization efficiency of ⁇ T cells and provide more individuals with an opportunity for treatment.
- the ⁇ and ⁇ chain mRNAs of the NKT cell TCR are introduced into each cell.
- the alpha and beta chains on the cell surface decrease with time.
- the number of cells is not decreasing.
- NKT-TCR + cells gradually returned to the state before the introduction of mRNA due to the degradation of the introduced mRNA, and the expression levels of the ⁇ chain and ⁇ chain of the NKT cell TCR gradually decreased. Absent. For this reason, applying the cells obtained in these examples to immunotherapy does not fall under gene therapy. It is clear that the cells of these examples with no introduced foreign factor remaining show extremely low side effects to the extent that they are not comparable to conventional gene therapy. When applying the cells of these examples to immune cell therapy using autologous cells, it can be considered that there are virtually no side effects.
- the device used for producing the cells and the material derived from the living body can be disposed of by a processing method equivalent to that used in a medical facility.
- Example 4 Confirmation of in vivo antitumor effect of modified immune cells.
- ⁇ T cells expressing NKT-TCR (NKT-TCR + ⁇ T cells of Example 3; hereinafter referred to as modified immune cells) ) was used for verification.
- An immunodeficient mouse inoculated subcutaneously with 2 ⁇ 10 6 K562 cells was prepared as a model animal for evaluating the antitumor effect of the modified immune cells.
- FIG. 7 shows the results of evaluating the antitumor effect of the modified immune cells based on the tumor size in the model animals measured 12 to 24 days after the inoculation. As shown in FIG. 7, none of the model animals that received the modified immune cells showed an increase in tumor size 12-24 days after inoculation. On the other hand, all the model animals that did not receive the modified immune cells showed an increase in tumor size over time (especially after 17 days after inoculation). This revealed that the modified immune cells (NKT-TCR + ⁇ T cells) exhibit very excellent antitumor activity in vivo.
- FIG. 8 shows the results of confirming cell proliferation and cell population by flow cytometry after a predetermined number of days from the culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC).
- cell proliferation was confirmed by flow cytometry at each time point 3 days and 7 days after the start of culture. Further, at the time point after 7 days, further analysis was performed using another fluorescently labeled antibody, and the CD3 + CD56 ⁇ cell group (11.0%), the CD3 ⁇ CD56 + cell group (72.1%), the CD16 + CD56 ⁇ cell group ( 76.4%), and the presence of the CD16 ⁇ CD56 + cell group (17.4%) was confirmed.
- NKT-TCR mRNA V ⁇ 24 mRNA and V ⁇ 11 mRNA was electroporated at 8 days after the start of the culture, and confirmed 6 hours later by flow cytometry of V ⁇ 24 + V ⁇ 11 + cells.
- NKT-TCR expression itself was suppressed in NK cells compared to CD3 + cells. Therefore, it is clear that cells that exert the same effect as modified immune cells based on CD3 + cells as prepared in Example 3 can be obtained only inefficiently when NK cells are used as a material. became.
- the above experiments show very unexpected results that felt the normal expectation for those skilled in the art that if NKT-TCR mRNA is introduced into NK cells, cells exhibiting NKT cell-like functions can be obtained. Indicated. Therefore, as shown in Example 3, it was revealed that CD3 + cells are very suitable for producing modified immune cells for immunotherapy.
- the present invention can be used for immune cell therapy.
- the present invention can be used as an immune inducer that activates effector cells and other immune cells that directly exert cytotoxic immunity.
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Abstract
Description
(2)不変型のT細胞受容体α鎖をコードするポリヌクレオチドおよび当該T細胞受容体α鎖と二量体を形成するT細胞受容体β鎖をコードするポリヌクレオチドを含んでいる、改変型免疫細胞。
本発明の第1の一局面は、改変型免疫細胞を提供する。当該改変型免疫細胞は、(1)外因性の不変型の(インバリアントな)T細胞受容体α鎖および当該T細胞受容体α鎖と二量体を形成する外因性のT細胞受容体β鎖をその細胞表面に発現しているか、または(2)不変型のT細胞受容体α鎖をコードするポリヌクレオチドおよび当該T細胞受容体α鎖と二量体を形成するT細胞受容体β鎖をコードするポリヌクレオチドを含んでいる。
本発明の第2の局面は、上記改変型免疫細胞を含んでいる免疫誘導剤を提供する。この改変型免疫細胞は、インターフェロンγの産生、DCの成熟等にしたがって、個体における免疫反応を誘導し得る。上記改変型免疫細胞は、活性化によって免疫誘導能を示し得るが、当該改変型免疫細胞の活性化は、生体の内外において実現され得る。
本発明の第3の局面は、上述の改変型免疫細胞の製造方法を提供する。当該方法は、不変型のT細胞受容体α鎖をコードするポリヌクレオチドおよび当該T細胞受容体α鎖と二量体を形成するT細胞受容体β鎖をコードするポリヌクレオチドを、CD3陽性細胞に導入することを包含している。
本発明の第4の局面は、改変型免疫細胞の活性化方法を提供する。当該方法は、改変型免疫細胞を、CD1dリガンドまたはγδT細胞の増殖活性化剤とともに共培養することを包含している。当該改変型免疫細胞、CD1dリガンドおよびγδT細胞の増殖活性化剤の詳細はいずれも、これまでの項目に述べられている通りである。
以上をまとめると、本発明は上記の課題を解決するために、以下の特徴を包含している。
(2)不変型のT細胞受容体α鎖をコードするポリヌクレオチドおよび当該T細胞受容体α鎖と二量体を形成するT細胞受容体β鎖をコードするポリヌクレオチドを含んでいる、改変型免疫細胞、
(3)不変型の上記T細胞受容体α鎖はVα24であり、上記T細胞受容体β鎖はVβ11である、(1)または(2)に記載の改変型免疫細胞、
(4)(i)可変型のT細胞受容体α鎖およびT細胞受容体β鎖、または(ii)T細胞受容体γ鎖およびT細胞受容体δ鎖をその細胞表面にさらに発現している、(1)~(3)のいずれか1つに記載の改変型免疫細胞、
(5)上記改変型免疫細胞の材料である細胞は、末梢血由来のγδT細胞である、(4)に記載の改変型免疫細胞、
(6)CD1dリガンドおよび/またはγδT細胞の増殖活性化剤によって活性化された、(1)~(5)のいずれか1つに記載の改変型免疫細胞、
(7)(1)~(6)のいずれか1つに記載の改変型免疫細胞を含んでいる、免疫誘導剤、
(8)CD1dリガンドおよび/またはγδT細胞の増殖活性化剤をさらに含んでいる、(7)に記載の免疫誘導剤、
(9)不変型のT細胞受容体α鎖をコードするポリヌクレオチドおよび当該T細胞受容体α鎖と二量体を形成するT細胞受容体β鎖をコードするポリヌクレオチドを、CD3陽性細胞に導入することを包含している、改変型免疫細胞を製造する方法、
(10)2つの上記ポリヌクレオチドのそれぞれにおけるコード領域は、RNAによって形成されている、(9)に記載の方法、
(11)上記改変型免疫細胞の材料は、末梢血、または末梢血を培養した試料から採取されている、(10)に記載の方法、
(12)(9)~(11)のいずれか1つに記載の方法によって製造された改変型免疫細胞を、CD1dリガンドおよび/またはγδT細胞の増殖活性化剤と共培養することを包含している、改変型免疫細胞を活性化する方法、
(13)上記CD1dリガンドはCD1dと結合している、(12)に記載の方法、
(14)(1)~(6)のいずれか1つに記載の改変型免疫細胞または(7)もしくは(8)に記載の免疫誘導剤を、対象に投与することを包含している、対象の免疫を誘導する方法。
後述する各実施例において用いた材料および方法は、以下の通りである。
ヒトおよびイヌの組換えGM-CSFおよびIL-4を、R&D systems(Minneapolis, MN)から購入した。IL-2を、Shionogi & Co., LTD(Osaka, Japan)から購入した。α-GalCerは、石井保之博士によって理研において合成された。α-GalCerおよびビヒクル(0.4%のDMSO)をPBSによって希釈した。ゾレドロン酸(ZOL)を、Novartis Pharmaceuticals Ltdから購入した。以下のモノクローナル抗体(mAb)を、それぞれ購入した。BD(San Diego, CA)からの抗ヒトCD3、抗ヒトCD11c(B-ly6)、抗ヒトCD40、抗ヒトCD86(2311)およびヒトのインバリアントNKT細胞のα鎖およびβ鎖の会合受容体(6B11)、Beckman Coulterからの抗ヒトVα24(C15)、Vβ11(C21)およびγ9、e-Bioscienceからの抗ヒトCD3(UCHT1)、MBLからの抗ヒトCD1dテトラマー。FACSCalibur(商標)装置、およびCELLQuest(商標)ソフトウェア(BD Biosciences)もしくはFlowJo(Tree Star, San Carlos, CA)ソフトウェアを、分析のために使用した。
ジャーカット細胞株を理研のBRCから得た。American Type Culture Collection(Rockville, MD)から、HEK293細胞株を購入した。ヒトCD1dをHEK293細胞に導入するために、pCMV6-XLA4/hCD1d(OriGene Technologies Inc., Rockville, MD)およびpCAG-ピューロマイシン耐性遺伝子(理研のRCAIにおける西田圭吾博士より提供)を、HEK293細胞にコトランスフェクションし、ピューロマイシンによって選択した。1週間後に、MX-hCD1dをトランスフェクトしたHEK293細胞を、続いて、FACSAria SorterによってhCD1dの発現に基づいて選別した。
健常な血液提供者由来のバフィーコートからヒトPBMCを得、Ficoll-Hypaque(Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden)の密度勾配遠心分離によって分離した。PBMC、およびいくつかの場合に磁気ビーズ(Miltenyi Biotec Inc.)分離によって精製したCD14+単球を、PBSを用いて3回にわたって洗浄し、無血清の凍結保存培地Cellbanker2(JUJI Field Inc., Tokyo, Japan)を用いて、使用まで液体窒素に保存した。すべての試験は、理研の施設内審査委員会によって承認された。
磁気ビーズ(Miltenyi Biotec Inc.)を用いて単離したCD14+細胞を、未成熟DC(imDC)の生成のために使用した。GM-CSF(100ng/mL)およびIL-4(25ng/mL)の存在下において3日にわたって単球を培養して、imDCを生成した。
NKT細胞株を調製するために、100U/mLのIL-2の存在下においてα-GalCer(100ng/mL)を用いて、PBMCをパルスした。10~14日後に、FITC標識の抗VαmAbを用いて、ヒトiNKT細胞を、染色し、抗FITC磁気ビーズ(Miltenyi Biotec Inc.)を用いて選択した。ヒトiNKT細胞を、100U/mLのIL-2、5ng/mLのIL-7および10ng/mLのIL-15の存在下に維持した。
pSP64 Poly(A)ベクターにおけるEGFP(enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein)を、HindIIIおよびBamHIを用いて切り出し、pGEM-4Zベクター(Promega, Madison, WI)にふたたびクローニングした。この試験に使用したOVAプラスミドはこれまでに述べられている。MART-1用の発現プラスミド(pcDNA3 (+)-MART-1)を単離した。IVTのために、これらのプラスミドを、制限酵素消化(EGFPおよびOVAのためのBamHI、ならびにMART-1のためのNotI)によって直鎖化し、QIAquick PCR Purification Kit(QIAGEN GmbH, Hilden, Germany)によって精製し、鋳型として使用した。mMESSAGE mMACHINE T7 Ultra Kit(Ambion, Austin, TX)を用いることによって、ベクター上にあるT7プロモータ配列の制御下において、RNAを生成した。キットに基づくDNaseIを用いて鋳型DNAを消化した。IVT RNAを、それからRNeasyMini/Midi Kits(QIAGEN, Valencia, CA)よって精製し、水に溶離させた。RNAの完全性を、変性条件下におけるアガロースゲル電気泳動によって確認し、濃度を、分光光度計によって決定した。
T細胞のRNAエレクトロポレーションを、これまでに報告されている通りに実施した。簡単に説明すると、10%のFCSを含有しているRPMIにおける50ng/mLの抗CD3mAb OKT3(Janssen pharmaceutical, Inc., Tokyo, Japan)および300IU/mLのIL-2を用いて、106細胞/mLのPBLをインビトロにおいて刺激した。2または3日後に、T細胞を、OptiMEMを用いて1回洗浄し、OptiMEMにおいて5×106/100μLの濃度に懸濁させた。10μgの各RNAを4mmのキュベットに移し、100μLの細胞懸濁液を加え、BTXにおいてパルスした。パルス条件は、500V、5m秒の方形波パルスであった。エレクトロポレーション後ただちに、細胞を、300IU/mLのIL-2を有している新しいCMに移し、37℃においてインキュベートした。
NKT-TCR mRNAのエレクトロポレーション後に、Vα24+Vβ11+細胞およびVα24-Vβ11-細胞を、FACS Ariaによって選別し、応答細胞として使用した。刺激細胞について、CD1d 293を、500ng/mLのα-GalCerありまたはなしで、24時間にわたってパルスした。いくつかの実験において、CD1d 293を、10μmol/LのZOLを用いて24時間にわたって処理し、刺激細胞として使用した。1×105の応答細胞を、1×104の刺激細胞とともに24時間にわたって共培養した。培養上清を回収し、インターフェロンγ産生を、IFN-γ ELISA(BD)によって測定した。
NKT-TCR mRNAをエレクトロポレーションしたT細胞を、選別し、それから100ng/mLのα-GalCerの存在下または非存在下において、24時間にわたって自家の未成熟DCとともに共培養した(1:1)。ポジティブコントロールとして100ng/mLのLPSを使用した。24時間後に、DCを、フローサイトメトリーによってCD40およびCD86について分析し、培養上清におけるIL10およびIL12p70の産生を、ELISA(BD)によって測定した。
γδT細胞、またはNKT-TCRをエレクトロポレーションしたγδT細胞の細胞傷害活性を、製造者の指示にしたがってLDHアッセイキット(Takara Bio Company)を用いて、分析した。標的細胞として、CD1d 293を、500ng/mLのα-GalCerまたは10μmol/LのZOLのありまたはなしで、24時間にわたって処理した。1×104の標的細胞を、10×105のエフェクタ細胞とともに、1%FCS/RPMIにおいて12時間にわたって共培養した。培養上清を、テトラゾリウム塩を含んでいる新たに調製したReaction Mixtureとともにインキュベートし、吸光度を490nmにおいて測定した。データは、独立した3回の実験に基づく3つ1組のウェルの平均±標準偏差である。バックグラウンドコントロールの値を引いた後に、細胞傷害性の値(%)を以下の通りに算出した。
細胞傷害性(%)={(エフェクタ:標的細胞混合物-エフェクタ細胞コントロール)-自然発生的な標的細胞コントロール}/(最大の標的細胞コントロール-自然発生的な標的細胞コントロール)×100。
インビトロデータにおける差異を、マンホイットニーU検定を用いて分析した。P<0.05を統計的に有意とみなした。
健常なボランティアから確立されているNKT細胞株由来のNKT細胞TCRのVα鎖およびVβ鎖を最初にサブクローニングした。インビトロ転写手法によって、DNAにおけるTCRα鎖およびTCRβ鎖のコード領域(TCRα鎖:配列番号1、TCRβ鎖:配列番号2)からそれぞれのmRNAを生成した。エレクトロポレーションによってジャーカットT細胞に両方のTCR鎖をトランスフェクトした後に、抗Vα24と抗Vβ11Abとの組合せ、またはCD3と抗6B11もしくは抗CD1d/Gal-テトラマーとの組合せを用いたサイトメトリーによってNKT-TCRの発現を決定した(図1A)。
抗CD3AbおよびIL-2によって3日間かけて生成された初代の活性化T細胞に、Vα24およびVβ11のTCR鎖のmRNAをトランスフェクトした。mRNAをトランスフェクトしたT細胞上におけるTCRのα鎖(Vα24)およびβ鎖(Vβ11)の発現を、抗6B11mAbによって評価した。6B11+細胞は、CD3+T細胞由来の60~70%であり、両方の鎖がそれらの細胞表面に明らかに発現されていることを示している(図2Aおよび2B)。
γδT細胞は、自然リンパ球(innate lymphocytes)の1つとしてよく知られている。γδT細胞のなかでもγ9型のγδT細胞は、いくつかの内因性のγδT細胞リガンドがAPC上において上方制御されている、ゾレドロン酸(ZA)をのせた細胞によって増殖され得る。図4に示すように、末梢血において非常に低頻度にしかNKT細胞が認められない人でさえ、適切な数のγδT細胞を有している。さらに、γδT細胞は、NKT細胞よりはるかに多く増殖する可能性を有している(図4Aおよび4B)。
NKT-TCRを新たに発現させた免疫細胞によるインビボ抗腫瘍効果を検討するため、NKT-TCRを発現させたγδT細胞(実施例3のNKT-TCR+γδT細胞;以下、改変型免疫細胞と称する)を用いて検証を行った。
(1)2x106個の改変型免疫細胞を懸濁させた、100μlの培地(図7における「γδ+NKT TCR」;濃い線)
(2)100μlの培地のみ(図7における「non-treated」;薄い線)。
NKT-TCRをNK細胞に導入した場合にも、実施例3の改変型免疫細胞と同様の効果を示すか検討するため、上述の通りに採取した健常者の末梢血単核球(PBMC)を1000U/mlのIL2を含む培地で培養した。細胞の増殖を確認した後に、NKT-TCRを発現させるためのmRNAを細胞に導入し、NKT-TCRを表面発現している細胞集団を確認した。末梢血単核球(PBMC)の培養から所定の日数の経過後において、フローサイトメトリーによって、細胞の増殖および細胞集団について確認した結果を図8に示す。
Claims (13)
- 外因性の不変型のT細胞受容体α鎖および当該T細胞受容体α鎖と二量体を形成する外因性のT細胞受容体β鎖をその細胞表面に発現している、改変型免疫細胞。
- 不変型のT細胞受容体α鎖をコードするポリヌクレオチドおよび当該T細胞受容体α鎖と二量体を形成するT細胞受容体β鎖をコードするポリヌクレオチドを含んでいる、改変型免疫細胞。
- 不変型の上記T細胞受容体α鎖はVα24であり、上記T細胞受容体β鎖はVβ11である、請求項1または2に記載の改変型免疫細胞。
- (i)可変型のT細胞受容体α鎖およびT細胞受容体β鎖、または(ii)T細胞受容体γ鎖およびT細胞受容体δ鎖その細胞表面にさらに発現している、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の改変型免疫細胞。
- 上記改変型免疫細胞の材料である細胞は、末梢血由来のγδT細胞である、請求項4に記載の改変型免疫細胞。
- CD1dリガンドおよび/またはγδT細胞の増殖活性化剤によって活性化された、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の改変型免疫細胞。
- 請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の改変型免疫細胞を含んでいる、免疫誘導剤。
- CD1dリガンドおよび/またはγδT細胞の増殖活性化剤をさらに含んでいる、請求項7に記載の免疫誘導剤。
- 不変型のT細胞受容体α鎖をコードするポリヌクレオチドおよび当該T細胞受容体α鎖と二量体を形成するT細胞受容体β鎖をコードするポリヌクレオチドを、CD3陽性細胞に導入することを包含している、改変型免疫細胞を製造する方法。
- 2つの上記ポリヌクレオチドのそれぞれにおけるコード領域は、RNAによって形成されている、請求項9に記載の方法。
- 上記改変型免疫細胞の材料は、末梢血、または末梢血を培養した試料から採取されている、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 請求項9~11のいずれか1項に記載の方法によって製造された改変型免疫細胞を、CD1dリガンドおよび/またはγδT細胞の増殖活性化剤とともに共培養することを包含している、改変型免疫細胞を活性化する方法。
- 上記CD1dリガンドはCD1dと結合している、請求項12に記載の方法。
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US11834674B2 (en) | 2023-12-05 |
CA2977606A1 (en) | 2016-06-16 |
EP3231864A1 (en) | 2017-10-18 |
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CA2977606C (en) | 2023-04-11 |
EP3231864B1 (en) | 2024-07-31 |
JPWO2016093350A1 (ja) | 2017-09-21 |
EP3231864A4 (en) | 2018-05-30 |
JP6687246B2 (ja) | 2020-04-22 |
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