WO2016039118A1 - 電解液及び新規なフッ素化リン酸エステル - Google Patents
電解液及び新規なフッ素化リン酸エステル Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2016039118A1 WO2016039118A1 PCT/JP2015/073577 JP2015073577W WO2016039118A1 WO 2016039118 A1 WO2016039118 A1 WO 2016039118A1 JP 2015073577 W JP2015073577 W JP 2015073577W WO 2016039118 A1 WO2016039118 A1 WO 2016039118A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- fluorinated
- group
- carbonate
- carbon atoms
- alkyl group
- Prior art date
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- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 89
- 150000003014 phosphoric acid esters Chemical class 0.000 title abstract description 10
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 122
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 94
- -1 Fluorinated phosphate ester Chemical class 0.000 claims description 92
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 89
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 claims description 59
- 150000005676 cyclic carbonates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 54
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 54
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 53
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 41
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 38
- 150000005678 chain carbonates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 23
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 23
- 229910013872 LiPF Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 101150058243 Lipf gene Proteins 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910013063 LiBF 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910013528 LiN(SO2 CF3)2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910013385 LiN(SO2C2F5)2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910012424 LiSO 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- DEUISMFZZMAAOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium dihydrogen borate oxalic acid Chemical compound B([O-])(O)O.C(C(=O)O)(=O)O.C(C(=O)O)(=O)O.[Li+] DEUISMFZZMAAOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- NDZWKTKXYOWZML-UHFFFAOYSA-N trilithium;difluoro oxalate;borate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]B([O-])[O-].FOC(=O)C(=O)OF NDZWKTKXYOWZML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 125000002467 phosphate group Chemical class [H]OP(=O)(O[H])O[*] 0.000 claims 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 abstract description 19
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 abstract description 14
- 125000005647 linker group Chemical group 0.000 abstract description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 74
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 57
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 56
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 49
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 description 49
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- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 41
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- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 description 39
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- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 31
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- VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxol-2-one Chemical class O=C1OC=CO1 VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
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- NECLQTPQJZSWOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N spiro[5.5]undecane Chemical compound C1CCCCC21CCCCC2 NECLQTPQJZSWOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940014800 succinic anhydride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MBDNRNMVTZADMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolene Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CC=CC1 MBDNRNMVTZADMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003871 sulfonates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003457 sulfones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001308 synthesis method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001897 terpolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- WMOVHXAZOJBABW-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC(C)(C)C WMOVHXAZOJBABW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JAELLLITIZHOGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl propanoate Chemical compound CCC(=O)OC(C)(C)C JAELLLITIZHOGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001577 tetrasodium phosphonato phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000319 transition metal phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000005208 trialkylammonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003627 tricarboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- AJSTXXYNEIHPMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl borate Chemical compound CCOB(OCC)OCC AJSTXXYNEIHPMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002023 trifluoromethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)* 0.000 description 1
- WRECIMRULFAWHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl borate Chemical compound COB(OC)OC WRECIMRULFAWHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001132 ultrasonic dispersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013585 weight reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002759 woven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 description 1
- PAPBSGBWRJIAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ε-Caprolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCCCO1 PAPBSGBWRJIAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
- C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
- C07F9/06—Phosphorus compounds without P—C bonds
- C07F9/08—Esters of oxyacids of phosphorus
- C07F9/09—Esters of phosphoric acids
- C07F9/091—Esters of phosphoric acids with hydroxyalkyl compounds with further substituents on alkyl
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01D—COMPOUNDS OF ALKALI METALS, i.e. LITHIUM, SODIUM, POTASSIUM, RUBIDIUM, CAESIUM, OR FRANCIUM
- C01D15/00—Lithium compounds
- C01D15/005—Lithium hexafluorophosphate
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C19/00—Acyclic saturated compounds containing halogen atoms
- C07C19/08—Acyclic saturated compounds containing halogen atoms containing fluorine
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C23/00—Compounds containing at least one halogen atom bound to a ring other than a six-membered aromatic ring
- C07C23/02—Monocyclic halogenated hydrocarbons
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F1/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 1 or 11 of the Periodic Table
- C07F1/02—Lithium compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
- C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
- C07F9/06—Phosphorus compounds without P—C bonds
- C07F9/08—Esters of oxyacids of phosphorus
- C07F9/09—Esters of phosphoric acids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
- C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
- C07F9/28—Phosphorus compounds with one or more P—C bonds
- C07F9/38—Phosphonic acids [RP(=O)(OH)2]; Thiophosphonic acids ; [RP(=X1)(X2H)2(X1, X2 are each independently O, S or Se)]
- C07F9/40—Esters thereof
- C07F9/4003—Esters thereof the acid moiety containing a substituent or a structure which is considered as characteristic
- C07F9/4062—Esters of acids containing the structure -C(=X)-P(=X)(XR)2 or NC-P(=X)(XR)2, (X = O, S, Se)
- C07F9/4065—Esters of acids containing the structure -C(=X)-P(=X)(XR)2, (X = O, S, Se)
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/54—Electrolytes
- H01G11/58—Liquid electrolytes
- H01G11/60—Liquid electrolytes characterised by the solvent
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/54—Electrolytes
- H01G11/58—Liquid electrolytes
- H01G11/64—Liquid electrolytes characterised by additives
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/004—Details
- H01G9/022—Electrolytes; Absorbents
- H01G9/035—Liquid electrolytes, e.g. impregnating materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0568—Liquid materials characterised by the solutes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/54—Electrolytes
- H01G11/58—Liquid electrolytes
- H01G11/62—Liquid electrolytes characterised by the solute, e.g. salts, anions or cations therein
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
- H01M2300/0028—Organic electrolyte characterised by the solvent
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrolytic solution, and an electrochemical device, a secondary battery, and a module including the electrolytic solution.
- the present invention also relates to a novel fluorinated phosphate ester.
- an electrolytic solution used for an electrochemical device such as a lithium ion secondary battery
- an electrolytic solution containing a fluorinated phosphate is known.
- Patent Document 1 in order to suppress the reaction between the negative electrode and the non-aqueous electrolyte during charge / discharge, and to obtain a lithium secondary battery excellent in charge / discharge cycle characteristics,
- a lithium secondary battery comprising a negative electrode and a non-aqueous electrolyte solution in which a solute is dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent, a negative electrode material containing aluminum is used for the negative electrode, and fluorination is performed on the non-aqueous solvent.
- a lithium secondary battery is described in which at least one selected from a phosphoric acid ester and a fluorinated phosphorous acid ester is added.
- Patent Document 2 discloses that a nonaqueous electrolyte of a nonaqueous electrolyte battery including a positive electrode containing a lithium-containing polyanion metal composite compound has flame retardancy, but has excellent high rate discharge performance and cycle performance.
- a nonaqueous electrolyte of a nonaqueous electrolyte battery including a positive electrode containing a lithium-containing polyanion metal composite compound has flame retardancy, but has excellent high rate discharge performance and cycle performance.
- One or more types of fluorinated phosphate compounds in which the terminal structure of the alkyl group is represented by CF 3 and one or more fluorinated phosphate compounds in which the terminal structure of the alkyl group is represented by CF 2 H are used as the water electrolyte battery.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery characterized by containing is described.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte solution containing an organic solvent (II) containing 0.5 to 30% by volume of a phosphate ester (I) and an electrolyte salt (III) is described.
- Patent Document 4 discloses that a secondary battery capable of long-life driving uses an electrolyte containing a liquid medium that hardly generates carbon dioxide at a concentration of 10 to 80 vol%, and generates carbon dioxide.
- a fluorinated phosphate compound is mentioned as a difficult liquid medium.
- an electrolytic solution containing a fluorinated phosphate has been used as an electrolytic solution used in an electrochemical device.
- further improvement of the storage capacity maintenance rate is required.
- this invention makes it a subject to provide the novel electrolyte solution which can obtain the electrochemical device with a high storage capacity maintenance factor.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a fluorinated phosphate ester that is a novel compound.
- the present invention is an electrolytic solution containing a solvent and an electrolyte salt,
- the solvent is represented by the general formula (1):
- L a is a non-fluorinated alkylene group having 2 or more carbon atoms
- Rf a is a linear or branched fluorinated alkyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms
- R a1 and R a2 are Fluorinated phosphate ester (1) represented by the same or different hydrogen atom, non-fluorinated alkyl group or fluorinated alkyl group)
- L b is a non-fluorinated alkylene group having 1 or more carbon atoms
- Rf b is a single bond or a linear or branched fluorinated alkylene group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms
- R b1 is fluorine.
- a fluorinated phosphate ester (2) represented by a fluorinated alkyl group and R b2 is a single bond, a non-fluorinated alkylene group or a fluorinated alkylene group
- An electrolytic solution comprising at least one fluorinated phosphate selected from the group consisting of:
- L a is preferably a non-fluorinated alkylene group having 2 carbon atoms.
- L b is preferably a non-fluorinated alkylene group having 2 carbon atoms.
- the solvent preferably contains 0.01 to 90% by volume of a fluorinated phosphate ester.
- the solvent preferably contains at least one selected from the group consisting of a non-fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate, a fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate, a non-fluorinated chain carbonate, and a fluorinated chain carbonate.
- the electrolyte salts include LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiSO 3 CF 3 , LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 , LiN (SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 , lithium difluoro (oxalate) borate, lithium bis (oxalate) borate, and And selected from the group consisting of salts represented by the formula: LiPF a (C n F 2n + 1 ) 6-a (wherein a is an integer from 0 to 5 and n is an integer from 1 to 6).
- at least one lithium salt is used.
- the present invention also provides an electrochemical device comprising the above electrolyte.
- the present invention also provides a secondary battery comprising the above electrolytic solution.
- the present invention is also a module comprising the electrochemical device or the secondary battery.
- the invention also provides a general formula (1):
- L a is a non-fluorinated alkylene group having 2 or more carbon atoms
- Rf a is a linear or branched fluorinated alkyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms
- R a1 and R a2 are A fluorinated phosphate ester (1) which is the same or different and is a hydrogen atom, a non-fluorinated alkyl group or a fluorinated alkyl group).
- the electrolytic solution of the present invention is used, an electrochemical device having a high storage capacity retention rate can be obtained.
- the fluorinated phosphate ester (1) of the present invention can be suitably used as an additive that can be added to an electrolytic solution.
- the electrolytic solution of the present invention contains a solvent.
- the solvent is preferably a non-aqueous solvent, and the electrolytic solution of the present invention is preferably a non-aqueous electrolytic solution.
- the solvent contains at least one selected from the group consisting of fluorinated phosphate esters (1) and (2).
- L a is a non-fluorinated alkylene group having 2 or more carbon atoms
- Rf a is a linear or branched fluorinated alkyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms
- R a1 and R a2 are The fluorinated phosphate ester (1) is the same or different and is a hydrogen atom, a non-fluorinated alkyl group or a fluorinated alkyl group).
- Fluorinated phosphoric acid ester (1) is provided with an oxygen atom attached to the phosphorus atom, and a fluorinated alkyl group represented by Rf a, the number of carbon atoms represented by L a is 2 or more non-fluorinated alkylene group It has a structure which is connected via.
- the present inventors have realized that a fluorinated phosphate ester having a non-fluorinated alkylene group having 2 or more carbon atoms as a linking group realizes a higher storage capacity retention rate than a conventionally known fluorinated phosphate ester. As a result, the present invention has been completed.
- L a is a 2 or more non-fluorinated alkylene group having a carbon number.
- L a is -CH 2 - when is (methylene), can not be realized electrochemical device shown excellent storage capacity maintenance ratio.
- the L a it is preferable that a carbon number of non-fluorinated alkylene group having 6 or less, more preferably a carbon number of 4 or less non-fluorinated alkylene group, non-fluorinated alkylene group having 2 carbon atoms Is more preferable, and —CH 2 CH 2 — is particularly preferable.
- Rfa is a linear or branched fluorinated alkyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms.
- Rf a is CF 3- (trifluoromethyl group)
- an electrochemical device exhibiting an excellent storage capacity retention rate cannot be realized.
- the Rf a it is preferable carbon number of 4 or less fluorinated alkyl group.
- As the Rf a it is preferably a completely fluorinated alkyl group in which hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms substituted by any fluorine atoms.
- Rf a is at least one selected from the group consisting of CF 3 CF 2 —, CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 —, (CF 3 ) 2 CF—, and CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 —. preferable.
- R a1 and R a2 are the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom, a non-fluorinated alkyl group, or a fluorinated alkyl group.
- R a1 and R a2 it is preferable that at least one is a fluorinated alkyl group, and more preferable that both R a1 and R a2 are fluorinated alkyl groups, since a high storage capacity retention ratio can be achieved.
- the fluorinated alkyl group is preferably a linear or branched fluorinated alkyl group having 4 to 12 carbon atoms.
- R a1 and R a2 may be the same or different, and CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, CF 3 C (CF 3 ) FCH 2 CH 2 — and CF 3 More preferably, it is at least one selected from the group consisting of 3 CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 —.
- R a1 and R a2 are each preferably Rf a -L a- because a high storage capacity retention ratio can be realized and the compound itself can be easily produced. That is, as the fluorinated phosphate ester (1), the general formula (1-2):
- Rf a is as described above.
- Rf a is as described above.
- Three L a in the general formula (1-2) may be different from each other, but are preferably three L a are the same.
- Three Rf a in the general formula (1-2) and (1-3) may be different from each other, but are preferably three Rf a is identical.
- L b is a non-fluorinated alkylene group having 1 or more carbon atoms
- Rf b is a single bond or a linear or branched fluorinated alkylene group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms
- R b1 is fluorine.
- the fluorinated phosphate ester (2) which is a fluorinated alkyl group and R b2 is a single bond, a non-fluorinated alkylene group or a fluorinated alkylene group
- the fluorinated phosphate ester (2) has a cyclic structure formed by bonding a phosphorus atom, two oxygen atoms bonded to the phosphorus atom, L b , Rf b and R b2 .
- Rf b and R b2 are arbitrary linking groups.
- L b is a non-fluorinated alkylene group having 1 or more carbon atoms.
- L b is preferably a non-fluorinated alkylene group having 6 or less carbon atoms, more preferably a non-fluorinated alkylene group having 4 or less carbon atoms, and a non-fluorinated alkylene group having 2 or more carbon atoms.
- Rf b is a single bond or a linear or branched fluorinated alkylene group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms.
- the Rf b it is preferable carbon number of 4 or less fluorinated alkylene group.
- As the Rf b it is preferable that hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon atom which is fully fluorinated alkylene group substituted by all fluorine atoms.
- the Rf b, -CF 2 CF 2 - , - CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 -, - CF 2 C (CF 3) F -, - C (CF 3) FCF 2 - and -CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 CF It is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of 2 — and selected from the group consisting of —CF 2 CF 2 —, —CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 — and —CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 —. More preferably, it is at least one kind.
- R b1 is a fluorinated alkyl group.
- the fluorinated alkyl group is preferably a linear or branched fluorinated alkyl group having 4 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 6 or more, more preferably 8 or less.
- R b2 is a single bond, a non-fluorinated alkylene group or a fluorinated alkylene group.
- R b2 is preferably a non-fluorinated alkylene group having 2 or more carbon atoms because an excellent storage capacity retention ratio can be realized.
- R b2 is preferably a non-fluorinated alkylene group having 6 or less carbon atoms, more preferably a non-fluorinated alkylene group having 4 or less carbon atoms, and a non-fluorinated alkylene group having 2 carbon atoms. Is more preferable, and —CH 2 CH 2 — is particularly preferable.
- R b2 is preferably the same as L b .
- the solvent preferably contains 0.01 to 90% by volume of a fluorinated phosphate ester with respect to the solvent.
- the content of the fluorinated phosphate ester is more preferably 0.1% by volume or more, further preferably 0.5% by volume or more, still more preferably 1% by volume or more, and 4% by volume.
- % Is particularly preferable 20% by volume or more is most preferable, 60% by volume or less is more preferable, 50% by volume or less is further preferable, and 30% by volume or less is preferable. Particularly preferred.
- the solvent preferably further contains at least one selected from the group consisting of a fluorinated chain carbonate, a non-fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate, a fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate, and a non-fluorinated chain carbonate.
- the fluorinated chain carbonate is a chain carbonate having a fluorine atom.
- the fluorinated chain carbonate preferably has a fluorine content of 10 to 70% by mass.
- the fluorine content is a value calculated from ⁇ (number of fluorine atoms ⁇ 19) / molecular weight of fluorinated chain carbonate ⁇ ⁇ 100 (%) based on the structural formula of the fluorinated chain carbonate.
- the fluorinated chain carbonate has a general formula: Rf 1 OCOORf 2 (Wherein Rf 1 and Rf 2 are the same or different and represent an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms or a fluorine-containing alkyl group, provided that at least one of Rf 1 and Rf 2 contains 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- a fluorinated chain carbonate represented by fluorinated alkyl group
- Rf 1 and Rf 2 are the same or different and each represents an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms or a fluorine-containing alkyl group. However, at least one of Rf 1 and Rf 2 is a fluorine-containing alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. The number of carbon atoms is preferably 1 to 3 in view of good compatibility with the electrolytic solution.
- Rf 1 examples include CF 3 —, CF 3 CF 2 —, (CF 3 ) 2 CH—, CF 3 CH 2 —, C 2 F 5 CH 2 —, HCF 2 CH 2 —, HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2- , CF 3 CFHCF 2 CH 2- and the like.
- CF 3 CH 2 — and HCF 2 CH 2 — are preferred because they have high flame retardancy and good rate characteristics and oxidation resistance.
- Rf 2 examples include CF 3- , CF 3 CF 2- , (CF 3 ) 2 CH-, CF 3 CH 2- , C 2 F 5 CH 2- , HCF 2 CH 2- , HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2- , CF 3 CFHCF 2 CH 2- and the like.
- CF 3 CH 2 — and HCF 2 CH 2 — are preferred because they have high flame retardancy and good rate characteristics and oxidation resistance.
- fluorinated chain carbonate examples include, for example, CF 3 CH 2 OCOOCH 2 CF 3 , CF 3 CH 2 OCOOCH 3 , CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 OCOOCH 2 CF 2 CF 3 , and CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 OCOOCH.
- Fluorinated chain carbonates such as 3 .
- compounds described in JP-A-06-21992, JP-A-2000-327634, JP-A-2001-256983 and the like can also be exemplified.
- CF 3 CH 2 OCOOCH 2 CF 3 , CF 3 CH 2 OCOOCH 3 , and CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 OCOOCH 2 CF are highly effective in suppressing gas generation and improving high-temperature storage characteristics.
- the fluorine content is more preferably 20% by mass or more, further preferably 30% by mass or more, and particularly preferably 33% by mass or more.
- the fluorine content is preferably 60% by mass or less, and more preferably 55% by mass or less.
- non-fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate examples include ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), and butylene carbonate.
- the non-fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate is at least one compound selected from the group consisting of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, and butylene carbonate in that the dielectric constant is high and the viscosity is suitable. It is preferable.
- 1 type of the compound mentioned above may be used, and 2 or more types may be used together.
- the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate is a saturated cyclic carbonate to which a fluorine atom is added.
- X 1 to X 4 are the same or different and are each —H, —CH 3 , —F, a fluorinated alkyl group optionally having an ether bond, or fluorine optionally having an ether bond
- at least one of X 1 to X 4 is —F, a fluorinated alkyl group that may have an ether bond, or a fluorinated alkoxy group that may have an ether bond
- Fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate (A) represented by: When the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate (A) is contained, when the electrolytic solution of the present invention is applied to a lithium ion secondary battery or the like, a stable film can be formed on the negative electrode, and the secondary solution of the electrolytic solution at the negative electrode can be formed. The reaction can be sufficiently suppressed. As a result, extremely stable and excellent charge / discharge characteristics can be obtained.
- the “ether bond” is a bond represented by —O—.
- one or two of X 1 to X 4 are —F, a fluorinated alkyl group optionally having an ether bond, or A fluorinated alkoxy group which may have an ether bond is preferable.
- X 1 to X 4 are —H, —F, fluorinated alkyl, since it is expected to lower the viscosity at low temperature, increase the flash point, and further improve the solubility of the electrolyte salt.
- the group (a), a fluorinated alkyl group (b) having an ether bond, or a fluorinated alkoxy group (c) is preferred.
- the fluorinated alkyl group (a) is obtained by substituting at least one hydrogen atom of the alkyl group with a fluorine atom.
- the number of carbon atoms in the fluorinated alkyl group (a) is preferably 1-20, more preferably 2-17, still more preferably 2-7, and particularly preferably 2-5. If the carbon number is too large, the low-temperature characteristics may be lowered or the solubility of the electrolyte salt may be lowered. If the carbon number is too small, the solubility of the electrolyte salt is lowered, the discharge efficiency is lowered, and further, An increase in viscosity may be observed.
- fluorinated alkyl groups (a) those having 1 carbon atom include CFH 2 —, CF 2 H—, and CF 3 —.
- fluorinated alkyl groups (a) those having 2 or more carbon atoms are represented by the following general formula (a-1): R 1 -R 2- (a-1)
- R 1 is an alkyl group having 1 or more carbon atoms which may have a fluorine atom
- R 2 is an alkylene group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms which may have a fluorine atom; provided that R 1 and A fluorinated alkyl group represented by (at least one of R 2 has a fluorine atom) can be preferably exemplified from the viewpoint of good solubility of the electrolyte salt.
- R 1 and R 2 may further have other atoms other than the carbon atom, the hydrogen atom, and the fluorine atom.
- R 1 is an alkyl group having 1 or more carbon atoms which may have a fluorine atom.
- R 1 is preferably a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 16 carbon atoms.
- the number of carbon atoms of R 1 is more preferably 1 to 6, and further preferably 1 to 3.
- R 1 specifically, as a linear or branched alkyl group, CH 3 —, CH 3 CH 2 —, CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 —, CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —,
- R 1 is a linear alkyl group having a fluorine atom, CF 3 —, CF 3 CH 2 —, CF 3 CF 2 —, CF 3 CH 2 CH 2 —, CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 — CF 3 CF 2 CF 2- , CF 3 CH 2 CF 2- , CF 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2- , CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 CH 2- , CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CH 2- , CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CH 2- , CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 CH 2 —, CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 CH 2 —, CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 CF 2 —, CF 3 CH 2 CH 2 CF 2 —, CF 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 —,
- R 1 is a branched alkyl group having a fluorine atom
- Etc. are preferable. However, since the viscosity tends to be high if there is a branch of —CH 3 or —CF 3 , the number is preferably small (one) or zero.
- R 2 is an alkylene group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms which may have a fluorine atom.
- R 2 may be linear or branched.
- An example of the minimum structural unit constituting such a linear or branched alkylene group is shown below.
- R 2 is composed of these alone or in combination.
- the base is composed of a constitutional unit that does not contain Cl, because de-HCl reaction with a base does not occur and is more stable.
- R 2 is linear, it is composed of only the above-mentioned linear minimum structural unit, and —CH 2 —, —CH 2 CH 2 — or —CF 2 — is particularly preferable. From the viewpoint of further improving the solubility of the electrolyte salt, —CH 2 — or —CH 2 CH 2 — is more preferable.
- R 2 When R 2 is branched, it contains at least one of the above-mentioned branched minimum structural units, and R 2 is represented by the general formula: — (CX a X b ) — (X a is H, F, CH 3 or CF 3 ; X b is CH 3 or CF 3, provided that when X b is CF 3 , X a is H or CH 3 .
- the solubility of the electrolyte salt can be further improved.
- Preferred fluorinated alkyl groups (a) include, for example, CF 3 CF 2 —, HCF 2 CF 2 —, H 2 CFCF 2 —, CH 3 CF 2 —, CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 —, HCF 2 CF 2 CF 2 -, H 2 CFCF 2 CF 2- , CH 3 CF 2 CF 2- ,
- the fluorinated alkyl group (b) having an ether bond is obtained by substituting at least one hydrogen atom of the alkyl group having an ether bond with a fluorine atom.
- the fluorinated alkyl group (b) having an ether bond preferably has 2 to 17 carbon atoms. If the number of carbons is too large, the viscosity of the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate (A) increases, and the fluorine-containing group increases, so that the solubility of the electrolyte salt decreases due to a decrease in the dielectric constant, A decrease in compatibility may be observed. From this viewpoint, the fluorinated alkyl group (b) having an ether bond preferably has 2 to 10 carbon atoms, and more preferably 2 to 7 carbon atoms.
- the alkylene group constituting the ether portion of the fluorinated alkyl group (b) having an ether bond may be a linear or branched alkylene group.
- An example of the minimum structural unit constituting such a linear or branched alkylene group is shown below.
- the alkylene group may be composed of these minimum structural units alone, and may be linear (i), branched (ii), or linear (i) and branched (ii). You may comprise by the combination. Preferred specific examples will be described later.
- the base is composed of a constitutional unit that does not contain Cl, because de-HCl reaction with a base does not occur and is more stable.
- fluorinated alkyl group (b) having an ether bond include a compound represented by the general formula (b-1): R 3- (OR 4 ) n1- (b-1) (Wherein R 3 may have a fluorine atom, preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; R 4 may have a fluorine atom, preferably an alkylene having 1 to 4 carbon atoms) N1 is an integer of 1 to 3; provided that at least one of R 3 and R 4 has a fluorine atom).
- R 3 and R 4 include the following, and these can be combined as appropriate to form a fluorinated alkyl group (b) having an ether bond represented by the general formula (b-1). However, it is not limited to these.
- R 3 the general formula: X c 3 C— (R 5 ) n2 — (the three X c are the same or different and each is H or F; R 5 represents a fluorine atom having 1 to 5 carbon atoms)
- R 3 includes CH 3 —, CF 3 —, HCF 2 —, and H 2 CF—.
- R 3 is linear, CF 3 CH 2 —, CF 3 CF 2 —, CF 3 CH 2 CH 2 —, CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 —, CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 —, CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 —, CF 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CH 2 —, CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CH 2 —, CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CH 2 —, CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CH 2 —, CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 CH 2- , CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 CF 2- , CF 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2- , CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CH 2 CH 2
- n2 is 1, and as R 3 is branched, the
- R 3 is more preferably linear.
- n1 is an integer of 1 to 3, preferably 1 or 2.
- R 4 may be the same or different.
- R 4 include the following linear or branched ones.
- the fluorinated alkoxy group (c) is obtained by substituting at least one hydrogen atom of the alkoxy group with a fluorine atom.
- the fluorinated alkoxy group (c) preferably has 1 to 17 carbon atoms. More preferably, it has 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
- the fluorinated alkoxy group (c) is represented by the general formula: X d 3 C— (R 6 ) n3 —O— (the three X d are the same or different, and all are H or F; R 6 is preferably carbon number)
- fluorinated alkoxy group (c) examples include a fluorinated alkoxy group in which an oxygen atom is bonded to the terminal of the alkyl group exemplified as R 1 in the general formula (a-1).
- the fluorine content of the fluorinated alkyl group (a), the fluorinated alkyl group (b) having an ether bond, and the fluorinated alkoxy group (c) in the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate (A) is preferably 10% by mass or more. If the fluorine content is too low, the effect of increasing the flash point may not be sufficiently obtained. From this viewpoint, the fluorine content is more preferably 20% by mass or more, and further preferably 30% by mass or more. The upper limit is usually 85% by mass.
- the fluorine content of the fluorinated alkyl group (a), the fluorinated alkyl group (b) having an ether bond, and the fluorinated alkoxy group (c) is determined based on ⁇ (number of fluorine atoms) based on the structural formula of each group. ⁇ 19) / Formula amount of each group ⁇ ⁇ 100 (%).
- the fluorine content of the entire fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate (A) is preferably 5% by mass or more, and more preferably 10% by mass or more.
- the upper limit is usually 76% by mass.
- the fluorine content of the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate (A) is determined based on the structural formula of the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate (A) ⁇ (number of fluorine atoms ⁇ 19) / of the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate (A). Molecular weight ⁇ ⁇ 100 (%).
- fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate (A) examples include the following.
- Etc. can also be used.
- fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate (A) in which at least one of X 1 to X 4 in the general formula (A) is a fluorinated alkyl group (a) and the rest are all —H are as follows:
- At least one of X 1 to X 4 is a fluorinated alkyl group (b) or a fluorinated alkoxy group (c) having an ether bond, and the rest are all —H.
- fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate (A) As a specific example of the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate (A),
- the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate (A) is not limited to the specific examples described above. Moreover, the said fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate (A) may be used individually by 1 type, and may use 2 or more types together by arbitrary combinations and a ratio. Moreover, although suitable content of a fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate is mentioned later, these suitable contents are also suitable content of a fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate (A).
- fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate (A) fluoroethylene carbonate and difluoroethylene carbonate are preferable.
- non-fluorinated chain carbonate examples include CH 3 OCOOCH 3 (dimethyl carbonate: DMC), CH 3 CH 2 OCOOCH 2 CH 3 (diethyl carbonate: DEC), CH 3 CH 2 OCOOCH 3 (ethyl methyl carbonate: EMC). ), CH 3 OCOOCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 (methylpropyl carbonate), methyl butyl carbonate, ethyl propyl carbonate, ethyl butyl carbonate, and other hydrocarbon-based chain carbonates.
- At least one compound selected from the group consisting of dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, methyl butyl carbonate, ethyl propyl carbonate, and ethyl butyl carbonate is preferable.
- the solvent preferably contains 10 to 99.99% by volume of non-fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate, fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate, non-fluorinated chain carbonate and fluorinated chain carbonate in total. More preferably, it is 40 volume% or more, More preferably, it is 50 volume% or more, Most preferably, it is 70 volume% or more. Further, it is more preferably 99.9% by volume or less, further preferably 99.5% by volume or less, still more preferably 99% by volume or less, particularly preferably 96% by volume or less, and most preferably 80% by volume or less.
- the solvent is selected from the group consisting of at least one saturated cyclic carbonate selected from the group consisting of non-fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonates and fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonates, and non-fluorinated chain carbonates and fluorinated chain carbonates. And at least one chain carbonate.
- the volume ratio of the saturated cyclic carbonate to the chain carbonate is preferably 10/90 to 90/10, more preferably 30/70 or more, and more preferably 70/30 or less.
- the electrolytic solution of the present invention contains an electrolyte salt.
- the electrolyte salt any salt that can be used for an electrolytic solution for an electrochemical device such as a secondary battery or an electric double layer capacitor can be used, and among them, a lithium salt is preferable.
- lithium salt examples include inorganic lithium salts such as LiClO 4 , LiPF 6, and LiBF 4 ; LiSO 3 CF 3 , LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 , LiN (SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 , LiN (SO 2 CF 3) (SO 2 C 4 F 9), LiC (SO 2 CF 3) 3, LiPF 4 (CF 3) 2, LiPF 4 (C 2 F 5) 2, LiPF 4 (SO 2 CF 3) 2, LiPF 4 (SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 , LiBF 2 (CF 3 ) 2 , LiBF 2 (C 2 F 5 ) 2 , LiBF 2 (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 , LiBF 2 (SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2, lithium difluoro (oxalato) borate, lithium bis (oxalato) borate, and the formula: LiPF a (C n F 2n + 1) 6-a ( wherein, a is It is an integer of ⁇ 5, n can be mentioned fluor
- the lithium salt in that it is possible to suppress the deterioration after the electrolytic solution was stored at high temperatures, LiPF 6, LiBF 4, LiSO 3 CF 3, LiN (SO 2 CF 3) 2, LiN (SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 , lithium difluoro (oxalate) borate, lithium bis (oxalate) borate, and the formula: LiPF a (C n F 2n + 1 ) 6-a where a is an integer from 0 to 5, n is preferably an integer of 1 to 6, and is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of salts represented by:
- LiPF a (C n F 2n + 1 ) 6-a examples include LiPF 3 (CF 3 ) 3 , LiPF 3 (C 2 F 5 ) 3 , LiPF 3 (C 3 F 7 ) 3 LiPF 3 (C 4 F 9 ) 3 , LiPF 4 (CF 3 ) 2 , LiPF 4 (C 2 F 5 ) 2 , LiPF 4 (C 3 F 7 ) 2 , LiPF 4 (C 4 F 9 ) 2
- the alkyl group represented by C 3 F 7 or C 4 F 9 in the formula may be either a straight chain or a branched structure.
- the concentration of the electrolyte salt in the electrolytic solution is preferably 0.5 to 3 mol / liter. Outside this range, the electrical conductivity of the electrolytic solution tends to be low, and the battery performance tends to deteriorate.
- the concentration of the electrolyte salt is more preferably 0.9 mol / liter or more, and more preferably 1.5 mol / liter or less.
- an ammonium salt is preferable.
- the ammonium salt include the following (IIa) to (IIe).
- R 1a , R 2a , R 3a and R 4a are the same or different, and all are alkyl groups optionally containing an ether bond having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; X ⁇ is an anion)
- Preferred examples include quaternary ammonium salts.
- the ammonium salt in which part or all of the hydrogen atoms are substituted with a fluorine atom and / or a fluorine-containing alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms is preferable from the viewpoint of improving oxidation resistance.
- Preferred specific examples of the tetraalkyl quaternary ammonium salt include compounds represented by the general formula (IIa-1):
- R 5a is an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms
- R 6a is a divalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms
- R 7a is an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms
- z is 1 or 2
- X - is an alkyl ether group containing trialkylammonium salt represented by the anion
- Etc By introducing an alkyl ether group, the viscosity can be lowered.
- the anion X ⁇ may be an inorganic anion or an organic anion.
- inorganic anions include AlCl 4 ⁇ , BF 4 ⁇ , PF 6 ⁇ , AsF 6 ⁇ , TaF 6 ⁇ , I ⁇ and SbF 6 ⁇ .
- organic anion include CF 3 COO ⁇ , CF 3 SO 3 ⁇ , (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N ⁇ , (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 N ⁇ and the like.
- BF 4 ⁇ , PF 6 ⁇ , AsF 6 ⁇ and SbF 6 ⁇ are preferred from the viewpoint of good oxidation resistance and ion dissociation properties.
- tetraalkyl quaternary ammonium salt examples include Et 4 NBF 4 , Et 4 NClO 4 , Et 4 NPF 6 , Et 4 NAsF 6 , Et 4 NSbF 6 , Et 4 NCF 3 SO 3 , Et 4 N CF 3 SO 2) 2 N, Et 4 NC 4 F 9 SO 3, Et 3 MeNBF 4, Et 3 MeNClO 4, Et 3 MeNPF 6, Et 3 MeNAsF 6, Et 3 MeNSbF 6, Et 3 MeNCF 3 SO 3, Et 3 MeN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N, Et 3 MeNC 4 F 9 SO 3 , N, N-diethyl-N-methyl-N- (2-methoxyethyl) ammonium salt and the like, and particularly, Et 4 NBF. 4, Et 4 NPF 6, Et 4 NSbF 6, Et 4 NAsF 6, Et 3 MeNBF 4, N, - Diethyl -N- methyl -N- (2-methoxyethyl) ammonium salts are preferred.
- R 8a and R 9a are the same or different and each is an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms; X - is an anion; n2 is an integer of 0 to 5; n1 is an integer of 0 to 5) represented by Spirocyclic bipyrrolidinium salt, general formula (IIb-2):
- R 10a and R 11a are the same or different and each is an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms;
- X - is an anion;
- n4 is an integer of 0 to 5;
- n3 is an integer of 0 to 5
- R 12a and R 13a are the same or different and each is an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms; X - is an anion; n6 is an integer of 0 to 5; n5 is an integer of 0 to 5) represented by Spiro ring bipyrrolidinium salts are preferred.
- the spiro-ring bipyrrolidinium salt in which part or all of the hydrogen atoms are substituted with a fluorine atom and / or a fluorine-containing alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms is preferable from the viewpoint of improving oxidation resistance.
- Anion X - of the preferred embodiment are the same as for (IIa). Among them, high dissociative, terms the internal resistance is low under a high voltage, BF 4 -, PF 6 - , (CF 3 SO 2) 2 N- or (C 2 F 5 SO 2) 2 N- is preferable.
- spiro ring bipyrrolidinium salt examples include, for example,
- This spiro ring bipyrrolidinium salt is excellent in terms of solubility in a solvent, oxidation resistance, and ionic conductivity.
- R 14a and R 15a are the same or different, and both are alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; X 2 ⁇ is an anion)
- the imidazolium salt shown by can be illustrated preferably.
- the imidazolium salt in which part or all of the hydrogen atoms are substituted with a fluorine atom and / or a fluorine-containing alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms is preferable from the viewpoint of improving oxidation resistance.
- imidazolium salts include, for example,
- This imidazolium salt is excellent in terms of low viscosity and good solubility.
- N-alkylpyridinium salts represented by the formula are preferred.
- the N-alkylpyridinium salt in which part or all of the hydrogen atoms are substituted with a fluorine atom and / or a fluorine-containing alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms is preferable from the viewpoint of improving oxidation resistance.
- N-alkylpyridinium salts include, for example,
- This N-alkylpyridinium salt is excellent in that it has low viscosity and good solubility.
- N, N-dialkylpyrrolidinium salt represented by the formula is preferably exemplified. Further, the oxidation resistance of the N, N-dialkylpyrrolidinium salt in which part or all of the hydrogen atoms are substituted with fluorine atoms and / or fluorine-containing alkyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms is improved. It is preferable from the point.
- N, N-dialkylpyrrolidinium salts include, for example,
- This N, N-dialkylpyrrolidinium salt is excellent in that it has low viscosity and good solubility.
- ammonium salts (IIa), (IIb) and (IIc) are preferable in terms of good solubility, oxidation resistance and ionic conductivity,
- a lithium salt for electric double layer capacitors.
- LiAsF 6 , LiSbF 6 , and LiN (SO 2 C 2 H 5 ) 2 are preferable.
- a magnesium salt may be used.
- Mg (ClO 4 ) 2 , Mg (OOC 2 H 5 ) 2 and the like are preferable.
- the concentration is preferably 0.6 mol / liter or more. If it is less than 0.6 mol / liter, not only the low-temperature characteristics are deteriorated, but also the initial internal resistance is increased.
- the concentration of the electrolyte salt is more preferably 0.9 mol / liter or more.
- the upper limit of the concentration is preferably 3.0 mol / liter or less, and more preferably 2.0 mol / liter or less in terms of low temperature characteristics.
- the ammonium salt is triethylmethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TEMABF 4 )
- the concentration is preferably 0.8 to 1.9 mol / liter from the viewpoint of excellent low-temperature characteristics.
- SBPBF 4 spirobipyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate
- it is preferably 0.7 to 2.0 mol / liter.
- the electrolytic solution of the present invention preferably further contains polyethylene oxide having a weight average molecular weight of 2000 to 4000 and having —OH, —OCOOH, or —COOH at the terminal.
- polyethylene oxide having a weight average molecular weight of 2000 to 4000 and having —OH, —OCOOH, or —COOH at the terminal.
- the stability of the electrode interface can be improved and the battery characteristics can be improved.
- the polyethylene oxide include polyethylene oxide monool, polyethylene oxide carboxylic acid, polyethylene oxide diol, polyethylene oxide dicarboxylic acid, polyethylene oxide triol, and polyethylene oxide tricarboxylic acid. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Of these, a mixture of polyethylene oxide monool and polyethylene oxide diol and a mixture of polyethylene oxide carboxylic acid and polyethylene oxide dicarboxylic acid are preferable in terms of better battery characteristics.
- the weight average molecular weight of the polyethylene oxide is too small, it may be easily oxidized and decomposed.
- the weight average molecular weight is more preferably 3000 to 4000.
- the said weight average molecular weight can be measured by polystyrene conversion by a gel permeation chromatography (GPC) method.
- the polyethylene oxide content is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 to 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 mol / kg in the electrolytic solution. When there is too much content of the said polyethylene oxide, there exists a possibility that a battery characteristic may be impaired.
- the polyethylene oxide content is more preferably 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 mol / kg or more.
- the electrolytic solution of the present invention preferably further contains at least one selected from the group consisting of unsaturated cyclic carbonates, fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonates, and cyclic sulfonic acid compounds as additives. By containing these compounds, deterioration of battery characteristics can be suppressed.
- the unsaturated cyclic carbonate is a cyclic carbonate containing an unsaturated bond, that is, a cyclic carbonate having at least one carbon-carbon unsaturated bond in the molecule.
- vinylene carbonate compounds such as vinylene carbonate, methyl vinylene carbonate, ethyl vinylene carbonate, 4,5-dimethyl vinylene carbonate, 4,5-diethyl vinylene carbonate; 4-vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC), 4- Methyl-4-vinylethylene carbonate, 4-ethyl-4-vinylethylene carbonate, 4-n-propyl-4-vinylethylene carbonate, 5-methyl-4-vinylethylene carbonate, 4,4-divinylethylene carbonate, 4, And vinyl ethylene carbonate compounds such as 5-divinylethylene carbonate, 4,4-dimethyl-5-methylene ethylene carbonate, and 4,4-diethyl-5-methylene ethylene carbonate.
- the molecular weight of the unsaturated cyclic carbonate is not particularly limited and is arbitrary as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired.
- the molecular weight is preferably 50 or more and 250 or less. If it is this range, it will be easy to ensure the solubility of the unsaturated cyclic carbonate with respect to electrolyte solution, and the effect of this invention will fully be expressed easily.
- the molecular weight of the unsaturated cyclic carbonate is more preferably 80 or more, and more preferably 150 or less.
- a fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonate can also be used suitably.
- the number of fluorine atoms contained in the fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonate is not particularly limited as long as it is 1 or more. Among them, the number of fluorine atoms is usually 6 or less, preferably 4 or less, and most preferably 1 or 2 fluorine atoms.
- fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonate examples include a fluorinated vinylene carbonate derivative, a fluorinated ethylene carbonate derivative substituted with an aromatic ring or a substituent having a carbon-carbon double bond.
- Fluorinated vinylene carbonate derivatives include 4-fluoro vinylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-methyl vinylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-phenyl vinylene carbonate, 4-allyl-5-fluoro vinylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5- And vinyl vinylene carbonate.
- fluorinated ethylene carbonate derivative substituted with a substituent having an aromatic ring or a carbon-carbon double bond examples include 4-fluoro-4-vinylethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-4-allylethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5 -Vinylethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-allylethylene carbonate, 4,4-difluoro-4-vinylethylene carbonate, 4,4-difluoro-4-allylethylene carbonate, 4,5-difluoro-4-vinylethylene carbonate 4,5-difluoro-4-allylethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-4,5-divinylethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-4,5-diallylethylene carbonate, 4,5-difluoro-4,5-divinylethylene carbonate , 4,5-diflu B-4,5-diallylethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-4-phenylethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-phenylethylene carbonate, 4,4-difluoro-5-phenyl
- the molecular weight of the fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonate is not particularly limited and is arbitrary as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired.
- the molecular weight is preferably 50 or more and 500 or less. If it is this range, it will be easy to ensure the solubility of the fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonate with respect to electrolyte solution, and the effect of this invention will be easy to be expressed.
- the said unsaturated cyclic carbonate may be used individually by 1 type, and may use 2 or more types together by arbitrary combinations and a ratio.
- fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate As said fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate, the compound illustrated as a fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate which can be used for the said solvent can be mentioned.
- the cyclic sulfonic acid compound examples include 1,3-propane sultone, 1,4-butane sultone, 1-fluoro-1,3-propane sultone, 2-fluoro-1,3-propane sultone, and 3-fluoro-1 , 3-propane sultone and the like.
- the electrolyte solution of the present invention preferably contains 1,3-propane sultone and / or 1,4-butane sultone in that the high temperature characteristics can be improved.
- the content thereof is 0.1 to 10 in the electrolytic solution. It is preferable that it is mass%, 1 mass% or more is more preferable, and 5 mass% or less is more preferable.
- the electrolyte solution of the present invention includes cyclic and chain carboxylic acid esters, ether compounds, nitrogen-containing compounds, boron-containing compounds, organosilicon-containing compounds, non-flammable (flame retardant) agents, and interfaces as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired.
- Other solvents or additives such as activators, high dielectric additives, cycle and rate characteristics improvers, or overcharge inhibitors may also be included.
- Examples of the cyclic carboxylic acid ester include those having 3 to 12 total carbon atoms in the structural formula. Specific examples include gamma butyrolactone, gamma valerolactone, gamma caprolactone, epsilon caprolactone, and the like. Among these, gamma butyrolactone is particularly preferable from the viewpoint of improving battery characteristics resulting from an improvement in the degree of lithium ion dissociation.
- the compounding quantity of cyclic carboxylic acid ester is 100 mass% of electrolyte solution normally, Preferably it is 0.1 mass% or more, More preferably, it is 1 mass% or more. Within this range, the electrical conductivity of the electrolytic solution is improved, and the large current discharge characteristics of the electrolytic solution battery are easily improved. Moreover, the compounding quantity of cyclic carboxylic acid ester becomes like this. Preferably it is 10 mass% or less, More preferably, it is 5 mass% or less. By setting the upper limit in this way, the viscosity of the electrolytic solution is set in an appropriate range, the decrease in electrical conductivity is avoided, the increase in negative electrode resistance is suppressed, and the large current discharge characteristics of the electrolytic solution battery are set in a favorable range. Make it easier.
- cyclic carboxylic acid ester a fluorinated cyclic carboxylic acid ester (fluorinated lactone) can also be suitably used.
- fluorine-containing lactone examples include the following formula (C):
- X 15 to X 20 are the same or different and all are —H, —F, —Cl, —CH 3 or a fluorinated alkyl group; provided that at least one of X 15 to X 20 is a fluorinated alkyl
- Examples of the fluorinated alkyl group for X 15 to X 20 include —CFH 2 , —CF 2 H, —CF 3 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CF 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CF 2 CF 3 , —CF (CF 3 ) 2 and the like are mentioned, and —CH 2 CF 3 and —CH 2 CF 2 CF 3 are preferable from the viewpoint of high oxidation resistance and an effect of improving safety.
- X 15 to X 20 is a fluorinated alkyl group, —H, —F, —Cl, —CH 3 or the fluorinated alkyl group is substituted at only one position of X 15 to X 20.
- a plurality of locations may be substituted.
- it is 1 to 3 sites, more preferably 1 to 2 sites from the viewpoint of good solubility of the electrolyte salt.
- the substitution position of the fluorinated alkyl group is not particularly limited. However, since the synthesis yield is good, X 17 and / or X 18 is particularly preferably X 17 or X 18 is a fluorinated alkyl group, particularly —CH 2 CF 3. , —CH 2 CF 2 CF 3 is preferable. X 15 to X 20 other than the fluorinated alkyl group are —H, —F, —Cl or CH 3 , and —H is particularly preferable from the viewpoint of good solubility of the electrolyte salt.
- one of A and B is CX 26 X 27 (X 26 and X 27 are the same or different, and each of them is —H, —F, —Cl, —CF 3 , —CH 3 or a hydrogen atom)
- Rf 12 is a fluorinated alkyl group or a fluorinated group which may have an ether bond
- X 21 and X 22 are the same or different; all are —H, —F, —Cl, —CF 3 or CH 3 ;
- Examples of the chain carboxylic acid ester include those having 3 to 7 carbon atoms in the structural formula. Specifically, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, acetate n-propyl, isopropyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, t-butyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, n-propyl propionate, Isopropyl propionate, n-butyl propionate, isobutyl propionate, t-butyl propionate, methyl butyrate, ethyl butyrate, n-propyl butyrate, isopropyl butyrate, methyl isobutyrate, ethyl isobutyrate, isobutyric acid-n- Examples include propyl and isopropyl isobutyrate.
- methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, n-propyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, n-propyl propionate, isopropyl propionate, methyl butyrate, ethyl butyrate, etc. are ions due to viscosity reduction. It is preferable from the viewpoint of improvement of conductivity.
- fluorinated chain carboxylic acid ester can also be used suitably.
- the fluorine-containing ester the following formula (H): Rf 10 COORf 11 (H) (Wherein Rf 10 is a fluorinated alkyl group having 1 to 2 carbon atoms, Rf 11 is a fluorinated alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms), and the flame retardant property is high, And it is preferable from the viewpoint of good compatibility with other solvents and oxidation resistance.
- Rf 10 examples include CF 3- , CF 3 CF 2- , HCF 2 CF 2- , HCF 2- , CH 3 CF 2- , CF 3 CH 2- and the like, among which CF 3- , CF 3 CF 2 -is particularly preferable from the viewpoint of good rate characteristics.
- Rf 11 examples include —CF 3 , —CF 2 CF 3 , —CH (CF 3 ) 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CF 2 CFHCF 3 , —CH 2 C 2 F 5 , —CH 2 CF 2 CF 2 H, —CH 2 CH 2 C 2 F 5 , —CH 2 CF 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CF 2 CF 2 CF 3 and the like can be exemplified, among them —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH (CF 3 ) 2 , —CH 2 C 2 F 5 , and —CH 2 CF 2 CF 2 H are particularly preferable from the viewpoint of good compatibility with other solvents.
- fluorinated chain carboxylic acid ester examples include, for example, CF 3 C ( ⁇ O) OCH 2 CF 3 , CF 3 C ( ⁇ O) OCH 2 CH 2 CF 3 , and CF 3 C ( ⁇ O) OCH 2 C.
- CF 3 C ( ⁇ O) OCH 2 CF 3 CF 3 C ( ⁇ O) OCH 2 CH 2 CF 3
- CF 3 C ( ⁇ O) OCH 2 C One or more of 2 F 5 , CF 3 C ( ⁇ O) OCH 2 CF 2 CF 2 H, CF 3 C ( ⁇ O) OCH (CF 3 ) 2, etc.
- a chain ether having 3 to 10 carbon atoms and a cyclic ether having 3 to 6 carbon atoms are preferable.
- the chain ether having 3 to 10 carbon atoms include diethyl ether, di-n-butyl ether, dimethoxymethane, methoxyethoxymethane, diethoxymethane, dimethoxyethane, methoxyethoxyethane, diethoxyethane, and ethylene glycol di-n-propyl.
- Examples include ether, ethylene glycol di-n-butyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether and the like.
- a fluorinated ether can also be suitably used.
- the fluorinated ether include the following general formula (I): Rf 13 -O-Rf 14 (I) (Wherein Rf 13 and Rf 14 are the same or different and are an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or a fluorinated alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, provided that at least one of Rf 13 and Rf 14 is fluorine.
- a fluorinated ether (I) represented by formula (1).
- Rf 13 and Rf 14 may be a fluorinated alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
- both Rf 13 and Rf 14 are fluorinated alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
- Rf 13 and Rf 14 may be the same or different from each other.
- Rf 13 and Rf 14 are the same or different, Rf 13 is a fluorinated alkyl group having 3 to 6 carbon atoms, and Rf 14 is a fluorinated alkyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms. More preferred.
- the fluorinated ether (I) preferably has a fluorine content of 40 to 75% by mass. When it has a fluorine content in this range, it is particularly excellent in the balance between incombustibility and compatibility. Moreover, it is preferable also from a point with favorable oxidation resistance and safety
- the lower limit of the fluorine content is more preferably 45% by mass, still more preferably 50% by mass, and particularly preferably 55% by mass.
- the upper limit is more preferably 70% by mass, and still more preferably 66% by mass.
- the fluorine content of the fluorinated ether (I) is determined based on the structural formula of the fluorinated ether (I): ⁇ (number of fluorine atoms ⁇ 19) / molecular weight of the fluorinated ether (I) ⁇ ⁇ 100 (% ).
- Rf 13 examples include CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 —, CF 3 CFHCF 2 —, HCF 2 CF 2 CF 2 —, HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 —, CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, CF 3 CFHCF 2 CH 2 —, HCF 2 CF 2 CF 2 —, HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, HCF 2 CF (CF 3 ) CH 2 — and the like can be mentioned.
- Rf 14 for example, —CH 2 CF 2 CF 3 , —CF 2 CFHCF 3 , —CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 H, —CH 2 CF 2 CF 2 H, —CH 2 CH 2 CF 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CF 2 CFHCF 3 , —CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 H, —CH 2 CF 2 CF 2 H, —CH 2 CH 2 CF 2 CF 2 H, —CH 2 CF (CF 3 ) CF 2 H, —CF 2 CF 2 H, —CH 2 CF 2 H, —CF 2 CH 3 and the like can be mentioned.
- fluorinated ether (I) include, for example, HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CF 2 H, CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CF 2 H, HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CFHCF 3 , CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CFHCF 3 , C 6 F 13 OCH 3 , C 6 F 13 OC 2 H 5 , C 8 F 17 OCH 3 , C 8 F 17 OC 2 H 5 , CF 3 CFHCF 2 CH (CH 3 ) OCF 2 CFHCF 3 , HCF 2 CF 2 OCH (C 2 H 5 ) 2 , HCF 2 CF 2 OC 4 H 9 , HCF 2 CF 2 OCH 2 CH (C 2 H 5 ) 2 , HCF 2 CF 2 OCH 2 CH (CH 3) 2 or the like can be mentioned.
- fluorinated ether (I) having a high boiling point.
- the boiling point of the fluorinated ether (I) is preferably 67 to 120 ° C. More preferably, it is 80 degreeC or more, More preferably, it is 90 degreeC or more.
- fluorinated ether (I) examples include CF 3 CH 2 OCF 2 CFHCF 3 , CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CFHCF 3 , HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CFHCF 3 , and HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CF 2 CF 2 H , CF 3 CFHCF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CFHCF 3, HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CF 2 H, CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CF 2 1 type of H, etc. or two The above is mentioned.
- HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CFHCF 3 (boiling point 106 ° C.), CF 3 CF 2 CH is advantageous because of its high boiling point, compatibility with other solvents, and good solubility of the electrolyte salt.
- 2 OCF 2 CFHCF 3 (boiling point 82 ° C.), HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CF 2 H (boiling point 92 ° C.) and CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CF 2 H (boiling point 68 ° C.).
- HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CFHCF 3 (boiling point 106 ° C.) and HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CF 2 H (boiling point 92 ° C.).
- HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CFHCF 3 (boiling point 106 ° C.)
- HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CF 2 H (boiling point 92 ° C.).
- One type is more preferable.
- Examples of the cyclic ether having 3 to 6 carbon atoms include 1,3-dioxane, 2-methyl-1,3-dioxane, 4-methyl-1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane, and fluorinated compounds thereof. Is mentioned. Among them, dimethoxymethane, diethoxymethane, ethoxymethoxymethane, ethylene glycol-n-propyl ether, ethylene glycol di-n-butyl ether, and diethylene glycol dimethyl ether have high solvating ability to lithium ions and improve the degree of ion dissociation. Dimethoxymethane, diethoxymethane, and ethoxymethoxymethane are particularly preferable because they have low viscosity and give high ionic conductivity.
- nitrogen-containing compound examples include nitrile, fluorine-containing nitrile, carboxylic acid amide, fluorine-containing carboxylic acid amide, sulfonic acid amide, and fluorine-containing sulfonic acid amide.
- 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, 1-methyl-2-piperidone, 3-methyl-2-oxaziridinone, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, N-methylsuccinimide and the like can be used.
- boron-containing compound examples include boric acid esters such as trimethyl borate and triethyl borate, boric ether, and alkyl borate.
- organosilicon-containing compound examples include (CH 3 ) 4 —Si, (CH 3 ) 3 —Si—Si (CH 3 ) 3, and the like.
- Examples of the incombustible (flame retardant) agent include phosphate esters and phosphazene compounds.
- Examples of the phosphate ester include fluorine-containing alkyl phosphate esters, non-fluorinated alkyl phosphate esters, and aryl phosphate esters. Especially, it is preferable that it is a fluorine-containing alkyl phosphate ester at the point which can exhibit a nonflammable effect in a small quantity.
- fluorine-containing alkyl phosphate ester examples include fluorine-containing dialkyl phosphate esters described in JP-A No. 11-233141, alkyl phosphate esters described in JP-A No. 11-283669, or And fluorine-containing trialkyl phosphates.
- nonflammable (flame retardant) agent (CH 3 O) 3 P ⁇ O, (CF 3 CH 2 O) 3 P ⁇ O, and the like are preferable.
- the surfactant may be any of a cationic surfactant, an anionic surfactant, a nonionic surfactant, and an amphoteric surfactant. From the viewpoint of good cycle characteristics and rate characteristics, a fluorine atom It is preferable that it contains.
- Rf 15 COO ⁇ M + (J) (In the formula, Rf 15 is a fluorine-containing alkyl group which may contain an ether bond having 3 to 10 carbon atoms; M + is Li + , Na + , K + or NHR ′ 3 + (R ′ is the same or different) Are all H or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms), or a fluorine-containing carboxylate represented by the following formula (K): Rf 16 SO 3 ⁇ M + (K) (In the formula, Rf 16 is a fluorine-containing alkyl group which may contain an ether bond having 3 to 10 carbon atoms; M + is Li + , Na + , K + or NHR ′ 3 + (R ′ is the same or different; These are preferably fluorine-containing sulfonates represented by the following formula: H or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms;
- the content of the surfactant is preferably 0.01 to 2% by mass in the electrolytic solution from the viewpoint that the surface tension of the electrolytic solution can be reduced without reducing the charge / discharge cycle characteristics.
- high dielectric additive examples include sulfolane, methyl sulfolane, ⁇ -butyrolactone, ⁇ -valerolactone, acetonitrile, propionitrile and the like.
- cycle characteristic and rate characteristic improving agent examples include methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane and the like.
- the overcharge preventing agent is preferably an overcharge preventing agent having an aromatic ring in that the battery can be prevented from being ruptured or ignited during overcharging.
- the overcharge preventing agent having an aromatic ring include cyclohexylbenzene, biphenyl, alkylbiphenyl, terphenyl, terphenyl partial hydride, t-butylbenzene, t-amylbenzene, diphenyl ether, benzofuran, dibenzofuran, dichloroaniline.
- Aromatic compounds such as toluene, fluorinated aromatic compounds such as hexafluorobenzene, fluorobenzene, 2-fluorobiphenyl, o-cyclohexylfluorobenzene, p-cyclohexylfluorobenzene; 2,4-difluoroanisole, 2,5 -Fluorinated anisole compounds such as difluoroanisole, 2,6-difluoroanisole, and 3,5-difluoroanisole.
- aromatic compounds such as biphenyl, alkylbiphenyl, terphenyl, terphenyl partially hydrogenated, cyclohexylbenzene, t-butylbenzene, t-amylbenzene, diphenyl ether, and dibenzofuran are preferable. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the content of the overcharge inhibitor is preferably 0.1 to 5% by mass in the electrolytic solution from the viewpoint that the battery can be prevented from bursting or firing in the case of overcharging or the like.
- the electrolytic solution of the present invention may further contain other known auxiliary agents as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired.
- auxiliary agents include carbonate compounds such as erythritan carbonate, spiro-bis-dimethylene carbonate, methoxyethyl-methyl carbonate; succinic anhydride, glutaric anhydride, maleic anhydride, citraconic anhydride, Carboxylic anhydrides such as glutaconic anhydride, itaconic anhydride, diglycolic anhydride, cyclohexanedicarboxylic anhydride, cyclopentanetetracarboxylic dianhydride and phenylsuccinic anhydride; 2,4,8,10-tetraoxa Spiro compounds such as spiro [5,5] undecane and 3,9-divinyl-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro [5,5] undecane; ethylene sulfite, methyl fluorosulfon
- electrolytic solution of the present invention may be further combined with a polymer material to form a gel (plasticized) gel electrolytic solution.
- Examples of such a polymer material include conventionally known polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide, modified products thereof (JP-A-8-222270 and JP-A-2002-1000040); polyacrylate polymers, polyacrylonitrile, and polyvinylidene fluoride.
- Fluorine resins such as vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (JP-A-4-506726, JP-A-8-507407, JP-A-10-294131); Examples include composites with resins (Japanese Patent Laid-Open Nos. 11-35765 and 11-86630).
- the electrolytic solution of the present invention may also contain an ion conductive compound described in Japanese Patent Application No. 2004-301934.
- This ion conductive compound has the formula (1-1): A- (D) -B (1-1) [Wherein D represents the formula (2-1): -(D1) n- (FAE) m- (AE) p- (Y) q- (2-1) (In the formula, D1 represents the formula (2a):
- Rf is a fluorine-containing ether group which may have a crosslinkable functional group; the R 10 group or a bond that binds the Rf main chain
- ether having a fluorine-containing ether group in the side chain represented by unit FAE is represented by formula (2b):
- Rfa is hydrogen atom, a crosslinkable functional group which may have a fluorinated alkyl group; R 11 is a group or a bond that binds the Rfa main chain) fluorinated alkyl group in the side chain represented by Ether units having: AE is the formula (2c):
- R 13 has a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group which may have a crosslinkable functional group, an aliphatic cyclic hydrocarbon group which may have a crosslinkable functional group, or a crosslinkable functional group.
- An aromatic hydrocarbon group which may be present R 12 is an ether unit represented by R 13 and a group or a bond which bonds the main chain;
- Y represents the formulas (2d-1) to (2d-3):
- a and B are the same or different and are a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom and / or an alkyl group which may contain a crosslinkable functional group, a fluorine atom and / or a phenyl group which may contain a crosslinkable functional group, —COOH A group, —OR (wherein R is a hydrogen atom or a fluorine atom and / or an alkyl group which may contain a crosslinkable functional group), an ester group or a carbonate group (provided that when D is terminated with an oxygen atom, a —COOH group;
- the electrolytic solution of the present invention may be prepared by any method using the components described above.
- the electrolytic solution of the present invention can be suitably applied to electrochemical devices such as secondary batteries.
- the electrochemical device or secondary battery provided with such an electrolytic solution of the present invention is also one aspect of the present invention.
- the electrochemical device include lithium ion secondary batteries, capacitors (electric double layer capacitors), radical batteries, solar cells (particularly dye-sensitized solar cells), fuel cells, various electrochemical sensors, electrochromic elements, electrochemical A switching element, an aluminum electrolytic capacitor, a tantalum electrolytic capacitor, etc. are mentioned, A lithium ion secondary battery and an electric double layer capacitor are suitable. Below, the case of a lithium ion secondary battery is demonstrated as an example of the electrochemical device or secondary battery of this invention.
- the lithium ion secondary battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and the above-described electrolytic solution.
- a positive electrode is comprised from the positive electrode mixture containing the positive electrode active material which is a material of a positive electrode, and a collector.
- the positive electrode active material is not particularly limited as long as it can electrochemically occlude and release lithium ions.
- a material containing lithium and at least one transition metal is preferable.
- Specific examples include lithium-containing transition metal composite oxides and lithium-containing transition metal phosphate compounds.
- the lithium containing transition metal complex oxide which produces a high voltage is especially preferable.
- lithium-containing transition metal composite oxide examples include: Formula (L): Li a Mn 2-b M 1 b O 4 (where 0.9 ⁇ a; 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 1.5; M 1 is Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Al, Sn) , Cr, V, Ti, Mg, Ca, Sr, B, Ga, In, Si and Ge, at least one metal selected from the group consisting of lithium and manganese spinel composite oxides, Formula (M): LiNi 1-c M 2 c O 2 (where 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.5; M 2 is Fe, Co, Mn, Cu, Zn, Al, Sn, Cr, V, Ti, Mg) , At least one metal selected from the group consisting of Ca, Sr, B, Ga, In, Si and Ge), or Formula (N): LiCo 1-d M 3 d O 2 (where 0 ⁇ d ⁇ 0.5; M 3 is Fe, Ni, Mn, Cu, Zn, Al, Sn, Cr, V,
- LiCoO 2 , LiMnO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 can be provided because the lithium ion secondary battery with high energy density and high output can be provided. Or LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 is preferred.
- LiFePO 4 LiNi 0.8 Co 0.2 O 2 , Li 1.2 Fe 0.4 Mn 0.4 O 2 , LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.5 O 2 , LiV 3 O 6 etc. are mentioned.
- lithium phosphate in the positive electrode active material because continuous charge characteristics are improved.
- the lower limit of the amount of lithium phosphate to be used is preferably 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 0.3% by mass or more, and further preferably 0.5% by mass with respect to the total of the positive electrode active material and lithium phosphate. %, And the upper limit is preferably 10% by mass or less, more preferably 8% by mass or less, and further preferably 5% by mass or less.
- Surface adhering substances include aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, boron oxide, antimony oxide, bismuth oxide, lithium sulfate, sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, calcium sulfate And sulfates such as aluminum sulfate, carbonates such as lithium carbonate, calcium carbonate, and magnesium carbonate, and carbon.
- these surface adhering substances are dissolved or suspended in a solvent, impregnated and added to the positive electrode active material, and dried.
- the surface adhering substance precursor is dissolved or suspended in a solvent and impregnated and added to the positive electrode active material, It can be made to adhere to the surface of the positive electrode active material by a method of reacting by heating or the like, a method of adding to the positive electrode active material precursor and firing simultaneously.
- the method of making carbonaceous adhere mechanically later in the form of activated carbon etc. can also be used, for example.
- the amount of the surface adhering substance is, in terms of mass with respect to the positive electrode active material, preferably 0.1 ppm or more, more preferably 1 ppm or more, further preferably 10 ppm or more, and the upper limit, preferably 20% or less, more preferably as the lower limit. Is used at 10% or less, more preferably 5% or less.
- the surface adhering substance can suppress the oxidation reaction of the electrolyte solution on the surface of the positive electrode active material and can improve the battery life. However, when the amount of the adhering quantity is too small, the effect is not sufficiently manifested. If it is too high, the resistance may increase in order to inhibit the entry and exit of lithium ions.
- Examples of the shape of the particles of the positive electrode active material include a lump shape, a polyhedron shape, a sphere shape, an oval sphere shape, a plate shape, a needle shape, and a column shape as conventionally used. Moreover, primary particles may aggregate to form secondary particles.
- the tap density of the positive electrode active material is preferably 0.5 g / cm 3 or more, more preferably 0.8 g / cm 3 or more, and further preferably 1.0 g / cm 3 or more. If the tap density of the positive electrode active material is lower than the lower limit, the amount of the required dispersion medium increases when the positive electrode active material layer is formed, and the necessary amount of conductive material and binder increases, so that the positive electrode to the positive electrode active material layer The filling rate of the active material is restricted, and the battery capacity may be restricted. By using a complex oxide powder having a high tap density, a high-density positive electrode active material layer can be formed.
- the tap density is preferably as large as possible, and there is no particular upper limit, but if it is too large, diffusion of lithium ions using the electrolytic solution in the positive electrode active material layer as a medium is rate-limiting, and load characteristics may be easily reduced.
- the upper limit is preferably 4.0 g / cm 3 or less, more preferably 3.7 g / cm 3 or less, and still more preferably 3.5 g / cm 3 or less.
- the tap density is determined as the powder packing density (tap density) g / cc when 5 to 10 g of the positive electrode active material powder is put in a 10 ml glass graduated cylinder and tapped 200 times with a stroke of about 20 mm.
- the median diameter d50 of the positive electrode active material particles is preferably 0.3 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or more, and even more preferably. Is 0.8 ⁇ m or more, most preferably 1.0 ⁇ m or more, preferably 30 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 27 ⁇ m or less, further preferably 25 ⁇ m or less, and most preferably 22 ⁇ m or less. If the lower limit is not reached, a high tap density product may not be obtained.
- the positive electrode of the battery that is, the active material
- a conductive material, a binder, or the like is slurried with a solvent and applied as a thin film, problems such as streaking may occur.
- the positive electrode active materials having different median diameters d50, it is possible to further improve the filling property at the time of forming the positive electrode.
- the median diameter d50 is measured by a known laser diffraction / scattering particle size distribution measuring device.
- LA-920 manufactured by HORIBA is used as a particle size distribution meter
- a 0.1% by mass sodium hexametaphosphate aqueous solution is used as a dispersion medium for measurement, and a measurement refractive index of 1.24 is set after ultrasonic dispersion for 5 minutes. Measured.
- the average primary particle diameter of the positive electrode active material is preferably 0.05 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more, and still more preferably 0.8.
- the upper limit is preferably 5 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 4 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 3 ⁇ m or less, and most preferably 2 ⁇ m or less. If the above upper limit is exceeded, it is difficult to form spherical secondary particles, which adversely affects the powder filling property, or the specific surface area is greatly reduced, so that there is a high possibility that battery performance such as output characteristics will deteriorate. is there. On the other hand, when the value falls below the lower limit, there is a case where problems such as inferior reversibility of charge / discharge are usually caused because crystals are not developed.
- the primary particle diameter is measured by observation using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Specifically, in a photograph at a magnification of 10000 times, the longest value of the intercept by the left and right boundary lines of the primary particles with respect to the horizontal straight line is obtained for any 50 primary particles and obtained by taking the average value. It is done.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- BET specific surface area of the positive electrode active material is preferably 0.1 m 2 / g or more, more preferably 0.2 m 2 / g or more, still more preferably 0.3 m 2 / g or more, and preferably 50 m 2 / g or less, more preferably 40 m 2 / g or less, and further preferably 30 m 2 / g or less. If the BET specific surface area is smaller than this range, the battery performance tends to be lowered. If the BET specific surface area is larger, the tap density is difficult to increase, and a problem may occur in applicability when forming the positive electrode active material layer.
- the BET specific surface area was measured by preliminarily drying the sample at 150 ° C. for 30 minutes under a nitrogen flow using a surface area meter (for example, a fully automatic surface area measuring device manufactured by Okura Riken Co., Ltd.), It is defined by a value measured by a nitrogen adsorption BET one-point method using a gas flow method using a nitrogen helium mixed gas that is accurately adjusted so that the relative pressure value is 0.3.
- a surface area meter for example, a fully automatic surface area measuring device manufactured by Okura Riken Co., Ltd.
- the positive electrode active material particles are mainly secondary particles. It is preferable.
- the particles of the positive electrode active material preferably contain 0.5 to 7.0% by volume of fine particles having an average secondary particle size of 40 ⁇ m or less and an average primary particle size of 1 ⁇ m or less. By containing fine particles having an average primary particle size of 1 ⁇ m or less, the contact area with the electrolytic solution is increased, and the diffusion of lithium ions between the electrode and the electrolytic solution can be further accelerated. Output performance can be improved.
- a general method is used as a manufacturing method of the inorganic compound.
- various methods are conceivable for preparing a spherical or elliptical active material.
- a transition metal source material is dissolved or pulverized and dispersed in a solvent such as water, and the pH is adjusted while stirring.
- a spherical precursor is prepared and recovered, and dried as necessary.
- a Li source such as LiOH, Li 2 CO 3 , LiNO 3 is added, and the active material is obtained by baking at a high temperature. .
- the positive electrode active material may be used alone, or one or more of different compositions may be used in any combination or ratio.
- a preferable combination in this case is a combination of LiCoO 2 and LiMn 2 O 4 such as LiNi 0.33 Co 0.33 Mn 0.33 O 2 or a part of this Mn substituted with another transition metal or the like. Or a combination with LiCoO 2 or a part of this Co substituted with another transition metal or the like.
- the content of the positive electrode active material is preferably 50 to 99% by mass, more preferably 80 to 99% by mass of the positive electrode mixture, from the viewpoint of high battery capacity.
- the content of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode active material layer is preferably 80% by mass or more, more preferably 82% by mass or more, and particularly preferably 84% by mass or more. Moreover, Preferably it is 99 mass% or less, More preferably, it is 98 mass% or less. If the content of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode active material layer is low, the electric capacity may be insufficient. Conversely, if the content is too high, the strength of the positive electrode may be insufficient.
- the positive electrode mixture preferably further contains a binder, a thickener, and a conductive material.
- a binder any material can be used as long as it is a material that is safe with respect to the solvent and the electrolyte used in the production of the electrode.
- polyvinylidene fluoride polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene , SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber), isoprene rubber, butadiene rubber, ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer, ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer, polyethylene terephthalate, polymethyl methacrylate, polyimide, aromatic polyamide, cellulose, nitrocellulose, NBR (Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber), fluoro rubber, ethylene-propylene rubber, styrene / butadiene / styrene block copolymer or its hydrogenated product, EPDM (ethylene / propylene / diene terpolymer), styrene / ethylene / Tadiene / ethylene copolymer, styrene / isoprene / styrene block copolymer or hydrogenated product thereof, syndiotact
- the content of the binder is usually 0.1% by mass or more, preferably 1% by mass or more, more preferably 1.5% by mass or more, as a ratio of the binder in the positive electrode active material layer. Usually, it is 80 mass% or less, Preferably it is 60 mass% or less, More preferably, it is 40 mass% or less, Most preferably, it is 10 mass% or less.
- the ratio of the binder is too low, the positive electrode active material cannot be sufficiently retained and the positive electrode has insufficient mechanical strength, which may deteriorate battery performance such as cycle characteristics. On the other hand, if it is too high, battery capacity and conductivity may be reduced.
- thickener examples include carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, ethylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, oxidized starch, phosphorylated starch, casein, and salts thereof. 1 type may be used independently or 2 or more types may be used together by arbitrary combinations and a ratio.
- the ratio of the thickener to the active material is usually 0.1% by mass or more, preferably 0.2% by mass or more, more preferably 0.3% by mass or more, and usually 5% by mass or less, preferably 3%. It is in the range of not more than mass%, more preferably not more than 2 mass%. Below this range, applicability may be significantly reduced. If it exceeds, the ratio of the active material in the positive electrode active material layer may decrease, and there may be a problem that the capacity of the battery decreases and a problem that the resistance between the positive electrode active materials increases.
- a known conductive material can be arbitrarily used as the conductive material.
- Specific examples include metal materials such as copper and nickel; graphite such as natural graphite and artificial graphite; carbon black such as acetylene black; and carbon materials such as amorphous carbon such as needle coke. In addition, these may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together by arbitrary combinations and a ratio.
- the conductive material is usually 0.01% by mass or more, preferably 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 1% by mass or more, and usually 50% by mass or less, preferably 30% by mass in the positive electrode active material layer. % Or less, more preferably 15% by mass or less. If the content is lower than this range, the conductivity may be insufficient. Conversely, if the content is higher than this range, the battery capacity may decrease.
- the solvent for forming the slurry the positive electrode active material, the conductive material, the binder, and a solvent capable of dissolving or dispersing the thickener used as necessary may be used.
- an aqueous solvent or an organic solvent may be used.
- the aqueous medium include water, a mixed medium of alcohol and water, and the like.
- the organic medium include aliphatic hydrocarbons such as hexane; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene, and methylnaphthalene; heterocyclic compounds such as quinoline and pyridine; ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, and cyclohexanone.
- Esters such as methyl acetate and methyl acrylate; amines such as diethylenetriamine and N, N-dimethylaminopropylamine; ethers such as diethyl ether, propylene oxide and tetrahydrofuran (THF); N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) Amides such as dimethylformamide and dimethylacetamide; and aprotic polar solvents such as hexamethylphosphalamide and dimethylsulfoxide.
- amines such as diethylenetriamine and N, N-dimethylaminopropylamine
- ethers such as diethyl ether, propylene oxide and tetrahydrofuran (THF)
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
- Amides such as dimethylformamide and dimethylacetamide
- aprotic polar solvents such as hexamethylphosphalamide and dimethylsulfoxide.
- Examples of the material for the positive electrode current collector include metals such as aluminum, titanium, tantalum, stainless steel, and nickel, or metal materials such as alloys thereof; carbon materials such as carbon cloth and carbon paper. Among these, a metal material, particularly aluminum or an alloy thereof is preferable.
- Examples of the shape of the current collector include metal foil, metal cylinder, metal coil, metal plate, metal thin film, expanded metal, punch metal, and foam metal in the case of a metal material.
- a thin film, a carbon cylinder, etc. are mentioned. Of these, metal thin films are preferred.
- the thickness of the thin film is arbitrary, but is usually 1 ⁇ m or more, preferably 3 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 5 ⁇ m or more, and usually 1 mm or less, preferably 100 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 50 ⁇ m or less. If the thin film is thinner than this range, the strength required for the current collector may be insufficient. Conversely, if the thin film is thicker than this range, the handleability may be impaired.
- a conductive additive is applied to the surface of the current collector.
- the conductive assistant include noble metals such as carbon, gold, platinum, and silver.
- the ratio of the thickness of the current collector to the positive electrode active material layer is not particularly limited, but the value of (thickness of the positive electrode active material layer on one side immediately before electrolyte injection) / (thickness of the current collector) is 20 Is preferably 15 or less, most preferably 10 or less, and preferably 0.5 or more, more preferably 0.8 or more, and most preferably 1 or more. Above this range, the current collector may generate heat due to Joule heat during high current density charge / discharge. Below this range, the volume ratio of the current collector to the positive electrode active material increases and the battery capacity may decrease.
- the positive electrode may be manufactured by a conventional method.
- the above-mentioned positive electrode active material is added with the above-mentioned binder, thickener, conductive material, solvent, etc. to form a slurry-like positive electrode mixture, which is applied to a current collector, dried and then pressed.
- a method of densification is mentioned.
- the densification can be performed by a hand press, a roller press or the like.
- the density of the positive electrode active material layer is preferably 1.5 g / cm 3 or more, more preferably 2 g / cm 3 or more, still more preferably 2.2 g / cm 3 or more, and preferably 5 g / cm 3 or less. More preferably, it is 4.5 g / cm ⁇ 3 > or less, More preferably, it is the range of 4 g / cm ⁇ 3 > or less. If it exceeds this range, the permeability of the electrolyte solution to the vicinity of the current collector / active material interface decreases, and the charge / discharge characteristics particularly at a high current density decrease, and a high output may not be obtained. On the other hand, if it is lower, the conductivity between the active materials is lowered, the battery resistance is increased, and a high output may not be obtained.
- the area of the positive electrode active material layer is larger than the outer surface area of the battery outer case from the viewpoint of increasing the stability at high output and high temperature.
- the sum of the electrode areas of the positive electrode with respect to the surface area of the exterior of the secondary battery is preferably 15 times or more, and more preferably 40 times or more.
- the outer surface area of the battery outer case in the case of a square shape with a bottom, is the total area calculated from the vertical, horizontal, and thickness dimensions of the case part filled with the power generation element excluding the protruding part of the terminal.
- the geometric surface area approximates the case portion filled with the power generation element excluding the protruding portion of the terminal as a cylinder.
- the total electrode area of the positive electrode is the geometric surface area of the positive electrode mixture layer facing the mixture layer containing the negative electrode active material. , The sum of the areas where each surface is calculated separately.
- the thickness of the positive electrode plate is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of high capacity and high output, the thickness of the composite layer obtained by subtracting the metal foil thickness of the core material is preferably as a lower limit with respect to one side of the current collector. Is 10 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 20 ⁇ m or more, and preferably 500 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 450 ⁇ m or less.
- Surface adhering substances include aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, boron oxide, antimony oxide, bismuth oxide, lithium sulfate, sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, calcium sulfate And sulfates such as aluminum sulfate, carbonates such as lithium carbonate, calcium carbonate, and magnesium carbonate, and carbon.
- the negative electrode is composed of a negative electrode mixture containing a negative electrode active material and a current collector.
- Examples of the negative electrode active material include carbonaceous materials capable of occluding and releasing lithium, such as organic pyrolysis products and artificial graphite and natural graphite under various pyrolysis conditions; occluding and releasing lithium such as tin oxide and silicon oxide. Possible metal oxide materials; lithium metal; various lithium alloys; lithium-containing metal composite oxide materials. These negative electrode active materials may be used in combination of two or more.
- artificial graphite or purified natural graphite produced by high-temperature treatment of graphitizable pitch obtained from various raw materials, or surface treatment with pitch or other organic substances on these graphites
- carbonized material obtained by carbonizing natural graphite, artificial graphite, artificial carbonaceous material, and artificial graphite material at least once in the range of 400 to 3200 ° C., and a negative electrode active material layer.
- a carbonaceous material comprising at least two kinds of carbonaceous materials having different crystallinity and / or having an interface in contact with the different crystalline carbonaceous materials, and at least two kinds of different orientations of the negative electrode active material layer
- a carbonaceous material having an interface with which the carbonaceous material is in contact is more preferable because of a good balance between initial irreversible capacity and high current density charge / discharge characteristics.
- these carbon materials may be used individually by 1 type, and may use 2 or more types together by arbitrary combinations and a ratio.
- Examples of the carbonaceous material obtained by heat treating the artificial carbonaceous material and the artificial graphite material at least once in the range of 400 to 3200 ° C. include natural graphite, coal-based coke, petroleum-based coke, coal-based pitch, petroleum-based pitch, and these Oxidized pitch, needle coke, pitch coke and carbon agents partially graphitized from these, pyrolytic products of organic materials such as furnace black, acetylene black, pitch-based carbon fiber, carbonizable organic materials and their carbides, Alternatively, a solution obtained by dissolving an organic substance that can be carbonized in a low molecular organic solvent such as benzene, toluene, xylene, quinoline, n-hexane, and a carbide thereof.
- a low molecular organic solvent such as benzene, toluene, xylene, quinoline, n-hexane, and a carbide thereof.
- the metal material used as the negative electrode active material excluding lithium-titanium composite oxide
- simple lithium, simple metal and alloy forming lithium alloy or oxidation thereof
- Any of compounds such as oxides, carbides, nitrides, silicides, sulfides or phosphides may be used, and there is no particular limitation.
- the single metal and alloy forming the lithium alloy are preferably materials containing group 13 and group 14 metal / metalloid elements, more preferably aluminum, silicon and tin (hereinafter abbreviated as “specific metal elements”). ) Simple metals and alloys or compounds containing these atoms. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together by arbitrary combinations and a ratio.
- a negative electrode active material having at least one kind of atom selected from a specific metal element, a metal simple substance of any one specific metal element, an alloy composed of two or more specific metal elements, one type or two or more specific types Alloys comprising metal elements and one or more other metal elements, as well as compounds containing one or more specific metal elements, and oxides, carbides, nitrides and silicides of the compounds And composite compounds such as sulfides or phosphides.
- these simple metals, alloys or metal compounds as the negative electrode active material, the capacity of the battery can be increased.
- a compound in which these complex compounds are complexly bonded to several kinds of elements such as a simple metal, an alloy, or a nonmetallic element is also included.
- a simple metal, an alloy, or a nonmetallic element such as silicon and tin
- an alloy of these elements and a metal that does not operate as a negative electrode can be used.
- a complex compound containing 5 to 6 kinds of elements in combination with a metal that acts as a negative electrode other than tin and silicon, a metal that does not operate as a negative electrode, and a nonmetallic element may be used. it can.
- a composite material including Si or Sn as the first constituent element and the second and third constituent elements in addition thereto can be given.
- the second constituent element is, for example, at least one of cobalt, iron, magnesium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, and zirconium.
- the third constituent element is at least one of boron, carbon, aluminum, and phosphorus.
- the metal material silicon or tin alone (which may contain a small amount of impurities), SiOv (0 ⁇ v ⁇ 2), SnOw (0 ⁇ w) ⁇ 2), Si—Co—C composite material, Si—Ni—C composite material, Sn—Co—C composite material, and Sn—Ni—C composite material are preferable.
- the lithium-containing metal composite oxide material used as the negative electrode active material is not particularly limited as long as it can occlude and release lithium, but a material containing titanium and lithium is preferable from the viewpoint of high current density charge / discharge characteristics, A lithium-containing composite metal oxide material containing titanium is more preferable, and a composite oxide of lithium and titanium (hereinafter abbreviated as “lithium titanium composite oxide”) is more preferable. That is, it is particularly preferable to use a lithium-titanium composite oxide having a spinel structure in a negative electrode active material for an electrolyte battery because the output resistance is greatly reduced.
- lithium titanium complex oxide general formula (O): Li x Ti y M z O 4 (O) [In the general formula (O), M represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of Na, K, Co, Al, Fe, Ti, Mg, Cr, Ga, Cu, Zn, and Nb. ] It is preferable that it is a compound represented by these.
- This structure is particularly preferable because of a good balance of battery performance.
- Particularly preferred representative compositions of the above compounds are Li 4/3 Ti 5/3 O 4 in (i), Li 1 Ti 2 O 4 in (ii), and Li 4/5 Ti 11/5 O in (iii). 4 .
- the negative electrode mixture preferably further contains a binder, a thickener, and a conductive material.
- the ratio of the binder to the negative electrode active material is preferably 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 0.5% by mass or more, particularly preferably 0.6% by mass or more, and preferably 20% by mass or less. It is more preferably at most 10 mass%, further preferably at most 10 mass%, particularly preferably at most 8 mass%.
- the ratio of the binder to the negative electrode active material exceeds the above range, the binder ratio in which the amount of the binder does not contribute to the battery capacity increases, and the battery capacity may be reduced.
- the strength of the negative electrode may be reduced.
- the ratio of the binder to the negative electrode active material is usually 0.1% by mass or more, preferably 0.5% by mass or more. 0.6 mass% or more is more preferable, and is usually 5 mass% or less, preferably 3 mass% or less, and more preferably 2 mass% or less.
- the ratio to the negative electrode active material is usually 1% by mass or more, preferably 2% by mass or more, and more preferably 3% by mass or more. It is preferably 15% by mass or less, preferably 10% by mass or less, and more preferably 8% by mass or less.
- the ratio of the thickener to the negative electrode active material is usually 0.1% by mass or more, preferably 0.5% by mass or more, more preferably 0.6% by mass or more, and usually 5% by mass or less. 3 mass% or less is preferable and 2 mass% or less is more preferable.
- the ratio of the thickener to the negative electrode active material is less than the above range, applicability may be significantly reduced.
- it exceeds the said range the ratio of the negative electrode active material which occupies for a negative electrode active material layer will fall, and the problem that the capacity
- Examples of the conductive material for the negative electrode include metal materials such as copper and nickel; carbon materials such as graphite and carbon black.
- the solvent for forming the slurry As the solvent for forming the slurry, the negative electrode active material, the binder, and the thickener and conductive material used as necessary can be dissolved or dispersed as long as it is a solvent. There is no restriction, and either an aqueous solvent or an organic solvent may be used. Examples of the aqueous solvent include water and alcohol.
- organic solvent examples include N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, methyl acetate, methyl acrylate, diethyltriamine, N, N- Examples include dimethylaminopropylamine, tetrahydrofuran (THF), toluene, acetone, diethyl ether, dimethylacetamide, hexamethylphosphalamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, benzene, xylene, quinoline, pyridine, methylnaphthalene, hexane, and the like.
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
- dimethylformamide dimethylacetamide
- methyl ethyl ketone cyclohexanone
- methyl acetate methyl acrylate
- diethyltriamine N
- N- Examples include dimethylaminopropylamine, tetrahydr
- Examples of the material for the negative electrode current collector include copper, nickel, and stainless steel. Among these, copper is preferable from the viewpoint of easy processing into a thin film and cost.
- the thickness of the current collector is usually 1 ⁇ m or more, preferably 5 ⁇ m or more, and is usually 100 ⁇ m or less, preferably 50 ⁇ m or less. If the thickness of the negative electrode current collector is too thick, the capacity of the entire battery may be reduced too much, and conversely if it is too thin, handling may be difficult.
- the negative electrode may be manufactured by a conventional method.
- the above-described negative electrode material is added with the above-mentioned binder, thickener, conductive material, solvent, etc. to form a slurry, which is applied to a current collector, dried, pressed and densified.
- a method of forming the above-described thin film layer (negative electrode active material layer) containing the negative electrode active material by a technique such as vapor deposition, sputtering, or plating is also used.
- the electrode structure when the negative electrode active material is made into an electrode is not particularly limited, but the density of the negative electrode active material present on the current collector is preferably 1 g ⁇ cm ⁇ 3 or more, and 1.2 g ⁇ cm ⁇ 3 or more. but more preferably, particularly preferably 1.3 g ⁇ cm -3 or more, preferably 2.2 g ⁇ cm -3 or less, more preferably 2.1 g ⁇ cm -3 or less, 2.0 g ⁇ cm -3 or less More preferred is 1.9 g ⁇ cm ⁇ 3 or less.
- the density of the negative electrode active material present on the current collector exceeds the above range, the negative electrode active material particles are destroyed, increasing the initial irreversible capacity, or the electrolyte solution near the current collector / negative electrode active material interface In some cases, high current density charge / discharge characteristics are deteriorated due to a decrease in permeability.
- the amount is less than the above range, the conductivity between the negative electrode active materials decreases, the battery resistance increases, and the capacity per unit volume may decrease.
- the thickness of the negative electrode plate is designed according to the positive electrode plate to be used, and is not particularly limited.
- the thickness of the composite layer obtained by subtracting the thickness of the metal foil of the core is usually 15 ⁇ m or more, preferably 20 ⁇ m or more. More preferably, it is 30 ⁇ m or more, and usually 300 ⁇ m or less, preferably 280 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 250 ⁇ m or less.
- Surface adhering substances include aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, boron oxide, antimony oxide, bismuth oxide, lithium sulfate, sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, calcium sulfate And sulfates such as aluminum sulfate and carbonates such as lithium carbonate, calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate.
- the lithium ion secondary battery preferably further includes a separator.
- the material and shape of the separator are not particularly limited as long as they are stable to the electrolytic solution and excellent in liquid retention, and known ones can be used. Among them, a resin, glass fiber, inorganic material, etc., formed of a material that is stable with respect to the electrolytic solution of the present invention is used, and a porous sheet or a nonwoven fabric-like material having excellent liquid retention properties is used. preferable.
- polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene, aromatic polyamides, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethersulfone, glass filters and the like can be used. These materials, such as a polypropylene / polyethylene two-layer film and a polypropylene / polyethylene / polypropylene three-layer film, may be used alone or in combination of two or more in any combination and ratio.
- the said separator is the porous sheet
- the thickness of the separator is arbitrary, but is usually 1 ⁇ m or more, preferably 5 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 8 ⁇ m or more, and usually 50 ⁇ m or less, preferably 40 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 30 ⁇ m or less. If the separator is too thin than the above range, the insulating properties and mechanical strength may decrease. On the other hand, if it is thicker than the above range, not only battery performance such as rate characteristics may be lowered, but also the energy density of the entire electrolyte battery may be lowered.
- the porosity of the separator is arbitrary, but is usually 20% or more, preferably 35% or more, more preferably 45% or more, Further, it is usually 90% or less, preferably 85% or less, and more preferably 75% or less. If the porosity is too smaller than the above range, the membrane resistance tends to increase and the rate characteristics tend to deteriorate. Moreover, when larger than the said range, it exists in the tendency for the mechanical strength of a separator to fall and for insulation to fall.
- the average pore diameter of a separator is also arbitrary, it is 0.5 micrometer or less normally, 0.2 micrometer or less is preferable, and it is 0.05 micrometer or more normally. If the average pore diameter exceeds the above range, a short circuit tends to occur. On the other hand, below the above range, the film resistance may increase and the rate characteristics may deteriorate.
- oxides such as alumina and silicon dioxide
- nitrides such as aluminum nitride and silicon nitride
- sulfates such as barium sulfate and calcium sulfate are used. Used.
- a thin film shape such as a non-woven fabric, a woven fabric, or a microporous film is used.
- the thin film shape those having a pore diameter of 0.01 to 1 ⁇ m and a thickness of 5 to 50 ⁇ m are preferably used.
- a separator formed by forming a composite porous layer containing the inorganic particles on the surface layer of the positive electrode and / or the negative electrode using a resin binder can be used.
- a porous layer may be formed by using alumina particles having a 90% particle size of less than 1 ⁇ m on both surfaces of the positive electrode and using a fluororesin as a binder.
- the electrode group has a laminated structure in which the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate are interposed through the separator, and a structure in which the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate are wound in a spiral shape through the separator. Either is acceptable.
- the ratio of the volume of the electrode group to the internal volume of the battery (hereinafter referred to as the electrode group occupation ratio) is usually 40% or more, preferably 50% or more, and usually 90% or less, preferably 80% or less. .
- the battery capacity decreases. Also, if the above range is exceeded, the void space is small, the battery expands, and the member expands or the vapor pressure of the electrolyte liquid component increases and the internal pressure rises. In some cases, the gas release valve that lowers various characteristics such as storage at high temperature and the like, or releases the internal pressure to the outside is activated.
- the current collecting structure is not particularly limited, but in order to more effectively realize the high current density charge / discharge characteristics by the electrolytic solution of the present invention, it is necessary to make the structure that reduces the resistance of the wiring part and the joint part preferable. Thus, when internal resistance is reduced, the effect using the electrolyte solution of this invention is exhibited especially favorable.
- the electrode group has the above laminated structure
- a structure formed by bundling the metal core portions of the electrode layers and welding them to the terminals is preferably used.
- the internal resistance increases. Therefore, it is also preferable to provide a plurality of terminals in the electrode to reduce the resistance.
- the electrode group has the winding structure described above, the internal resistance can be lowered by providing a plurality of lead structures for the positive electrode and the negative electrode, respectively, and bundling the terminals.
- the material of the outer case is not particularly limited as long as it is a material that is stable with respect to the electrolytic solution used. Specifically, a nickel-plated steel plate, stainless steel, aluminum, an aluminum alloy, a metal such as a magnesium alloy, or a laminated film (laminate film) of a resin and an aluminum foil is used. From the viewpoint of weight reduction, an aluminum or aluminum alloy metal or a laminate film is preferably used.
- the metal is welded together by laser welding, resistance welding, or ultrasonic welding to form a sealed sealed structure, or a caulking structure using the above metals via a resin gasket. Things.
- the outer case using the laminate film include a case where a resin-sealed structure is formed by heat-sealing resin layers.
- a resin different from the resin used for the laminate film may be interposed between the resin layers.
- a resin layer is heat-sealed through a current collecting terminal to form a sealed structure, a metal and a resin are joined, so that a resin having a polar group or a modified group having a polar group introduced as an intervening resin is used.
- Resins are preferably used.
- the shape of the lithium ion secondary battery is arbitrary, and examples thereof include a cylindrical shape, a square shape, a laminate shape, a coin shape, and a large shape.
- the shape and structure of a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separator can be changed and used according to the shape of each battery.
- the module provided with the electrochemical device provided with the electrolyte solution of this invention, or a secondary battery is also one of this invention.
- An example of the electrochemical device using the electrolytic solution of the present invention is an electric double layer capacitor.
- the electric double layer capacitor at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode is a polarizable electrode, and the following electrodes described in detail in JP-A-9-7896 can be used as the polarizable electrode and the nonpolarizable electrode.
- the polarizable electrode mainly composed of activated carbon preferably contains non-activated carbon having a large specific surface area and a conductive agent such as carbon black imparting electron conductivity.
- the polarizable electrode can be formed by various methods.
- a polarizable electrode made of activated carbon and carbon black can be formed by mixing activated carbon powder, carbon black, and a phenolic resin, and firing and activating in an inert gas atmosphere and a water vapor atmosphere after press molding.
- the polarizable electrode is joined to the current collector with a conductive adhesive or the like.
- activated carbon powder, carbon black, and a binder can be kneaded in the presence of alcohol, formed into a sheet, and dried to form a polarizable electrode.
- a polarizable electrode For example, polytetrafluoroethylene is used as the binder.
- activated carbon powder, carbon black, binder and solvent are mixed to form a slurry, and this slurry is coated on the metal foil of the current collector and dried to obtain a polarizable electrode integrated with the current collector. it can.
- An electric double layer capacitor may be formed by using a polarizable electrode mainly composed of activated carbon for both electrodes, but a configuration using a non-polarizable electrode on one side, for example, a positive electrode mainly composed of a battery active material such as a metal oxide, and activated carbon
- a positive electrode mainly composed of a battery active material such as a metal oxide such as a metal oxide
- activated carbon A structure combining a polarizable electrode negative electrode mainly composed of carbon, a negative electrode mainly composed of a carbon material capable of reversibly occluding and releasing lithium ions, or a negative electrode composed mainly of lithium metal or lithium alloy and activated carbon.
- a combination with a polar electrode is also possible.
- carbonaceous materials such as carbon black, graphite, expanded graphite, porous carbon, carbon nanotube, carbon nanohorn, and ketjen black may be used instead of or in combination with activated carbon.
- the non-polarizable electrode is preferably composed mainly of a carbon material capable of reversibly occluding and releasing lithium ions, and an electrode obtained by occluding lithium ions in this carbon material is used for the electrode.
- a lithium salt is used as the electrolyte. According to the electric double layer capacitor having this configuration, a higher withstand voltage exceeding 4 V can be obtained.
- Solvents used to prepare the slurry for electrode preparation are preferably those that dissolve the binder.
- Dimethyl acid, ethanol, methanol, butanol or water is appropriately selected.
- Examples of the activated carbon used for the polarizable electrode include phenol resin-based activated carbon, coconut-based activated carbon, and petroleum coke-based activated carbon. Among these, it is preferable to use petroleum coke activated carbon or phenol resin activated carbon in that a large capacity can be obtained.
- Activated carbon activation treatment methods include a steam activation treatment method, a molten KOH activation treatment method, and the like, and it is preferable to use activated carbon obtained by a molten KOH activation treatment method in terms of obtaining a larger capacity.
- Preferred conductive agents used for the polarizable electrode include carbon black, ketjen black, acetylene black, natural graphite, artificial graphite, metal fiber, conductive titanium oxide, and ruthenium oxide.
- the mixing amount of the conductive agent such as carbon black used for the polarizable electrode is so as to obtain good conductivity (low internal resistance), and if it is too large, the product capacity is reduced. It is preferable to set it as 50 mass%.
- activated carbon As the activated carbon used for the polarizable electrode, activated carbon having an average particle size of 20 ⁇ m or less and a specific surface area of 1500 to 3000 m 2 / g is used so that an electric double layer capacitor having a large capacity and a low internal resistance can be obtained. Is preferred.
- a preferable carbon material for constituting an electrode mainly composed of a carbon material capable of reversibly inserting and extracting lithium ions natural graphite, artificial graphite, graphitized mesocarbon spherule, graphitized whisker, gas layer Examples thereof include a grown carbon fiber, a fired product of furfuryl alcohol resin, and a fired product of novolac resin.
- the current collector is only required to be chemically and electrochemically corrosion resistant.
- As the current collector of the polarizable electrode mainly composed of activated carbon stainless steel, aluminum, titanium or tantalum can be preferably used. Of these, stainless steel or aluminum is a particularly preferable material in terms of both characteristics and cost of the obtained electric double layer capacitor.
- As the current collector of the electrode mainly composed of a carbon material capable of reversibly inserting and extracting lithium ions stainless steel, copper or nickel is preferably used.
- lithium ions in order to preliminarily store lithium ions in a carbon material capable of reversibly inserting and extracting lithium ions, (1) mixing powdered lithium with a carbon material capable of reversibly inserting and extracting lithium ions. (2) A lithium foil is placed on an electrode formed of a carbon material capable of reversibly occluding and releasing lithium ions and a binder, and the electrode is in contact with the lithium salt.
- the electric double layer capacitor As the electric double layer capacitor, a wound type electric double layer capacitor, a laminate type electric double layer capacitor, a coin type electric double layer capacitor, etc. are generally known, and the electric double layer capacitor of the present invention is also in these types. Can do.
- a positive electrode and a negative electrode made of a laminate (electrode) of a current collector and an electrode layer are wound through a separator to produce a wound element, and the wound element is made of aluminum. And then filled with an electrolytic solution, preferably a non-aqueous electrolytic solution, and then sealed and sealed with a rubber sealing body.
- separator conventionally known materials and structures can be used in the present invention.
- a polyethylene porous membrane, polypropylene fiber, glass fiber, cellulose fiber non-woven fabric and the like can be mentioned.
- a laminate type electric double layer capacitor in which a sheet-like positive electrode and a negative electrode are laminated via an electrolytic solution and a separator, and a positive electrode and a negative electrode are formed into a coin shape by fixing with a gasket and the electrolytic solution and the separator.
- a configured coin type electric double layer capacitor can also be used.
- the fluorinated phosphate ester (1) described above is a novel compound. Next, the manufacturing method of fluorinated phosphate ester (1) and (2) is demonstrated.
- Fluorinated phosphoric acid ester (1) have the general formula: Rf a L a OH (where, L a is a number 2 or more non-fluorinated alkylene group having a carbon, Rf a is a linear or 2 to 10 carbon atoms A branched fluorinated alkyl group.) And a production method including a step of obtaining a fluorinated phosphate by reacting an alcohol represented by phosphorus oxychloride with phosphorus oxychloride.
- C 2 F 5 CH 2 CH 2 OH, C 3 F 7 CH 2 CH 2 OH, C 4 F 9 CH 2 CH 2 OH, C 5 F 11 CH 2 CH 2 OH and C 6 F 13 CH At least one selected from the group consisting of 2 CH 2 OH is preferred, and C 4 F 9 CH 2 CH 2 OH is more preferred.
- the reaction between the alcohol and phosphorus oxychloride can be carried out without solvent or in a solvent.
- a solvent ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ -trifluoromethylbenzene, benzene, methylene chloride, chloroform, etc. can be used. From the viewpoint of yield, it is preferable to use no solvent or ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ -trifluoromethylbenzene.
- the reaction between the alcohol and phosphorus oxychloride can be carried out at 60 to 130 ° C, more preferably 80 to 120 ° C.
- the reaction time is usually 2 to 6 hours.
- the phosphorus oxychloride is preferably reacted with 3 to 6 moles of alcohol per mole of the phosphorus oxychloride. More preferably, it is 3 to 3.6 mol. If the amount of alcohol is too large, the solvent concentration may decrease and the yield may decrease. If the amount is too small, the yield of the target product may decrease.
- the fluorinated phosphate ester (2) is not particularly limited, but can be synthesized by a known method.
- the step (1) of reacting an alkyl dialcohol and phosphorus oxychloride, and the obtained halogenated cyclic phosphate ester It can be suitably produced by a production method including the step (2) of obtaining a fluorinated phosphate by reacting the compound with the above-described fluorinated alkyl alcohol.
- alkyl dialcohol examples include HOCH 2 CH 2 OH, HOCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH, HOCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH, HOCH 2 CH (CF 3 ) OH, HOCH 2 CH (CH 2 CF 3 ) OH, HOCH 2 CF 2 CF 2 CH 2 OH and the like are preferable, and HOCH 2 CH 2 OH and HOCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH are more preferable.
- the reaction between the alkyl dialcohol and phosphorus oxychloride can be carried out without solvent or in a solvent.
- a solvent ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ -trifluoromethylbenzene, benzene, methylene chloride, chloroform or the like can be used. From the viewpoint of yield, it is preferable to use no solvent or ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ -trifluoromethylbenzene.
- the reaction between the alkyl dialcohol and phosphorus oxychloride can be carried out at 60 to 130 ° C, more preferably 80 to 120 ° C. The reaction time is usually 2 to 6 hours.
- the phosphorus oxychloride is preferably reacted with 1.9 to 2.2 moles of alkyl dialcohol per mole of the phosphorus oxychloride. More preferably, it is 1.95 to 2.1 mol. If the amount of the alkyl dialcohol is too large, there may be an increase in unwanted polysubstituted products. If the amount is too small, the remaining raw materials may increase and the yield may decrease.
- the reaction between the halogenated cyclic phosphate compound obtained in step (1) and the above fluorinated alkyl alcohol can be carried out without solvent or in a solvent.
- the solvent include ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ -trifluoromethyl.
- Benzene, benzene, methylene chloride, chloroform and the like can be used. From the viewpoint of yield, it is preferable to use no solvent or ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ -trifluoromethylbenzene.
- the reaction of the halogenated cyclic phosphate compound obtained in step (1) and the fluorinated alkyl alcohol can be carried out at 60 to 130 ° C, more preferably 80 to 120 ° C.
- the reaction time is usually 2 to 6 hours.
- the method for producing the fluorinated phosphate esters (1) and (2) further includes a step of purifying a reaction product containing the fluorinated phosphate ester obtained by the reaction to obtain a high-purity fluorinated phosphate ester. It may be a thing.
- the above purification can be performed by a known purification method such as solvent extraction, drying, recrystallization, filtration, distillation, concentration, column chromatography, and combinations thereof, if desired.
- Identification can be performed by 1 H-NMR and 31 P-NMR.
- the obtained compound was analyzed by 1 H-NMR and 31 P-NMR. The measurement was performed using heavy acetone (Aldrich) and deuterated chloroform solvent (Aldrich). 1 H-NMR (270 MHz, heavy acetone), ⁇ : 2.7 ppm (6H, m), 4.46 ppm (6H, q) 31 P-NMR (109 MHz, deuterated chloroform, triphenylphosphine was used as an internal standard, triphenylphosphine peak was 0 ppm) ⁇ : ⁇ 32.2.48 ppm (1P, d)
- the solvents listed in Tables 1 and 2 were mixed in 1 L PFA bottles at the volume ratios listed in Tables 1 and 2.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte salt described in Table 1 and Table 2 was mixed with this solvent at the weight ratio described in Table 1 and Table 2 to obtain an electrolytic solution.
- the phosphate ester compounds described in Table 1 and Table 2 were added as additives in the addition amounts described in Table 1 and Table 2 to obtain electrolytic solutions of Examples and Comparative Examples.
- Positive electrode in which LiNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 , carbon black, and polyvinylidene fluoride (product name: KF-7200, manufactured by Kureha Chemical Co., Ltd.) are mixed at 92/3/5 (mass ratio).
- a positive electrode mixture slurry was prepared by dispersing the active material in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone to form a slurry.
- the obtained positive electrode mixture slurry is uniformly applied on an aluminum current collector, dried to form a positive electrode mixture layer (thickness 50 ⁇ m), and then compression molded by a roller press machine to form a positive electrode laminate.
- the positive electrode laminate was punched into a size of 5.0 mm ⁇ 7.0 mm with a punching machine to produce a positive electrode.
- a negative electrode current collector (thickness 10 ⁇ m) was prepared by adding styrene-butadiene rubber dispersed in distilled water to artificial graphite powder to a solid content of 4% by mass and mixing with a disperser to form a slurry. On the copper foil) and dried to form a negative electrode mixture layer. After that, compression molding was performed with a roll press machine, and punching was performed to a size of 5.0 mm ⁇ 7.0 mm with a punching machine to produce a negative electrode.
- FEC Fluoroethylene carbonate
- the electrolytic solution of the present invention can be suitably used as an electrolytic solution for electrochemical devices such as lithium ion secondary batteries.
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Abstract
Description
前記溶媒は、一般式(1):
一般式(2):
からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種のフッ素化リン酸エステルを含む
ことを特徴とする電解液である。
本発明のフッ素化リン酸エステル(1)は、電解液に添加することができる添加剤として好適に利用可能である。
(式中、Rf1及びRf2は、同じか又は異なり、炭素数1~4のアルキル基又は含フッ素アルキル基を表す。ただし、Rf1及びRf2の少なくとも一方は炭素数1~4の含フッ素アルキル基である。)で表されるフッ素化鎖状カーボネートが挙げられる。
上記炭素数は、電解液への相溶性が良好である点で、1~3が好ましい。
上記非フッ素化飽和環状カーボネートとして、上述した化合物の1種を用いてもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。
上記フッ素化飽和環状カーボネート(A)を含むと、本発明の電解液をリチウムイオン二次電池等に適用した場合に、負極に安定な被膜を形成することができ、負極での電解液の副反応を充分に抑制することができる。その結果、極めて安定で優れた充放電特性が得られる。
なお、本明細書中で「エーテル結合」は、-O-で表される結合である。
炭素数が大きくなりすぎると低温特性が低下したり、電解質塩の溶解性が低下したりするおそれがあり、炭素数が少な過ぎると、電解質塩の溶解性の低下、放電効率の低下、更には粘性の増大等がみられることがある。
R1-R2- (a-1)
なお、R1及びR2は、更に、炭素原子、水素原子及びフッ素原子以外の、その他の原子を有していてもよい。
-CH2-、-CHF-、-CF2-、-CHCl-、-CFCl-、-CCl2-
-CH2-、-CHF-、-CF2-、-CHCl-、-CFCl-、-CCl2-
R3-(OR4)n1- (b-1)
(式中、R3はフッ素原子を有していてもよい、好ましくは炭素数1~6のアルキル基;R4はフッ素原子を有していてもよい、好ましくは炭素数1~4のアルキレン基;n1は1~3の整数;ただし、R3及びR4の少なくとも1つはフッ素原子を有している)で示されるものが挙げられる。
フッ素化アルキル基(a)、エーテル結合を有するフッ素化アルキル基(b)、及び、フッ素化アルコキシ基(c)のフッ素含有率は、各基の構造式に基づいて、{(フッ素原子の個数×19)/各基の式量}×100(%)により算出した値である。
なお、フッ素化飽和環状カーボネート(A)のフッ素含有率は、フッ素化飽和環状カーボネート(A)の構造式に基づいて、{(フッ素原子の個数×19)/フッ素化飽和環状カーボネート(A)の分子量}×100(%)により算出した値である。
上記電解質塩としては、二次電池、電気二重層キャパシタ等の電気化学デバイス用の電解液に使用することができる任意のものを用いることができるが、なかでも、リチウム塩が好ましい。
上記リチウム塩としては、例えば、LiClO4、LiPF6及びLiBF4等の無機リチウム塩;LiSO3CF3、LiN(SO2CF3)2、LiN(SO2C2F5)2、LiN(SO2CF3)(SO2C4F9)、LiC(SO2CF3)3、LiPF4(CF3)2、LiPF4(C2F5)2、LiPF4(SO2CF3)2、LiPF4(SO2C2F5)2、LiBF2(CF3)2、LiBF2(C2F5)2、LiBF2(SO2CF3)2、LiBF2(SO2C2F5)2、リチウムジフルオロ(オキサレート)ボレート、リチウムビス(オキサレート)ボレート、及び、式:LiPFa(CnF2n+1)6-a(式中、aは0~5の整数であり、nは1~6の整数である)で表される塩等の含フッ素有機酸リチウム塩等が挙げられる。これらは、単独又は2種以上を組み合わせて用いることができる。
上記電解質塩の濃度は、0.9モル/リットル以上がより好ましく、1.5モル/リットル以下がより好ましい。
上記アンモニウム塩としては、以下(IIa)~(IIe)が挙げられる。
(IIa)テトラアルキル4級アンモニウム塩
一般式(IIa):
などがあげられる。アルキルエーテル基を導入することにより、粘性の低下が図ることができる。
一般式(IIb-1):
一般式(IIc):
で示されるイミダゾリウム塩が好ましく例示できる。また、このイミダゾリウム塩の水素原子の一部又は全部がフッ素原子及び/又は炭素数1~4の含フッ素アルキル基で置換されているものも、耐酸化性が向上する点から好ましい。
一般式(IId):
で示されるN-アルキルピリジニウム塩が好ましく例示できる。また、このN-アルキルピリジニウム塩の水素原子の一部又は全部がフッ素原子及び/又は炭素数1~4の含フッ素アルキル基で置換されているものも、耐酸化性が向上する点から好ましい。
一般式(IIe):
で示されるN,N-ジアルキルピロリジニウム塩が好ましく例示できる。また、このN,N-ジアルキルピロリジニウム塩の水素原子の一部又は全部がフッ素原子及び/又は炭素数1~4の含フッ素アルキル基で置換されているものも、耐酸化性が向上する点から好ましい。
が好ましい。
更に容量を向上させるために、マグネシウム塩を用いてもよい。マグネシウム塩としては、例えば、Mg(ClO4)2、Mg(OOC2H5)2等が好ましい。
上記濃度の上限は、低温特性の点で、3.0モル/リットル以下であることが好ましく、2.0モル/リットル以下であることがより好ましい。
上記アンモニウム塩が、4フッ化ホウ酸トリエチルメチルアンモニウム(TEMABF4)の場合、その濃度は、低温特性に優れる点で、0.8~1.9モル/リットルであることが好ましい。
また、4フッ化ホウ酸スピロビピロリジニウム(SBPBF4)の場合は、0.7~2.0モル/リットルであることが好ましい。
このような化合物を含有することにより、電極界面の安定性が向上し、電池特性を向上させることができる。
上記ポリエチレンオキシドとしては、例えば、ポリエチレンオキシドモノオール、ポリエチレンオキシドカルボン酸、ポリエチレンオキシドジオール、ポリエチレンオキシドジカルボン酸、ポリエチレンオキシドトリオール、ポリエチレンオキシドトリカルボン酸等が挙げられる。これらは単独で使用してもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。
なかでも、電池特性がより良好となる点で、ポリエチレンオキシドモノオールとポリエチレンオキシドジオールの混合物、及び、ポリエチレンオキシドカルボン酸とポリエチレンオキシドジカルボン酸の混合物であることが好ましい。
上記重量平均分子量は、ゲルパーミエーションクロマトグラフィー(GPC)法によるポリスチレン換算により測定することができる。
上記ポリエチレンオキシドの含有量は、5×10-6mol/kg以上であることがより好ましい。
フッ素化不飽和環状カーボネートが有するフッ素原子の数は1以上あれば、特に制限されない。中でもフッ素原子が通常6以下、好ましくは4以下であり、1個又は2個のものが最も好ましい。
フッ素化ビニレンカーボネート誘導体としては、4-フルオロビニレンカーボネート、4-フルオロ-5-メチルビニレンカーボネート、4-フルオロ-5-フェニルビニレンカーボネート、4-アリル-5-フルオロビニレンカーボネート、4-フルオロ-5-ビニルビニレンカーボネート等が挙げられる。
なかでも、高温特性を向上させることができる点で、本発明の電解液は、1,3-プロパンスルトン、及び/又は、1,4-ブタンスルトンを含有することが好ましい。
フッ素化環状カルボン酸エステルを含有させることにより、イオン伝導度の向上、安全性の向上、高温時の安定性向上といった効果が得られる。
Rf10COORf11 (H)
(式中、Rf10は炭素数1~2のフッ素化アルキル基、Rf11は炭素数1~4のフッ素化アルキル基)で示されるフッ素化鎖状カルボン酸エステルが、難燃性が高く、かつ他溶媒との相溶性や耐酸化性が良好な点から好ましい。
炭素数3~10の鎖状エーテルとしては、ジエチルエーテル、ジ-n-ブチルエーテル、ジメトキシメタン、メトキシエトキシメタン、ジエトキシメタン、ジメトキシエタン、メトキシエトキシエタン、ジエトキシエタン、エチレングリコールジ-n-プロピルエーテル、エチレングリコールジ-n-ブチルエーテル、ジエチレングリコールジメチルエーテル等が挙げられる。
上記フッ素化エーテルとしては、下記一般式(I):
Rf13-O-Rf14 (I)
(式中、Rf13及びRf14は同じか又は異なり、炭素数1~10のアルキル基又は炭素数1~10のフッ素化アルキル基である。ただし、Rf13及びRf14の少なくとも一方は、フッ素化アルキル基である。)で表されるフッ素化エーテル(I)が挙げられる。フッ素化エーテル(I)を含有させることにより、電解液の難燃性が向上するとともに、高温高電圧での安定性、安全性が向上する。
なかでも、Rf13及びRf14が、同じか又は異なり、Rf13が炭素数3~6のフッ素化アルキル基であり、かつ、Rf14が炭素数2~6のフッ素化アルキル基であることがより好ましい。
上記フッ素含有率の下限は、45質量%がより好ましく、50質量%が更に好ましく、55質量%が特に好ましい。上限は70質量%がより好ましく、66質量%が更に好ましい。
なお、フッ素化エーテル(I)のフッ素含有率は、フッ素化エーテル(I)の構造式に基づいて、{(フッ素原子の個数×19)/フッ素化エーテル(I)の分子量}×100(%)により算出した値である。
なかでも、高沸点、他の溶媒との相溶性や電解質塩の溶解性が良好な点で有利なことから、HCF2CF2CH2OCF2CFHCF3(沸点106℃)、CF3CF2CH2OCF2CFHCF3(沸点82℃)、HCF2CF2CH2OCF2CF2H(沸点92℃)及びCF3CF2CH2OCF2CF2H(沸点68℃)からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種であることが好ましく、HCF2CF2CH2OCF2CFHCF3(沸点106℃)及びHCF2CF2CH2OCF2CF2H(沸点92℃)からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種であることがより好ましい。
Rf15COO-M+ (J)
(式中、Rf15は炭素数3~10のエーテル結合を含んでいてもよい含フッ素アルキル基;M+はLi+、Na+、K+又はNHR’3 +(R’は同じか又は異なり、いずれもH又は炭素数が1~3のアルキル基)である)で表される含フッ素カルボン酸塩や、下記式(K):
Rf16SO3 -M+ (K)
(式中、Rf16は炭素数3~10のエーテル結合を含んでいてもよい含フッ素アルキル基;M+はLi+、Na+、K+又はNHR’3 +(R’は同じか又は異なり、いずれもHまたは炭素数が1~3のアルキル基)である)で表される含フッ素スルホン酸塩等が好ましい。
上記過充電防止剤の含有量は、過充電等の場合に電池の破裂や発火を防止できる点で、電解液中0.1~5質量%であることが好ましい。
A-(D)-B (1-1)
[式中、Dは式(2-1):
-(D1)n-(FAE)m-(AE)p-(Y)q- (2-1)
(式中、D1は、式(2a):
FAEは、式(2b):
AEは、式(2c):
Yは、式(2d-1)~(2d-3):
nは0~200の整数;mは0~200の整数;pは0~10000の整数;qは1~100の整数;ただしn+mは0ではなく、D1、FAE、AE及びYの結合順序は特定されない);
A及びBは同じか又は異なり、水素原子、フッ素原子及び/又は架橋性官能基を含んでいてもよいアルキル基、フッ素原子及び/又は架橋性官能基を含んでいてもよいフェニル基、-COOH基、-OR(Rは水素原子又はフッ素原子及び/又は架橋性官能基を含んでいてもよいアルキル基)、エステル基又はカーボネート基(ただし、Dの末端が酸素原子の場合は-COOH基、-OR、エステル基及びカーボネート基ではない)]で表される側鎖に含フッ素基を有する非晶性含フッ素ポリエーテル化合物である。
上記電気化学デバイスとしては、リチウムイオン二次電池、キャパシタ(電気二重層キャパシタ)、ラジカル電池、太陽電池(特に色素増感型太陽電池)、燃料電池、各種電気化学センサー、エレクトロクロミック素子、電気化学スイッチング素子、アルミニウム電解コンデンサ、タンタル電解コンデンサ等が挙げられ、リチウムイオン二次電池、電気二重層キャパシタが好適である。
以下に、本発明の電気化学デバイス又は二次電池の例として、リチウムイオン二次電池の場合を説明する。
正極は、正極の材料である正極活物質を含む正極合剤と、集電体とから構成される。
上記リチウム含有遷移金属複合酸化物としては、例えば、
式(L):LiaMn2-bM1 bO4(式中、0.9≦a;0≦b≦1.5;M1はFe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Al、Sn、Cr、V、Ti、Mg、Ca、Sr、B、Ga、In、Si及びGeよりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の金属)で表されるリチウム・マンガンスピネル複合酸化物、
式(M):LiNi1-cM2 cO2(式中、0≦c≦0.5;M2はFe、Co、Mn、Cu、Zn、Al、Sn、Cr、V、Ti、Mg、Ca、Sr、B、Ga、In、Si及びGeよりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の金属)で表されるリチウム・ニッケル複合酸化物、又は、
式(N):LiCo1-dM3 dO2(式中、0≦d≦0.5;M3はFe、Ni、Mn、Cu、Zn、Al、Sn、Cr、V、Ti、Mg、Ca、Sr、B、Ga、In、Si及びGeよりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の金属)で表されるリチウム・コバルト複合酸化物が挙げられる。
なお、タップ密度は、正極活物質粉体5~10gを10mlのガラス製メスシリンダーに入れ、ストローク約20mmで200回タップした時の粉体充填密度(タップ密度)g/ccとして求める。
上記正極活物質の粒子は、二次粒子の平均粒子径が40μm以下で、かつ、平均一次粒子径が1μm以下の微粒子を、0.5~7.0体積%含むものであることが好ましい。平均一次粒子径が1μm以下の微粒子を含有させることにより、電解液との接触面積が大きくなり、電極と電解液との間でのリチウムイオンの拡散をより速くすることができ、その結果、電池の出力性能を向上させることができる。
上記結着剤としては、電極製造時に使用する溶媒や電解液に対して安全な材料であれば、任意のものを使用することができ、例えば、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、SBR(スチレン・ブタジエンゴム)、イソプレンゴム、ブタジエンゴム、エチレン-アクリル酸共重合体、エチレン-メタクリル酸共重合体、ポリエチレンテレフタレート、ポリメチルメタクリレート、ポリイミド、芳香族ポリアミド、セルロース、ニトロセルロース、NBR(アクリロニトリル-ブタジエンゴム)、フッ素ゴム、エチレン-プロピレンゴム、スチレン・ブタジエン・スチレンブロック共重合体又はその水素添加物、EPDM(エチレン・プロピレン・ジエン三元共重合体)、スチレン・エチレン・ブタジエン・エチレン共重合体、スチレン・イソプレン・スチレンブロック共重合体又はその水素添加物、シンジオタクチック-1,2-ポリブタジエン、ポリ酢酸ビニル、エチレン・酢酸ビニル共重合体、プロピレン・α-オレフィン共重合体、フッ素化ポリフッ化ビニリデン、テトラフルオロエチレン・エチレン共重合体、アルカリ金属イオン(特にリチウムイオン)のイオン伝導性を有する高分子組成物等が挙げられる。なお、これらの物質は、1種を単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を任意の組み合わせ及び比率で併用してもよい。
負極は、負極活物質を含む負極合剤と、集電体とから構成される。
また、SiまたはSnを第1の構成元素とし、それに加えて第2、第3の構成元素を含む複合材料が挙げられる。第2の構成元素は、例えば、コバルト、鉄、マグネシウム、チタン、バナジウム、クロム、マンガン、ニッケル、銅、亜鉛、ガリウム及びジルコニウムのうち少なくとも1種である。第3の構成元素は、例えば、ホウ素、炭素、アルミニウム及びリンのうち少なくとも1種である。
特に、高い電池容量および優れた電池特性が得られることから、上記金属材料として、ケイ素またはスズの単体(微量の不純物を含んでよい)、SiOv(0<v≦2)、SnOw(0≦w≦2)、Si-Co-C複合材料、Si-Ni-C複合材料、Sn-Co-C複合材料、Sn-Ni-C複合材料が好ましい。
LixTiyMzO4 (O)
[一般式(O)中、Mは、Na、K、Co、Al、Fe、Ti、Mg、Cr、Ga、Cu、Zn及びNbからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素を表わす。]
で表される化合物であることが好ましい。
上記の一般式(O)で表わされる組成の中でも、
(i)1.2≦x≦1.4、1.5≦y≦1.7、z=0
(ii)0.9≦x≦1.1、1.9≦y≦2.1、z=0
(iii)0.7≦x≦0.9、2.1≦y≦2.3、z=0
の構造が、電池性能のバランスが良好なため特に好ましい。
水系溶媒としては、水、アルコール等が挙げられ、有機系溶媒としてはN-メチルピロリドン(NMP)、ジメチルホルムアミド、ジメチルアセトアミド、メチルエチルケトン、シクロヘキサノン、酢酸メチル、アクリル酸メチル、ジエチルトリアミン、N,N-ジメチルアミノプロピルアミン、テトラヒドロフラン(THF)、トルエン、アセトン、ジエチルエーテル、ジメチルアセトアミド、ヘキサメチルホスファルアミド、ジメチルスルホキシド、ベンゼン、キシレン、キノリン、ピリジン、メチルナフタレン、ヘキサン等が挙げられる。
上記リチウムイオン二次電池は、更に、セパレータを備えることが好ましい。
上記セパレータの材質や形状は、電解液に安定であり、かつ、保液性に優れていれば特に限定されず、公知のものを使用することができる。なかでも、本発明の電解液に対し安定な材料で形成された、樹脂、ガラス繊維、無機物等が用いられ、保液性に優れた多孔性シート又は不織布状の形態の物等を用いるのが好ましい。
電極群は、上記の正極板と負極板とを上記のセパレータを介してなる積層構造のもの、及び上記の正極板と負極板とを上記のセパレータを介して渦巻き状に捲回した構造のもののいずれでもよい。電極群の体積が電池内容積に占める割合(以下、電極群占有率と称する)は、通常40%以上であり、50%以上が好ましく、また、通常90%以下であり、80%以下が好ましい。
上記電気二重層キャパシタでは、正極及び負極の少なくとも一方は分極性電極であり、分極性電極及び非分極性電極としては特開平9-7896号公報に詳しく記載されている以下の電極が使用できる。
上記アルコールとオキシ塩化リンとの反応は、60~130℃で行うことができ、80~120℃で行うことがより好ましい。反応時間は、通常、2~6時間である。
上記オキシ塩化リンは、上記オキシ塩化リン1モルに対して3~6モルのアルコールと反応させることが好ましい。より好ましくは、3~3.6モルである。アルコールが多すぎると溶媒濃度が低くなり収率が低下するおそれがあり、少なすぎると目的物の収率が低下するおそれがある。
アルキルジアルコールとオキシ塩化リンとの反応は、60~130℃で行うことができ、80~120℃で行うことがより好ましい。反応時間は、通常、2~6時間である。
上記オキシ塩化リンは、上記オキシ塩化リン1モルに対して1.9~2.2モルのアルキルジアルコールと反応させることが好ましい。より好ましくは、1.95~2.1モルである。アルキルジアルコールが多すぎると望まない多置換生成物が増加するおそれがあり、少なすぎると原料の残存が多くなり収率が低下するおそれがある。
工程(1)により得られたハロゲン化環状リン酸エステル化合物と上記フッ素化アルキルアルコールとの反応は、60~130℃で行うことができ、80~120℃で行うことがより好ましい。反応時間は、通常、2~6時間である。
上記合成法によって化合物(後述する成分(a))を合成した。得られた化合物を1H-NMRおよび31P-NMRにより分析した。測定は重アセトン(Aldrich社製)および重クロロホルム溶媒(Aldrich社製)にて行った。
1H-NMR(270MHz、重アセトン)、δ:2.7ppm(6H、m)、4.46ppm(6H、q)
31P-NMR(109MHz、重クロロホルム、内部標準としてトリフェニルフォスフィンを用い、トリフェニルフォスフィンピークを0ppmとした)δ:-32.48ppm(1P、d)
LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2とカーボンブラックとポリフッ化ビニリデン(呉羽化学(株)製、商品名:KF-7200)を92/3/5(質量比)で混合した正極活物質をN-メチル-2-ピロリドンに分散してスラリー状とした正極合剤スラリーを準備した。アルミ集電体上に、得られた正極合剤スラリーを均一に塗布し、乾燥して正極合剤層(厚さ50μm)を形成し、その後、ローラプレス機により圧縮成形して、正極積層体を製造した。正極積層体を打ち抜き機で5.0mm×7.0mmの大きさに打ち抜き、正極を作製した。
(残存容量)÷(初期放電容量)×100=保存容量維持率(%)
上記を実施した結果を表1および表2に記載した。
EC:エチレンカーボネート
PC:プロピレンカーボネート
EMC:エチルメチルカーボネート
DEC:ジエチルカーボネート
VC:ビニレンカーボネート
Claims (10)
- 溶媒及び電解質塩を含有する電解液であって、
前記溶媒は、一般式(1):
一般式(2):
からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種のフッ素化リン酸エステルを含む
ことを特徴とする電解液。 - 一般式(1)において、Laは炭素数2の非フッ素化アルキレン基である請求項1記載の電解液。
- 一般式(2)において、Lbは炭素数2の非フッ素化アルキレン基である請求項1又は2記載の電解液。
- 溶媒は、0.01~90体積%のフッ素化リン酸エステルを含む請求項1、2又は3記載の電解液。
- 溶媒は、非フッ素化飽和環状カーボネート、フッ素化飽和環状カーボネート、非フッ素化鎖状カーボネート及びフッ素化鎖状カーボネートからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種を含む請求項1、2、3又は4記載の電解液。
- 電解質塩は、LiPF6、LiBF4、LiSO3CF3、LiN(SO2CF3)2、LiN(SO2C2F5)2、リチウムジフルオロ(オキサレート)ボレート、リチウムビス(オキサレート)ボレート、及び、式:LiPFa(CnF2n+1)6-a(式中、aは0~5の整数であり、nは1~6の整数である。)で表される塩からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種のリチウム塩である請求項1、2、3、4又は5記載の電解液。
- 請求項1、2、3、4、5又は6記載の電解液を備えることを特徴とする電気化学デバイス。
- 請求項1、2、3、4、5又は6記載の電解液を備えることを特徴とする二次電池。
- 請求項7記載の電気化学デバイス、又は、請求項8記載の二次電池を備えることを特徴とするモジュール。
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JP2016547804A JPWO2016039118A1 (ja) | 2014-09-09 | 2015-08-21 | 電解液及び新規なフッ素化リン酸エステル |
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US10707531B1 (en) | 2016-09-27 | 2020-07-07 | New Dominion Enterprises Inc. | All-inorganic solvents for electrolytes |
KR102276985B1 (ko) * | 2017-05-17 | 2021-07-12 | 주식회사 엘지에너지솔루션 | 리튬 이차전지용 비수전해액 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차전지 |
WO2019138724A1 (ja) * | 2018-01-15 | 2019-07-18 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 二次電池及び電解液 |
CN113130983B (zh) * | 2019-12-30 | 2022-12-06 | 深圳新宙邦科技股份有限公司 | 一种固态电解质及固态锂离子电池 |
US11613604B2 (en) | 2021-06-28 | 2023-03-28 | Covestro Llc | Isocyanate-reactive compositions, polyurethane foams formed therefrom, multi-layer composite articles that include such foams, and methods for their preparation |
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JPH11273727A (ja) * | 1998-03-18 | 1999-10-08 | Hitachi Maxell Ltd | 非水電解液二次電池 |
JP2007207455A (ja) * | 2006-01-31 | 2007-08-16 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 非水電解液二次電池 |
WO2011040447A1 (ja) * | 2009-09-29 | 2011-04-07 | Necエナジーデバイス株式会社 | 二次電池 |
WO2012118179A1 (ja) * | 2011-03-03 | 2012-09-07 | Necエナジーデバイス株式会社 | リチウムイオン電池 |
-
2015
- 2015-08-21 US US15/501,053 patent/US20170275310A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2015-08-21 EP EP15840933.4A patent/EP3193403A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2015-08-21 JP JP2016547804A patent/JPWO2016039118A1/ja active Pending
- 2015-08-21 WO PCT/JP2015/073577 patent/WO2016039118A1/ja active Application Filing
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JPH11273727A (ja) * | 1998-03-18 | 1999-10-08 | Hitachi Maxell Ltd | 非水電解液二次電池 |
JP2007207455A (ja) * | 2006-01-31 | 2007-08-16 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 非水電解液二次電池 |
WO2011040447A1 (ja) * | 2009-09-29 | 2011-04-07 | Necエナジーデバイス株式会社 | 二次電池 |
WO2012118179A1 (ja) * | 2011-03-03 | 2012-09-07 | Necエナジーデバイス株式会社 | リチウムイオン電池 |
Cited By (2)
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JPWO2017179468A1 (ja) * | 2016-04-12 | 2018-11-01 | ダイキン工業株式会社 | 電解液、電気化学デバイス、リチウムイオン二次電池、及び、モジュール |
US11929461B2 (en) | 2016-04-12 | 2024-03-12 | Daikin Industries, Ltd. | Electrolytic solution, electrochemical device, lithium-ion secondary cell and module |
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US20170275310A1 (en) | 2017-09-28 |
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