WO2016091208A1 - 测量方法及系统 - Google Patents

测量方法及系统 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016091208A1
WO2016091208A1 PCT/CN2015/097128 CN2015097128W WO2016091208A1 WO 2016091208 A1 WO2016091208 A1 WO 2016091208A1 CN 2015097128 W CN2015097128 W CN 2015097128W WO 2016091208 A1 WO2016091208 A1 WO 2016091208A1
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Prior art keywords
particles
parameter
fluid
average diameter
particle
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PCT/CN2015/097128
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
梅艳
袁龙涛
牛冉
尚卫华
叶菁
瞿鑫
Original Assignee
通用电气公司
梅艳
袁龙涛
牛冉
尚卫华
叶菁
瞿鑫
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Application filed by 通用电气公司, 梅艳, 袁龙涛, 牛冉, 尚卫华, 叶菁, 瞿鑫 filed Critical 通用电气公司
Priority to US15/535,278 priority Critical patent/US10605711B2/en
Priority to MX2017007579A priority patent/MX365579B/es
Priority to KR1020177019179A priority patent/KR20170093242A/ko
Priority to BR112017011163A priority patent/BR112017011163B8/pt
Publication of WO2016091208A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016091208A1/zh
Priority to NO20170828A priority patent/NO20170828A1/en

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/02—Investigating particle size or size distribution
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/06—Investigating concentration of particle suspensions
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/10—Investigating individual particles
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/02—Analysing fluids
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/02—Analysing fluids
    • G01N29/032—Analysing fluids by measuring attenuation of acoustic waves
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/04—Analysing solids
    • G01N29/11—Analysing solids by measuring attenuation of acoustic waves
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/44—Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor
    • G01N29/4472—Mathematical theories or simulation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/44—Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor
    • G01N29/449—Statistical methods not provided for in G01N29/4409, e.g. averaging, smoothing and interpolation
    • G01N2015/1029—
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/10—Investigating individual particles
    • G01N15/14—Electro-optical investigation, e.g. flow cytometers
    • G01N15/1404—Fluid conditioning in flow cytometers, e.g. flow cells; Supply; Control of flow
    • G01N2015/142—Acoustic or ultrasonic focussing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
    • G01N2291/024—Mixtures
    • G01N2291/02408—Solids in gases, e.g. particle suspensions
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
    • G01N2291/028—Material parameters
    • G01N2291/02809—Concentration of a compound, e.g. measured by a surface mass change
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/04—Wave modes and trajectories
    • G01N2291/044—Internal reflections (echoes), e.g. on walls or defects
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/10—Number of transducers
    • G01N2291/101—Number of transducers one transducer
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/10—Number of transducers
    • G01N2291/106—Number of transducers one or more transducer arrays

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a measuring method and system, and more particularly to a measuring method and system for measuring the average diameter and volume concentration of suspended particles in a fluid.
  • particles suspended in a fluid reflect or scatter an ultrasonic signal emitted by an ultrasonic probe.
  • the energy of the Doppler echo signal reflected or scattered back is related to the diameter and volume concentration of the particles. When the diameter of the particles is small or the volume concentration is low, the echo signal is weak; when the diameter of the particles is increased or the volume concentration is increased, the echo signal becomes large.
  • the suspended particles when the particle diameter is too large, due to the excessive self-weight, the suspended particles will have a relatively large relative velocity with respect to the fluid itself, and if the velocity of the suspended particles is still used as the velocity of the fluid itself, To reduce the accuracy of flow measurement; on the other hand, when the particle volume concentration is too large, the attenuation of the ultrasonic signal in the fluid is large, the echo signal received by the probe is weakened, and the lower signal-to-noise ratio also affects the flow measurement. Thus, measuring the diameter and volume concentration of the particles is particularly important in measuring the fluid flow using the Doppler principle.
  • the measuring method includes: transmitting a plurality of ultrasonic signals to the measured fluid; receiving an echo signal reflected or scattered back from the particles in the measured fluid; calculating a calculated value of the R parameter related to the particle attribute according to the echo signal; determining a theoretical curve of the R parameter related to the particle property; and determining an average diameter of the particles in the fluid according to the calculated value of the R parameter and a theoretical curve of the R parameter; determining the particle in the fluid according to the average diameter of the particle Volume concentration.
  • the measurement system includes: an ultrasound probe for transmitting a plurality of ultrasonic signals to the fluid to be measured and receiving an echo signal reflected or scattered back from the particles in the fluid to be measured; and a processor coupled to the ultrasonic probe and used to According to the echo
  • the signal calculates a calculated value of the R parameter related to the particle attribute, determines a theoretical curve of the R parameter related to the particle attribute, determines an average diameter of the particle in the fluid according to a calculated value of the R parameter and a theoretical curve of the R parameter And determining the volume concentration of the particles in the fluid based on the average diameter of the particles.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic illustration of one embodiment of a measurement system of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a flow chart showing an embodiment of a measuring method of the present invention
  • Figure 3 is a graph showing one embodiment of a theoretical curve of the R parameter of the measuring method of the present invention.
  • Figure 4 shows a schematic view of a plurality of ultrasound probes mounted to a pipeline.
  • Measurement system 10 can be used to measure the particle size and particle volume concentration of fluid 20.
  • the fluid 20 can flow in the duct 24 or the like in the direction of the arrow in the figure.
  • Particles 22, such as impurities, or contaminants such as debris, bubbles, mud, etc., are suspended in the fluid 20.
  • the shape, size and distribution of the particles 22 are generally uncertain and often vary depending on the actual application environment.
  • the measurement system 10 can be used in oil or gas production drilling to measure the particle size and concentration of the liquid flowing back during the drilling process.
  • the returning liquid is often suspended with impurities such as stone debris, mud and the like generated by the drilling. .
  • the measurement system 10 is not limited to this field of application, but can also be applied to Other areas.
  • the measurement system 10 includes an ultrasound probe 11, an ultrasound transceiver 13, a digitizer 17, and a processor 19.
  • the ultrasound probe 11 can be mounted to the wall of the conduit 24.
  • the ultrasonic transceiving device 13 generates and emits an electrical signal to the ultrasonic probe 11.
  • the ultrasonic probe 11 converts the electrical signal into an ultrasonic signal (ultrasonic wave) 32 and emits it to the fluid 20 to be measured.
  • the ultrasonic signal emitted by the ultrasonic probe 11 may cover a partial area of the fluid 20.
  • the ultrasonic signal emitted by an ultrasonic probe 11 can be transmitted through a region 21 approximately conical.
  • the ultrasound probe 11 generally includes a piezoelectric element capable of converting an electrical signal into a physical pulse (in this embodiment, an ultrasound signal 32) whose frequency is controlled by the frequency of the electrical signal.
  • the ultrasonic probe 11 emits a plurality of ultrasonic signals 32 having different frequencies (f 1 , f 2 , . . . f n ) to the measured fluid 20 .
  • the ultrasound probe 11 emits a single frequency ultrasound signal 32 to the fluid under test 20. Only one ultrasound probe 11 is shown in FIG. In some embodiments, a plurality of ultrasound probes 11 can be used to transmit ultrasound signals.
  • the ultrasonic signal 32 can be reflected or scattered back by the particles 22.
  • An echo signal 34 that is at least partially reflected or scattered back from the particles 22 in the fluid under test 20 is received by the ultrasound probe 11.
  • the ultrasound probe 11 converts the echo signal 34 into an electrical signal.
  • the ultrasonic transceiving device 13 receives the electrical signal output by the ultrasonic probe 11 and amplifies the amplitude of the electrical signal.
  • the digitizer 17 converts the electrical signal amplified by the ultrasonic transceiving device 13 into a digital signal to the processor 19.
  • the processor 19 includes program instructions encoded in a fixed memory 36 or a detachable memory 38 that produces an average diameter of particles and/or a volume concentration of particles by processing digital signals from the digitizer 17. In some embodiments, processor 19 is also used to generate a flow rate, flow rate, etc. of fluid 20. In one embodiment, processor 19 is a microcomputer having a central processing unit (CPU), read only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), and the like. The processor 19 is coupled to the display 40 to output information of the fluid 20 such as the particle size, the volumetric concentration of the particles, and the like.
  • CPU central processing unit
  • ROM read only memory
  • RAM random access memory
  • Measurement method 50 can be used to measure the average diameter of particles in a fluid and the volume concentration of the particles.
  • the measurement method 50 can be implemented by the measurement system 10 shown in FIG. 1, but is not limited thereto.
  • an ultrasonic signal is transmitted to the fluid to be measured.
  • the ultrasound signal can be emitted through the ultrasound probe to at least one of the fluids being measured.
  • An ultrasonic signal from an ultrasound probe transmits an approximately conical region of the fluid.
  • Several ultrasound probes can emit ultrasound signals to several approximately conical regions of the fluid.
  • a single frequency ultrasound signal is transmitted.
  • several ultrasound signals having different frequencies f 1 , f 2 , ... f n ) are transmitted.
  • the frequency of the ultrasonic signal can be adjusted according to the size of the particle to be measured, using a low frequency ultrasonic signal to measure larger particles and a high frequency ultrasonic signal to measure smaller particles.
  • step 52 an echo signal is received that is reflected or scattered back from the particles in the fluid being measured.
  • the ultrasonic signal emitted in step 51 is transmitted to the particles in the fluid, reflected or scattered by the particles, and the echo signal at least partially reflected or scattered reaches the ultrasonic probe and is received by the ultrasonic probe.
  • the echo signal is converted into an electrical signal and amplified and converted to a digital signal for processing.
  • the calculated value of the R parameter related to the particle attribute is calculated based on the echo signal.
  • the properties of the particles include the size, distribution, density, and reflection coefficient of the particles in the area covered by the ultrasonic probe, excluding the concentration of the particles.
  • the R parameter is independent of the concentration of the particles.
  • At least one R parameter can be calculated in the region of the ultrasonic signal transmitted by the ultrasonic probe.
  • the region of the ultrasound signal transmitted by the ultrasound probe corresponds to an R parameter.
  • an area through which the ultrasonic signal is transmitted may be further divided into a plurality of small areas, each of which calculates an R parameter.
  • the step 53 of calculating the calculated value of the R parameter includes determining a voltage amplitude mean square value of the echo signal as a function of particle properties.
  • the function is also related to the properties of the fluid, the properties of the probe, and the properties of the measurement system.
  • the calculated value of the R parameter is then calculated based on the function. In this embodiment, it is assumed that the particles are uniformly suspended in the fluid, and the echo signals from the respective particles are not coherent. Using the root mean square function of the echo signal, the function expression is as shown in the following function formula (1):
  • V rms is the mean square value of the voltage amplitude of the echo signal.
  • r is the distance from the probe to the particle being measured and can be obtained by sampling time conversion.
  • K s , M and ⁇ s are parameters related to particle size and/or volume concentration.
  • K s is a parameter that reflects particle size, particle distribution, particle density, and particle scattering characteristics.
  • M is the volume concentration of the particles.
  • Both ⁇ m and ⁇ s are attenuation coefficients, where ⁇ m reflects the attenuation of the ultrasonic signal in the fluid and is measurable.
  • ⁇ s reflects the attenuation of the ultrasonic signal by the suspended particles in the fluid.
  • ⁇ m mainly reflects the attenuation of the ultrasonic signal caused by the drilling mud
  • ⁇ s reflects the attenuation of the ultrasonic signal caused by the suspended particles in the drilling mud.
  • K t is a system constant related to the fixed properties of the measurement system and the ultrasound probe.
  • ⁇ is the near-field correction factor of the ultrasound probe and can be calculated based on empirical formulas.
  • K s can be calculated by the following expression (2):
  • ⁇ f> is the average backscatter form function of the particles, which reflects the ability of the particles within the unit volume to backscatter the energy of the ultrasound, which is related to the size distribution of the particles.
  • ⁇ a s > is the average diameter of the particles.
  • ⁇ s is the particle density.
  • ⁇ s can be calculated by the following expression (3):
  • ⁇ > is the average normalized total scattering cross-section.
  • the index -2rB can be calculated, and the distance r from the particle to the probe can be obtained by sampling time conversion, so that the parameter B can be calculated.
  • the value of the parameter C 1 can be calculated according to the value of the parameter B that has been calculated.
  • the parameter C 2 A ⁇ f> is defined, and the value of C 2 is calculated from the value of the parameter B and the function formula (4).
  • another calculation formula of the R parameter can be obtained according to the expressions of C 1 and C 2 It can be seen from the calculation formula of the R parameter that the R parameter is related to ⁇ f> and ⁇ >.
  • ⁇ f> and ⁇ > are related to the particle size distribution, the density of particles and fluids, and the elastic coefficients of particles and fluids.
  • the distribution of the particles is a Gaussian distribution, and further assuming that the variance of the particle diameters in the Gaussian distribution is known, assuming that the density and the elastic coefficient of the particles and the fluid are known, such that the R parameter follows the average diameter of the particles. It varies with changes and does not reflect the particle concentration.
  • the particle distribution can be assumed to be in other forms of distribution.
  • the variance of the particle diameter can be set according to empirical values, and the density and elastic modulus of the particles and fluid can be obtained by experiments or the like. In this way, only the parameters related to the average diameter of the particles are separated for subsequent calculations.
  • the calculated values R 1 -R n of the R parameters at the respective frequencies can be calculated separately according to the above method.
  • a theoretical curve of the R parameter related to the particle property is determined.
  • the theoretical curve of the R parameter relative to the average diameter of the particle can be calculated according to the formula Calculated.
  • a theoretical curve for obtaining R parameters at different frequencies f 1 -f n can be calculated.
  • the theoretical value R theoretical,i of the R parameter may be pre-computed and stored in the memory 36, 38 of the processor 19 of FIG.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a theoretical curve of an R parameter of an embodiment.
  • the density of the particles in the embodiment of Fig. 3 was 4,300 kg/m 3 , the average diameter of the particles was 0.1 mm, and the speed of the ultrasonic waves in the fluid was 1,240 m/s.
  • Figure 3 shows the theoretical curve of the R parameter under this condition.
  • the theoretical curve of the R parameter shows the relationship between the R parameter and the average diameter of the particles at different frequencies.
  • the theoretical curve of the R parameter changes when the density of the different particles, the mean diameter variance, and the speed of the ultrasound in the fluid are set. According to the actual application, different conditions are set to obtain a theoretical curve that is consistent with the actual conditions.
  • step 55 the average diameter of the particles is determined from the calculated values of the R parameters and the theoretical curves of the R parameters.
  • R i is the calculated value of the R parameter at the calculated i-th ultrasonic frequency f i
  • R theoretical,i is the theoretical value of the R parameter at the i-th ultrasonic frequency f i .
  • the volume concentration M of the particles is determined based on the average diameter of the particles.
  • the volume concentration M of the particles was calculated from the average diameter ⁇ a s > of the particles and the parameter A.
  • the volume concentration M of the particles in the corresponding region can thus be obtained.
  • the calculation method of the measurement method 50 is simple, and it is not necessary to perform iteration, and the parameter related to the particle size and the parameter related to the particle volume concentration can be separately calculated. It can measure large-sized particles and has a wide range of particle sizes. As shown in Fig. 3, in this embodiment, the method can measure particles having an average diameter of 0.02 m. Moreover, in some embodiments, the method can also perform measurement of average particle diameter and volume concentration using only a single frequency ultrasonic probe for practical application and deployment.
  • measurement method 50 further includes a step 57 of determining a particle size distribution within the conduit region.
  • a plurality of ultrasonic probes 11 are spaced apart from the conduit 24, and the ultrasonic probe 11 emits ultrasonic signals to a plurality of regions 21 of the fluid 20 to be measured.
  • a plurality of ultrasound probes 11 are spaced along the lengthwise direction of the conduit 24.
  • a plurality of ultrasound probes 11 are spaced along the circumferential direction of the conduit 24.
  • the plurality of ultrasonic probes 11 are spaced apart in the longitudinal direction and the circumferential direction of the duct 24.
  • the arrangement of the ultrasonic probe 11 is not limited thereto, and may be set according to practical applications.
  • Each ultrasonic probe 11 can emit an ultrasonic signal covering an approximate cone Area 21.
  • the areas through which the plurality of ultrasound probes 11 are transmitted do not overlap or partially overlap.
  • the same ultrasound probe 11 can emit different frequencies.
  • different ultrasound probes 11 emit different frequencies.
  • steps 51-56 the average diameter and volume concentration of the particles in each region are respectively measured, and then the particle size distribution in the pipe region is determined based on the average diameter and volume concentration of the particles in the regions.
  • the particle size distribution of the area within the duct to which the plurality of ultrasonic probes 11 are covered may be determined. In some embodiments, the particle size distribution throughout the area of the conduit can be measured.
  • data information for particle size, volume concentration, and/or particle size distribution can be displayed.
  • particle size, volume concentration, and/or particle size distribution may be used for other computational processing and/or control steps, for example, data information for particle size, volume concentration, and/or particle size distribution may be used to assist the fluid.
  • the flow rate is calculated, or the control of the drilling system is adjusted based on particle size, volume concentration, and/or particle size distribution.
  • the actions of the method 50 are illustrated in the form of functional modules, and the order of the modules shown in FIG. 2 and the division of the actions in the modules are not limited to the illustrated embodiment. For example, some modules may be performed in a different order; actions in one module may be combined with actions in one or more modules, or split into multiple modules. For example, the sequence of step 53 of calculating the calculated value of the R parameter and the step 54 of determining the theoretical curve of the R parameter may be reversed or performed simultaneously.
  • the ultrasonic probe 11 shown in Fig. 1 can be used to transmit an ultrasonic signal and receive an echo signal.
  • the echo signal can be processed by the ultrasonic transceiving device 13, the digitizer 17, and the processor 19 of FIG. 1 to produce information of particle size, volume concentration, and particle size distribution, as displayed by display 40. Processor 19 can be used to implement steps 53-57.

Abstract

一种测量方法（50）及测量系统（10），该测量方法（50）包括：发射若干超声信号至被测流体（51）；接收从被测流体中的颗粒反射或散射回来的回波信号（52）；根据所述回波信号计算与颗粒属性有关的R参数的计算值（53）；确定所述与颗粒属性有关的R参数的理论曲线（54）；及根据所述R参数的计算值和所述R参数的理论曲线确定流体中颗粒的平均直径（55）；根据所述颗粒的平均直径确定流体中颗粒的体积浓度（56）。该测量系统（10），用来测量颗粒的平均直径和体积浓度。

Description

测量方法及系统 技术领域
本发明有关一种测量方法和系统，尤其涉及一种用来测量流体中悬浮颗粒的平均直径和体积浓度的测量方法及系统。
背景技术
在利用多普勒原理测量流体流量的方法中，悬浮于流体中的颗粒反射或散射超声探头发射出的超声信号。反射或散射回来的多普勒回波信号的能量与颗粒的直径和体积浓度等有关。当颗粒的直径较小或体积浓度较低时，回波信号较弱；颗粒的直径增大或体积浓度升高时，回波信号变大。然而，一方面，当颗粒直径太大时，由于自重过大，悬浮颗粒相对于流体本身将会存在较大的相对速度，这时如果仍然将悬浮颗粒的运动速度作为流体本身的运动速度将会降低流量测量的精度；另一方面，当颗粒体积浓度太大时，超声信号在流体中的衰减较大，探头接收到的回波信号减弱，较低的信噪比也会影响流量的测量。如此，在利用多普勒原理测量流体流量的过程中，测量颗粒的直径和体积浓度显得尤其重要。
发明内容
本发明的一个方面在于提供一种测量方法。该测量方法包括：发射若干超声信号至被测流体；接收从被测流体中的颗粒反射或散射回来的回波信号；根据所述回波信号计算与颗粒属性有关的R参数的计算值；确定所述与颗粒属性有关的R参数的理论曲线；及根据所述R参数的计算值和所述R参数的理论曲线确定流体中颗粒的平均直径；根据所述颗粒的平均直径确定流体中颗粒的体积浓度。
本发明的另一个方面在于提供一种测量系统。该测量系统包括：超声探头，用来发射若干超声信号至被测流体且接收从被测流体中的颗粒反射或散射回来的回波信号；及处理器，连接于所述超声探头，且用来根据所述回波 信号计算与颗粒属性有关的R参数的计算值、确定所述与颗粒属性有关的R参数的理论曲线、根据所述R参数的计算值和所述R参数的理论曲线确定流体中颗粒的平均直径，且根据所述颗粒的平均直径确定流体中颗粒的体积浓度。
附图说明
通过结合附图对于本发明的实施方式进行描述，可以更好地理解本发明，在附图中：
图1所示为本发明测量系统的一个实施例的示意图；
图2所示为本发明测量方法的一个实施例的流程图；
图3所示为本发明测量方法的R参数的理论曲线的一个实施例的曲线图；
图4所示为安装于管道的多个超声探头的示意图。
具体实施方式
除非另作定义，此处使用的技术术语或者科学术语应当为本发明所属领域内具有一般技能的人士所理解的通常意义。本发明专利申请说明书以及权利要求书中使用的“第一”“第二”以及类似的词语并不表示任何顺序、数量或者重要性，而只是用来区分不同的组成部分。同样，“一个”或者“一”等类似词语也不表示数量限制，而是表示存在至少一个。除非另行指出，“前部”“后部”“下部”和/或“上部”等类似词语只是为了便于说明，而并非限于一个位置或者一种空间定向。另外，“连接”或者“相连”等类似的词语并非用来区分两个元件之间的直接或间接连接。当然，除非另行说明，此元件间可以直接或间接连接。
图1所示为一个实施例的测量系统10的示意图。测量系统10可用来测量流体20的颗粒大小和颗粒体积浓度。流体20可以沿图中箭头方向在管道24等内流动。流体20中悬浮有颗粒22，例如碎屑、气泡、泥等杂质或污染物。颗粒22的形状、大小和分布一般不确定，往往根据实际运用环境变化。在一个典型的运用中，测量系统10可用于石油或天然气开采钻井中来测量钻井过程中回流的液体的颗粒大小和浓度，该回流的液体中往往悬浮有钻井产生的石头碎屑、泥等杂质。但测量系统10并不限于该运用领域，还可应用于 其他领域。
测量系统10包括超声探头11、超声收发装置13、数字转换器17和处理器19。超声探头11可安装于管道24的壁上。超声收发装置13产生并发出电信号给超声探头11。超声探头11将该电信号转换成超声信号(超声波)32，发射至被测流体20。超声探头11发射的超声信号可覆盖流体20的部分区域。一个超声探头11发射的超声信号可透射一个近似于锥形的区域21。超声探头11一般包括压电元件，能够将电信号转换成物理脉冲(本实施例中为超声信号32)，超声信号32的频率由电信号的频率控制。本实施例中，超声探头11发射若干具有不同频率(f1，f2，...fn)的超声信号32至被测流体20。在另一个实施例中，超声探头11发射单一频率的超声信号32至被测流体20。图1中仅示出了一个超声探头11。在一些实施例中，多个超声探头11可用来发射超声信号。
超声信号32可被颗粒22反射或散射回来。至少部分从被测流体20中的颗粒22反射或散射回来的回波信号34被超声探头11接收。超声探头11将回波信号34转换成电信号。超声收发装置13接收超声探头11输出的电信号且将该电信号的幅值放大。数字转换器17将超声收发装置13放大的电信号转换成数字信号给处理器19。
处理器19包括编码在固定存储器36或可拆卸的存储器38内的程序指令，通过处理来自数字转换器17的数字信号产生颗粒的平均直径和/或颗粒的体积浓度。在一些实施例中，处理器19还用来产生流体20的流速、流量等。在一个实施例中，处理器19为具有中央处理器(CPU)、只读存储器(ROM)、随机存储器(RAM)等的微计算机。处理器19连接于显示器40来输出颗粒大小、颗粒的体积浓度等流体20的信息。
图2所示为一个实施例的测量方法50的流程图。测量方法50可用来测量流体中颗粒的平均直径和颗粒的体积浓度。测量方法50可以通过图1所示的测量系统10实现，但不限于此。步骤51中，发射超声信号至被测流体。超声信号可通过超声探头发射至被测流体中的至少一个区域。一个超声探头发出的超声信号可透射流体的一个近似锥形的区域。若干个超声探头可以发射超声信号至流体的若干近似锥形的区域。在一个实施例中，发射单一频率的超声信号。在另一个实施例中，发射若干具有不同频率(f1，f2，...fn)的超声信号。超声信号的频率可以根据被测颗粒的大小进行调整，用低频率的超 声信号来测量较大的颗粒，用高频率的超声信号来测量较小的颗粒。
步骤52中，接收从被测流体中的颗粒反射或散射回来的回波信号。步骤51中发射出的超声信号传递至流体中的颗粒，被颗粒反射或散射，至少部分反射或散射回来的回波信号到达超声探头，被超声探头接收。回波信号被转换成电信号，并进行放大且转换成数字信号进行处理。
步骤53中，根据回波信号计算与颗粒属性有关的R参数的计算值。颗粒的属性包括超声探头所覆盖的区域内的颗粒的大小、分布、密度、反射系数，不包括颗粒的浓度。R参数与颗粒的浓度无关。一个超声探头发出的超声信号透射的区域内可以计算出至少一个R参数。在一个实施例中，一个超声探头发出的超声信号透射的区域对应有一个R参数。在另一个实施例中，一个超声信号透射的区域可以进一步划分为多个小区域，每一小区域计算出一个R参数。该计算R参数的计算值的步骤53包括确定回波信号的电压幅度均方值关于颗粒属性的函数。在本实施例中，该函数还与流体的属性、探头的属性和测量系统的属性等有关。然后根据该函数计算R参数的计算值。本实施例中，假设颗粒均匀地悬浮在流体中，且来自各个颗粒的回波信号不相干。采用回波信号的均方根函数，该函数表达式如下面的函数式(1)所示：
Figure PCTCN2015097128-appb-000001
其中，Vrms是回波信号的电压幅度均方值。r是探头到被测颗粒的距离，可通过采样时间换算获得。Ks、M和αs为与颗粒大小和/或体积浓度有关的参数。Ks是反映颗粒大小、颗粒分布、颗粒密度和颗粒散射特性的参数。M为颗粒的体积浓度。αm和αs均为衰减系数，其中，αm反映了超声信号在流体中的衰减，可测量获得。αs反映了流体中的悬浮颗粒对超声信号造成的衰减。在钻井的运用中，αm主要反映了钻井泥浆对超声信号造成的衰减，αs反映了钻井泥浆中的悬浮颗粒对超声信号造成的衰减。Kt是与测量系统和超声探头的固定属性等有关的系统常量。Ψ是超声探头的近场校正因子，可根据经验公式计算获得。
进一步地，Ks可通过下面的表达式(2)计算获得：
Figure PCTCN2015097128-appb-000002
其中，<f>为颗粒的反向散射形态函数平均值(average backscatter form function)，其反映单位体积内的颗粒反向散射超声的能量的能力，其与颗粒 的大小分布相关。<as>为颗粒平均直径。ρs为颗粒密度。
αs可通过下面的表达式(3)计算获得：
αs＝3M<χ>/4<as>ρs    (3)
其中，<χ>为归一化总散射截面平均值(average normalized total scattering cross-section)。
对于一个频率(例如频率f1)的超声信号，定义参数
Figure PCTCN2015097128-appb-000003
及参数B＝αm+3/4A2<χ>。根据自定义的参数A和B以及Ks和αs的表达式(2)和(3)，将函数式1转换成下面的函数式(4)：
Figure PCTCN2015097128-appb-000004
从函数式(4)可以计算出指数-2rB，其中颗粒到探头的距离r可以通过采样时间换算得到，如此可以计算出参数B。
根据参数B的表达式，进一步定义参数
Figure PCTCN2015097128-appb-000005
且根据已经计算出的参数B的值可以计算出参数C1的值。定义参数C2＝A<f>，且根据参数B的值和函数式(4)计算出C2的值。定义R参数R＝C2/C1，根据C1和C2的值可以计算出R参数的计算值。且根据C1和C2的表达式可以得到R参数的另一计算公式
Figure PCTCN2015097128-appb-000006
由该R参数的计算公式可以看出，R参数与<f>和<χ>有关。而<f>和<χ>则与颗粒大小分布、颗粒和流体的密度、颗粒和流体的弹性系数有关。在本实施例中，假设颗粒的分布为高斯分布，且进一步假设高斯分布中的颗粒直径的方差已知，假设颗粒和流体的密度及弹性系数已知，如此R参数随着颗粒的平均直径的变化而变化，其并不反映颗粒浓度。在其他实施例中，可以假设颗粒分布为其他形式的分布。颗粒直径的方差可以根据经验值设定，颗粒和流体的密度及弹性系数可以通过实验等方式获得。如此将只与颗粒平均直径有关的参数独立出来进行后续计算。在一个实施例中，对于不同的超声频率f1-fn，可根据上述方法分别计算出相应频率下的R参数的计算值R1-Rn。
步骤54中，确定与颗粒属性有关的R参数的理论曲线。R参数相对于颗粒的平均直径变化的理论曲线可以根据计算公式
Figure PCTCN2015097128-appb-000007
计算获得。在一个实施例中，可以计算获得不同频率f1-fn下的R参数的理论曲线。在一个实施例中，R参数的理论值Rtheoretical，i可以预先计算后存储在图1中的处理器19的存储器36、38中。
请参考图3，图3图示了一种实施例的R参数的理论曲线。图3实施例 中的颗粒的密度为4300kg/m3，颗粒的平均直径方差为0.1mm，且超声在流体中的速度为1240m/s。图3显示了在此条件下R参数的理论曲线，R参数的理论曲线体现了在不同频率下R参数和颗粒的平均直径之间的关系。设置不同的颗粒的密度、平均直径方差和超声在流体中的速度时，R参数的理论曲线会改变。根据实际应用，设置不同的条件，获得与实际条件相符的理论曲线。
继续参考图2，步骤55中，根据R参数的计算值和R参数的理论曲线确定颗粒的平均直径。
颗粒的平均直径<as>的表达式如下面的表达式(5)所示：
Figure PCTCN2015097128-appb-000008
Ri为计算得到的第i个超声频率fi下R参数的计算值，Rtheoretical，i为第i个超声频率fi下R参数的理论值。拟合R参数的计算值Ri和R参数的理论曲线获得颗粒的平均直径。在一个实施例中，寻求颗粒的平均直径<as>的值使得不同频率下的若干R参数的计算值Ri和若干R参数的理论值Rtheoretical，i之间的差值的平方和最小。在一个实施例中，超声频率为单一频率，此时n＝1。如此，可以获得某一区域内的颗粒的平均直径。
步骤56中，根据颗粒的平均直径确定颗粒的体积浓度M。根据颗粒的平均直径<as>和参数A计算颗粒的体积浓度M。如此可以获得相应区域内的颗粒的体积浓度M。该测量方法50的计算步骤简单，不需要进行迭代，可以将颗粒大小相关的参数和颗粒体积浓度相关的参数分开进行计算。且可测量尺寸较大的颗粒，适用的颗粒大小范围较广。如图3所示，在该实施例中，本方法可以测量平均直径达到0.02m的颗粒。此外，在一些实施例中，本方法也可以仅使用单个频率的超声探头完成颗粒平均直径和体积浓度的测量，利于实际应用和部署。
在一个实施例中，测量方法50进一步包括步骤57，确定管道区域内的颗粒大小分布。结合参考图4，若干超声探头11间隔排布于管道24，超声探头11发射超声信号至被测流体20的若干区域21。在一个实施例中，多个超声探头11沿管道24的纵长方向间隔排布。在另一个实施例中，多个超声探头11沿管道24的圆周方向间隔排布。在再一个实施例中，多个超声探头11沿管道24的纵长方向和圆周方向间隔排列。超声探头11的排布并不限于此，可以根据实际应用设置。每一个超声探头11可发射超声信号覆盖近似圆锥体 的区域21。多个超声探头11透射的区域不重叠或部分重叠。在一个实施例中，同一个超声探头11可以发射不同的频率。在另一个实施例中，不同的超声探头11发射不同的频率。根据步骤51-56，分别测得每一区域内的颗粒的平均直径和体积浓度，然后根据该些区域内的颗粒的平均直径和体积浓度确定管道区域内的颗粒大小分布。可以确定多个超声探头11覆盖到的管道内的区域的颗粒大小分布。在一些实施例中，可以测得整个管道区域内的颗粒大小分布。
在一个实施例中，颗粒大小、体积浓度和/或颗粒大小分布的数据信息可被显示。在另一个实施例中，颗粒大小、体积浓度和/或颗粒大小分布可用于其他计算处理和/或控制步骤，例如，颗粒大小、体积浓度和/或颗粒大小分布的数据信息可以用来辅助流体流速的计算，或者根据颗粒大小、体积浓度和/或颗粒大小分布的情况调整对钻井系统的控制。
方法50的动作以功能模块的形式图示，图2所示的模块的先后顺序和模块中动作的划分并非限于图示的实施例。例如，某些模块可以按照不同的顺序进行；一个模块中的动作可以与另一个或多个模块中的动作组合，或拆分为多个模块。例如，计算R参数的计算值的步骤53和确定R参数的理论曲线的步骤54的先后顺序可以调换或同时进行。图1所示的超声探头11可以用来发射超声信号并接收回波信号。回波信号可被图1中的超声收发装置13、数字转换器17和处理器19进行处理产生颗粒大小、体积浓度和颗粒大小分布的信息，由显示器40显示。处理器19可用来实施步骤53-57。
虽然结合特定的实施方式对本发明进行了说明，但本领域的技术人员可以理解，对本发明可以作出许多修改和变型。因此，要认识到，权利要求书的意图在于涵盖在本发明真正构思和范围内的所有这些修改和变型。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种测量方法，其特征在于，所述测量方法包括：
    发射若干超声信号至被测流体；
    接收从被测流体中的颗粒反射或散射回来的回波信号；
    根据所述回波信号计算与颗粒属性有关的R参数的计算值；
    确定所述与颗粒属性有关的R参数的理论曲线；及
    根据所述R参数的计算值和所述R参数的理论曲线确定流体中颗粒的平均直径；
    根据所述颗粒的平均直径确定流体中颗粒的体积浓度。
  2. 如权利要求1所述的测量方法，其特征在于：所述测量方法进一步包括利用间隔排布在管道上的若干超声探头发射超声信号至被测流体的若干区域，确定每一所述区域内的颗粒的平均直径和体积浓度，且根据若干所述区域内的颗粒的平均直径和体积浓度确定管道区域内的颗粒大小分布。
  3. 如权利要求1所述的测量方法，其特征在于：所述确定颗粒的平均直径的步骤包括拟合所述R参数的计算值和所述R参数的理论曲线获得颗粒的平均直径。
  4. 如权利要求1所述的测量方法，其特征在于：所述计算R参数的计算值的步骤包括：
    确定所述回波信号的电压幅度均方值关于颗粒属性的函数；及
    根据所述函数计算所述R参数的计算值。
  5. 如权利要求1所述的测量方法，其特征在于：所述确定R参数的理论曲线的步骤包括根据颗粒的反向散射形态函数平均值和归一化总散射截面平均值确定所述R参数的理论曲线。
  6. 一种测量系统，其特征在于，所述测量系统包括：
    超声探头，用来发射若干超声信号至被测流体且接收从被测流体中的颗粒反射或散射回来的回波信号；及
    处理器，连接于所述超声探头，且用来根据所述回波信号计算与颗粒属性有关的R参数的计算值、确定所述与颗粒属性有关的R参数的理论曲线、根据所述R参数的计算值和所述R参数的理论曲线确定流体中颗粒的平均直径，且根据所述颗粒的平均直径确定流体中颗粒的体积浓度。
  7. 如权利要求6所述的测量系统，其特征在于：所述测量系统包括管道，若干所述超声探头间隔排布于所述管道上且用来发射超声信号至被测流体的若干区域，且所述处理器用来确定每一所述区域内的颗粒的平均直径和体积浓度，并根据若干所述区域内的颗粒的平均直径和体积浓度确定管道区域内的颗粒大小分布。
  8. 如权利要求6所述的测量系统，其特征在于：所述处理器用来拟合所述R参数的计算值和所述R参数的理论曲线获得颗粒的平均直径。
  9. 如权利要求6所述的测量系统，其特征在于：所述处理器用来确定所述回波信号的电压幅度均方值关于颗粒属性的函数，且根据所述函数计算所述R参数的计算值。
  10. 如权利要求6所述的测量系统，其特征在于：所述处理器用来根据颗粒的反向散射形态函数平均值和归一化总散射截面平均值确定所述R参数的理论曲线。
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