WO2016090937A1 - 一种高效治理浅埋藏煤层大面积采空区遗煤自燃的方法 - Google Patents

一种高效治理浅埋藏煤层大面积采空区遗煤自燃的方法 Download PDF

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WO2016090937A1
WO2016090937A1 PCT/CN2015/086604 CN2015086604W WO2016090937A1 WO 2016090937 A1 WO2016090937 A1 WO 2016090937A1 CN 2015086604 W CN2015086604 W CN 2015086604W WO 2016090937 A1 WO2016090937 A1 WO 2016090937A1
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goaf
coal
spontaneous combustion
area
fire
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PCT/CN2015/086604
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English (en)
French (fr)
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秦波涛
秦小文
仲晓星
鲁义
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中国矿业大学
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Priority to AU2015361774A priority Critical patent/AU2015361774B2/en
Priority to US15/310,394 priority patent/US9869178B2/en
Publication of WO2016090937A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016090937A1/zh

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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21F—SAFETY DEVICES, TRANSPORT, FILLING-UP, RESCUE, VENTILATION, OR DRAINING IN OR OF MINES OR TUNNELS
    • E21F5/00—Means or methods for preventing, binding, depositing, or removing dust; Preventing explosions or fires
    • E21F5/18—Impregnating walls, or the like, with liquids for binding dust
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21F—SAFETY DEVICES, TRANSPORT, FILLING-UP, RESCUE, VENTILATION, OR DRAINING IN OR OF MINES OR TUNNELS
    • E21F5/00—Means or methods for preventing, binding, depositing, or removing dust; Preventing explosions or fires
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C—FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C3/00—Fire prevention, containment or extinguishing specially adapted for particular objects or places
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C—FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C3/00—Fire prevention, containment or extinguishing specially adapted for particular objects or places
    • A62C3/06—Fire prevention, containment or extinguishing specially adapted for particular objects or places of highly inflammable material, e.g. light metals, petroleum products
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C—FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C31/00—Delivery of fire-extinguishing material
    • A62C31/02—Nozzles specially adapted for fire-extinguishing
    • A62C31/22—Nozzles specially adapted for fire-extinguishing specially adapted for piercing walls, heaped materials, or the like
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C—FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C35/00—Permanently-installed equipment
    • A62C35/02—Permanently-installed equipment with containers for delivering the extinguishing substance
    • A62C35/023—Permanently-installed equipment with containers for delivering the extinguishing substance the extinguishing material being expelled by compressed gas, taken from storage tanks, or by generating a pressure gas
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C—FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
    • A62C99/0009—Methods of extinguishing or preventing the spread of fire by cooling down or suffocating the flames
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C—FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
    • A62C99/0009—Methods of extinguishing or preventing the spread of fire by cooling down or suffocating the flames
    • A62C99/0018—Methods of extinguishing or preventing the spread of fire by cooling down or suffocating the flames using gases or vapours that do not support combustion, e.g. steam, carbon dioxide
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C—FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
    • A62C99/009—Methods or equipment not provided for in groups A62C99/0009 - A62C99/0081
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21F—SAFETY DEVICES, TRANSPORT, FILLING-UP, RESCUE, VENTILATION, OR DRAINING IN OR OF MINES OR TUNNELS
    • E21F15/00—Methods or devices for placing filling-up materials in underground workings
    • E21F15/005—Methods or devices for placing filling-up materials in underground workings characterised by the kind or composition of the backfilling material

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for preventing spontaneous combustion of coal, in particular to a method for effectively controlling spontaneous combustion of residual coal in a large area of a shallow coal seam in a shallow buried coal seam.
  • anti-fire extinguishing technology such as grouting, nitrogen injection, foam injection, spray inhibitor, injection gel and composite colloid is usually used to prevent coal spontaneous combustion in mine goaf.
  • grouting technology the slurry flows only in the gob area along the low ground level, the coverage is small, it can not accumulate to the high place, and the phenomenon of “pull ditch” is easy to form.
  • the working face of the western mine has a large strike length, high mining intensity and advancement. The speed is fast, the mine is not suitable for establishing a permanent ground grouting system, and the western mining area lacks water and soil, and conventional grouting is difficult to implement.
  • Nitrogen injection technology nitrogen has inert gas zone and wide diffusion range.
  • the inhibitors corrode downhole equipment and endanger the physical and mental health of workers, and the fire prevention effect is not ideal.
  • the gelation and composite colloid technology the gel or colloidal mud has small flow rate, high cost and small diffusion range, and is not suitable for controlling spontaneous combustion of coal in large area mined areas.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a method for effectively controlling the spontaneous combustion of residual coal in a large-area goaf of a shallow buried coal seam by plugging and controlling wind and rapid inerting and cooling, which is suitable for large-scale mined areas of shallow buried coal seams. Efficient prevention and control of spontaneous combustion of residual coal.
  • the technical solution for realizing the object of the present invention is a method for efficiently controlling spontaneous combustion of residual coal in a large area of a shallow coal seam, and pre-determining whether the coal in the goaf spontaneous combustion occurs, and once the spontaneous combustion of the coal in the goaf is found, firstly, the mining is performed.
  • the continuous large-flow nitrogen injection in the large area of the goaf reduces the oxygen concentration in the goaf, and then uses the equal-pressure fire-prevention technology to reduce the air leakage to the goaf and release the hexafluoride.
  • the pre-determination of whether the residual coal in the goaf is self-igniting is a method combining the downhole beam tube monitoring system to detect the gob of the goaf and the gob of the downhole roadway and the gas chromatographic analysis of the artificial bladder.
  • the drilling holes are sampling drilling, gas drainage drilling and drainage drilling, and the volume concentration and concentration change of coal spontaneous combustion marking gas of CO, C 2 H 4 and C 2 H 2 are used to judge the goaf. Whether the area coal is spontaneously ignited.
  • C 2 H 4 gas appears at the same time, indicating that the spontaneous combustion temperature of the coal in the goaf exceeds 85 ° C; if C 2 H 2 occurs, it indicates that the coal in the goaf spontaneous combustion
  • the temperature is at least 200 ° C.
  • the step of delineating the spontaneous combustion high temperature region of the residual coal in the goaf is as follows:
  • the nitrogen injection into the large-area goaf is carried out under a large flow rate of nitrogen injection, and the flow rate of nitrogen is not less than 2000 m 3 /h.
  • the use of the pressure equalization fire prevention technology to reduce the amount of air leakage to the goaf is achieved by installing a local ventilator and adjusting the damper in the return airway of the working face, increasing the resistance of the return air passage, and reducing the wind inlet and return air of the working face.
  • the pressure difference of the roadway reduces the leakage of air to the goaf.
  • the pressure difference between the working face and the goaf is adjusted according to the condition of coal spontaneous combustion. The principle is to ensure a safe working environment.
  • the release of sulphur hexafluoride tracer gas qualitatively analyzes and seals the air leakage passage of the connected goaf, first selecting deeper and wider cracks on the ground, and releasing sulfur hexafluoride tracer gas at the cracks Secondly, the time and concentration of the sulphur hexafluoride received and analyzed are received at the upper and lower corners of the downhole working face, and then the main surface fissures and air leakage passages connected with the goaf are qualitatively analyzed according to the release location and the receiving result, and finally the powder is used.
  • the coal ash inorganic solidification foam blocks the air leakage passage to block the main crack leakage.
  • ground fire-extinguishing drilling for detection and treatment is to use a drilling rig to drill a fire-extinguishing hole from the ground facing the coal seam goaf. After the fire-extinguishing hole is formed, it is first used as a temperature-measuring borehole for temperature measurement, and then as a gas sampling hole.
  • the use of effective drilling to determine whether the spontaneous combustion of the residual coal in the goaf is extinguished is 3 to 5 days after the fire extinguishing hole stops the fire extinguishing material, and uses the underground beam tube monitoring system, the underground tunnel to connect the gob of the gob and the fire extinguishing hole Sampling, sampling the gas in the goaf, analyzing the iconic gases CO, C 2 H 4 and C 2 H 2 of coal spontaneous combustion, combined with the temperature measurement of the fire-extinguishing borehole for comprehensive judgment and analysis. If the judgment is extinguished, the fire is finally drilled.
  • the high-temperature area of coal spontaneous combustion is filled with thickened mortar or high-concentration fly ash slurry, and the gray water mass ratio of the fly ash slurry is greater than 1:2.
  • the sulphur hexafluoride tracer gas is released on the surface and then received at the lower corner of the working face to qualitatively judge the main air leakage passage of the surface and the large area gob area, and then the fly ash inorganic solidification foam is used to block the air leakage passage. Reduce the leakage of air to the goaf, thereby reducing the oxygen concentration in the large area of the goaf and inhibiting the development of spontaneous combustion of the residual coal in the goaf.
  • the linkage application of the above technologies can ensure rapid and efficient treatment of coal spontaneous combustion in large-scale goaf mining in shallow buried coal seams, thus providing key technical support for safe and efficient mining of 10 million tons of mines in the west.
  • the invention has the advantages that the method for effectively controlling the spontaneous combustion of the residual coal in the large-area goaf of the shallow buried coal seam, that is, the use of the pressure equalization fire prevention technology to reduce the air leakage in the goaf and the light fly ash inorganic solidified foam material to block the air leakage crack
  • the joint action of plugging and controlling wind and rapid inerting and cooling has provided key technical support for the efficient control of coal spontaneous combustion in large-scale mined areas of shallow buried coal seams.
  • the method overcomes the shortcomings of single fire prevention technology in coal spontaneous combustion prevention in large-area goaf of shallow buried coal seam, and the method is simple in operation, and is a systematic, scientific and efficient coal spontaneous combustion prevention method, and coal in goaf in western mining area Wide applicability in self-ignition treatment.
  • 1 is a flow chart of the present invention for efficiently controlling spontaneous combustion of residual coal in a shallow buried large area goaf;
  • Figure 2 is an oxygen effect diagram of the high temperature area of the spontaneous combustion of the residual coal in the goaf
  • Fig. 3 is a diagram showing the effect of carbon monoxide after the treatment of the spontaneous combustion high temperature area of the coal in the goaf.
  • a method for effectively controlling spontaneous combustion of residual coal in large-area goaf of shallow buried coal seam pre-determining whether spontaneous combustion of coal in goaf occurs, and once it is found that spontaneous combustion of coal in goaf occurs, firstly determine the high-temperature area of spontaneous combustion of residual coal in goaf Secondly, in the large area, a large flow of nitrogen is injected into the large-scale goaf to reduce the oxygen concentration in the goaf, and the equal-pressure fire-prevention technology is used again to reduce the air leakage to the goaf, and at the same time release the sulphur hexafluoride tracer gas qualitative analysis.
  • the air leakage passage of the empty area and the leakage air passage are blocked, and then the ground fire extinguishing hole is used for treatment and detection, that is, the fire extinguishing material is used to control the spontaneous combustion of the coal in the goaf and the effective drilling is used to determine whether the coal spontaneous combustion in the goaf is extinguished.
  • the coal spontaneous combustion high temperature region and the bored thickened mortar or high concentration fly ash slurry are filled.
  • the pre-determination of whether the residual coal in the goaf is self-igniting is a method combining the downhole beam tube monitoring system to detect the gob of the goaf and the gob of the downhole roadway and the gas chromatographic analysis of the artificial bladder.
  • the drilling holes are sampling drilling, gas drainage drilling and drainage drilling, and the volume concentration and concentration change of coal spontaneous combustion marking gas such as CO, C 2 H 4 and C 2 H 2 are used to judge the goaf. Whether the area coal is spontaneously ignited.
  • C 2 H 4 gas appears at the same time, indicating that the spontaneous combustion temperature of the coal in the goaf exceeds 85 ° C; if C 2 H 2 occurs, it indicates that the coal in the goaf spontaneous combustion
  • the temperature is at least 200 ° C.
  • the step of delineating the spontaneous combustion high temperature region of the residual coal in the goaf is as follows:
  • the nitrogen injection into the large-area goaf is carried out under a large flow rate of nitrogen injection, and the flow rate of nitrogen is not less than 2000 m 3 /h.
  • the use of the pressure equalization fire prevention technology to reduce the amount of air leakage to the goaf is achieved by installing a local ventilator and adjusting the damper in the return airway of the working face, increasing the resistance of the return air passage, and reducing the wind inlet and return air of the working face.
  • the pressure difference of the roadway reduces the leakage of air to the goaf.
  • the pressure difference between the working face and the goaf is adjusted according to the condition of coal spontaneous combustion. The principle is to ensure a safe working environment.
  • the release of sulphur hexafluoride tracer gas qualitatively analyzes and seals the air leakage passage of the connected goaf, first selecting deeper and wider cracks on the ground, and releasing sulfur hexafluoride tracer gas at the cracks Secondly, the time and concentration of the sulphur hexafluoride received and analyzed are received at the upper and lower corners of the downhole working face, and then the main surface fissures and air leakage passages connected with the goaf are qualitatively analyzed according to the release location and the receiving result, and finally the powder is used.
  • the coal ash inorganic solidification foam blocks the air leakage passage to block the main crack leakage.
  • ground fire-extinguishing drilling for detection and treatment is to use a drilling rig to drill a fire-extinguishing hole from the ground facing the coal seam goaf. After the fire-extinguishing hole is formed, it is first used as a temperature-measuring borehole for temperature measurement, and then as a gas sampling hole. Sampling and analysis of the gas composition and its concentration, according to the measured drilling temperature and gas composition, the self-ignition condition of the coal near the hole location of the hole is again judged.
  • the diameter of the ground fire-extinguishing hole is 108mm, and the distance between the holes is 10-15 meters.
  • the order of the fire-extinguishing materials is from the peripheral drilling hole to the drilling direction in the center of the high-temperature area; through the ground fire-extinguishing drilling, the high-flow liquid nitrogen or liquid carbon dioxide is injected into the high-temperature area of the gob area. Rapid inerting and cooling, each shot is injected with 10 to 30 tons of liquid nitrogen or liquid carbon dioxide, and then the perfusion is stopped, followed by the injection of adjacent boreholes; after a period of time, repeated perfusion, repeated perfusion of the borehole The interval is 24 hours.
  • the use of effective drilling to determine whether the spontaneous combustion of the residual coal in the goaf is extinguished is 3 to 5 days after the fire extinguishing hole stops the fire extinguishing material, and uses the underground beam tube monitoring system, the underground tunnel to connect the gob of the gob and the fire extinguishing hole Sampling, sampling the gas in the goaf, analyzing the iconic gases CO, C 2 H 4 and C 2 H 2 of coal spontaneous combustion, combined with the temperature measurement of the fire-extinguishing borehole for comprehensive judgment and analysis. If the judgment is extinguished, the fire is finally drilled.
  • the high-temperature area of coal spontaneous combustion is filled with thickened mortar or high-concentration fly ash slurry, and the gray water mass ratio of the fly ash slurry is greater than 1:2.
  • Example 1 Taking the spontaneous combustion accident of coal in a large-scale mined-out area of a shallow buried coal seam in a mine in western China as an example.
  • the coal seam being mined in the mine is 22 coal seams (22,305 working faces), and the upper layer is 12,306 mined areas.
  • the average distance between 12 coal seams and 22 coal seams is about 43 m.
  • the buried depth of 12 coal seams is 96-233m, the average thickness of coal seam is 5.4m, and the thickness of top coal is 2.9m, which is left in the mined area.
  • 12 coal began to recover in 1999, and by the end of 2007, a total of 6 fully mechanized mining faces were arranged in the panel, all of which were arranged along the coal seam.
  • Both 12 coal and 22 coal belong to the easy spontaneous combustion coal seam, and the natural ignition period is one month.
  • the 12 coal seams are shallowly buried, the interval between layers is close, the strips are mining in the alleys, the layout of the roadway is not arranged, the working face has a long distance along the trough, the working face is wide, the mining height is large, and the goaf area is large. There are 12 mined areas nearby. As a result, the entire goaf is connected, and the area of the goaf is 19.7 million m 2 .
  • the pressure of the stope is large, the ground surface collapses and there are many cracks, and there are many roads with double tunnels (more than 100 on one side). There are many ventilation facilities, poor quality, and many air leakage passages. In addition, some working surfaces have external leakage of bedrock. At the edge of the valley, the surface crack is large.
  • the mine will be drained in 22305.
  • the holes are drained in advance, and the holes are all driven into the 12306 goaf at an elevation angle of 42°.
  • the drilling depth is 56-69 meters.
  • a total of 75 holes are drilled and the water discharge is 460,000 m 3 .
  • the 12306 goaf is detected by the combination of the underground ball-lined tube monitoring system and the 22305 Huishun 100-way alluvial drainage hole and the artificial ball-like gas chromatographic analysis. A higher concentration of carbon monoxide, the highest detection concentration exceeds 1000ppm. The results of the subsequent days showed that the gas sample contained ethane and ethylene. It was concluded that the coal in the overlying goaf began to intensify oxidation, and the temperature of spontaneous combustion of the coal in the goaf exceeded at least 85 °C.
  • the concentration of carbon monoxide, ethane and ethylene continued to increase substantially, carbon monoxide was between 3000 and 5000 ppm, ethane was between 50 and 110 ppm, and ethylene was between 7 and 17 ppm, indicating that the coal in the goaf continued to accelerate. Oxidation.
  • the concentration of carbon monoxide was as high as 54886ppm, which was accompanied by the presence of acetylene, indicating that the spontaneous combustion temperature of the coal in the goaf exceeded at least 200 °C, indicating that there was a serious spontaneous combustion in the 12306 goaf.
  • a diameter of 108mm is measured around the surface of the ground.
  • the distance between the holes is 10-15m.
  • a total of 11 temperature drilling holes are constructed.
  • the goaf is judged to be close to the two.
  • the goaf area near the lane has a large space, and the middle part of the working face is basically sturdy.
  • the temperature measurement was carried out immediately after the completion of the drilling.
  • the three holes on the ground were at a high temperature of 27.5 ° C, 38 ° C and 49 ° C respectively, and there was smoke and high temperature gas rushing after the drilling.
  • the spontaneous combustion high temperature area of the 12306 goaf is basically circled around the three higher temperature boreholes near the 12306 cut eyes.
  • nitrogen is continuously injected into the high-temperature spontaneous combustion zone of the coal in the goaf to reduce the oxygen concentration in the goaf and achieve the purpose of inerting the goaf, and control the development of spontaneous combustion of the residual coal.
  • a total of 4 nitrogen injection boreholes were constructed, which was a DM-1000 mobile nitrogen injection machine.
  • the operation time of each nitrogen injection machine was not less than 20h/d, and each nitrogen injection machine was continuously continuous to the 12306 goaf.
  • the flow rate is nitrogen injection, and the flow rate of nitrogen is not less than 2000 m 3 /h. From July 5th to August 16th, the cumulative nitrogen injection was 6.88 million m 3 .
  • the U-shaped pressure equalization ventilation system is applied to the 22305 working face, mainly by installing the local ventilator and adjusting the damper in the return air passage of the 22305 working face, increasing the resistance of the return air passage, and reducing the pressure difference between the inlet and return air passages of the working face. , thereby reducing the positive pressure leakage of the work facing the goaf.
  • the equalizing fan adopts two 75KW auxiliary fans, one for one, and the initial air supply is 1800m 3 /min.
  • the air volume, wind pressure and pressure difference in the positive pressure area are measured every day, so that the 22305 working face enters the air and returns air pressure.
  • the difference is controlled within 1000Pa.
  • the pressure difference changes greatly, local adjustment is made in time to ensure the pressure of the goaf and the working face is balanced, and the leakage of toxic and harmful gases such as carbon monoxide into the goaf or the goaf is reduced.
  • the surface rock of the goaf is bare, the gully is vertical and horizontal, and the sealing is difficult.
  • the main crack is filled and sealed by the fly ash inorganic curing foam, and then the second sealing and backfilling is carried out by the combination of manual backfilling and mechanical backfilling.
  • the blown air channel is sealed by the fly ash inorganic solidified foam on the 22305 working surface, the lower corner and the jointed closed wall.
  • the rig is drilled from the ground to the high temperature area of the 12306 goaf to form a fire-extinguishing hole.
  • the fire-extinguishing hole is first used as a temperature-measuring borehole to determine the high-temperature area of the goaf.
  • the temperature measurement drilling and gas sampling drilling are used again to detect the gas composition, concentration and temperature near the final position of the drilling hole.
  • the ground fire drill has a diameter of 108 mm and a drill spacing of 10 to 15 meters.
  • the order of the fire-extinguishing material is from the peripheral drilling hole to the drilling direction in the center of the high-temperature area.
  • the time for injecting the fire extinguishing material is from 22:00 to 10:00 the next day. During this time period, the surface atmospheric pressure is relatively high, and the gas spill in the goaf is less.
  • the high-flow liquid nitrogen or liquid carbon dioxide in the high-temperature area of the goaf is quickly inerted and cooled, and each hole is injected with 10 to 30 tons of liquid nitrogen or liquid carbon dioxide, then the perfusion is stopped, and then the phase is injected.
  • Adjacent drilling after a period of time, repeated infusion, the interval between repeated perfusion of the drilling is 24 hours.
  • Liquid nitrogen rapidly vaporizes under normal temperature and pressure, rapidly diffuses in the fire zone and fills its space, causing the oxygen concentration in the fire zone to drop rapidly, and the fire zone suffocates due to lack of oxygen.
  • Nitrogen not only has the ability to inerten and suppress the fire zone, but also can absorb a large amount of heat and reduce the temperature of the fire zone during the conversion from liquid to gas.
  • the discharge rate of toxic and harmful gases in the goaf is accelerated, and 5 holes are drilled in the later stage. From July 5th to August 16th, the ground fire extinguishing hole is used to co-infuse liquid nitrogen. 7,200 tons, 1,120 tons of liquid carbon dioxide.
  • the high temperature area of the 12306 goaf is effectively controlled, and the concentration of harmful gases in the goaf continues to decrease.
  • the oxygen concentration in the 12306 goaf is maintained below 5%, and the carbon monoxide concentration in the 12306 goaf is reduced from the highest of 54486ppm and stabilizes below 50pm, and no ethylene and acetylene gas are present;
  • Hole detection the temperature in the high temperature area of the goaf is stable at around 20 °C.
  • the high-concentration fly ash slurry is poured into the high-temperature area of the spontaneous combustion of the coal by fire-extinguishing drilling, and the high-concentration pulverized coal is co-infused.
  • the 11514 tons of mortar has achieved complete sealing and filling effects.

Abstract

一种高效治理浅埋藏煤层大面积采空区遗煤自燃的方法，属于防治煤自燃的方法，包括预先判断采空区遗煤是否发生自燃，若采空区遗煤发生自燃，首先圈定采空区遗煤自燃高温区域，其次在井下对大面积采空区连续大流量注氮气降低采空区氧气浓度，采用均压防灭火技术减少采空区的漏风量，释放六氟化硫示踪气体定性分析连通采空区的漏风通道并进行堵漏，然后采用地面灭火钻孔进行治理及探测，即注灭火材料治理采空区煤自燃并利用有效的钻孔判定采空区煤自燃是否熄灭，最后对煤自燃高温区域以及钻孔灌注稠化砂浆或高浓度粉煤灰浆液进行充填。该方法集堵漏控风与快速惰化降温为一体，用来高效防治浅埋藏煤层大面积采空区的遗煤自燃。

Description

一种高效治理浅埋藏煤层大面积采空区遗煤自燃的方法 技术领域
本发明涉及一种防治煤自燃的方法，特别是一种高效治理浅埋藏煤层大面积采空区遗煤自燃的方法。
背景技术
“十二五”期间国家煤炭产业的发展思路主要是“控制东部，稳定中部，大力发展西部”。对于西部地区，国家将大力推进大型煤炭基地建设，特别是重点建设一批千万吨级的大型现代化煤矿。西部矿区煤炭资源丰富，煤层易自燃、埋藏浅(埋深一般不超过200米)、煤层间距近且顶板基岩薄，工作面主要采用综采放顶煤技术，由于采动影响易造成大范围地表塌陷和裂隙，地表易与采空区形成大量联通的漏风通道，使得地表漏风严重，采空区煤炭自然发火十分频繁；同时采空区连接成片、面积大，加剧了采空区煤自燃的防治难度，极大地影响了矿井的安全高效开采，造成了巨大的经济损失和重大的社会影响。据不完全统计，西部矿区近十年来发生了200次以上导致封闭工作面的煤自燃事故，直接经济损失超百亿元。
国内外通常采用灌浆、注氮气、注泡沫、喷洒阻化剂、注凝胶和复合胶体等防灭火技术来防治矿井采空区煤自燃。采用灌浆技术，浆液在采空区只是沿着地势低的地方流动、覆盖范围小、不能向高处堆积、易形成“拉沟”现象；同时西部矿井工作面走向长度大、开采强度高、推进速度快，矿井不适合建立永久地面注浆系统，且西部矿区缺水少土，常规的灌浆实施困难。采用注氮气技术，氮气具有惰化火区、扩散范围广等特点，近十年来在许多矿区得到推广应用；但氮气易随漏风逸散，其灭火降温能力也较弱；同时西部矿区埋藏浅，采空区连接成片，采空区面积大且与地表裂隙沟通，难以形成封闭空间，因此常规注氮起不到快速惰化采空区的目的。采用注泡沫技术，虽然泡沫能克服注浆与注氮的一些缺点，并能向高处堆积，但大流量、扩散能力强的泡沫在倾角小的大采空区流动扩散范围也有限，仍不能完全有效地覆盖大采空区的浮煤和漏风裂隙。采用喷洒阻化剂技术，阻化剂腐蚀井下设备和危害工人身心健康，防灭火效果也不是很理想。采用注凝胶和复合胶体技术，凝胶或胶体泥浆流量小，成本高，扩散范围小，不适合防治大面积采空区煤自燃。
发明内容：
本发明的目的是要提供一种以堵漏控风与快速惰化降温为一体的高效治理浅埋藏煤层大面积采空区遗煤自燃的方法，该方法适用于浅埋藏煤层大面积采空区遗煤自燃的高效防治。
实现本发明目的的技术方案：一种高效治理浅埋藏煤层大面积采空区遗煤自燃的方法，预先判断采空区遗煤是否发生自燃，一旦发现采空区遗煤发生自燃，首先圈定采空区遗煤自燃高温区域，其次在井下对大面积采空区连续大流量注氮气降低采空区氧气浓度，接着采用均压防灭火技术减少向采空区的漏风量，同时释放六氟化硫示踪气体定性 分析连通采空区的漏风通道并对漏风通道进行堵漏，然后采用地面灭火钻孔进行治理及探测探测及治理，即注灭火材料治理采空区煤自燃并利用有效的钻孔判定采空区煤自燃是否熄灭，最后对煤自燃高温区域以及钻孔灌注稠化砂浆或高浓度粉煤灰浆液进行充填。
所述的预先判断采空区遗煤是否发生自燃，是利用井下束管监测系统检测采空区气体与井下巷道连通采空区的钻孔和人工球胆取气样色谱分析相结合的方法，所述的钻孔为取样钻孔、瓦斯抽放钻孔和排水钻孔，以CO、C2H4、C2H2的煤自燃标志性气体的体积浓度大小与浓度变化情况来判断采空区遗煤是否发生自燃。当CO体积浓度较大且浓度持续大幅度的增加，同时出现了C2H4气体，表明采空区煤自燃的温度至少超过了85℃；若出现C2H2，表明采空区煤自燃的温度至少超过了200℃。
所述的圈定采空区遗煤自燃高温区域，其步骤为：
一：由于煤自燃主要发生在松散区及有大量遗煤的地方，因此需判断采空区压实区和松散区以及采空区遗煤的分布情况；
二：判定井下采空区的漏风风流及采空区漏风风流路线；
三：模拟研究煤自燃指标气体在采空区运移分布规律，结合步骤一与步骤二初步圈定采空区遗煤自燃高温区域；
四：初步圈定采空区遗煤自燃高温区域后，从地面打108mm的测温钻孔，利用钻孔探测终孔位置附近区域的温度进行验证，最终确定采空区遗煤自燃的大致范围。
所述的对大面积采空区注氮气，是在井下实施大流量注氮气，氮气的流量不小于2000m3/h。
所述的采用均压防灭火技术减少向采空区的漏风量，是通过在回采工作面回风巷安装局部通风机及调节风门，增加回风巷阻力，减少工作面进风巷与回风巷的压差，从而减少工作面向采空区的漏风。工作面与采空区的压差根据煤自燃的状况进行调节，其原则是保证安全的工作环境。
所述的释放六氟化硫示踪气体定性分析连通采空区的漏风通道并对其进行封堵，首先在地面选择较深较宽的裂隙，在这些裂隙处释放六氟化硫示踪气体，其次在井下回采工作面的上下隅角接收并分析接收到六氟化硫的时间和浓度，然后根据释放地点和接收结果定性分析与采空区连通的主要地表裂隙及漏风通道，最后利用粉煤灰无机固化泡沫封堵漏风通道以封堵主要裂隙漏风。
所述的采用地面灭火钻孔进行探测和治理，是利用钻机从地面向煤层采空区打钻形成灭火钻孔，灭火钻孔形成后先作为测温钻孔测温，接着作为气体取样钻孔取样分析气体成分及其浓度，根据测定的钻孔温度和气体成分再次判断钻孔终孔位置附近遗煤的自燃状况；其中地面灭火钻孔的直径为108mm，钻孔间距为10～15米；灭火钻孔打好后，注灭火材料的顺序是从外围钻孔开始，逐渐向高温区域中心的钻孔方向；通过地面灭火钻孔对采空区自燃高温区域灌注大流量液氮或液态二氧化碳进行快速惰化降温，每个钻孔每次注10～30吨液氮或液态二氧化碳，然后停止灌注，接着注相邻的钻孔；隔一段时 间后，又重复的进行灌注，钻孔重复灌注的间隔时间是24小时。
所述的利用有效钻孔判断采空区遗煤自燃是否熄灭，是灭火钻孔停止注灭火材料3～5天后，利用井下束管监测系统、井下巷道连通采空区的钻孔和灭火钻孔进行取样，对采空区气体取样分析煤自燃的标志性气体CO、C2H4、C2H2，结合灭火钻孔测温进行综合判断分析，如果判定熄灭，最后通过灭火钻孔对遗煤自燃高温区域灌注稠化砂浆或高浓度粉煤灰浆液，粉煤灰浆液的灰水质量比大于1:2。
所述的采空区气体取样分析，如果O2浓度稳定在7％以下、CO浓度稳定在50～100ppm以下，无C2H4、C2H2气体，且钻孔温度为常温，同时满足以上指标表明采空区的煤自燃已熄灭。
有益效果：由于采用了上述方案，大面积采空区遗煤发生自燃后，首先要判定采空区煤自燃的位置与范围，从而圈定需要治理的煤自燃区域；圈定采空区煤自燃的范围后，在井下向采空区连续大流量注氮气，以此来降低采空区氧气浓度，有效控制采空区遗煤自燃的发展；同时采用均压技术，一方面减少工作面向采空区漏风，另一方面有效抑制煤自燃有毒有害气体从采空区涌出，从而为后续防灭火工作提供安全的环境条件。
在地表释放六氟化硫示踪气体，然后在井下工作面上下隅角地点进行接收，从而定性判断地表与大面积采空区的主要漏风通道，继而采用粉煤灰无机固化泡沫封堵漏风通道，减少地面向采空区的漏风，从而降低大面积采空区氧气浓度，抑制采空区遗煤自燃的发展。
利用地面灭火钻孔灌注大流量的液氮或液态二氧化碳，充分利用其流量大、扩散范围广、惰化范围宽及灭火降温速度快等防灭火优点，可以对采空区煤自燃高温区域进行快速惰化降温，从而快速治理采空区的煤自燃。
判定采空区的煤自燃消除之后，继续利用灭火钻孔灌注稠化砂浆或高浓度粉煤灰浆液，达到彻底封堵和充填采空区松散煤岩体的效果，从而有效地防止采空区的遗煤复燃。
以上技术的联动应用能够确保快速高效治理浅埋藏煤层开采大面积采空区的煤自燃，从而为西部千万吨矿井的安全高效开采提供关键技术支撑。
本发明的优点：一种高效治理浅埋藏煤层大面积采空区遗煤自燃的方法，即主要采用均压防灭火技术减少采空区漏风、轻质粉煤灰无机固化泡沫材料封堵漏风裂隙和漏风通道、液氮(二氧化碳)快速惰化降温、稠化砂浆或高浓度粉煤灰浆液充填采空区松散煤岩体的煤自燃防治综合方法。堵漏控风与快速惰化降温的联动作用为高效防治浅埋藏煤层大面积采空区煤自燃提供了关键技术支撑。该方法克服了单一防灭火技术在浅埋藏煤层大面积采空区煤自燃防治中的不足，且该方法操作简单，是一种系统、科学高效的煤自燃防治方法，在西部矿区采空区煤自燃治理中具有广泛的适用性。
附图说明：
图1是本发明一种高效治理浅埋藏大面积采空区遗煤自燃的流程图；
图2是采空区遗煤自燃高温区域治理后的氧气效果图；
图3是采空区遗煤自燃高温区域治理后的一氧化碳效果图。
具体实施方案：
下面结合附图和实施例对本发明做进一步说明。
一种高效治理浅埋藏煤层大面积采空区遗煤自燃的方法，预先判断采空区遗煤是否发生自燃，一旦发现采空区遗煤发生自燃，首先圈定采空区遗煤自燃高温区域，其次在井下对大面积采空区连续大流量注氮气降低采空区氧气浓度，再次采用均压防灭火技术减少向采空区的漏风量，同时释放六氟化硫示踪气体定性分析连通采空区的漏风通道并对漏风通道进行堵漏，然后采用地面灭火钻孔进行治理及探测，即注灭火材料治理采空区煤自燃并利用有效的钻孔判定采空区煤自燃是否熄灭，最后对煤自燃高温区域以及钻孔灌注稠化砂浆或高浓度粉煤灰浆液进行充填。
所述的预先判断采空区遗煤是否发生自燃，是利用井下束管监测系统检测采空区气体与井下巷道连通采空区的钻孔和人工球胆取气样色谱分析相结合的方法，所述的钻孔为取样钻孔、瓦斯抽放钻孔和排水钻孔，以CO、C2H4、C2H2等煤自燃标志性气体的体积浓度大小与浓度变化情况来判断采空区遗煤是否发生自燃。当CO体积浓度较大且浓度持续大幅度的增加，同时出现了C2H4气体，表明采空区煤自燃的温度至少超过了85℃；若出现C2H2，表明采空区煤自燃的温度至少超过了200℃。
所述的圈定采空区遗煤自燃高温区域，其步骤为：
一：由于煤自燃主要发生在松散区及有大量遗煤的地方，因此需判断采空区压实区和松散区以及采空区遗煤的分布情况；
二：判定井下采空区的漏风风流及采空区漏风风流路线；
三：模拟研究煤自燃指标气体在采空区运移分布规律，结合步骤一与步骤二初步圈定采空区遗煤自燃高温区域；
四：初步圈定采空区遗煤自燃高温区域后，从地面打108mm的测温钻孔，利用钻孔探测终孔位置附近区域的温度进行验证，最终确定采空区遗煤自燃的大致范围。
所述的对大面积采空区注氮气，是在井下实施大流量注氮气，氮气的流量不小于2000m3/h。
所述的采用均压防灭火技术减少向采空区的漏风量，是通过在回采工作面回风巷安装局部通风机及调节风门，增加回风巷阻力，减少工作面进风巷与回风巷的压差，从而减少工作面向采空区的漏风。工作面与采空区的压差根据煤自燃的状况进行调节，其原则是保证安全的工作环境。
所述的释放六氟化硫示踪气体定性分析连通采空区的漏风通道并对其进行封堵，首先在地面选择较深较宽的裂隙，在这些裂隙处释放六氟化硫示踪气体，其次在井下回采工作面的上下隅角接收并分析接收到六氟化硫的时间和浓度，然后根据释放地点和接收结果定性分析与采空区连通的主要地表裂隙及漏风通道，最后利用粉煤灰无机固化泡沫封堵漏风通道以封堵主要裂隙漏风。
所述的采用地面灭火钻孔进行探测和治理，是利用钻机从地面向煤层采空区打钻形成灭火钻孔，灭火钻孔形成后先作为测温钻孔测温，接着作为气体取样钻孔取样分析气体成分及其浓度，根据测定的钻孔温度和气体成分再次判断钻孔终孔位置附近遗煤的自燃状况。其中地面灭火钻孔的直径为108mm，钻孔间距为10～15米。灭火钻孔打好后，注灭火材料的顺序是从外围钻孔开始，逐渐向高温区域中心的钻孔方向；通过地面灭火钻孔对采空区自燃高温区域灌注大流量液氮或液态二氧化碳进行快速惰化降温，每个钻孔每次注10～30吨液氮或液态二氧化碳，然后停止灌注，接着注相邻的钻孔；隔一段时间后，又重复的进行灌注，钻孔重复灌注的间隔时间是24小时。
所述的利用有效钻孔判断采空区遗煤自燃是否熄灭，是灭火钻孔停止注灭火材料3～5天后，利用井下束管监测系统、井下巷道连通采空区的钻孔和灭火钻孔进行取样，对采空区气体取样分析煤自燃的标志性气体CO、C2H4、C2H2，结合灭火钻孔测温进行综合判断分析，如果判定熄灭，最后通过灭火钻孔对遗煤自燃高温区域灌注稠化砂浆或高浓度粉煤灰浆液，粉煤灰浆液的灰水质量比大于1:2。
所述的采空区气体取样分析，如果O2浓度稳定在7％以下、CO浓度稳定在50～100ppm以下，无C2H4、C2H2气体，且钻孔温度为常温，同时满足以上指标表明采空区的煤自燃已熄灭。
实施例1：以我国西部某矿发生的一次浅埋藏煤层大面积采空区遗煤自燃事故为例。该矿正在开采的煤层为22煤层(22305工作面)，上层为12306采空区，12煤层与22煤层间距平均在43m左右。12煤层埋藏深度为96-233m，煤层厚度平均5.4m，顶煤遗留厚度2.9m，呈破碎状态遗留在采空区。12煤于1999年开始回采，至2007年回采结束，盘区内共布置6个综采工作面，均沿煤层倾向布置。12煤和22煤均属于易自燃煤层，自然发火期为一个月。
12煤层埋藏浅，层间距近，大巷条带式开采，无盘区巷道布置，工作面顺槽距离长，工作面宽度大，采高大，采空区范围大，附近共有12个采空区，造成整个采空区连成一片，采空区面积达1970万m2。采场压力大，地表塌陷裂隙多，连采双巷掘进联巷多(单面超过100个)，通风设施多、质量差，漏风通道多，加之有些工作面地表基岩外漏，又处在沟谷边沿，地表裂缝大。
由于12306工作面切眼位置地势较低，并且已探得此范围有大量积水，为防止22305工作面回采过程中上覆采空区积水涌入工作面，该矿在22305回顺施工排水孔提前进行疏放水，钻孔以平均42°的仰角全部打入12306采空区，钻孔深度为56～69米，共施工75个钻孔，泄水量为46万m3。
利用井下联巷密闭墙束管监测系统，以及22305回顺100联巷向上覆采空区的排水钻孔，利用人工球胆取气样色谱分析相结合的方法，均检测出12306采空区含有较高浓度的一氧化碳，最高检测浓度超过1000ppm。随后几天的检测结果显示气样中含有乙烷、乙烯，推断出上覆采空区遗煤开始加剧氧化，采空区煤自燃的温度至少超过了85℃。在 随后的连续采样分析中，一氧化碳、乙烷、乙烯浓度持续大幅度增加，一氧化碳在3000～5000ppm，乙烷在50～110ppm之间，乙烯在7～17ppm之间，说明采空区遗煤继续加速氧化。7月15日取样分析出一氧化碳浓度高达54886ppm，并伴随乙炔出现，表明采空区煤自燃的温度至少超过了200℃，说明12306采空区遗煤出现了严重的自然发火情况。
12306工作面回采过程中留有3m左右的顶煤，采空区内有大量破碎的遗煤。由于12煤层上覆基岩厚度较大，12306采空区除切眼及顺槽位置外，总体压实程度较好。且煤自燃大多发生在松散区及有大量遗煤的地方，推断煤自燃可能发生在12306采空区切眼及顺槽位置附近。为防止井下有毒有害气体涌入工作面，22305工作面采用U型正压通风方式，工作面风量达2100m3/min。由于12306工作面切眼位置低，积存水量大，之前实施了75个排水钻孔，排水打破了采空区内水气平衡，造成“水气”置换，再加上煤层间距近，形成了大量的裂隙，使得12306工作面切眼附近漏风大大增加。而且从12306采空区密闭墙束管监测系统分析，以及排水钻孔取气样检测分析，在靠近12306工作面切眼附近煤自燃指标气体浓度越大，符合煤自燃指标气体(12306工作面切眼附近)在采空区的运移分布规律，因此初步圈定12306采空区遗煤自燃高温区域位于12306工作面切眼附近区域。
从12306工作面切眼附近地表周围打直径为108mm的测温钻孔，钻孔的间距为10-15m，共施工测温钻孔11个，根据钻孔判断采空区冒落情况，靠近两巷附近采空区空间较大，工作面中部基本冒落严实。钻孔施工完毕后立即进行测温，其中地面的3个钻孔温度较高，分别为27.5℃、38℃、49℃，且钻孔打通后有烟雾并伴有高温气体涌出。根据井上下钻探结果，12306采空区遗煤自燃高温区域基本圈定在12306切眼附近的3个温度较高的钻孔周围。
圈定高温区域后，先对采空区遗煤自燃高温区域连续大流量注氮气，以此来降低采空区氧气浓度，达到惰化采空区的目的，控制遗煤自燃的发展。在22305回顺共施工4个注氮气钻孔，为DM-1000型移动式注氮机，每个注氮机运行时间不低于20h/d，各个注氮机同时向12306采空区连续大流量注氮气，氮气的流量不小于2000m3/h。从7月5日到8月16日，累计注氮气688万m3。
然后对22305工作面实施U型均压通风系统，主要是通过在22305工作面回风巷安装局部通风机及调节风门，增加回风巷阻力，减少工作面进风巷与回风巷的压差，从而减少工作面向采空区的正压漏风。均压风机选用两台75KW辅扇，一用一备，初期供风量为1800m3/min，对正压区域的风量、风压、压差进行每天测定，使22305工作面进风及回风压差控制在1000Pa以内，当压差发生较大变化时，及时进行局部调整，确保采空区和工作面压力均衡，减少向采空区漏风或采空区内一氧化碳等有毒有害气体大量涌出。
同时，在采空区遗煤自燃高温区域地面及附近区域，选择较深较宽的裂隙，在这些裂隙处通过1寸软管将20kg六氟化硫气体瞬时释放，然后在22305工作面的上下隅角接收六氟化硫示踪气体，并记录接收到六氟化硫示踪气体的时间和浓度，然后根据释放地 点和接收结果综合分析与采空区连通的主要地表裂隙及漏风通道。经过连续36h的取样和色谱分析，取样间隔时间为30min，发现12306采空区周围与地表裂隙存在明显的漏风通道。12306采空区地表基岩裸露、沟壑纵横，封堵难度大，先采用粉煤灰无机固化泡沫对主要裂隙进行充填封堵，然后采用人工回填和机械回填相结合的方式进行二次封堵回填，并在22305工作面上下隅角及联巷密闭墙等利用粉煤灰无机固化泡沫对漏风通道进行封堵。
利用钻机从地面向12306采空区高温区域打钻形成灭火钻孔，之前利用灭火钻孔先作为测温钻孔探测来圈定采空区高温区域。在实施地面灭火钻孔灌注灭火材料前，再一次作为测温钻孔和气体取样钻孔来检测钻孔终位置附近的气体成分、浓度和温度。地面灭火钻孔的直径为108mm，钻孔间距为10～15米。灭火钻孔打好后，注灭火材料的顺序是从外围钻孔开始，逐渐向高温区域中心的钻孔方向。灌注灭火材料的时间为每天的22:00至次日10:00，该时间段内，地表大气压力相对较高，采空区气体溢出量较少。通过地面灭火钻孔对采空区自燃高温区域灌注大流量液氮或液态二氧化碳进行快速惰化降温，每个钻孔每次注10～30吨液氮或液态二氧化碳，然后停止灌注，接着注相邻的钻孔；隔一段时间后，又重复的进行灌注，钻孔重复灌注的间隔时间是24小时。液氮在常温常压下，迅速气化，在火区内迅速扩散并充满其空间，使火区内氧气浓度急速下降，火区因缺氧而窒息。氮气不仅仅具有对火区惰化和抑爆能力，而且由液态转化为气态过程中，可以吸收大量的热，降低火区温度。为提高液氮及液态二氧化碳的灌注速度，加快采空区有毒有害气体的排放速度，后期又施工钻孔5个，从7月5日到8月16日，利用地面灭火钻孔共灌注液氮7200吨，液态二氧化碳1120吨。
地面灭火钻孔灌注灭火材料一段时间之后，需判断采空区遗煤自燃是否熄灭。主要是根据灭火钻孔停止注灭火材料3～5天后，利用井下束管监测系统、井下巷道连通采空区钻孔(排水钻孔等)和灭火钻孔进行取样，分析氧气浓度和煤自燃的标志性气体(一氧化碳、乙炔等)的浓度及成分变化，结合灭火钻孔测温进行综合判断分析。对采空区气体取样分析，当氧气浓度稳定在7％以下、一氧化碳浓度稳定在50～100ppm以下、无乙炔和乙烯气体、且钻孔温度为常温时，表明采空区的煤自燃已熄灭。
如图2和图3所示，该矿在50天的治理时间内，12306采空区高温区域得到有效控制，采空区有害气体浓度持续下降。采用束管监测系统和钻孔探测，12306采空区氧气浓度维持在5％以下，12306采空区一氧化碳浓度由最高54886ppm下降并稳定到50pm以下，且没有乙烯和乙炔气体出现；采用测温钻孔探测，采空区高温区域温度稳定在20℃左右。上述监测及探测结果均显示该矿12306采空区高温区域煤自燃已经熄灭，效果良好。
为保证灭火实施效果及加快推进工作面的正常回采工作，在采空区遗煤自燃熄灭后，最后通过灭火钻孔对遗煤自燃高温区域灌注高浓度粉煤灰浆液，共灌注高浓度粉煤灰浆液11514吨，达到了彻底的封堵和充填效果。

Claims (9)

  1. 一种高效治理浅埋藏煤层大面积采空区遗煤自燃的方法，其特征是：预先判断采空区遗煤是否发生自燃；一旦发现采空区遗煤发生自燃，首先圈定采空区遗煤自燃高温区域，其次在井下对大面积采空区连续大流量注氮气降低采空区氧气浓度，接着采用均压防灭火技术减少向采空区的漏风量，同时释放六氟化硫示踪气体定性分析连通采空区的漏风通道并对漏风通道进行堵漏，然后采用地面灭火钻孔进行治理及探测，即注灭火材料治理采空区煤自燃并利用有效的钻孔判定采空区煤自燃是否熄灭，最后对煤自燃高温区域以及钻孔灌注稠化砂浆及高浓度粉煤灰浆液进行充填。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的一种高效治理浅埋藏煤层大面积采空区遗煤自燃的方法，其特征在于：所述的预先判断采空区遗煤是否发生自燃，是利用井下束管监测系统检测采空区气体与井下巷道连通采空区的钻孔和人工球胆取气样色谱分析相结合的方法，所述的钻孔为取样钻孔、瓦斯抽放钻孔和排水钻孔，以CO、C2H4、C2H2的煤自燃标志性气体的体积浓度大小与浓度变化情况来预先判断采空区遗煤是否发生自燃。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的一种高效治理浅埋藏煤层大面积采空区遗煤自燃的方法，其特征在于：所述的圈定采空区遗煤自燃高温区域的步骤为：
    步骤一：由于煤自燃主要发生在松散区及有大量遗煤的地方，因此需判断采空区压实区和松散区以及采空区遗煤的分布情况；
    步骤二：判定井下采空区的漏风风流及采空区漏风风流路线；
    步骤三：Fluent软件模拟煤自燃指标气体在采空区运移分布规律，结合步骤一与步骤二初步快速圈定采空区遗煤自燃高温区域；
    步骤四：初步圈定采空区遗煤自燃高温区域后，从地面打直径为108mm的测温钻孔，利用钻孔探测终孔位置附近区域的温度进行验证，最终确定采空区遗煤自燃的大致范围。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的一种高效治理浅埋藏煤层大面积采空区遗煤自燃的方法，其特征在于：所述的对大面积采空区注氮气，是在井下大流量注氮气，氮气的流量不小于2000m3/h。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的一种高效治理浅埋藏煤层大面积采空区遗煤自燃的方法，其特征在于：所述的均压防灭火技术是通过在回采工作面回风巷安装局部通风机及调节风门，增加回风巷阻力，减少工作面进风巷与回风巷的压差，从而减少工作面向采空区的漏风。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的一种高效治理浅埋藏煤层大面积采空区遗煤自燃的方法，其特征在于：所述的释放六氟化硫示踪气体定性分析连通采空区的漏风通道并对其进行封堵，首先在地面选择较深较宽的裂隙，在这些裂隙处释放六氟化硫示踪气体，其次在井下回采工作面的上下隅角接收并分析接收到六氟化硫的时间和浓度，然后根据释放地点和接收结果定性分析与采空区连通的主要地表裂隙及漏风通道，最后利用粉煤灰无机固化泡沫封堵漏风通道以封堵主要裂隙漏风。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的一种高效治理浅埋藏煤层大面积采空区遗煤自燃的方法，其特征在于：所述的采用地面灭火钻孔进行探测和治理，是利用钻机从地面向煤层采空区打钻形成灭火钻孔，灭火钻孔形成后先作为测温钻孔测温，接着作为气体取样钻孔取样分析气体成分及其浓度，根据测定的钻孔温度和气体成分再次判断钻孔终孔位置附近遗煤的自燃状况；其中地面灭火钻孔的直径为108mm，钻孔间距为10～15米；灭火钻孔打好后，注灭火材料的顺序是从外围钻孔开始，逐渐向高温区域中心的钻孔方向；通过地面灭火钻孔对采空区自燃高温区域灌注大流量液氮或液态二氧化碳进行快速惰化降温，每个钻孔每次注10～30吨液氮或液态二氧化碳，然后停止灌注，接着注相邻的钻孔；隔一段时间后，又重复的进行灌注，钻孔重复灌注的间隔时间是24小时。
  8. 根据权利要求1所述的一种高效治理浅埋藏煤层大面积采空区遗煤自燃的方法，其特征在于：所述的利用有效钻孔判断采空区遗煤自燃是否熄灭，是灭火钻孔停止注灭火材料3～5天后，利用井下束管监测系统、井下巷道连通采空区的钻孔和灭火钻孔进行取样，对采空区气体取样分析煤自燃的标志性气体CO、C2H4和C2H2，结合灭火钻孔测温进行综合判断分析，如果判定熄灭，最后通过灭火钻孔对遗煤自燃高温区域灌注稠化砂浆或高浓度粉煤灰浆液，粉煤灰浆液的灰水质量比大于1:2。
  9. 根据权利要求8所述的一种高效治理浅埋藏煤层大面积采空区遗煤自燃的方法，其特征在于：所述的采空区气体取样分析，如果O2浓度稳定在7％以下、CO浓度稳定在50～100ppm以下，无C2H4、C2H2气体，且钻孔温度为常温，同时满足以上指标表明采空区的煤自燃已熄灭。
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