WO2016053032A1 - 리튬 이차전지용 음극활물질, 이의 제조방법, 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차전지 - Google Patents
리튬 이차전지용 음극활물질, 이의 제조방법, 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차전지 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016053032A1 WO2016053032A1 PCT/KR2015/010402 KR2015010402W WO2016053032A1 WO 2016053032 A1 WO2016053032 A1 WO 2016053032A1 KR 2015010402 W KR2015010402 W KR 2015010402W WO 2016053032 A1 WO2016053032 A1 WO 2016053032A1
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- negative electrode
- active material
- lithium secondary
- secondary battery
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a negative electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery, a manufacturing method thereof, and a lithium secondary battery including the same.
- lithium secondary batteries having high energy density and voltage, long cycle life, and low self discharge rate have been commercialized and widely used.
- high capacity and high output technology of negative electrode active materials is required. Therefore, development of a non-carbon negative electrode active material centering on silicon, tin, germanium, zinc, or lead, which has a higher theoretical capacity than the carbon-based negative electrode active material, is being conducted.
- the silicon-based negative electrode active material has a capacity (4190 mAh / g) more than 11 times higher than the theoretical capacity (372 mAh / g) of the carbon-based negative electrode active material, has been spotlighted as a material for replacing the carbon-based negative electrode active material.
- the silicon-based negative electrode active material collapses, and as a result, there is a problem in that the capacity is reduced due to loss of electrical contact. .
- one of the most common methods for producing nano-sized silicon is a method of crushing large silicon particles to produce nano-sized, specifically tens to hundreds of nanometers of silicon particles.
- this method is susceptible to surface oxidation on the surface of the silicon during the grinding process, the initial efficiency is reduced by the amorphous SiO 2 generated on the surface as a result of the oxidation.
- the manufacturing process is complicated, and the manufacturing cost is high, so it is difficult to apply to the mass production process.
- porous silicon since pores are formed only on the surface of the powder, there is a problem in that it is difficult to exhibit sufficient buffering action when the volume of the active material changes due to charging and discharging.
- the first technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a negative active material for a lithium secondary battery that can improve the life characteristics of the negative electrode and the battery by exhibiting a buffer action by internally absorbing the volume change of the active material according to the charge and discharge will be.
- the second technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a manufacturing method for producing the negative electrode active material.
- the third technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a negative electrode including the negative electrode active material.
- the fourth technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a lithium secondary battery, a battery module and a battery pack including the negative electrode.
- the present invention includes a porous polycrystalline silicon, the porous polycrystalline silicon provides a negative electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery comprising a pore located at a crystal grain boundary (crystal grain boundary).
- the present invention is the heat treatment and cooling the polycrystalline silicon containing a metal impurity to prepare a polycrystalline silicon containing the metal impurity at the grain boundary, and the acid treatment of the polycrystalline silicon containing a metal impurity at the grain boundary By eluting a metal impurity, it provides a method for producing a negative electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery comprising the step of producing porous polycrystalline silicon with pores formed in the grain boundary.
- the present invention provides a negative electrode including the negative electrode active material.
- the present invention provides a lithium secondary battery, a battery module, and a battery pack including the negative electrode.
- the negative electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention includes porous polycrystalline silicon having pores formed at grain boundaries, thereby absorbing a volume change of the active material internally during charging and discharging, thereby exhibiting a buffering effect. Lifespan characteristics can be improved.
- Figure 2a is a photograph of the cross-sectional view of the polycrystalline silicon powder before heat treatment using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively, in the preparation of the negative electrode active material according to Example 1
- Figure 2b is a scanning electron microscope of the cross-section of the polycrystalline silicon powder after heat treatment It is a photograph observed using (SEM).
- Figure 3 is a graph showing the capacity retention evaluation results of the battery containing the negative electrode active material of Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1, 2.
- the anode active material for a lithium secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present invention includes porous polycrystalline silicon, and the porous polycrystalline silicon includes pores positioned at grain boundaries that include pores positioned at grain boundaries.
- the grain boundary means a boundary in which one crystal and its adjacent crystals or polycrystals in the polycrystalline material contact two crystals having the same structure but different orientations.
- the porous polycrystalline silicon is an aggregate of silicon single crystals, and includes grain boundaries according to contact of these silicon single crystals. It surrounds the silicon single crystal.
- the pores are formed by eluting and removing metal impurities and fine grains contained in a raw material of polycrystalline silicon and collected into crystal grains by heat treatment.
- the size and porosity of the pores contained in the porous polycrystalline silicon can be controlled by controlling the content of metal impurities contained in the raw material of the polycrystalline silicon.
- the porous polycrystalline silicon when the porous polycrystalline silicon is present on the surface of the raw material, the porous polycrystalline silicon may be formed by elution removal of the metallic impurities present on the surface of the raw material. It may further comprise surface pores.
- the porosity of the porous polycrystalline silicon may be 5% by volume to 80% by volume. If the porosity of the porous polycrystalline silicon is less than 5% by volume, the buffering effect against the volume change of the active material is insignificant, and if it exceeds 80% by volume, there is a fear of lowering the mechanical strength of the porous polycrystalline silicon itself.
- the porosity and the distribution of pores in the porous polycrystalline silicon, and the formation of open pores present on the surface is measured at a pressure of 2000 kg / cm2 by mercury intrusion porosimetry It is.
- the porous polycrystalline silicon includes silicon nano grains, and more specifically, includes silicon nano grains having an average grain size of 3 nm to 300 nm. It may be. As such, by including nano-level silicon grains, it is possible to exhibit more excellent battery characteristics.
- the average particle diameter (D 50 ) of the porous polycrystalline silicon may be 0.01 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m. If the average particle diameter of the porous polycrystalline silicon is less than 0.01 ⁇ m, the dispersibility in the composition for forming a cathode may decrease due to aggregation of the polycrystalline silicon, and if it exceeds 50 ⁇ m, there is a fear of deterioration of activity due to a decrease in specific surface area. have. More specifically, in consideration of the remarkable improvement effect of the optimization of the average particle diameter of the polycrystalline silicon, the average particle diameter (D 50 ) of the polycrystalline silicon may be 0.05 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m.
- the average particle diameter (D 50 ) of the porous polycrystalline silicon may be defined as the particle size based on 50% of the particle size distribution.
- the average particle diameter (D 50 ) of the polycrystalline silicon particles according to an embodiment of the present invention may be measured using, for example, a laser diffraction method. Specifically, the average particle diameter (D 50 ) of the polycrystalline silicon is about to be introduced into a commercially available laser diffraction particle size measuring device (for example, Microtrac MT 3000 TM manufactured by NIKKISO) after dispersing the polycrystalline silicon particles in the dispersion medium. After irradiating an ultrasonic wave of 28 kHz with an output of 60 W, the average particle diameter D 50 at the 50% reference of the particle size distribution in the measuring device can be calculated.
- a commercially available laser diffraction particle size measuring device for example, Microtrac MT 3000 TM manufactured by NIKKISO
- the porous polycrystalline silicon may inevitably include a metal impurity that is used in the production process such as a catalyst or generated as a result of the reaction during the production process.
- the metal impurities are Ni, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re , Os, Mg, Ca, P, Al, Ge, Sn, Sb, Bi, or Li and the like, any one or a mixture of two or more thereof may be included.
- the porous polycrystalline silicon may include the above metal impurities at 2000 ppm or less, and more specifically, may not include the metal impurities. have.
- the negative electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present invention may further include a coating layer including a carbon-based material on the porous polycrystalline silicon particles.
- the coating layer including the carbon-based material may improve conductivity of the negative electrode active material to improve the output characteristics and cycle characteristics of the battery, and may increase the stress relaxation effect when the negative electrode active material changes in volume.
- the carbonaceous material may include any one or a mixture of two or more selected from the group consisting of amorphous carbon and crystalline carbon.
- the amorphous carbon may include soft carbon (low temperature calcined carbon) or hard carbon (high temperature calcined carbon), and the crystalline carbon may include natural graphite or artificial graphite.
- the carbonaceous material may be more specifically amorphous carbon.
- the form of the carbonaceous material is not particularly limited, and may have various forms such as plate, sphere, or fiber.
- the coating layer including the carbonaceous material may be included in an amount of 50 wt% or less, or 1 to 50 wt%, based on the total weight of the negative electrode active material.
- the content of the coating layer containing the carbon-based material exceeds 50% by weight, an irreversible reaction may occur, which may lower initial efficiency. More specifically, it may be 1 to 30% by weight, even more specifically 1 to 10% by weight.
- the method for producing a negative electrode active material according to an embodiment of the present invention, the step of heat-treating the polycrystalline silicon containing a metal impurity and then cooling, preparing a polycrystalline silicon containing the metal impurity at the grain boundary (step 1) And acid-treating the polycrystalline silicon containing the metal impurity at the grain boundary to elute the metal impurity, thereby preparing porous polycrystalline silicon having pores formed at the grain boundary (step 2).
- Step 1 is a step of producing a polycrystalline silicon containing the metal impurity at the grain boundary by cooling the raw material of the polycrystalline silicon containing a metal impurity and then cooling.
- the raw material of the polycrystalline silicon containing the metal impurity one prepared according to a conventional manufacturing method may be used, or a commercially available polycrystalline silicon may be used.
- the metal impurities contained in the polycrystalline silicon affect the formation and porosity of the pores, it is preferable to use the raw material of the polycrystalline silicon containing the metal impurities in an appropriate amount in consideration of the porosity affecting the effect of the negative electrode active material. can do.
- the raw material of the polycrystalline silicon may be a metal-grade silicon, specifically, a metal impurity content of 100,000 ppm or less, more specifically 50,000 ppm or less, commonly used as a negative electrode active material of a secondary battery.
- the metal impurity is a metal material inevitably included in the manufacturing process of the polycrystalline silicon raw material, specifically, Ni, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Mg, Ca, P, Al, Ge, Sn, Sb, Bi, and Li It may comprise any one or a mixture of two or more.
- heat treatment of the raw material of polycrystalline silicon including the metal impurity may be performed by heat treatment at 750 ° C. to 1400 ° C. under an inert atmosphere. .
- the metal impurities distributed throughout the raw material of the polycrystalline silicon move to the grain boundaries. If the temperature during the heat treatment is less than 750 °C, the movement of the metal impurities to the grain boundary is not smooth, as a result there is a fear that the size and porosity of the pores formed in the grain boundary is reduced.
- melting of Si may occur to prevent a porous structure from being formed.
- the manufacturing method of the negative electrode active material according to an embodiment of the present invention in order to collect the metal impurities in the grain boundary, it may be desirable to maintain a constant temperature during the heat treatment.
- a cooling process is performed to prevent the movement of the metal impurities collected at the grain boundaries.
- the cooling may be carried out by cooling the heat-treated porous silicon to a temperature of 20 °C to 30 °C, wherein the cooling method may be carried out according to conventional methods such as water washing, ventilation, ice bath impregnation.
- the cooling rate during the cooling is not particularly limited, but specifically, may be rapidly carried out within 10 minutes to the above-mentioned cooling temperature.
- step 2 is a step of eluting the metal impurity by acid treatment of the polycrystalline silicon including the metal impurity at the grain boundary prepared in step 1 above.
- the acid treatment may be carried out by impregnating any one or a mixture of two or more inorganic acids, such as hydrofluoric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid or phosphoric acid.
- the acid may be used as a diluted solution by adding water or alcohol.
- the acid treatment process may be performed one or more times, specifically, one or two times in consideration of the porosity and metal impurities in the final porous polycrystalline silicon.
- a washing step and a drying step for the polycrystalline silicon obtained as a result of the acid treatment may optionally be further performed.
- the washing process and drying process may be carried out according to a conventional method. Specifically, the washing process may be performed by impregnation using a water, alcohol or a mixture thereof, or rinsing. In addition, in the case of the drying process, it may be carried out by heating or hot air treatment at a temperature range, specifically 80 °C to 120 °C can evaporate, remove the remaining solvent component.
- the manufacturing method of the negative electrode active material according to an embodiment of the present invention may further include the step of surface treatment with a carbon-based material after the production of the porous polycrystalline silicon.
- Surface treatment of the carbon-based material may be a surface coating by deposition, coating, spraying, impregnation, dry mixing or pressing of the carbon-based material; Mechanical alloys; It may be carried out by a conventional carbon-based coating layer forming method such as carbonization by firing of an organic material.
- the surface may be coated with a low crystalline or amorphous carbon precursor, or surface coated with an amorphous carbon precursor, followed by heat treatment to carbonize the carbon precursor, or spray coating.
- the coating layer may be formed by a method such as pitch coating or chemical vapor deposition (CVD). In this case, the type and content of the carbonaceous material are the same as described above.
- a negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery including the negative electrode active material is provided.
- the negative electrode is formed on the negative electrode current collector, and the negative electrode current collector, and comprises a negative electrode active material layer containing the negative electrode active material.
- the negative electrode current collector is not particularly limited as long as it has a high conductivity without causing chemical change in the battery, for example, copper, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, Surfaces of titanium, calcined carbon, copper or stainless steel with carbon, nickel, titanium or silver, or aluminum-cadmium alloys may be used.
- the negative electrode current collector may have a thickness of typically 3 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m, and may form fine irregularities on the surface of the current collector to enhance the bonding force of the negative electrode active material.
- it can be used in various forms, such as a film, a sheet, a foil, a net, a porous body, a foam, or a nonwoven body.
- the negative electrode active material layer optionally includes a binder and a conductive material together with the negative electrode active material.
- the negative electrode active material is the same as described above.
- the conductive material is used to impart conductivity to the electrode, and in the battery constituted, any conductive material may be used as long as it has electronic conductivity without causing chemical change.
- any conductive material may be used as long as it has electronic conductivity without causing chemical change.
- Specific examples thereof include graphite such as natural graphite and artificial graphite; Carbon-based materials such as carbon black, acetylene black, ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, summer black and carbon fiber; Metal powder or metal fibers such as copper, nickel, aluminum, and silver; Conductive whiskeys such as zinc oxide and potassium titanate; Conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide; Or conductive polymers such as polyphenylene derivatives, and the like, or a mixture of two or more kinds thereof may be used.
- the conductive material may be a carbon-based material such as carbon black, in view of the remarkable improvement effect when mixed with the negative electrode active material including the porous polycrystalline silicon and the high temperature drying process in the negative electrode manufacturing process.
- the conductive material may typically be included in an amount of 1 to 30% by weight based on the total weight of the negative electrode active material layer.
- the binder serves to improve adhesion between the negative electrode active material particles and the adhesion between the negative electrode active material and the current collector.
- specific examples include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (PVDF-co-HFP), polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylonitrile, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC).
- the binder may be an aqueous binder, in particular, in view of the remarkable improvement effect when mixed with the negative electrode active material including the porous polycrystalline silicon, the remarkable improvement effect, the adhesive ability of the binder itself and the negative electrode It may be styrene-butadiene rubber in view of the high temperature drying process in the manufacturing process.
- the binder may be included in an amount of 1 to 30% by weight based on the total weight of the negative electrode active material layer.
- the negative electrode having the structure as described above may be manufactured according to a conventional negative electrode manufacturing method except for using the negative electrode active material described above.
- the negative electrode active material, the binder and the conductive material may be prepared by applying a composition for forming a negative electrode active material layer prepared by dissolving or dispersing in a solvent on a negative electrode current collector, followed by drying.
- the type and content of the negative electrode active material, the binder, and the conductive material are as described above.
- the solvent usable in the preparation of the composition for forming the negative electrode active material layer may be a solvent generally used in the art, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), isopropyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, N -Methylpyrrolidone (NMP), acetone (acetone) or water, and the like, and one of these alone or a mixture of two or more thereof may be used.
- the amount of the solvent is sufficient to dissolve or disperse the positive electrode active material, the conductive material, and the binder in consideration of the coating thickness of the slurry and the production yield, and to have a viscosity that can exhibit excellent thickness uniformity during application for the production of the positive electrode. Do.
- the negative electrode active material layer-forming composition may further include a thickener together with the above components.
- the thickener may be a cellulose compound such as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC).
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- the thickener may be included in an amount such that 0.1 to 10% by weight based on the total weight of the negative electrode active material layer.
- the negative electrode may be prepared by casting the composition for forming the negative electrode active material layer on a separate support, and then laminating the film obtained by peeling from the support onto the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode manufactured according to the manufacturing method as described above, by including the negative electrode active material may exhibit excellent life characteristics without fear of lowering the initial efficiency.
- an electrochemical device including the cathode is provided.
- the electrochemical device may be specifically a battery or a capacitor, and more specifically, may be a lithium secondary battery.
- the lithium secondary battery specifically includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode positioned to face the positive electrode, a separator and an electrolyte interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and the negative electrode is as described above.
- the lithium secondary battery may further include a battery container for accommodating the electrode assembly of the negative electrode, the positive electrode, and the separator, and a sealing member for sealing the battery container.
- the positive electrode is formed on the positive electrode current collector and the positive electrode current collector, and includes a positive electrode active material layer including the positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode current collector is not particularly limited as long as it is conductive without causing chemical change in the battery.
- the positive electrode current collector is made of stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, calcined carbon, or carbon on the surface of aluminum or stainless steel. Surface treated with nickel, titanium, silver, or the like may be used.
- the positive electrode current collector may have a thickness of about 3 to 500 ⁇ m, and may form fine irregularities on the surface of the current collector to increase the adhesion of the positive electrode active material.
- it can be used in various forms, such as a film, a sheet, a foil, a net, a porous body, a foam, a nonwoven body.
- the positive electrode active material layer may include a conductive material and a binder together with the positive electrode active material.
- a compound capable of reversible intercalation and deintercalation of lithium may be used as the cathode active material.
- a compound capable of reversible intercalation and deintercalation of lithium lithium (lithiated intercalation compound) may be used as the cathode active material.
- one or more of complex oxides of metal and lithium of cobalt, manganese, nickel or a combination thereof may be used, and as a specific example, a lithium metal compound represented by the following Chemical Formula 1 may be used.
- M and M ' are each independently Fe, Ni, Co, Mn, Cr, Zr, Nb, Cu, V, Mo, Ti, Zn, Al, Ga, Mg, B and combinations thereof
- x, y, and z are atomic fractions of independent oxide composition elements, and 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 1, and 0 ⁇ x + y. + z ⁇ 2.
- the positive electrode active material is LiCoO 2 , LiMnO 2 , LiNiO 2 , lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (eg, Li (Ni 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 ) O 2 , LiNi 0 . 5 Mn 0 . 3 Co 0 . 2 O 2 , or LiNi 0 . 8 Mn 0 . 1 Co 0 . 1 O 2), or lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (for example, LiNi 0. 8 Co 0. 15 Al 0. 05 O may be one that is 2, and so on) and selected from the group consisting of a mixture thereof.
- LiCoO 2 LiMnO 2 , LiNiO 2
- lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide eg, Li (Ni 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 ) O 2 , LiNi 0 . 5 Mn 0 . 3 Co 0 . 2 O 2 , or LiNi 0 . 8 Mn 0 . 1 Co 0 .
- the positive electrode as described above may be manufactured according to a conventional positive electrode manufacturing method.
- the composition for forming a cathode active material layer prepared by dissolving a conductive material and a binder in a solvent together with the cathode active material may be prepared by coating and drying and rolling the cathode active material.
- the binder, the conductive material, and the solvent included in the cathode active material layer may be the same as described above in the anode.
- the separator is to separate the negative electrode and the positive electrode and to provide a passage for the movement of lithium ions, if it is usually used as a separator in a lithium secondary battery can be used without particular limitation, in particular to the ion movement of the electrolyte It is desirable to have a low resistance against the electrolyte and excellent electrolytic solution-moisture capability.
- a porous polymer film for example, a porous polymer film made of a polyolefin-based polymer such as ethylene homopolymer, propylene homopolymer, ethylene / butene copolymer, ethylene / hexene copolymer and ethylene / methacrylate copolymer or the like Laminate structures of two or more layers may be used.
- a porous nonwoven fabrics such as nonwoven fabrics made of high melting point glass fibers, polyethylene terephthalate fibers and the like may be used.
- a coated separator containing a ceramic component or a polymer material may be used to secure heat resistance or mechanical strength, and may be optionally used as a single layer or a multilayer structure.
- examples of the electrolyte used in the present invention include an organic liquid electrolyte, an inorganic liquid electrolyte, a solid polymer electrolyte, a gel polymer electrolyte, a solid inorganic electrolyte, a molten inorganic electrolyte, and the like, which can be used in manufacturing a lithium secondary battery. It doesn't happen.
- the electrolyte may include an organic solvent and a lithium salt.
- the organic solvent may be used without particular limitation as long as it can serve as a medium through which ions involved in the electrochemical reaction of the battery can move.
- the organic solvent may be an ester solvent such as methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, ⁇ -butyrolactone or ⁇ -caprolactone; Ether solvents such as dibutyl ether or tetrahydrofuran; Ketone solvents such as cyclohexanone; Aromatic hydrocarbon solvents such as benzene and fluorobenzene; Dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), methyl ethyl carbonate (MEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate, Carbonate solvents such as PC); Alcohol solvents such as ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol; Nitriles such as R-CN (R is a C2 to C20 linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon group, which may include
- carbonate-based solvents are preferable, and cyclic carbonates having high ionic conductivity and high dielectric constant (for example, ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate) that can improve the charge and discharge performance of a battery, and low viscosity linear carbonate compounds (for example, a mixture of ethyl methyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate or diethyl carbonate and the like is more preferable.
- the cyclic carbonate and the chain carbonate may be mixed and used in a volume ratio of about 1: 1 to about 1: 9, so that the performance of the electrolyte may be excellent.
- the lithium salt may be used without particular limitation as long as it is a compound capable of providing lithium ions used in a lithium secondary battery.
- the lithium salt is LiPF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiAl0 4 , LiAlCl 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiC 4 F 9 SO 3 , LiN (C 2 F 5 SO 3 ) 2 , LiN (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 .
- LiCl, LiI, or LiB (C 2 O 4 ) 2 and the like can be used.
- the concentration of the lithium salt is preferably used within the range of 0.1 to 2.0M. When the concentration of the lithium salt is included in the above range, since the electrolyte has an appropriate conductivity and viscosity, it can exhibit excellent electrolyte performance, and lithium ions can move effectively.
- the electrolyte includes, for example, haloalkylene carbonate-based compounds such as difluoro ethylene carbonate, pyridine, tri, etc. for the purpose of improving battery life characteristics, reducing battery capacity, and improving discharge capacity of the battery.
- haloalkylene carbonate-based compounds such as difluoro ethylene carbonate, pyridine, tri, etc.
- Ethyl phosphite triethanolamine, cyclic ether, ethylene diamine, n-glyme, hexaphosphate triamide, nitrobenzene derivative, sulfur, quinone imine dye, N-substituted oxazolidinone, N, N-substituted imida
- One or more additives such as zolidine, ethylene glycol dialkyl ether, ammonium salt, pyrrole, 2-methoxy ethanol or aluminum trichloride may be included. In this case, the additive may be included in 0.1 to 5% by weight based on the total weight of the electrolyte.
- the lithium secondary battery including the cathode active material according to the present invention stably exhibits excellent discharge capacity, output characteristics, and capacity retention rate
- portable devices such as mobile phones, notebook computers, digital cameras, and hybrid electric vehicles ( It is useful for electric vehicle fields such as hybrid electric vehicle (HEV).
- HEV hybrid electric vehicle
- a battery module including the lithium secondary battery as a unit cell and a battery pack including the same are provided.
- the battery module or the battery pack is a power tool (Power Tool); Electric vehicles including electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs); Or it can be used as a power source for any one or more of the system for power storage.
- Power Tool Electric vehicles including electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs); Or it can be used as a power source for any one or more of the system for power storage.
- Polycrystalline silicon powder (porosity: ⁇ 1% by volume, average grain size: 49nm) having an average particle diameter (D 50 ) of 5 ⁇ m was heat-treated at 1350 ° C. under an inert atmosphere of argon (Ar) for 1 hour to aggregate impurities at grain boundaries. After impregnation, the solution was impregnated with distilled water (DIW) and rapidly cooled to 20 to 25 ° C. over 10 minutes, followed by acid treatment by impregnation for 30 minutes in an aqueous solution of 0.5 M hydrochloric acid. As a result, a porous polycrystalline silicon powder from which metal impurities were removed was used, and this was used as a negative electrode active material.
- DIW distilled water
- the porous polycrystalline silicon powder prepared in Example 1 was mixed with 240 g of distilled water together with 2 g of sucrose powder. The resulting mixture was injected into a spray dryer and then spray dried to coat sucrose powder on the porous polycrystalline silicon powder.
- the inlet temperature of the spray dryer was set at 200 ° C. and the outlet temperature of the outlet at 120 ° C., respectively, and the charging rate of the mixed solution was 20 ml / min.
- a porous polycrystalline silicon powder coated with sucrose powder was obtained, which was calcined and carbonized for 2 hours in a baking furnace at 500 ° C. under an argon atmosphere.
- a porous polycrystalline silicon powder coated with amorphous carbon was obtained, which was used as a negative electrode active material.
- the content of the amorphous carbon coating layer was 5% by weight based on the total weight of the negative electrode active material.
- Example 1 10 g of polycrystalline silicon powder (porosity: ⁇ 1% by volume, average grain size: 49 nm) having an average particle diameter (D 50 ) used in Example 1 was mixed with 300 ml of 5 M hydrofluoric acid solution and 700 ml of silver nitrate solution of 0.015 M It was immersed for 30 minutes in the prepared 50 °C etching solution. At this time, Ag + ions in the silver nitrate solution receive electrons from silicon and are adsorbed on the surface of the silicon powder, and etching is carried out by dissolving the electrons deprived of Si + in hydrofluoric acid (HF).
- HF hydrofluoric acid
- porous silicon powder was neutralized with distilled water, immersed in 20% nitric acid solution to remove Ag adsorbed on the surface, and neutralized again to prepare porous polycrystalline silicon powder, which was used as a negative electrode active material. .
- Polycrystalline silicon powder (porosity: ⁇ 1% by volume, average grain size: 49 nm) having an average particle diameter (D 50 ) used in Example 1 was used as a negative electrode active material.
- a lithium secondary battery was manufactured using the negative electrode active materials prepared in Examples 1 and 2, respectively.
- a positive electrode active material . 4 Co 0 . 3 Mn 0 . 3 O 2 a carbon black conductive material and a PVdF binder were mixed in an N-methylpyrrolidone solvent in a weight ratio of 90: 5: 5 to prepare a composition for forming a cathode active material layer (viscosity: 5000 mPa ⁇ s), After coating on an aluminum current collector, it was dried and rolled to prepare a positive electrode.
- An electrode assembly was manufactured by interposing a separator of porous polyethylene between the positive electrode and the negative electrode prepared as described above, the electrode assembly was placed in a case, and an electrolyte solution was injected into the case to prepare a lithium secondary battery.
- the negative electrode active material prepared in Comparative Example 1 was observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results are shown in FIG.
- Figure 2a is a cross-sectional view of the polycrystalline silicon powder before heat treatment when manufacturing the negative electrode active material according to Example 1
- Figure 2b is a photograph of the cross-section of the polycrystalline silicon powder after heat treatment using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
- Example 1 In the preparation of the negative electrode active material in Example 1, an inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) was used to change the content of metal impurities before and after acid treatment of the heat-treated polycrystalline silicon powder. It was analyzed using. The results are shown in Table 1.
- ICP-AES inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer
- the porosity of the negative electrode active material was measured at 2000 kg / cm 2 by mercury intrusion porosimetry.
- average grain size was measured by ASTM particle size numbers in the same manner as described above.
- the negative electrode active material of Example 1 containing porous polycrystalline silicon according to the present invention had an average grain size equal to that of the negative electrode active materials of Comparative Examples 1 and 2, but the porosity in the active material particles was remarkably high. High.
- each of the negative electrode active materials prepared in Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2, 72% by weight graphite, 5% by weight carbon black and 5% by weight PVdF binder as a conductive material were mixed in an NMP solvent.
- the negative electrode active material layer-forming composition prepared by applying was applied to a copper current collector and dried to prepare a negative electrode, and a half battery (using Li metal as a counter electrode) was manufactured using the negative electrode.
- Example 1 In addition, in Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2, changes in capacity retention rate with cycles were observed, and the results are shown in FIG. 3.
- the thickness expansion ratio of the negative electrode was measured after the 50th charge and discharge cycle with respect to the thickness of the initial negative electrode.
- Thickness Expansion Ratio [(Thickness of Fully Charged Cathode-Initial Cathode Thickness at 50th Charge-Discharge Cycle) / (Initial Cathode Thickness-Copper Current Collector Thickness)]
- the negative electrode active materials of Examples 1 and 2 including porous polycrystalline silicon according to the present invention because of the pores included in the grain boundary, the negative electrode active material of Comparative Example 1, which includes only surface pores and does not include intra-particle pores, and Compared with the negative electrode active material of Comparative Example 2, which did not form pores, it showed a significantly improved capacity retention ratio and negative electrode thickness expansion inhibiting effect.
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Abstract
Description
산처리 전(ppmw) | 산처리 후(ppmw) | |
Fe | 2987 | 311 |
Al | 2650 | 198 |
Ni | 678 | 112 |
Ti | 557 | 47 |
Cu | 61 | 9 |
Mn | 318 | 136 |
V | 207 | 97 |
합계 | 7458 | 910 |
실시예 1 | 비교예 1 | 비교예 2 | |
기공도(부피%) | 18 | 3 | <1 |
평균 결정립 크기(nm) | 50 | 49 | 49 |
방전용량(mAh/g) | 초기효율(%) | 50사이클째의 용량유지율(%) | 음극 두께 팽창율(%) | |
실시예1 | 887 | 85 | 86 | 98 |
실시예2 | 882 | 89 | 87 | 97 |
비교예1 | 879 | 87 | 75 | 131 |
비교예2 | 892 | 90 | 66 | 189 |
Claims (23)
- 다공성의 다결정 실리콘을 포함하며,상기 다공성의 다결정 실리콘은 결정립계에 위치하는 기공을 포함하는 것인 리튬 이차전지용 음극활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 다공성의 다결정 실리콘은 표면 상에 형성된 기공을 더 포함하는 것인 리튬 이차전지용 음극활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 다공성의 다결정 실리콘의 기공도가 5 부피% 내지 80 부피%인 리튬 이차전지용 음극활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 다공성의 다결정 실리콘은 평균 결정립 크기가 3 nm 내지 300 nm인 리튬 이차전지용 음극활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 다공성의 다결정 실리콘은 평균 입경(D50)이 0.01 ㎛ 내지 50 ㎛인 리튬 이차전지용 음극활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 다공성의 다결정 실리콘은 금속불순물을 2,000ppm 이하의 함량으로 포함하는 것인 리튬 이차전지용 음극활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 다공성의 다결정 실리콘은 금속불순물을 포함하지 않는 것인 리튬 이차전지용 음극활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 다공성의 다결정 실리콘 표면 상에 탄소계 물질을 포함하는 코팅층을 더 포함하는 리튬 이차전지용 음극활물질.
- 제8항에 있어서,상기 탄소계 물질은 비정질 탄소를 포함하는 것인 리튬 이차전지용 음극활물질.
- 제8항에 있어서,상기 탄소계 물질을 포함하는 코팅층은 음극활물질 총 중량에 대하여 50중량% 이하로 포함되는 것인 리튬 이차전지용 음극활물질.
- 금속불순물을 포함하는 다결정 실리콘을 열처리한 후 냉각하여, 결정립계에 상기 금속불순물을 포함하는 다결정 실리콘을 준비하는 단계, 및상기 결정립계에 금속불순물을 포함하는 다결정 실리콘을 산 처리하여 상기 금속불순물을 용출시킴으로써, 결정립계에 기공이 형성된 다공성의 다결정 실리콘을 제조하는 단계를 포함하는 리튬 이차전지용 음극활물질의 제조방법.
- 제11항에 있어서,상기 금속불순물이 Ni, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Mg, Ca, P, Al, Ge, Sn, Sb, Bi, 및 Li로 이루어진 군에서 선택되는 어느 하나 또는 둘 이상의 혼합물을 포함하는 것인 리튬 이차전지용 음극활물질의 제조방법.
- 제11항에 있어서,상기 열처리가 750℃ 내지 1400℃에서의 온도에서 실시되는 것인 리튬 이차전지용 음극활물질의 제조방법.
- 제11항에 있어서,상기 냉각이 20℃ 내지 30℃의 온도까지 10분 이내의 시간 동안에 걸쳐 냉각시킴으로써 실시되는 것인 리튬 이차전지용 음극활물질의 제조방법.
- 제11항에 있어서,상기 산은 불산, 염산, 황산, 질산 및 인산으로 이루어진 군에서 선택되는 어느 하나 또는 둘 이상의 혼합물을 포함하는 것인 리튬 이차전지용 음극활물질의 제조방법.
- 제11항에 있어서,상기 다공성의 다결정 실리콘의 제조 후, 상기 다공성의 다결정 실리콘 표면 상에 탄소계 물질을 포함하는 코팅층을 형성하는 단계를 더 포함하는 리튬 이차전지용 음극활물질의 제조방법.
- 제16항에 있어서,상기 탄소계 물질이 비정질 탄소를 포함하는 것인 리튬 이차전지용 음극활물질의 제조방법.
- 제1항 내지 제10항 중 어느 한 항에 따른 음극활물질을 포함하는 리튬 이차전지용 음극.
- 제18항에 따른 음극을 포함하는 것인 리튬 이차전지.
- 제19항에 따른 리튬 이차전지를 단위셀로 포함하는 전지모듈.
- 제20항에 따른 전지모듈을 포함하는 전지팩.
- 제21항에 있어서,중대형 디바이스의 전원으로 사용되는 것인 전지팩.
- 제22항에 있어서,상기 중대형 디바이스가 전기자동차, 하이브리드 전기자동차, 플러그-인 하이브리드 전기자동차 및 전력 저장용 시스템으로 이루어진 군에서 선택되는 것인 전지팩.
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JP2017513514A JP6517326B2 (ja) | 2014-10-02 | 2015-10-01 | リチウム二次電池用負極活物質の製造方法 |
PL15846949T PL3203550T3 (pl) | 2014-10-02 | 2015-10-01 | Materiał czynny elektrody ujemnej dla akumulatora litowego, sposób jego wytwarzania oraz akumulator litowy go zawierający |
US15/513,044 US10637051B2 (en) | 2014-10-02 | 2015-10-01 | Negative electrode active material for lithium secondary battery, method of preparing the same, and lithium secondary battery including the material |
EP15846949.4A EP3203550B1 (en) | 2014-10-02 | 2015-10-01 | Negative electrode active material for lithium secondary battery, method for preparing same, and lithium secondary battery comprising same |
CN201580053723.0A CN107112519B (zh) | 2014-10-02 | 2015-10-01 | 锂二次电池用负极活性材料、其制备方法和包含所述材料的锂二次电池 |
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