CN103291325B - 承压水体上采煤底板岩层突水的防控方法 - Google Patents
承压水体上采煤底板岩层突水的防控方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN103291325B CN103291325B CN201310254224.0A CN201310254224A CN103291325B CN 103291325 B CN103291325 B CN 103291325B CN 201310254224 A CN201310254224 A CN 201310254224A CN 103291325 B CN103291325 B CN 103291325B
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- water
- slip casting
- mining
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- coal
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- 239000011901 water Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 95
- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 238000007569 slipcasting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 239000007788 liquids Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种采煤底板岩层突水的防控方法，尤其涉及一种承压水体上采动底板岩层突水的防控方法。其包括以下步骤：第一步，对回采工作面进行探测；第二步，根据第一步的探测结果在超前运输顺槽和回风顺槽的两侧分别开拓钻场进行钻孔；第三步，在煤层底板“下三带”的各带的钻孔口处安装注浆套管，在最底层段安装冻结套管；第四步，钻孔完成后，向钻孔中注浆，注浆顺序由最底端开始，向上逐层进行，在最底层注浆前及注浆过程中均采用液氮进行速冻处理。本发明以“先探测、再注浆、后冻结、再开挖”为原则，通过对“下三带”的各带依次从下向上逐层分别进行注浆与冻结处理，可有效防治复杂地质构造的深部煤层底板采掘过程的水害发生。
Description
技术领域
[0001] 本发明涉及一种采煤底板岩层突水的防控方法，尤其涉及一种承压水体上采动底板岩层突水的防控方法。
背景技术
[0002] 煤层底板破坏以及底板突水是深部煤矿开采中普遍存在的灾害问题之一，随着地下岩体工程开挖深度的增加，高温、高压岩溶水害问题越来越突出，进而威胁煤矿的安全生产。为解决采煤底板岩层突水的技术问题，传统的治水理念是“以排为主，排堵结合”，主要采用以下两种方法进行堵水施工处理:一是底板注浆，二是人工冻结施工处理。上述单纯的底板注浆和人工冻结施工处理对于采煤底板岩层突水的防控方面存在许多的缺陷和不足，其分别体现在以下方面:
[0003] 底板注浆施工难度大，不易控制和掌握:由于煤层底板地质条件的复杂性和多变性，煤层底板深部的地压较大，底板防突水所需的注浆压力将随之增大，当注浆压力不足时，裂隙不能充分填充，将出现渗水、突水现象；但是，当注浆压力过大时，又可能出现岩体劈裂、膨胀变形，进而产生新的裂隙；
[0004] 对于深部煤层底板的注浆，由于注浆站与受注点高差比加大，需要采用较高压力进行注浆，在这种情况下，往往出现料浆不能及时凝结固化使得浆液在高压状态下向采空卸压区渗入的现象。这不但很难实现封浆堵水的目的，而且浆液损失大甚至发生底鼓。
[0005]目前，传统的浅部煤层底板单注浆方法已很少被采用。况且，单纯的人工冻结施工技术仅仅适用于浅部隧道封水、井筒过含水层等，对深部煤层底板的水害无法有效处理。
[0006] 而且传统的人工冻结施工处理方法，在冻结时一般会出现较大的冻胀变形，在后续的解冻过程中，由于岩溶孔洞、裂隙融化往往会出现强度不足，进而易发生渗水、突水现象。
发明内容
[0007] 为解决上述深部底板强富水岩层突水的技术问题，本发明本着“以堵为主，防堵结合”的治水理念，提出了一种“先注浆后冻结”的深部煤层底板岩层突水的防控方法，即在工作面回采前，以“先探测、再注浆、后冻结、再开挖”为原则，对深部煤层底板复杂地质构造的水害进行有效地防控。
[0008] 本发明的目的是提供一种适用于含水层底板岩层为弱透水层，底板岩层导水裂隙、导水断层较发育，或者高温、高压岩溶水压作用于较小厚度的隔水层等一系列的复杂的地质构造下的煤炭开采作业环境，可有效解决高温、高压、流动性强的富含水岩溶突水危害的承压水体上采煤底板岩层突水的防控方法。
[0009] 为实现上述目的，本发明解决上述技术问题所采用的技术方案是:一种承压水体上采煤底板岩层突水的防控方法，包括以下步骤:
[0010] 第一步，对回采工作面进行探测，探明含水层位置、煤层底板“下三带”厚度以及各带内岩体断层、裂隙、溶洞的发育状况；
[0011] 第二步，根据第一步的探测结果在超前运输顺槽和回风顺槽的两侧分别开拓钻场进行钻孔，钻孔深度根据探测的煤层底板“下三带”的各带的厚度进行选择，在煤层底板“下三带”的各带的钻孔孔径依次减小；
[0012] 第三步，在煤层底板“下三带”的各带的钻孔口处安装注浆套管，在最底层段安装冻结套管，并对上述套管的管路进行试压操作；
[0013] 第四步，向钻孔中注浆，注浆前需在注浆部位进行预冷处理约20分钟，注浆顺序由最底端开始向上逐层进行；注浆压力为水压的2-3倍，并稳压5-7分钟以使浆液扩散充分并固结，注浆的同时采用液氮进行-150度约为15分钟的速冻处理，待导升带快速固结成型后再撤除冻结管路；
[0014] 之后，依次对完整岩层带、导水破坏带安装注浆套管，通过止浆塞上的浆液入口管进行注浆，当注浆压力为水压力的1.5-2倍，并稳压5-7分钟以使浆液扩散充分并固结，形成该带止浆层；
[0015] 第五步，重复上述第一步至第四步，直至底板加固完毕。
[0016] 上述各步骤中，
[0017] 所述钻场规格为5米X3米X3米，每个钻场内钻孔(3)的数量为3-4个，所述钻孔呈放射状均匀分布。
[0018] 所述钻孔孔径大于75毫米。
[0019] 所述钻孔为斜孔，倾斜角度为30-40度并尽可能与构造发育方向垂直。
[0020] 所述注浆区位于采空卸压位置的前方50-100米。
[0021]用于输送冻结媒质的，所述液氮的输入管路的地上部分管段采用50毫米厚的聚苯乙烯保温材料保温，再加6层密封薄膜密封。
[0022] 所述注浆的材料为425号普通硅酸盐水泥、粘土、由粉煤灰、细黄砂和石粉末混合而成的细骨料，粘土浆比重为1.15-1.2，水泥量与粘土量配比为0.1-0.15:1，水灰比为1:1。
[0023] 所述钻孔的孔径依次为孔径为146毫米、108毫米、90毫米，所述注浆套管(8)和冻结套管均为无缝钢管。
[0024] 上述技术方案中，对回采工作面进行探测一般可采用瞬变电磁、地质雷达等常规技术手段。
[0025] 在上述的注浆步骤中，注浆区位于采空卸压位置的前方50-100米的目的是为了避免浆液向采空区扩散。
[0026] 为更好地理解本发明的承压水体上采煤底板岩层突水的防控方法，下面从原理上作进一步的解释与说明:
[0027] 本发明依据煤层底板“下三带”理论，采取由下层向上层逐层进行注浆加固的步骤进行施工作业，即先由最底层开始注浆并冻结该注浆层，快速固结形成屏蔽堵水层，形成下层屏蔽止浆层，然后再向完整岩层带注浆，最后完成导水破坏带注浆。通过上述由下向上、层层加固的施工步骤，消除底层渗水点，完成整道工序。对于岩溶孔洞、断层构造的施工环境，由于充注浆液后封堵了底板灰岩含水层裂隙通道和隔水层的导水裂隙，切断补给通道，变含水层为新生隔水层，因而增强了岩体的摩擦角，减小了岩层的渗透系数，进而改变了地层岩性，因此有加固岩体、抗渗止水、降低采动底板变形的作用；而通过采用人工冻结施工技术，可将注浆后的含水层顶部岩层或薄层石灰岩快速形成具有一定厚度和强度的冻结层，切断地下水与贯通裂隙的直接联系，固定成型，防止浆液沿溶洞裂隙进入水层出现跑浆，从而在该冻结层进行后续工作。上述注浆-冻结联合堵水法同时起到了堵水、防渗、加固地层的作用。由于其结合采前巷道预注浆-冻结加固方法，可使底板受采动影响破坏程度减小。
[0028] 本发明的承压水体上采煤底板岩层突水的防控方法，其按照以煤层底板为起点向上逐层封堵，分别依据承压水导高带、完整岩层带、导水破坏带的层序排列，分带注浆处理，层层加固，以封堵岩体裂隙，从而可有效防止深部注浆压力过大出现跑浆，也可避免因为深部压力过小导致浆液无法填充，进而出现渗水现象。
[0029] 对承压水导高带，除了注浆外，还结合人工冻结施工技术，采用液氮对注入的浆料进行速冻处理，最后再封堵注浆孔，完成底板突水加固处理。这保证了注浆的快速固结成型，使得整个注浆施工过程能够连续进行。
[0030] 从上述原理上的分析与说明可以看出，本发明的承压水体上采煤底板岩层突水的防控方法有以下有益技术效果:
[0031] 1、较好地解决了现有技术的单纯注浆方法存在因深部地质构造的复杂多变而造成的岩层吃浆量低以及由于深部水压高、注浆管路阻力大、注浆所需压力达不到要求，不能解决深部高承压水上采煤底板易出现的突水问题；
[0032] 2、采用先注浆后冻结的改进施工工艺，将注浆后的承压水导高带快速形成具有一定厚度和强度的冻结层，切断地下水与贯通裂隙的直接联系，固定成型，防止浆液沿溶洞裂隙进入水层出现跑浆；
[0033] 3、省去了解冻工序。
[0034] 4、采用对“下三带”的各个分带由下向上逐层进行注浆加固且孔径依次增大，使得上层注浆覆盖区域大与下部，这有利于及时形成止浆层，有效加固了煤层底板；并且，逐层加固对底层新生隔水层的抗水压也起到了强化的作用。
[0035] 5、注浆钻孔由上向下孔径逐级减小，解决了上层破坏带塌孔阻浆问题。
[0036] 6、采用液氮冻结，其施工便捷，无需安装冻结机房和复杂的盐水管路，冻结周期短，强度高，封水性好。
[0037] 7、提高了施工作业的安全性和施工作业的进度和效率。
附图说明
[0038] 图1是承压水体上采煤底板岩层突水的防控方法施工作业的剖面结构示意图；
[0039] 图2是承压水体上采煤底板岩层突水的防控方法的底板注浆加固钻孔结构示意图；
[0040] 图3是承压水体上采煤底板岩层突水的防控方法的底板注浆套管结构示意图。
[0041] 其中:1煤层，2运输顺槽和回风顺槽，3钻孔，4底板破坏带，5完整岩层带，6裂隙导升带，7含水层，8注浆套管，9液氮输入口，10浆液溢出管，11浆液入口管，12液氮排气口，13止浆塞
具体实施方式
[0042] 下面结合附图1-3，以某矿深部煤层I开采底板突水加固为例，详细说明承压水体上采煤底板岩层突水的防控方法及其施工步骤:
[0043] 施工材料的准备阶段:
[0044] 选用的注浆材料为425号普通硅酸盐水泥、粘土、由粉煤灰、细黄砂和石粉末混合而成的细骨料，粘土浆比重为1.15-1.2，水泥量与粘土量配比为0.1-0.15:1，水灰比为1:1。
[0045] 根据探测结果，在超前运输顺槽和回风顺槽2两侧开拓钻场，钻场设计钻孔3位置和数目，钻孔孔径大于75毫米，按浆液扩散半径30米计算，均匀布置钻孔；钻孔为斜孔，倾斜角度为30° -40°，尽可能与构造发育方向垂直；为减少冻结系统的冷量损失，保温时采用50毫米厚的聚苯乙烯保温材料，再加6层密封薄膜密封。
[0046] 具体施工操作步骤如图1-图2所示:
[0047] (I)利用瞬变电磁、地质雷达对回采工作面进行探测，探明含水层7位置、煤层底板“下三带”厚度以及各带内岩体断层、裂隙、溶洞的发育状况；
[0048] (2)根据探测结果在运输顺槽和回风顺槽2两侧开拓钻场，规格为5米X3米X3米，布置钻孔3-4个，呈放射状分布，钻孔深度根据探测的煤层底板“下三带”的各带的厚度进行选择，在煤层底板“下三带”的各带的钻孔孔径依次减小；注浆顺序由最底端开始向上逐层进行，注浆区位于采空卸压区的前方50-100米的距离，以避免浆液向采空区扩散，从而影响注浆效果。
[0049] (3)钻孔；由上向下依次进行，孔径依次减小，钻孔深度由探测该带的厚度决定，孔径为146毫米，下入108毫米、壁厚为4.5毫米的无缝钢管作孔口管，然后换用108毫米钻头延伸钻孔至完整岩层带，下入90毫米、壁厚为4.5毫米的无缝钢管作孔口管，最后换用90毫米钻头，下入76毫米、壁厚为4.5毫米的无缝钢管作终口管；并在各带的孔口安装注浆套管8，在最底层段安装冻结套管；并对注浆管路进行试压操作；
[0050] (4)注浆；注浆顺序为采用后退式，先由最低端注浆开始，安装止浆塞13后，在该注浆段部位周围进行预冷处理大约20分钟后，进行注浆充填，注浆压力为2.0-3.0倍的水压力时，稳压5-7分钟使浆液扩散充分、固结，并进行-150度的速冻处理，约15分钟，保证裂隙导升带6的快速固结成型，消除了跑浆、难堵水的技术难题；
[0051] 撤除冻结管路，依次对完整岩层带5、底板破坏带4安装注浆套管8、止浆塞13并进行注浆，注浆压力达到2.0-3.0倍的水压力时，稳压5-7分钟使浆液扩散充分、固结，形成该带止浆层；
[0052] (5)随着工作面的推进，重复上述步骤(1)-(4)，直至底板加固完毕。
[0053] 如图3所示，冻结用液氮从液氮输入管口 9进入，经过使用后的液氮以气态形式从液氮排气口 12排放到大气中。
[0054] 如图2和图3所示，注浆套管8安装后，通过止浆塞13上的浆液入口管11进行注浆，当注浆至饱和状态时，多余的浆料可以通过浆液溢出管10溢出。
Claims (8)
1.一种承压水体上采煤底板岩层突水的防控方法，包括以下步骤: 第一步，对回采工作面进行探测，探明含水层(7)位置、煤层底板“下三带”厚度以及各带内岩体断层、裂隙、溶洞的发育状况； 第二步，根据第一步的探测结果在超前运输顺槽和回风顺槽⑵的两侧分别开拓钻场进行钻孔(3)，钻孔深度根据探测的煤层底板“下三带”的各带的厚度进行选择，在煤层底板“下三带”的各带的钻孔由上向下孔径依次减小； 第三步，在煤层底板“下三带”的各带的钻孔口处安装注浆套管(8)，在最底层段安装冻结套管，并对上述套管的管路进行试压操作； 第四步，向钻孔(3)中注浆，注浆前需在注浆部位进行预冷处理约20分钟，注浆顺序由最底端开始向上逐层进行；注浆压力为水压的2-3倍，并稳压5-7分钟以使浆液扩散充分并固结，注浆的同时采用液氮进行-150°C、15分钟的速冻处理，待导升带快速固结成型后再撤除冻结管路； 之后，依次对完整岩层带、导水破坏带安装注浆套管(8)，通过止浆塞(13)上的浆液入口管(11)进行注浆，当注浆压力为水压力的1.5-2倍，并稳压5-7分钟以使浆液扩散充分并固结，形成该带止浆层； 第五步，重复上述第一步至第四步，直至底板加固完毕。
2.根据权利要求1所述的承压水体上采煤底板岩层突水的防控方法，其特征在于，所述钻场规格为5米X3米X3米，每个钻场内钻孔(3)的数量为3-4个，所述钻孔呈放射状均匀分布。
3.根据权利要求1所述的承压水体上采煤底板岩层突水的防控方法，其特征在于，所述钻孔孔径大于75毫米。
4.根据权利要求1所述的承压水体上采煤底板岩层突水的防控方法，其特征在于，所述钻孔为斜孔，其倾斜角度为30-40度并尽可能与构造发育方向垂直。
5.根据权利要求1所述的承压水体上采煤底板岩层突水的防控方法，其特征在于，所述注浆部位位于采空卸压位置的前方50-100米。
6.根据权利要求1-5任一所述的承压水体上采煤底板岩层突水的防控方法，其特征在于，用于输送所述液氮的输入管路的地上部分管段采用50毫米厚的聚苯乙烯保温材料保温，再加6层密封薄膜密封。
7.根据权利要求6所述的承压水体上采煤底板岩层突水的防控方法，其特征在于，所述注浆的材料为425号普通硅酸盐水泥、粘土、由粉煤灰、细黄砂和石粉末混合而成的细骨料，粘土浆比重为1.15-1.2，水泥量与粘土量配比为0.1-0.15:1，水灰比为1:1。
8.根据权利要求7所述的承压水体上采煤底板岩层突水的防控方法，其特征在于，所述钻孔的孔径依次为孔径为146毫米、108毫米、90毫米，所述注浆套管(8)和冻结套管均为无缝钢管。
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| CN101608552A (zh) * | 2008-06-18 | 2009-12-23 | 郭国政 | 煤层底板含水层加固并在加固过程中保护隔水层的方法 |
| CN102518470A (zh) * | 2011-12-27 | 2012-06-27 | 陕西彬长矿业集团有限公司 | 环形截水巷处理冻结管防治水方法 |
| CN102536317A (zh) * | 2012-01-20 | 2012-07-04 | 山东大学 | 通过地面钻孔向地层空洞内填充骨料的装置及工艺 |
-
2013
- 2013-06-25 CN CN201310254224.0A patent/CN103291325B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE29724212U1 (de) * | 1996-08-16 | 2000-08-03 | Tachus Gmbh | Vorrichtung im Tunnelbau |
| CN101608552A (zh) * | 2008-06-18 | 2009-12-23 | 郭国政 | 煤层底板含水层加固并在加固过程中保护隔水层的方法 |
| CN102518470A (zh) * | 2011-12-27 | 2012-06-27 | 陕西彬长矿业集团有限公司 | 环形截水巷处理冻结管防治水方法 |
| CN102536317A (zh) * | 2012-01-20 | 2012-07-04 | 山东大学 | 通过地面钻孔向地层空洞内填充骨料的装置及工艺 |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111577290A (zh) * | 2020-05-26 | 2020-08-25 | 中国矿业大学 | 一种利用冻土帷幕修复立井井壁的方法 |
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| CN103291325A (zh) | 2013-09-11 |
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