WO2015189883A1 - Procédé de soudage au laser - Google Patents

Procédé de soudage au laser Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2015189883A1
WO2015189883A1 PCT/JP2014/065172 JP2014065172W WO2015189883A1 WO 2015189883 A1 WO2015189883 A1 WO 2015189883A1 JP 2014065172 W JP2014065172 W JP 2014065172W WO 2015189883 A1 WO2015189883 A1 WO 2015189883A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
laser
irradiation
welding
molten pool
heat source
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/JP2014/065172
Other languages
English (en)
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
雅徳 宮城
旭東 張
Original Assignee
株式会社日立製作所
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by 株式会社日立製作所 filed Critical 株式会社日立製作所
Priority to PCT/JP2014/065172 priority Critical patent/WO2015189883A1/fr
Publication of WO2015189883A1 publication Critical patent/WO2015189883A1/fr

Links

Images

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/20—Bonding
    • B23K26/21—Bonding by welding

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a laser welding method.
  • Laser welding has been used in recent years because it can be welded with higher penetration than conventional arc welding because it can be welded with deep penetration.
  • the reason why welding with deep penetration is possible is that the laser has a higher power density than arc welding or the like, so that the metal irradiated with the laser instantaneously melts and evaporates. Due to the high reaction force due to the evaporation, the melting part is pushed down, and a space called a keyhole is formed. Since the laser can reach the inside of the material through the keyhole, welding with deep penetration is achieved.
  • Patent Document 1 superimposes two laser beams with different condensing diameters, and periodically moves at least the laser beam with the smaller condensing diameter of the two laser beams in the same direction as the laser traveling direction. A method for reducing porosity by (weaving) has been proposed.
  • ⁇ Spatter on the part surface may come off during assembly or product use.
  • the spatter that has been peeled off may flow along with the fluid, causing clogging in the middle of the flow path. Since clogging becomes more pronounced as the welded parts become smaller, it is required to reduce the occurrence of spatter, particularly among defects, when laser welding a small fluid machine.
  • Patent Document 1 since the laser B1 forming the keyhole is weaved starting from the irradiation center of the laser B2 having the larger condensing diameter (FIG. 2 of Patent Document 1), the laser B1 is moved backward in the laser traveling direction. When weaving, the molten pool behind the keyhole becomes smaller. Therefore, there is a problem that spatter is easily generated during welding.
  • An object of the present invention is to reduce the generation of spatter.
  • the generation of spatter can be reduced.
  • FIG. 1A is a vertical (welding direction 13) cross-sectional schematic view of a weld pool 15 formed only by a laser.
  • the metal is melted and evaporated to form a keyhole 14, and a molten pool 15 in which the metal is melted is formed around the keyhole 14. Since the pressure inside the keyhole 14 becomes high at the moment when the keyhole 14 is formed, the molten pool 15 receives a large force from the keyhole 14 and the solid metal around the molten pool 15.
  • Reference numeral 17 denotes the flow of the molten pool.
  • the molten metal When the area of the molten pool 15 is narrow, there is no escape place for the molten metal, and the molten metal jumps out of the molten pool 15 as the sputter 20 and adheres to the surface of the solid metal in the vicinity of the welded portion, which tends to cause surface defects. Alternatively, the molten metal is pushed out to the keyhole 14 side (19 in the figure), interferes with the laser, scatters outside the keyhole 14, and easily adheres to the surface of the solid metal near the weld.
  • members are welded using both a laser that performs deep penetration welding and a heat source that heats and melts the periphery of the molten pool so as to expand the molten pool formed by laser irradiation. It is.
  • FIG. 1B is a schematic vertical cross-sectional view of a molten pool formed using a laser and another heat source.
  • the molten pool 16 which melt
  • the heat source only needs to be able to melt the metal to be welded, and examples thereof include lasers, arcs, and plasmas.
  • examples thereof include lasers, arcs, and plasmas.
  • a laser when used, a deep molten pool can be formed instantaneously, so that the range in which the molten metal near the keyhole can flow can be quickly expanded in the depth direction of the welding object.
  • the escape area of the molten metal that has been subjected to pressure from the keyhole can be quickly formed.
  • a fine region can be processed, it is preferable when it is desired to reduce the welded portion.
  • FIG. 2 shows the appearance of the laser welding apparatus of Example 1.
  • 1 is a first laser oscillator
  • 2 is a second laser oscillator
  • 3 is an optical fiber for a first laser
  • 4 is an optical fiber for a second laser
  • 5 is an optical head for a first laser
  • 6 Is an optical head for a second laser
  • 7 is a first laser
  • 8 is a second laser
  • 9 is an object to be welded
  • 10 is a processing table
  • 11 is a shield gas nozzle
  • 12 is a shield gas.
  • the welding object 9 was 304 stainless steel.
  • the first laser 7 was a fiber laser having a wavelength of about 1070 nm
  • the second laser 8 was a semiconductor laser having a wavelength of about 900 nm.
  • the welding direction is from left to right in the figure.
  • the first laser was applied while being inclined 10 ° rearward from the irradiation axis of the second laser with respect to the welding progress direction.
  • the shielding gas 12 was nitrogen gas.
  • the laser generated by the first laser oscillator 1 is sent to the optical head 5 for the first laser through the optical fiber 3 for the first laser.
  • the first laser 7 is condensed by an optical head and irradiated to the welding object 9.
  • the laser generated by the second laser oscillator 2 is sent to the optical head 6 for the second laser through the optical fiber 4 for the second laser.
  • the second laser 8 is converted into a ring-shaped beam by the optical head, and is irradiated to the welding object 9.
  • FIG. 3 shows the irradiation position relationship between the first laser and the second laser.
  • Reference numeral 13 denotes a welding progress method.
  • the first laser 7 was arranged so as to irradiate inside the irradiation position of the second laser 8 and in front of the irradiation center so that the first laser 7 and the second laser 8 do not interfere with each other. Since the second laser 8 expands with the molten pool formed by the first laser 7, it is preferable that the irradiation area is larger than that of the first laser 7.
  • the shape of the first laser beam on the surface of the welding object 9 was a circle, and the beam diameter on the surface of the welding object 9 was 0.1 mm.
  • the second laser beam shape was an elliptical ring shape, the major axis outer diameter was 10 mm, the minor axis outer diameter was 4 mm, and the ring width was 1 mm.
  • the welding direction was from left to right in the figure.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a molten pool at a certain moment formed by the first laser irradiation and the second laser irradiation, and is a top view of the welding object.
  • 14 is a keyhole formed by the first laser irradiation
  • 15 is a molten pool formed by the first laser irradiation
  • 16 is a molten pool formed by the second laser irradiation.
  • the weld bead formed behind the molten pool is omitted as the welding operation proceeds.
  • the molten pool can be expanded as compared with the case where welding is performed only with the first laser 7 forming the keyhole.
  • the irradiation position of the second laser 8 may be the edge (outer edge) or the outer periphery of the molten pool 15 formed by the first laser 7, but the outer periphery of the second laser 8 does not overlap the outer edge of the molten pool 15. Is preferable because the second laser 8 makes it difficult for the molten metal to scatter.
  • the irradiation position of the first laser and the molten pool formed by the second laser are relatively fixed.
  • the laser tends to cause sputtering when it hits the molten metal.
  • the first laser is irradiated to form the keyhole, the weld pool exists over a wide range of the welding object by the first laser and the second laser, so the laser and the molten metal do not interfere with each other.
  • FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional schematic view of the transverse (direction orthogonal to the welding progress direction) during welding, showing the AA cross section of FIG. 4, and FIG. 6 is a vertical (welding progress direction) cross-sectional schematic view of FIG. BB cross section is shown.
  • Each of the molten pools 15 and 16 has a larger melting area toward the surface of the welding object 9 and becomes narrower toward the inside.
  • the first laser 7 irradiates ahead of the irradiation center of the second laser 8 in the laser traveling direction. Thereby, the molten pool behind the keyhole 14 becomes large, and even if spatter occurs, it can fall into the molten pool and disappear.
  • a fiber laser is used as the first laser and a semiconductor laser is used as the second laser, but the present invention is not limited to this. It is also possible to use a laser branched from one laser oscillator.
  • the first laser is irradiated with an inclination of 10 ° with respect to the vertical direction of the surface of the welding object, but the irradiation angle is not limited to this.
  • the beam shape of the first laser is a circle and the beam shape of the second laser is a ring shape, but the present invention is not limited to this.
  • Example 2 shows an example in which the beam shape of the second laser 8 is rectangular and the welding object 9 is copper. The rest of the system is the same as in the first embodiment.
  • FIG. 7 shows the irradiation positional relationship between the first laser 7 and the second laser 8, and the molten pools 15 and 16 formed by these lasers.
  • the distance between the first laser and the second laser was 1 mm.
  • the first laser was a fiber laser having a beam diameter of 0.1 mm and a wavelength of about 1070 nm.
  • As the second laser a semiconductor laser having a rectangular shape with a beam shape of 1 mm ⁇ 4 mm and a wavelength of about 900 nm was used.
  • Argon gas was used as the shielding gas.
  • a rectangular second laser 8 is disposed behind the first laser 7.
  • the irradiation position of the first laser 7 is not in the irradiation region of the second laser 8, but is formed by irradiation of the molten pool 15 formed by the first laser 7 and the second laser 8. If the weld pool 16 to be overlapped in the welding direction, the weld pool 15 and the weld pool 16 are continuous and are expanded rearward from the keyhole. It may not be in the irradiation area.
  • the present embodiment can easily expand the molten pool rearward, and is preferable when the welding object is made of a material such as copper.
  • a fiber laser is used as the first laser and a semiconductor laser is used as the second laser, but the present invention is not limited to this. It is also possible to use a laser branched from one laser oscillator.
  • the first laser is irradiated with an inclination of 10 ° with respect to the vertical direction of the surface of the welding object, but the irradiation angle is not limited to this.
  • the beam shape of the first laser is a circle and the beam shape of the second laser is a rectangle, but the present invention is not limited to this.
  • Example 3 shows an example in which the second laser 8 is scanned at high speed.
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic external view of the laser welding apparatus.
  • Reference numeral 18 denotes a scanner head.
  • the first laser 7 was a fiber laser having a wavelength of about 1070 nm
  • the second laser 8 was a semiconductor laser having a wavelength of about 900 nm.
  • the first laser beam shape was a circle, and the beam diameter on the surface of the welding object 9 was 0.1 mm.
  • the second laser beam shape was a circle, and the beam diameter on the surface of the welding object 9 was 2 mm.
  • the first and second laser powers were constant.
  • the elliptical shape was scanned with a period of 100 Hz with a major axis of 2 mm and a minor axis of 1 mm.
  • the first laser was tilted by 10 ° for construction.
  • the welding object was 304 stainless steel, and the shielding gas was nitrogen gas. The welding direction was left to right.
  • FIG. 9 shows the first and second laser irradiation position relationships and the scanning trajectory of the second laser.
  • a broken line is a molten pool formed by each laser.
  • the second laser 8 scans the periphery of the first laser 7 with an elliptical orbit at high speed, and simulates a ring-shaped laser as in the first embodiment so that the molten pool 15 is not interrupted. In this case, the center of the orbit of the second laser 8 becomes the irradiation center 21.
  • the second laser 8 may be irradiated so as to trace the outer edge of the molten pool 14, but it is preferable to irradiate the outer periphery slightly away from the molten pool 14 because the molten metal is less likely to be scattered by the second laser 8. .
  • a fiber laser is used as the first laser and a semiconductor laser is used as the second laser, but the present invention is not limited to this. It is also possible to use a laser branched from one laser oscillator.
  • the first laser is irradiated with an inclination of 10 ° with respect to the vertical direction of the surface of the welding object, but the irradiation angle is not limited to this.
  • the beam shapes of the first and second lasers are circles, but the present invention is not limited to this.
  • the scanning trajectory of the second laser is elliptical and 100 Hz, but is not limited to this.
  • the second laser power is constant, but can also be achieved by periodically varying the second laser power.
  • Example 4 shows an example in which the scanning orbit of the second laser 8 is changed and the welding object 9 is made of copper.
  • the other apparatus system is the same as that of the third embodiment.
  • the beam diameter of the first laser 7 was 0.1 mm
  • the beam diameter of the second laser 8 was 1 mm.
  • the second laser was periodically scanned at 50 Hz in a semi-elliptical shape behind the first laser.
  • the semi-elliptical shape had a major axis of 3 mm and a minor axis of 1.5 mm, and was scanned 1 mm behind the first laser.
  • Argon gas was used as the shielding gas.
  • FIG. 10 shows the first and second laser irradiation position relationships and the scanning trajectory of the second laser.
  • a broken line is a molten pool formed by each laser.
  • the molten pool is expanded by reciprocating the second laser 8 in a semi-elliptical shape behind the first laser 7.
  • the center of gravity of the region surrounded by the trajectory of the second laser 8 and the start and end points of the second laser 8 is the irradiation center 21.
  • the second laser 8 may be irradiated so as to trace the outer edge of the molten pool 14, but it is preferable to irradiate the outer periphery slightly away from the molten pool 14 because the molten metal is less likely to be scattered by the second laser 8. .
  • the second laser 8 is separated from the keyhole.
  • the molten metal scattered by the laser 8 is difficult to enter the keyhole. Therefore, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of spatter when the first laser 7 hits the molten metal.
  • a fiber laser is used as the first laser and a semiconductor laser is used as the second laser, but the present invention is not limited to this. It is also possible to use a laser branched from one laser oscillator.
  • the first laser is irradiated with an inclination of 10 ° with respect to the vertical direction of the surface of the welding object, but the irradiation angle is not limited to this.
  • the beam shapes of the first and second lasers are circles, but the present invention is not limited to this.
  • the second laser is positioned behind the first irradiation position and scanned with a semi-elliptical orbit at 50 Hz. It is not limited to.
  • the second laser power is constant, but can also be achieved by periodically varying the second laser power.

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de soudage au laser grâce auquel un objet soudé est bombardé par un laser et une autre source de chaleur, l'objet soudé étant bombardé par le laser et l'autre source de chaleur d'une manière telle qu'au moins une partie du bain de fusion formé par le bombardement au laser et une partie du bain de fusion formé par l'autre source de chaleur se chevauchent l'une l'autre, et l'objet soudé est constamment bombardé par le laser au niveau d'une zone devant le centre de bombardement de l'autre source de chaleur, dans la direction de progression du soudage.
PCT/JP2014/065172 2014-06-09 2014-06-09 Procédé de soudage au laser WO2015189883A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/JP2014/065172 WO2015189883A1 (fr) 2014-06-09 2014-06-09 Procédé de soudage au laser

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/JP2014/065172 WO2015189883A1 (fr) 2014-06-09 2014-06-09 Procédé de soudage au laser

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2015189883A1 true WO2015189883A1 (fr) 2015-12-17

Family

ID=54833016

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/JP2014/065172 WO2015189883A1 (fr) 2014-06-09 2014-06-09 Procédé de soudage au laser

Country Status (1)

Country Link
WO (1) WO2015189883A1 (fr)

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102016220067A1 (de) 2016-10-14 2018-04-19 Technische Universität Ilmenau Verfahren zum Tiefschweißen eines Werkstücks, wobei eine verkippte Dampfkapillare mittels zweier Laserstrahlen erzeugt wird
WO2018217247A1 (fr) * 2016-09-29 2018-11-29 Nlight, Inc. Procédé et système de faisceau optique pour former un article à l'aide de paramètres de faisceau variables pour commander un bain de fusion
US10434600B2 (en) 2015-11-23 2019-10-08 Nlight, Inc. Fine-scale temporal control for laser material processing
US10520671B2 (en) 2015-07-08 2019-12-31 Nlight, Inc. Fiber with depressed central index for increased beam parameter product
US10535973B2 (en) 2015-01-26 2020-01-14 Nlight, Inc. High-power, single-mode fiber sources
US10646963B2 (en) 2016-09-29 2020-05-12 Nlight, Inc. Use of variable beam parameters to control a melt pool
US10673199B2 (en) 2016-09-29 2020-06-02 Nlight, Inc. Fiber-based saturable absorber
US10673198B2 (en) 2016-09-29 2020-06-02 Nlight, Inc. Fiber-coupled laser with time varying beam characteristics
US10673197B2 (en) 2016-09-29 2020-06-02 Nlight, Inc. Fiber-based optical modulator
US10730785B2 (en) 2016-09-29 2020-08-04 Nlight, Inc. Optical fiber bending mechanisms
US10971884B2 (en) 2015-03-26 2021-04-06 Nlight, Inc. Fiber source with cascaded gain stages and/or multimode delivery fiber with low splice loss
US10971885B2 (en) 2014-06-02 2021-04-06 Nlight, Inc. Scalable high power fiber laser
US11179807B2 (en) 2015-11-23 2021-11-23 Nlight, Inc. Fine-scale temporal control for laser material processing
CN115401326A (zh) * 2022-09-29 2022-11-29 楚能新能源股份有限公司 一种汇流排复合激光焊方法与一种汇流排复合激光焊设备

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH09300087A (ja) * 1996-05-14 1997-11-25 Suzuki Motor Corp レーザ溶接方法
JP2008114276A (ja) * 2006-11-07 2008-05-22 Takeji Arai レーザ溶接装置及びレーザ溶接方法
JP2013240830A (ja) * 2012-05-21 2013-12-05 General Electric Co <Ge> ハイブリッドレーザアーク溶接プロセス及び装置

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH09300087A (ja) * 1996-05-14 1997-11-25 Suzuki Motor Corp レーザ溶接方法
JP2008114276A (ja) * 2006-11-07 2008-05-22 Takeji Arai レーザ溶接装置及びレーザ溶接方法
JP2013240830A (ja) * 2012-05-21 2013-12-05 General Electric Co <Ge> ハイブリッドレーザアーク溶接プロセス及び装置

Cited By (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10971885B2 (en) 2014-06-02 2021-04-06 Nlight, Inc. Scalable high power fiber laser
US10916908B2 (en) 2015-01-26 2021-02-09 Nlight, Inc. High-power, single-mode fiber sources
US10535973B2 (en) 2015-01-26 2020-01-14 Nlight, Inc. High-power, single-mode fiber sources
US10971884B2 (en) 2015-03-26 2021-04-06 Nlight, Inc. Fiber source with cascaded gain stages and/or multimode delivery fiber with low splice loss
US10520671B2 (en) 2015-07-08 2019-12-31 Nlight, Inc. Fiber with depressed central index for increased beam parameter product
US11794282B2 (en) 2015-11-23 2023-10-24 Nlight, Inc. Fine-scale temporal control for laser material processing
US10434600B2 (en) 2015-11-23 2019-10-08 Nlight, Inc. Fine-scale temporal control for laser material processing
US11331756B2 (en) 2015-11-23 2022-05-17 Nlight, Inc. Fine-scale temporal control for laser material processing
US11179807B2 (en) 2015-11-23 2021-11-23 Nlight, Inc. Fine-scale temporal control for laser material processing
CN110944787A (zh) * 2016-09-29 2020-03-31 恩耐公司 利用可变光束参数控制熔池来形成制品的方法和光束系统
US10673198B2 (en) 2016-09-29 2020-06-02 Nlight, Inc. Fiber-coupled laser with time varying beam characteristics
US10673197B2 (en) 2016-09-29 2020-06-02 Nlight, Inc. Fiber-based optical modulator
US10730785B2 (en) 2016-09-29 2020-08-04 Nlight, Inc. Optical fiber bending mechanisms
US10673199B2 (en) 2016-09-29 2020-06-02 Nlight, Inc. Fiber-based saturable absorber
US10663767B2 (en) 2016-09-29 2020-05-26 Nlight, Inc. Adjustable beam characteristics
US10656330B2 (en) 2016-09-29 2020-05-19 Nlight, Inc. Use of variable beam parameters to control solidification of a material
CN110944787B (zh) * 2016-09-29 2021-09-14 恩耐公司 利用可变光束参数控制熔池来形成制品的方法和光束系统
US10646963B2 (en) 2016-09-29 2020-05-12 Nlight, Inc. Use of variable beam parameters to control a melt pool
WO2018217247A1 (fr) * 2016-09-29 2018-11-29 Nlight, Inc. Procédé et système de faisceau optique pour former un article à l'aide de paramètres de faisceau variables pour commander un bain de fusion
DE102016220067A1 (de) 2016-10-14 2018-04-19 Technische Universität Ilmenau Verfahren zum Tiefschweißen eines Werkstücks, wobei eine verkippte Dampfkapillare mittels zweier Laserstrahlen erzeugt wird
DE102016220067B4 (de) 2016-10-14 2023-09-21 Trumpf Laser Und Systemtechnik Gmbh Verfahren zum Tiefschweißen eines Werkstücks, wobei eine verkippte Dampfkapillare mittels zweier Laserstrahlen erzeugt wird
CN115401326A (zh) * 2022-09-29 2022-11-29 楚能新能源股份有限公司 一种汇流排复合激光焊方法与一种汇流排复合激光焊设备

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
WO2015189883A1 (fr) Procédé de soudage au laser
JP6554670B2 (ja) レーザ溶接方法
US7154065B2 (en) Laser-hybrid welding with beam oscillation
JP5827454B2 (ja) レーザー・アーク複合溶接方法及び該溶接方法による溶接部材の製造方法
JP2023063367A (ja) 溶接方法および溶接装置
US8884183B2 (en) Welding process and a welding arrangement
JP2008126315A (ja) 改良された溶込みを伴うレーザ溶接方法
US11786989B2 (en) Method for splash-free welding, in particular using a solid-state laser
JP5812527B2 (ja) ホットワイヤレーザ溶接方法と装置
RU2547987C1 (ru) Способ лазерной сварки
JP5645128B2 (ja) レーザ狭開先多層盛溶接方法と装置
JP2011152570A (ja) 中空電極アーク・レーザ同軸複合溶接方法
JP2009166080A (ja) レーザ溶接方法
JP2014079783A (ja) レーザ・アークハイブリッド溶接方法、ハイブリッド溶接用ヘッド、及びハイブリッド溶接装置
JP2019037997A (ja) レーザクラッディング装置
Karhu et al. Defocusing techniques for multi-pass laser welding of austenitic stainless steel
JPH06198472A (ja) 高速レーザ溶接法
JP7305502B2 (ja) レーザ・アークハイブリッド溶接装置
Zhang et al. Deep penetration welding of thick section steels with 10 kW fiber laser
JP2014024078A (ja) レーザ溶接装置
JP5489005B2 (ja) 溶接方法
JP5987305B2 (ja) レーザ溶接方法
RU2635680C1 (ru) Способ сварки стыковых соединений
JP7219195B2 (ja) レーザ・アークハイブリッド溶接装置
RU2635679C1 (ru) Способ лазерно-дуговой сварки

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 14894495

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: DE

122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase

Ref document number: 14894495

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: JP