WO2016038998A1 - 生体ポリマ分析デバイス及び分析システム - Google Patents
生体ポリマ分析デバイス及び分析システム Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016038998A1 WO2016038998A1 PCT/JP2015/069422 JP2015069422W WO2016038998A1 WO 2016038998 A1 WO2016038998 A1 WO 2016038998A1 JP 2015069422 W JP2015069422 W JP 2015069422W WO 2016038998 A1 WO2016038998 A1 WO 2016038998A1
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- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/483—Physical analysis of biological material
- G01N33/487—Physical analysis of biological material of liquid biological material
- G01N33/48707—Physical analysis of biological material of liquid biological material by electrical means
- G01N33/48721—Investigating individual macromolecules, e.g. by translocation through nanopores
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- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6869—Methods for sequencing
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- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
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- C12Q2523/00—Reactions characterised by treatment of reaction samples
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- C12Q2563/00—Nucleic acid detection characterized by the use of physical, structural and functional properties
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- C12Q2565/00—Nucleic acid analysis characterised by mode or means of detection
- C12Q2565/60—Detection means characterised by use of a special device
- C12Q2565/631—Detection means characterised by use of a special device being a biochannel or pore
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a biological polymer analysis method using pores embedded in a thin film, and particularly to a DNA or protein analysis method.
- Nanopore When one molecule of biological polymer passes through a pore (hereinafter referred to as nanopore) with a diameter of about 0.9 nm to several nm embedded in a thin film with a thickness of several tens to several tens of nanometers, depending on the monomer arrangement pattern of the biological polymer, The electrical characteristics around the nanopore change in a pattern.
- a method for analyzing a monomer array of a living polymer by using this has been actively studied. Nanopores are often used in a form in which a solution containing an electrolyte is arranged on both sides of a thin film.
- a solution containing an electrolyte can be passed through the nanopore.
- a pair of electrodes is formed in the nanopore, and the tunneling current flowing between the electrodes is used to vary the amount of tunneling current observed when the biological polymer passes through the nanopore depending on the monomer species
- a system based on this principle is widely known.
- Either method can directly read a living body polymer without requiring a chemical operation accompanied by fragmentation of the living body polymer as in the prior art.
- the biological polymer is DNA
- it is a next-generation DNA base sequence analysis system
- the biological polymer is protein
- it is an amino acid sequence analysis system, and each is expected to be a system that can decode a much longer sequence length than before. .
- biopores using proteins with pores in the center embedded in lipid bilayer membranes
- solid pores in which pores are processed in an insulating thin film formed by a semiconductor processing process.
- the amount of change in the ionic current is measured using the pores (diameter: 1.2 nm, thickness: 0.6 nm) of the modified protein (Mycobacterium msmegmatis porin A (MspA), etc.) embedded in the lipid bilayer membrane as a biological polymer detector.
- MspA Mycobacterium msmegmatis porin A
- the pore thickness is larger than one monomer unit (adjacent distance of a nucleic acid that is a DNA monomer is 0.34 nm), information on a plurality of monomer molecules is mixed in the amount of change in ion current.
- protein is used, so that the pore portion of the protein is denatured depending on the solution conditions and environmental conditions, and the device is deteriorated. There is a problem that the robustness of the device is low from the viewpoint of stability and lifetime.
- solid pores can form thin films consisting of monolayers such as graphene and molybdenum disulfide. With these thicknesses, it is possible to ensure sufficient spatial resolution to read one monomer unit of monomer.
- a method in which the biological polymer is electrophoresed using the potential difference generating an ionic current as it is as a driving force is most widely used.
- the speed of DNA strand passing through the nanopore by electrophoresis is so high that only a signal value in which signals of a plurality of monomer molecules are mixed can be obtained.
- the technology to slow down was necessary. Specifically, it is preferable to be able to delay to a passage speed of 100 ⁇ s / monomer unit or more, but at present, the speed is 0.01 to 1 ⁇ s / monomer unit, so at least a speed delay of 100 to 10,000 times is realized. There is a need to. Thus, if the passage speed can be slowed down, it is possible to acquire a signal of only one monomer molecule.
- Nanopores can be obtained by increasing the viscosity of the solution by increasing the viscosity of the solution by adding high-concentration glycerol and increasing the frictional force in the direction opposite to the tensile force of the DNA strand during electrophoresis.
- a method of slowing the passage speed has been attempted (Non-patent Document 1).
- a method has been validated in which the lithium ion is added to the solution to reduce the apparent negative charge of the DNA strand, thereby reducing the tensile force during electrophoresis and delaying the nanopore passage speed (non- Patent Document 2).
- Patent Document 1 discloses a method of installing an obstacle having a two-dimensional shape in a nanopore device composed of a two-dimensional channel.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a structure in which nano-sized obstacle groups (such as cylinders) are regularly arranged on both sides of a thin film processed with nanopores.
- nano-sized obstacle groups such as cylinders
- a gel material composed of a polymer, a resin, an inorganic porous body, and beads is clearly shown. It is mentioned that the speed of passing through the nanopores is reduced because the biological polymer collides with an obstacle during electrophoresis to generate a frictional force in a direction that prevents migration.
- Non-Patent Document 4 discloses a structure in which a group of resin-made nanowires randomly stacked on the upstream side of a nanopore is provided as another means for realizing an obstacle. It is mentioned that the passage speed of nanopores is reduced by utilizing frictional force caused by collision of biological polymer with nanowires during electrophoresis.
- the conventional method has a problem that the delay effect is insufficient.
- a case where double-stranded DNA is targeted as a biological polymer is disclosed. Stays delayed.
- the additive since the additive also passes simultaneously when passing through the biological polymer, there is a problem that the monomer type signal value difference of the monomer per molecule unit becomes small and the detection of the monomer type becomes difficult.
- a method of adding lithium ions is also disclosed, for example, in the case of targeting single-stranded DNA as a biological polymer, and the delay effect before and after the addition is about 10 times.
- the nanopore passage speed of the biological polymer cannot be sufficiently delayed to a speed that allows the monomer array analysis, and development of another means has been desired.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and its object is to greatly delay the nanopore passage speed of a biological polymer by introducing a new delay principle, and to analyze the monomer arrangement in the biological polymer. It is an object of the present invention to provide a biological polymer analysis system capable of stably performing the above.
- a representative embodiment of the present invention has two tanks that can store a solution containing a biopolymer and an electrolyte, a pair of electrodes respectively disposed in the two tanks, and nanopores, and the two tanks via the nanopores.
- the three-dimensional structure has a void, and the void from the nanopore to the three-dimensional structure.
- the surface of the flow path has a functional group capable of adsorbing a biological polymer, and when a voltage is applied to a pair of electrodes, the capture length of the biological polymer is defined as the radius at least around the nanopore.
- This is a biological polymer analysis device in which the three-dimensional structure does not re-disperse in the solution within the hemisphere range.
- not re-dispersing is defined as that a part of a three-dimensional structure does not peel off due to solvation, Brownian motion, or electrophoresis when a voltage is applied under the condition where it is in contact with a solution. .
- the presence of a functional group that adsorbs the biological polymer on the surface of the flow channel in the three-dimensional structure allows the biological polymer to flow when the biological polymer approaches the vicinity of the flow channel surface by electrophoresis or diffusion phenomenon. Adsorbs thermodynamically on the road surface. This state of adsorption occurs because the biological polymer is more stable in terms of free energy than the state in which the biological polymer is solvated or ionized and freely diffused in the solution. The adsorption force at this time acts as a force acting in the opposite direction to the tensile force of the biological polymer during electrophoresis.
- the strength of this adsorption force can be arbitrarily controlled by adjusting the type of functional group modified on the channel surface and the solution conditions, and the rate at which the polymer polymer can pass through the nanopores can be analyzed by monomer arrangement analysis. The bandwidth can be adjusted.
- the structure that provides the adsorption force does not re-disperse in the solution even when a voltage is applied.
- a stable flow channel shape can be maintained, and a biological polymer analysis device with high robustness corresponding to various solution conditions and environmental conditions can be provided.
- the schematic diagram which shows an example of a biological polymer analysis device The conceptual diagram of the biopolymer arrangement
- the cross-sectional schematic diagram of the nanopore peripheral part which highlighted the flow path in a three-dimensional structure The cross-sectional schematic diagram which shows the nanopore peripheral part of another three-dimensional structure.
- the cross-sectional schematic diagram which shows the nanopore peripheral part of another three-dimensional structure The cross-sectional schematic diagram which shows the nanopore peripheral part of another three-dimensional structure.
- the cross-sectional schematic diagram which shows the nanopore peripheral part of another three-dimensional structure The cross-sectional schematic diagram which shows the nanopore peripheral part of another three-dimensional structure.
- the cross-sectional schematic diagram which shows the nanopore peripheral part of another three-dimensional structure The cross-sectional schematic diagram which shows the nanopore peripheral part of another three-dimensional structure.
- the cross-sectional schematic diagram which shows the nanopore peripheral part of another three-dimensional structure The cross-sectional schematic diagram which shows the nanopore peripheral part of another three-dimensional structure.
- the cross-sectional schematic diagram which shows the nanopore peripheral part of another three-dimensional structure The cross-sectional schematic diagram which shows the nanopore peripheral part of another three-dimensional structure.
- the cross-sectional schematic diagram which shows the nanopore peripheral part of another three-dimensional structure Schematic which shows an example of a biological polymer analysis system.
- the cross-sectional schematic diagram of the thin film before nanopore opening The cross-sectional schematic diagram of the thin film before nanopore opening.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing an example of a biological polymer analysis device according to the present invention.
- This device includes a thin film 104 having two tanks 101a and 101b that can store a solution 102 and a nanopore 106 (details are described in FIG. 5 and subsequent figures), a three-dimensional structure 103 placed on the thin film, , A pair of electrodes 105a and 105b.
- the solution stored in the two tanks contains an electrolyte, and the biological polymer 109 may be contained in at least one of the tanks.
- the thin film 104 is disposed between the two tanks 101 a and 101 b so that the two tanks 101 a and 101 b communicate with each other through the nanopore 106. As shown in FIG. 1, the two tanks are preferably provided with solution inlets 107a and 107b for introducing a solution.
- the three-dimensional structure is provided with a void 108 (details are described in FIG. 7 and subsequent figures), and this void is a channel through which the solution can pass from the nanopore to the top of the three-dimensional structure.
- a functional group 110 capable of adsorbing a biological polymer is provided on the surface of the flow path.
- this three-dimensional structure has a rigid property that does not re-disperse into the solution in the range within the hemisphere centered on the nanopore when a voltage is applied. The radius of this hemisphere is the biopolymer capture length r defined below.
- Biological polymers include single-stranded DNA, double-stranded DNA, RNA, oligonucleotides, etc. composed of nucleic acids as monomers, and polypeptides composed of amino acids as monomers. It is preferable to take the form of the linear polymer from which the higher order structure was eliminated at the time of measurement. In the following, a form in which single-stranded DNA is used as a biological polymer is shown, but the above-mentioned other biological polymers are also applicable.
- the solvent of the solution is most preferably water that can stably dissolve the biological polymer.
- the electrolytes contained in the above solvents include potassium ion, sodium ion, lithium ion, calcium ion, magnesium ion, fluoride ion, chloride ion, bromide ion, iodide ion, sulfate ion, carbonate ion, nitrate ion, and ferricyan.
- Examples include ions and ferrocyan ions.
- Examples of the material of the electrode include carbon, gold, platinum, silver and silver chloride, and any electrode that can be used for electrochemical measurement is not particularly limited.
- the nanopore 106 may be about 0.9 to 10 nm in diameter, which is the minimum size through which single-stranded DNA can pass, and the thickness of the thin film may be about several tens to several tens of nm.
- the material of the thin film may be any material that can be formed by semiconductor microfabrication technology, and typically may be silicon nitride, silicon oxide, hafnium oxide, molybdenum disulfide, graphene, or the like. Nanopores can be formed by electron beam irradiation or pulse voltage application. Such methods are disclosed in detail in the literature (M. Wanunu, Physics of Life Reviews, 2012, 9, 125.) and literature (I.IYanagi, Scientific Reports, 2014, 4, 5000.).
- Examples of the functional group 110 capable of adsorbing a living body polymer include a silanol group in the case of targeting DNA, RNA, oligonucleotide, and the like.
- Nucleic acids are widely known to adsorb silanol groups by the chaotropic effect, and typical examples using glass with silanol groups on the surface (B. Volgenstein, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1979, 76, 615.).
- the aqueous solution contains a molecule that causes the chaotropic effect.
- the molecules that cause chaotropic effects include thiocyanate ion (SCN ⁇ ), dihydrogen phosphate ion (H 2 PO 4 ⁇ ), hydrogen sulfate ion (HSO 4 ⁇ ), bicarbonate ion (HCO 3 ⁇ ), and iodide ion.
- SCN ⁇ thiocyanate ion
- dihydrogen phosphate ion H 2 PO 4 ⁇
- hydrogen sulfate ion HSO 4 ⁇
- bicarbonate ion HCO 3 ⁇
- iodide ion I -
- chloride ion (Cl -) chloride ion
- NO 3 - nitrate ion
- ammonium ions NH 4 +
- Cs + cesium ion
- K + potassium ion
- guanidinium ions tetramethyl Ammonium ions are preferred.
- the chaotropic effect is expressed more strongly under acidic conditions, and it is preferable that the solution conditions are adjusted to pH 1 or higher at which the chaotropic effect is sufficiently developed and pH 10 or lower at which the chaotropic effect starts to be developed. In addition, it is known that the chaotropic effect becomes stronger as the ionic strength increases. When chloride ions are taken as an example, the saturated chloride that the chaotropic effect is sufficiently developed is 10 mM or more at which the chaotropic effect begins to appear. It is preferable that the solution conditions are adjusted to an ionic strength (about 3.4 M) or less of the potassium solution. These solution conditions are described, for example, in the literature (P. E. Vandeventer, et al., J. Phys. Chem. B, 2012, 116 (19), 5661.).
- Suitable examples of functional groups that can adsorb biological polymers include functional groups that ionize to cations. Since nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA are negatively charged in aqueous solution, they are known to adsorb with positively charged cationic molecules by electrostatic interaction. As the functional group charged to the cation, a primary amine group, secondary amine group, tertiary amine group, quaternary amine group, pyridine group, imino group, imidazole group, pyrazole group, triazole group and the like are preferable. Although there are various functional groups that ionize to cations, it is preferable that they maintain a stable form in an aqueous solution and have no chemical reactivity with biological polymers.
- the pH of the solution is preferably smaller than the pKa of the functional group that ionizes to the cation so as to stably ionize to the cation.
- the primary amine group has a pKa in the range of 9 to 11, and the typical primary amine ethylamine has a pKa of 10.5. Therefore, by adjusting the solution pH to 10.5 or lower, ethylamine is completely ionized into cations, and DNA and the like can be reliably adsorbed to the channel surface.
- the functional group is provided on the surface of the flow path, when the biological polymer approaches the vicinity of the flow path surface by electrophoresis or diffusion as shown in FIG. Adsorbs dynamically. This state of adsorption occurs because the biological polymer is more stable in terms of free energy than the state in which the biological polymer is solvated or ionized and freely diffused in the solution.
- the adsorption force at this time acts as a force acting in the opposite direction to the tensile force applied to the biological polymer during electrophoresis. This adsorption force reduces the tensile force on the living body polymer during electrophoresis, and the speed of passing through the nanopore can be delayed.
- the strength of this adsorption force can be arbitrarily controlled by adjusting the type of functional group modified on the channel surface and the solution conditions, and the rate at which the polymer polymer can pass through the nanopores can be analyzed by monomer arrangement analysis. It can be easily adjusted to the bandwidth.
- the tensile force on DNA due to the potential gradient generated around the nanopore is described in detail in the literature (U. F. Keyser, et al., Nature Physics, 2006, .2, 473.) and must be 0.24pN / mV It has been known.
- the adsorption force to biological polymer for example, it was found that the adsorption force to silanol group of DNA is about 55pN according to the investigation made using atomic force microscope (F.FKuhner, Langmuir, 2006, 22 , 11180.). In addition, according to the same investigation, it was found in the literature (M. Erdmann, et al., Nature Nanotechnology, 2010, 5, ⁇ 154.) that the adsorption power of DNA to the cationic group (ionized primary amine group) is about 200pN. Are listed. Therefore, it is possible to realize the desired nanopore passage speed of the biological polymer by arbitrarily adjusting these tensile force and adsorption force.
- the biological polymer capture length r is an effective distance at which the biological polymer can be transported by electrophoresis using a potential gradient generated around the nanopore (a hemisphere range of radius r) as shown in FIG. is there.
- the biopolymer capture length is defined by Equation 1.
- the biopolymer capture length is disclosed in detail in the literature (M. Wanunu, et al., Nature Nanotechnology, 2010, 5, 160.).
- a tensile force toward the living body polymer by the electrophoresis is generated.
- the flow path having a functional group capable of adsorbing the biological polymer exists within the range of the hemisphere.
- the structure does not redisperse in the solution within the range of the hemisphere when a voltage is applied.
- improvement of the capturing efficiency of the living body polymer can be achieved by limiting the area of the structure as described later. Is possible.
- the minimum cross-sectional area of the flow channel needs to be greater than or equal to the molecular cross-sectional area of the biopolymer, and the maximum cross-sectional area of the flow channel needs to be less than or equal to the maximum cross-sectional area between the gaps so that at least the biological polymer can pass. It is described in the literature (K. Venta, et al., ACS Nano, 2013, 7 (5), 4629.) that the smallest nanopore diameter that can pass through single-stranded DNA is 0.9 nm. Thus, the molecular cross-sectional area in this case is 0.81 nm 2.
- the maximum cross-sectional area of the flow path is larger than the cross-sectional area formed by the mean free path S (dimension is distance) of the biological polymer defined by Equation 2. Is preferably small.
- D is the diffusion coefficient of biological polymer
- t is the average residence time near the nanopore.
- the literature shows that the diffusion coefficient is 118 ⁇ m 2 / s.
- the average residence time in the vicinity of the nanopore is 700 ms.
- the mean free path of single-stranded DNA in this case is 9 ⁇ m.
- the maximum cross-sectional area of the flow path for adsorbing the functional group 110 once or more before the single-stranded DNA enters the nanopore is 81 ⁇ m 2 .
- the cross-sectional area of the flow path in this case is preferably 0.81 nm 2 or more and 81 ⁇ m 2 or less.
- an example of a suitable cross-sectional area range is given using a living body polymer as a single-stranded DNA.
- the range of the cross-sectional area changes depending on the biological polymer, the ionic component of the solution, the viscosity, and the like, and the effects of the present invention can be sufficiently obtained in a range other than the above.
- the upper limit of the cross-sectional area of the flow path is more preferably equal to or less than the area of a circle whose radius is the biopolymer capture length.
- the upper limit of the cross-sectional area of the channel is set to a molecular cross-sectional area of DNA polymerase, DNA helicase, exosome (size of several nm to several tens of nm or less). An effect is obtained.
- the above-mentioned protein or structure is attached to the DNA extracted from the actual specimen or mixed as a contaminant.
- analysis is performed using nanopores smaller than these substance sizes, if they are attached to DNA, they may become clogged when passing through the nanopore and analysis may not be continued. Therefore, by restricting the maximum cross-sectional area of the flow path, it is possible to perform smooth analysis by filtering out these substances or passing only DNA to which these substances are not attached.
- the same effect can be obtained by setting the upper limit of the cross-sectional area of the channel to be equal to or lower than the cross-sectional area of the higher order structure of DNA.
- DNA for example, it is known that a sequence in which guanine is continuous forms a higher-order structure (tetramer, size: 2.6 nm to 10 nm). Therefore, by providing the above-mentioned restriction, it becomes possible to perform a smooth analysis by unwinding a DNA having a higher order structure in a straight chain or allowing only a monomeric DNA to pass through.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view in the vicinity of a nanopore showing another embodiment of the biological polymer analysis device according to the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is characterized in that a plurality of nanopores are arranged in parallel.
- FIG. 1 when a device is configured using only a single nanopore, it is only necessary to provide one set of two electrodes and one three-dimensional structure for each nanopore.
- FIG. 6 when a plurality of nanopores are used in parallel as shown in FIG. 6, one three-dimensional structure 103 needs to be placed on a thin film 104 having nanopores for each nanopore 106. is there.
- An electrode (typically a grounded electrode) 105a immersed in one solution side is used as a common electrode, and one independent electrode 105b is provided for each nanopore on the other solution side. It ’s fine.
- the solution 102a on the common electrode side is a common solution for each nanopore 106, and the solution 102b on the opposite side to the common electrode needs to have one independent solution for each nanopore 106.
- the partition which ensures the independence of each solution is an insulating material, for example, polydimethylsiloxane, silicon oxide, etc. are preferable. With such a configuration, each nanopore can perform independent biological polymer analysis without electrochemically interfering with each other, thereby improving the throughput of biological polymer analysis.
- FIG. 7 shows a view of the nanopore peripheral portion as viewed from vertically above the device.
- FIG. 8 is a schematic perspective view of the periphery of the nanopore cut along section A in FIG. 7, and
- FIG. 9 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the periphery of the nanopore.
- This embodiment is characterized in that a three-dimensional structure is formed by stacking a plurality of particles 111 on a thin film 104.
- the hatched area is a cross-section portion of the molded particle cut along the cross section A
- the annular area shown in gray is the post-molding particle located on the back side of the void. It is a part of.
- the voids 108 between the particles form a flow path 112 through which a solution containing a biological polymer and an electrolyte passes to the nanopore.
- the flow path 112 is highlighted with a bold line.
- the voltage gradient is generated only in the range of the hemisphere 113 with the nanopore 106 as the center position and the biological polymer capture length r as the radius. For this reason, among the many voids existing in the present structure, only the void existing in the range of the hemisphere 113 and connected to the nanopore 106 can serve as the flow path.
- the surface of the particle is modified with a functional group capable of adsorbing a biological polymer.
- the plurality of molded particles have a non-spherical shape so as not to be electrophoresed and peeled off from the thin film surface upon voltage application and re-dispersed in the solution at least within the hemispherical range.
- One of the advantages of this embodiment is that the probability that the biological polymer is adsorbed to the flow path surface can be improved. This is because a sufficiently large specific surface area can be provided by molding the three-dimensional structure with particles. The smaller the average diameter of the particles, the smaller the voids and the higher the probability of biopolymer adsorption. On the other hand, the smaller the gap, the lower the ion current obtained by increasing the resistance value when ions pass, and the signal value itself cannot be obtained. Therefore, the adsorption probability and the resistance value of the biological polymer are in a trade-off relationship.
- the average diameter of the particles is preferably 10 nm or more and 1000 nm or less.
- the particles may block the nanopore, for that purpose, the particles need to be in point contact with the nanopore, and such a probability is very low, so there is no problem in practical use. If there is a nanopore blocked by particles, the nanopore is not used for analysis.
- Another advantage is that production using particles is easy.
- a solution in which particles are dispersed onto a thin film and evaporating and removing only the solvent a three-dimensional structure molded from the particles can be produced.
- dip coating, spin coating, electrophoresis coating, or the like can be used as a method for applying the solution.
- dip coating is not only simple, but also preferred because the particles can be self-assembled and densely arranged on the surface of the thin film by the surface tension of the solvent.
- Such a method is disclosed in, for example, literature (X. Ye, et al., Nano Today, 2011, 6, 608.).
- a method of evaporating and removing the solvent after coating a method of evaporating by heating is preferable.
- each particle can be deformed by appropriately selecting the material of the particle.
- a method is disclosed, for example, in literature (A. Kosiorek, et al., Small, 2005, 1, 439.).
- the particles Prior to deformation, the particles remain only in point contact and are unstable structures that undergo electrophoresis upon application of voltage, so this deformation processing must be performed.
- the spherical particles are pressed against each other and deformed into a non-spherical shape as shown in FIG. 9 so that the particles come into surface contact. This has the effect of forming a stable structure that can withstand the tensile force applied to the particles during voltage application.
- the shape of the particles at this time is preferably a polyhedron so that adjacent particles can come into strong contact with each other.
- Such polyhedrons are obtained by thermocompression bonding and are described in, for example, literature (Z. Q. Sun, et al., Langmuir, 2005, 21 (20), 8987).
- the material be deformable.
- resins such as polystyrene and polylactic acid, ceramics such as silica and titanium oxide, metals such as gold and silver are preferable.
- the particles have a high zeta potential value so that the particles can obtain a sufficient repulsive force.
- the silica described above is a desirable material because the surface is covered with negatively charged silanol groups, and a zeta potential value sufficient for the particles to be dispersed independently in water can be realized.
- the functional surface capable of adsorbing the living body polymer needs to be applied to the particle surface, but it may be applied to the particle surface before application to the thin film or may be applied by chemical reaction treatment after application.
- Another advantage of using a three-dimensional structure formed of particles is that a mesh-like channel can be formed.
- biological polymers especially single-stranded DNA
- the effect of unwinding the single-stranded DNA into a linear form by adsorbing a plurality of locations in the molecule to the network flow path can be obtained. Therefore, it is possible to perform smooth biological polymer detection at the nanopore.
- the volume occupation ratio of the particles in the three-dimensional structure is higher than the occupation ratio when the particles are in point contact with each other in a close packed structure.
- the area occupancy of the figure projected from the top of the 3D structure onto the thin film is preferably larger than ⁇ / ⁇ 12 which is the theoretical value of point contact.
- the area occupancy is preferably larger than ⁇ / 4 which is the theoretical value of point contact.
- the minimum cross-sectional area of the flow path refers to the minimum cross-sectional area of the void forming the flow path connected to the nanopores in the void between the deformed particles within the range of the hemisphere. .
- the maximum cross-sectional area of the flow path refers to the maximum cross-sectional area of the void forming the flow path connected to the nanopore in the void between the deformed particles within the range of the hemisphere.
- the maximum cross-sectional area of voids refers to the maximum cross-sectional area in all voids between deformed particles in a three-dimensional structure. Therefore, outside the range of the hemisphere, it is possible that some of the particles are lost and the maximum cross-sectional area of the void is larger than the maximum cross-sectional area of the flow path. However, since such a part is an area that does not contribute to the analysis of biological polymers, there is no practical problem. This definition applies to Examples 2 to 6 and 9 described below.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the nanopore peripheral portion of another type of three-dimensional structure in the biological polymer analysis device of the present invention.
- the embodiment shown in FIG. 11 is characterized in that the adjacent particles in FIG. 9 are integrated.
- FIG. 9 shows an example of a three-dimensional structure in which particles are deformed, but the moldability can also be realized by integration of adjacent particles by chemical reaction or material lamination on the surface.
- the particle material is a resin
- the resin when the resin is plastically deformed and brought into contact by heating to a temperature higher than the glass transition temperature, the resin molecular chains can be entangled and integrated.
- the resin polystyrene resin or the like is preferable.
- the particle material is ceramics such as silica or titanium oxide, it can be realized by a chemical reaction such as a sintering reaction, and the particles can be firmly integrated.
- Such a method for sintering silica particles is described, for example, in the literature (T. V. Le, et al., Langmuir, 2007, 23 (16), 8554.). They can also be integrated by introducing monomers into the voids between the particles and causing a polymerization reaction to laminate the resin. Monomers may be inorganic or organic. A similar structure can also be realized by initiating surface graft polymerization from the particle surface. As another method, there is a method of covering the particle surface by atomic layer deposition (atomic layer deposition). By integrating the particles, it is possible to realize a stable three-dimensional structure that is not redispersed and to realize a highly robust device.
- atomic layer deposition atomic layer deposition
- FIG. 12 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the nanopore peripheral portion of another type of three-dimensional structure in the biological polymer analysis device of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 shows an example of a three-dimensional structure in which one layer of particles is laminated, but the embodiment shown in FIG. 12 shows an example of a three-dimensional structure in which particles are laminated in multiple layers. Since the specific surface area is increased by the multi-layer lamination, the above-mentioned biological polymer adsorption probability is improved, and a further delay effect is obtained. Further, since the length of the mesh-like flow path is further increased, the effect of unwinding the straight chain described above is further improved, and smoother detection can be realized.
- the multilayer lamination method includes a method in which the particle concentration of the particle dispersion solution is adjusted, or the same treatment is performed many times on the layered three-dimensional structure adjusted in FIG. Such a method is described in, for example, literature (P. Jiang, et al., Chem. Mater., 1999, 11 (8), 2132.). Also in this laminated structure, a stable structure that is not redispersed can be realized by deforming the shape into a non-spherical shape as in Example 1 or Example 2 or by integrating the particles together.
- FIG. 13 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a nanopore peripheral portion of another type of three-dimensional structure in the biological polymer analysis device of the present invention.
- the embodiment shown in FIG. 13 shows an example in which a three-dimensional structure is formed using two types of particles having different sizes in FIG.
- small particles are arranged in a self-aligned manner in the gaps between the large particles, and the specific surface area can be further increased to increase the adsorption probability of the biological polymer.
- FIG. 14 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a nanopore peripheral portion of another type of three-dimensional structure in the biological polymer analysis device of the present invention. This embodiment is characterized in that a two-dimensional particle having a different size is used to form a three-dimensional structure having a different form from that in FIG.
- FIG. 14 shows an example in which small particles are placed as a first layer on a thin film, and large particles are stacked as a second layer thereon.
- Biological polymers with a short polymer length can pass through the second layer and arrive at the first layer because of the small hydrodynamic radius in the voids between the large particles in the second layer, but the biological polymer with a long polymer length. Since the polymer has a large hydrodynamic radius, a phenomenon occurs in which the polymer does not reach the first layer because it is adsorbed in the voids between the large particles in the second layer.
- a structure in which the particle size is increased from the first layer to the top layer with a gradient is also effective. Also in this laminated structure, a stable structure that is not redispersed can be realized by deforming the shape into a non-spherical shape as in Example 1 or Example 2 or by integrating the particles together.
- FIG. 15 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the nanopore peripheral portion of another type of three-dimensional structure in the biological polymer analysis device of the present invention.
- the embodiment shown in FIG. 15 is characterized in that, for example, a wall 114 having a thickness larger than the thickness of the three-dimensional structure is provided around the three-dimensional structure shown in FIG.
- the first point is that since the movable range of the three-dimensional structure can be limited by having walls around it, there is an effect of suppressing re-dispersion of the three-dimensional structure into the solution.
- the second effect is that the analysis time can be shortened by improving the detection frequency of the living body polymer.
- the three-dimensional structure can be accommodated within the range of the biopolymer capture length.
- the biological polymer that interacts with the structure is simultaneously attracted to the nanopore by the potential gradient. Therefore, the frequency of the living body polymer that enters the nanopore can be improved.
- it has the effect of detecting lower concentrations of biological polymers. The above effect can be obtained even if the height and width of the wall surface are larger than the biopolymer capture length.
- a structure in which the area of the opening of the wall is smaller than the area of the thin film by providing the second thin film 115 as shown in FIG. 16 is also effective.
- the movable range of a three-dimensional structure can be more effectively limited, and there is an effect that re-dispersion into a solution can be suppressed.
- Such a structure is described in literature (I. Yanagi, Scientific Reports, 2014, 4, 5000.), and can be manufactured by the following method, for example.
- a layer that can be etched with a hydrofluoric acid solution such as silicon oxide is disposed on the thin film 104 where the nanopores 106 are opened, and then a layer of a material that is difficult to etch with the solution (such as silicon nitride) is disposed.
- a hole penetrating the two layers is formed by general dry etching. By stopping the process at this point, a structure having a wall as shown in FIG. 15 can be manufactured. Further, by performing wet etching using an etching solution such as hydrofluoric acid, an etchable layer is shaved on the hemisphere, and a device having a wall structure as shown in FIG. 16 can be provided. At this time, the particles are applied as the last step by the method shown in the first embodiment.
- FIG. 17 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a nanopore peripheral portion of another type of three-dimensional structure in the biological polymer analysis device of the present invention.
- This embodiment has a structure opposite to that shown in FIGS. 9 and 12, and is characterized in that an inverted opal structure in which particles are changed to void portions and void portions are changed to bulk body portions is used for the three-dimensional structure.
- the structure of this embodiment is essentially the same structure as that shown in FIGS. 9 and 12, the same effect as that of FIGS. 9 and 12 can be realized by this structure.
- the inverse opal structure is described in detail in the literature (J. H. Moon, et al., Chem. Rev., 2010, 110, 547.).
- This structure is obtained by the following method. First, the particles are arranged in a regular structure by self-alignment, and then, without deforming or integrating the particles, the interparticle voids are filled with monomers (either organic or inorganic) to advance the polymerization reaction to form the bulk body 116. To do. Next, the particle part is dissolved and removed using a solvent that can dissolve only the particle part.
- a solution containing a highly reactive surface treatment agent such as a silane coupling agent having a primary amine is immersed and washed with alcohol or the like.
- a highly reactive surface treatment agent such as a silane coupling agent having a primary amine
- the advantage of the inverse opal structure formed by using particles as a template in this way is that the resistance value can be lowered by further increasing the volume of the solution portion while realizing the same surface area as in the case of particle filling. . Therefore, since a higher ion current value can be secured, there is an effect of increasing the sensitivity of measurement.
- the material used for forming the bulk body of this structure is preferably polystyrene or silica. In this structure, since the three-dimensional structure is integrated as a bulk body, a stable structure that does not re-disperse in the solution can be realized.
- the minimum cross-sectional area of the flow path is the nanopore 106 among the particulate voids that serve as the template within the range of the hemisphere having the radius of the biological polymer capture length r represented by the above formula 1. It refers to the minimum cross-sectional area of the air gap that forms a connected flow path.
- a cross-sectional area larger than the molecular cross-sectional area of the biological polymer can be ensured.
- the maximum cross-sectional area of the flow path refers to the maximum cross-sectional area of the void that forms the flow path connected to the nanopore among the particulate voids that have become the mold within the range of the hemisphere.
- the maximum cross-sectional area of the void refers to the maximum cross-sectional area of all the particle-shaped voids used as a mold.
- FIG. 18 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a nanopore peripheral portion of another type of three-dimensional structure in the biological polymer analysis device of the present invention.
- FIG. 18 shows an example in which a second thin film 117 having a void directly above the nanopore is placed on the first thin film 104 having the nanopore 106 as the simplest example of the three-dimensional structure.
- This embodiment has an advantage that it is easy to control the cross-sectional area of the gap 108 and the thickness of the thin film 117, and it is easy to control the adsorption probability of the biological polymer.
- the void 108 can open a void of a desired size by electron beam irradiation, and the nanopore 106 and the void are simultaneously formed in the first thin film 104 and the second thin film 117 in a state where the nanopore is not opened in the first thin film 104. 108 can also be opened.
- the second thin film 117 can be formed by a semiconductor fine processing technique.
- the material of such a thin film is a material that can be formed by a semiconductor processing technique, and a material having a low dielectric constant such as silicon dioxide is preferable so as to reduce the capacitance. By reducing the capacitance in this way, it is possible to reduce capacitance-dependent noise having frequency response when performing high-frequency measurement, and to perform biological polymer detection more stably.
- a functional group is formed on the surface by chemical reaction treatment after forming a three-dimensional structure.
- a method for treating the functional group as in Example 7, a method of immersing in a solution containing a silane coupling agent having a primary amine and washing with alcohol or the like can be mentioned.
- a stable structure that is not redispersed in a solution can be realized by using silicon oxide or silicon nitride that does not dissolve in an aqueous solution as a material for semiconductor microfabrication technology.
- the minimum cross-sectional area of the flow path is the minimum gap of the second thin film 117 having the gap 108 within the range of the hemisphere having the radius of the biological polymer capture length r represented by the above formula 1.
- the maximum cross-sectional area of the flow path refers to the maximum cross-sectional area of the void 108 of the second thin film 117 having a void within the range of the hemisphere.
- the cross-sectional area of the flow path and the cross-sectional area of the gap are completely the same.
- FIG. 19 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a nanopore peripheral portion of another type of three-dimensional structure in the biological polymer analysis device of the present invention.
- the three-dimensional structures are all placed on only one side of the thin film, but this embodiment is characterized in that they are placed on both sides. As a result, a further delay effect can be obtained.
- FIG. 19 shows an example in which the three-dimensional structure shown in FIG. 12 is placed on both sides of the thin film 104.
- the tensile force of the biological polymer 109 is set on either side. It is possible to reduce the force and realize further delay effect.
- the same three-dimensional structure is placed on both sides of the thin film, but the three-dimensional structure may be any combination of the embodiments of FIGS.
- a three-dimensional structure may be placed only on the outlet side. Also in this laminated structure, a stable structure that is not redispersed can be realized by deforming the shape into a non-spherical shape as in Example 1 or Example 2 or by integrating the particles together.
- FIG. 20 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a nanopore peripheral portion of another type of three-dimensional structure in the biological polymer analysis device of the present invention. This embodiment is characterized in that the thickness of the three-dimensional structure is smaller than the biopolymer capture length.
- the embodiment of FIG. 9 is shown as an example.
- the same effect as in Example 6 can be obtained. That is, the living body polymer 109 interacting with the three-dimensional structure is simultaneously attracted to the nanopore 106 by the potential gradient. Therefore, the frequency of the living body polymer that enters the nanopore can be improved. In addition to shortening the analysis time, it has the effect of detecting lower concentrations of biological polymers.
- This embodiment can be applied to any of the structures described with reference to FIGS.
- the thickness of the three-dimensional structure is determined by the particle diameter in the case of FIGS. 9 and 11, by the particle diameter and the number of layers in FIGS. 12 to 16 and 19, and by the particle size and the number of layers to be removed in FIG. In the case of FIG.
- each can be controlled by the thickness of the thin film.
- a stable structure that is not redispersed can be realized by deforming the shape into a non-spherical shape as in Example 1 or Example 2 or by integrating the particles together.
- FIG. 21 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a biological polymer analysis system using the biological polymer analysis device according to the present invention.
- This system typically uses the biological polymer analysis device 118 shown in FIG. 1, the ion current measurement device 119 that measures the ionic current flowing between a pair of electrodes of the biological polymer analysis device, and the output signals of the ion current measurement device 119.
- Analog-digital output converter 120 for converting to a digital signal
- data processor 121 for processing a signal supplied from the analog-digital output converter 120
- data display output device 122 for displaying the processing result by the data processor 121
- the device 123 is configured.
- a current-voltage conversion type high-speed amplifier circuit is mounted on the ion current measuring device, and an arithmetic device, a temporary storage device, and a nonvolatile storage device are mounted on the data processing device.
- the biological polymer analysis device unit is covered with a Faraday cage.
- Example 12 It is also possible to open the nanopore after placing the three-dimensional structure on the insulating thin film in a state where the nanopore is not open.
- a technique (I. Yanagi, Scientific Reports, 2014, 4, 5000.) describes a technique capable of opening nanopores having a desired diameter by continuously applying a pulsed voltage to an insulating thin film.
- the three-dimensional structure of the present invention has voids connected to the thin film, and the void portion in contact with the thin film is the place having the lowest resistance value. For this reason, when the pulse voltage is continuously applied, the nanopore can be opened by concentrating the voltage in the gap in contact with the thin film.
- the method of opening the nanopore of this embodiment is a three-dimensional structure having a void, and this void is an insulator on which a three-dimensional structure having a functional group capable of adsorbing a biological polymer is placed.
- a process of immersing the front and back surfaces of the thin film in a solution containing an electrolyte, a process of immersing a pair of electrodes in a solution immersed in the front and back surfaces of the thin film, and applying a pulsed voltage to the pair of electrodes And opening the nanopore at a location where the thin film and the gap are in contact with each other.
- FIG. 22 shows the case where the thin film 104 having no nanopores in FIG. 9 is used.
- the voltage is concentrated at a location where the thin film and the molded particles are not in contact with each other, so that the nanopore is opened and a structure equivalent to that shown in FIG. 9 can be obtained.
- the three-dimensional structure may become a shield and the electron beam may not reach the thin film. Therefore, it is preferable to dispose the three-dimensional structure after the opening process. If this step is used, it becomes possible to open the nanopore at an arbitrary timing regardless of before and after placing the three-dimensional structure.
- nanopores can be opened at the locations indicated by arrows.
- This process can be applied to any of the structures described in Examples 1 to 10 and FIGS. For the reasons described above, it is possible to supply a stable device in which the three-dimensional structure is not redispersed even when a voltage is applied, and the structure does not deteriorate before and after opening the nanopore.
- Example 13 When forming a three-dimensional structure using particles, it is possible to realize a biological polymer analysis device that integrates both recovery of a target biological polymer from a specimen and speed delay.
- FIG. 24 shows a conceptual flow of the protocol of this embodiment
- FIG. 25 shows a schematic diagram of the protocol procedure.
- a solution in which particles having functional groups adsorbed by the target biological polymer are dispersed is introduced into the sample solution in which the target biological polymer is dissolved (S11). After the introduction, it waits for a sufficient period of time so that the biological polymer is sufficiently adsorbed on the particle surface (S12). After a sufficient time has elapsed, only particles adsorbed by the target biological polymer are selectively recovered by using ultracentrifugation (S13). When magnetic particles are used, only the particles can be recovered by the magnetic field. After the collection, the three-dimensional structure shown in FIGS. 9 to 16 or FIGS. 19 and 20 formed from the particles to which the target biological polymer is adsorbed is placed on the thin film having nanopores (S14).
- the device produced as described above is incorporated into the biological polymer analysis system shown in FIG. 21, and a voltage is applied to detect the biological polymer (S15).
- a voltage is applied to detect the biological polymer (S15).
- magnetic particles such as ferrite having paramagnetism as the particle material in order to facilitate particle recovery.
- the analysis method of the present embodiment uses a plurality of particles having a functional group capable of adsorbing a target biological polymer on the surface, a step of adsorbing and recovering the target biological polymer from a specimen, and molding the particles on a thin film having nanopores.
- the void in the three-dimensional structure forms a flow path for passing the electrolyte-containing solution from the nanopore to the top of the three-dimensional structure, and when a voltage is applied, the biological polymer capture length defined by Equation 1 at least around the nanopore. It does not redisperse in the solution within the range of a hemisphere with radius r.
- the living body polymer can be arranged in the vicinity of the nanopore in advance, the detection frequency can be increased. Therefore, the analysis time can be shortened and a low concentration biopolymer can be detected.
- the three-dimensional structure is not redispersed in the solution, and stable measurement can be performed.
- the definitions regarding the cross-sectional areas of the flow paths and the gaps in the present embodiment are the same as those described in the first embodiment.
- Example 14 Hereinafter, an example of biopolymer analysis using the biopolymer analysis system shown in FIG. 21 will be described.
- the biological polymer analysis device a device having a three-dimensional structure shown in FIG. 15 was used.
- the thin film a thin film made of silicon nitride having nanopores with a diameter of 2 nm was used.
- the particles silica nanoparticles having a diameter of 100 nm and 50 nm with the surface covered with silanol groups and silica nanoparticles with a diameter of 50 nm having the surface covered with primary amine groups were used.
- the three-dimensional structure was molded by applying the above particles by dip coating and then drying by heating.
- an analytical device consisting only of a thin film made of silicon nitride with nanopores with a diameter of 2 nm on which no three-dimensional structure was placed.
- a living body polymer artificially synthesized polyadenine (polyA) having a length of 5000 bases was used.
- polyA polyadenine
- an aqueous solution in which 1 M potassium chloride was dissolved was used. 1 V was applied as a potential difference for transporting the biological polymer.
- FIG. 26 shows a typical example of biological polymer detection by the biological polymer analysis system of the above embodiment.
- the typical passage speed of polyA was 0.01 ⁇ s / monomer unit.
- silica nanoparticles with a diameter of 100 nm whose surface is covered with silanol groups are used, silica nanoparticles with a diameter of 0.46 ⁇ s / monomer and 50 nm in diameter are used. When used, it was 4.6 ⁇ s / monomer unit.
- this invention is not limited to the above-mentioned Example, Various modifications are included.
- the above-described embodiments have been described in detail for better understanding of the present invention, and are not necessarily limited to those having all the configurations described.
- a part of the configuration of a certain embodiment can be replaced with the configuration of another embodiment, and the configuration of another embodiment can be added to the configuration of a certain embodiment.
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Abstract
Description
上記のグリセロール等を添加して粘度に代表される溶液物性を調整する手法では,例えば生体ポリマとして二本鎖DNAを対象とした場合が開示されており,添加前後でたかだか通過時間は5倍に遅延する程度にとどまる。加えて,生体ポリマ通過時に添加物も同時に通過するため,モノマ1分子単位のモノマ種別信号値差が小さくなり,モノマ種検出が困難になるという課題もある。リチウムイオンを添加する方法も,例えば生体ポリマとして一本鎖DNAを対象とした場合が開示されており,添加前後での遅延効果は10倍程度である。
上記以外の,課題,構成及び効果は,以下の実施形態の説明により明らかにされる。
図1は,本発明による生体ポリマ分析デバイスの一例を示す模式図である。
上記性質を備えた三次元構造体を実現する生体ポリマ分析デバイスの一形態として,図7にナノポア周辺部をデバイスに対して垂直上方から見た図を示す。また,図8は図7の断面Aにて切断したナノポア周辺の斜視模式図であり,図9はナノポア周辺の断面模式図である。
図11は,本発明の生体ポリマ分析デバイスにおける別形態の三次元構造体のナノポア周辺部を示す断面模式図である。図11に示した実施例は,図9の隣接する粒子同士を一体化させたことを特徴とする。
図12は,本発明の生体ポリマ分析デバイスにおける別形態の三次元構造体のナノポア周辺部を示す断面模式図である。図9には粒子が一層積層された三次元構造体の例を示したが,図12に示した実施例は粒子が多層積層された三次元構造体の例を示している。多層積層することにより,比表面積が積層分増大するため,上述した生体ポリマの吸着確率が向上し,更なる遅延効果が得られる。また,網目状流路の長さが更に増大するため,上述した直鎖にほどける効果が更に向上し,よりスムーズな検出が実現できる。
図13は,本発明の生体ポリマ分析デバイスにおける別形態の三次元構造体のナノポア周辺部を示す断面模式図である。図13に示した実施例には,図12において異なるサイズを有した2種類の粒子を用いて三次元構造体を形成した例を示した。大小異なる2種類の粒子を用いることにより,小さい粒子が大きい粒子間の空隙に自己配列して配置されるようになり,比表面積を更に増大して生体ポリマの吸着確率を高めることができる。
図14は,本発明の生体ポリマ分析デバイスにおける別形態の三次元構造体のナノポア周辺部を示す断面模式図である。本実施例は,異なるサイズを有した2種類の粒子を用いて,図13とは別形態の三次元構造体を形成したことを特徴とする。
図15は,本発明の生体ポリマ分析デバイスにおける別形態の三次元構造体のナノポア周辺部を示す断面模式図である。図15に示した実施例は,例えば図12で示した三次元構造体の周囲に,三次元構造体の厚みよりも大きい厚みを有した壁114が備えられていることを特徴とする。
図17は,本発明の生体ポリマ分析デバイスにおける別形態の三次元構造体のナノポア周辺部を示す断面模式図である。本実施例は,図9や図12とは逆の構造であり,粒子が空隙部,空隙部がバルク体部へと変更した逆オパール構造を三次元構造体に用いることを特徴とする。
図18は,本発明の生体ポリマ分析デバイスにおける別形態の三次元構造体のナノポア周辺部を示す断面模式図である。図18には三次元構造体の最も単純な例として,ナノポア106を有する第一の薄膜104の上に,ナノポアの真上に空隙を有する第二の薄膜117を載置する例を示した。
図19は,本発明の生体ポリマ分析デバイスにおける別形態の三次元構造体のナノポア周辺部を示す断面模式図である。これまでの実施例では三次元構造体は全て薄膜の片側のみに載置した例を示していたが,本実施例は両側に載置することを特徴とする。これにより,更なる遅延効果を得ることが可能である。図19には図12に示した三次元構造体を薄膜104の両側に載置した例を示した。
図20は,本発明の生体ポリマ分析デバイスにおける別形態の三次元構造体のナノポア周辺部を示す断面模式図である。本実施例は,三次元構造体の厚みが生体ポリマ捕捉長よりも小さいことを特徴とする。ここでは一例として,図9の実施例を示した。
図21は,本発明による生体ポリマ分析デバイスを用いた生体ポリマ分析システムの一例を示す概略図である。本システムは典型的には図1で示した生体ポリマ分析デバイス118,生体ポリマ分析デバイスの一対の電極の間に流れるイオン電流を計測するイオン電流計測装置119,イオン電流計測装置119の出力信号をデジタル信号に変換するアナログデジタル出力変換装置120,アナログデジタル出力変換装置120から供給された信号を処理するデータ処理装置121,データ処理装置121による処理結果を表示するデータ表示出力装置122,入出力補助装置123から構成される。典型的にはイオン電流計測装置には電流電圧変換型の高速増幅回路が搭載され,データ処理装置には演算装置,一時記憶装置,不揮発性記憶装置が搭載されている。外部ノイズを低減するため,生体ポリマ分析デバイス部はファラデーケージで覆われていることが好ましい。
三次元構造体をナノポアが開口していない状態の絶縁薄膜の上に載置してからナノポアを開口することもできる。絶縁薄膜にパルス状の電圧を連続的に印加することにより所望の直径のナノポアを開口できる技術が文献(I. Yanagi, Scientific Reports, 2014, 4, 5000.)に記載されている。本発明の三次元構造体は薄膜まで接続された空隙を保有しており,この薄膜と接している空隙部が最も抵抗値が低い箇所となっている。そのため,上記パルス電圧を連続的に印加した際にこの薄膜と接した空隙部に電圧が集中することで,ナノポアを開口できる。
粒子を用いて三次元構造体を形成する場合には,検体からの標的生体ポリマ回収と,速度遅延の両方を一体化した生体ポリマ分析デバイスを実現することもできる。図24には本実施例のプロトコルの概念フローを,図25にはプロトコル手順の模式図を示した。
以下では,図21に示した生体ポリマ分析システムを用いた生体ポリマの分析例を示す。生体ポリマ分析デバイスとしては,図15に示した三次元構造体を有するデバイスを用いた。薄膜には,直径2nmのナノポアを有する窒化ケイ素から成る薄膜を用いた。粒子には表面がシラノール基で覆われた直径100nm,50nmのシリカナノ粒子と表面が1級アミン基で覆われた直径50nmのシリカナノ粒子を用いた。三次元構造体は上記粒子をディップコーティングにて塗布後,加熱乾燥することで成型した。また,対照実験として,三次元構造体が載置されていない直径2nmのナノポアを有する窒化ケイ素から成る薄膜だけから構成される分析デバイスも用意した。生体ポリマとしては人工的に合成された5000塩基長のポリアデニン(polyA)を用いた。溶液には1Mの塩化カリウムが溶解した水溶液を用いた。生体ポリマを搬送するための電位差としては1Vを印加した。
102 溶液
103 三次元構造体
104 薄膜
105 電極
106 ナノポア
107 溶液注入口
108 空隙
109 生体ポリマ
110 官能基
111 粒子
112 流路
114 壁
115 第二の薄膜
116 バルク体
117 空隙を有する第二の薄膜
118 生体ポリマ分析デバイス
119 イオン電流計測装置
120 アナログデジタル出力変換装置
121 データ処理装置
Claims (23)
- 生体ポリマと電解質が含まれる溶液を収納できる2つの槽と,
前記2つの槽にそれぞれ配置された一対の電極と,
ナノポアを有し,前記ナノポアを介して前記2つの槽が連通するように前記2つの槽の間に配置された薄膜と,
前記薄膜に載置された三次元構造体とを備え,
前記三次元構造体は空隙を有し,
前記空隙は前記溶液を前記ナノポアから前記三次元構造体の上まで通す流路を形成し,前記流路の表面は前記生体ポリマを吸着できる官能基を有しており,
前記一対の電極への電圧印加時に,少なくとも前記ナノポアを中心とし下式で定義される生体ポリマ捕捉長rを半径とする半球の範囲内において,前記三次元構造体が前記溶液に再分散しないことを特徴とする,生体ポリマ分析デバイス。
d:ナノポアの直径
μ:生体ポリマの電気泳動の移動度
L:薄膜の厚み
D:生体ポリマの拡散係数
ΔV:2つの電極間に印加した電圧差 - 前記官能基はシラノール基であることを特徴とする,請求項1に記載の生体ポリマ分析デバイス。
- 前記溶液はカオトロピック効果を有するチオシアン酸イオン(SCN-),リン酸二水素イオン(H2PO4 -),硫酸水素イオン(HSO4 -),炭酸水素イオン(HCO3 -),ヨウ化物イオン(I-),塩化物イオン(Cl-),硝酸イオン(NO3 -),アンモニウムイオン(NH4 +),セシウムイオン(Cs+),カリウムイオン(K+),グアニジウムイオン,又はテトラメチルアンモニウムイオンを含むことを特徴とする,請求項2に記載の生体ポリマ分析デバイス。
- 前記溶液のpHは1以上10以下であることを特徴とする,請求項2に記載の生体ポリマ分析デバイス。
- 前記溶液のイオン強度は10mM以上,飽和塩化カリウム溶液のイオン強度以下であることを特徴とする,請求項2に記載の生体ポリマ分析デバイス。
- 前記官能基はカチオンに電離する官能基であることを特徴とする,請求項1に記載の生体ポリマ分析デバイス。
- 前記カチオンに電離する官能基は,1級アミン基,2級アミン基,3級アミン基,4級アミン基,ピリジン基,イミノ基,イミダゾール基,ピラゾール基,又はトリアゾール基であることを特徴とする,請求項6に記載の生体ポリマ分析デバイス。
- 前記溶液のpHは前記カチオンに電離する官能基のpKa以下であることを特徴とする,請求項6に記載の生体ポリマ分析デバイス。
- 前記流路の断面積は前記生体ポリマの分子断面積以上,前記空隙の最大断面積以下であることを特徴とする,請求項1に記載の生体ポリマ分析デバイス。
- 前記三次元構造体は表面に前記生体ポリマを吸着できる官能基を有する複数の粒子から成型されていることを特徴とする,請求項1に記載の生体ポリマ分析デバイス。
- 前記成型後の粒子は非球状であり,前記薄膜に載置された粒子第1層を真上から前記薄膜へと投影した図形において,前記成型後の粒子中心間が正三角形の格子を描いている場合の前記投影図形の面積占有率がπ/(12)1/2よりも大きい,あるいは前記成型後の粒子中心間が正四角形の格子を描いている場合の前記投影図形の面積占有率がπ/4よりも大きいことを特徴とする,請求項11に記載の生体ポリマ分析デバイス。
- 前記成型後の粒子は多面体であることを特徴とする請求項11に記載の生体ポリマ分析デバイス。
- 前記粒子の材質はセラミックス又は樹脂であることを特徴とする,請求項11に記載の生体ポリマ分析デバイス。
- 前記成型後の粒子は焼結反応又はガラス転移温度以下にまで加熱することにより隣接する粒子同士が一体化していることを特徴とする,請求項11に記載の生体ポリマ分析デバイス。
- 前記三次元構造体は異なるサイズを有する2種類以上の粒子から成型されていることを特徴とする,請求項11に記載の生体ポリマ分析デバイス。
- 前記三次元構造体は逆オパール構造体であることを特徴とする,請求項1に記載の生体ポリマ分析デバイス。
- 前記三次元構造体は,周囲を前記三次元構造体の厚みよりも厚い壁で覆われていることを特徴とする,請求項1に記載の生体ポリマ分析デバイス。
- 前記三次元構造体は前記薄膜の両側に載置されていることを特徴とする,請求項1に記載の生体ポリマ分析デバイス。
- 前記三次元構造体の厚みは,前記生体ポリマ捕捉長よりも小さいことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の生体ポリマ分析デバイス。
- 請求項1に記載の生体ポリマ分析デバイスと,
前記生体ポリマ分析デバイスが備える前記一対の電極の間に流れるイオン電流を計測するイオン電流計測装置と,
前記イオン電流計測装置の出力信号をデジタル信号に変換するアナログデジタル変換装置と,
前記アナログデジタル変換装置から供給された信号を処理するデータ処理装置と,
を有することを特徴とする生体ポリマ分析システム。 - 請求項1に記載の生体ポリマ分析デバイスの製造方法において,
空隙を有する三次元構造体であって,前記空隙は表面に生体ポリマを吸着できる官能基を有する三次元構造体が載置された絶縁体薄膜の表面及び裏面を,電解質を含んだ溶液に浸す工程と,
前記薄膜の表面が浸された溶液と裏面が浸された溶液に一対の電極を浸漬する工程と,
前記一対の電極にパルス状の電圧を印加する工程と,を有し,
前記薄膜と前記空隙が接する箇所にナノポアを開口することを特徴とする方法。 - 表面に標的生体ポリマが吸着できる官能基を有する複数の粒子を用いて,検体から前記標的生体ポリマを吸着回収する工程と,
ナノポアを有する薄膜上に前記粒子から成型された空隙を有する三次元構造体を載置する工程と,
前記ナノポアを有する薄膜を電解質を含む溶液に浸し,前記薄膜を挟んで配置された2つの電極間に電圧を印加する工程と,
前記標的生体ポリマが前記ナノポアを通過する時のイオン電流の変化から前記標的生体ポリマを分析する工程と,を有し,
前記空隙は前記電解質を含む溶液を前記ナノポアから前記三次元構造体の上まで通す流路を形成し,前記電圧印加時に,少なくとも前記ナノポアを中心として下式で定義される生体ポリマ捕捉長rを半径とする半球の範囲内において,前記溶液に再分散しないことを特徴とする分析方法。
d:ナノポアの直径
μ:標的生体ポリマの電気泳動の移動度
L:薄膜の厚み
D:標的生体ポリマの拡散係数
ΔV:2つの電極間に印加した電圧差
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