WO2015178347A1 - 電極、この電極の製造方法、この電極を備えた蓄電デバイス、及び蓄電デバイス電極用の導電性カーボン混合物 - Google Patents
電極、この電極の製造方法、この電極を備えた蓄電デバイス、及び蓄電デバイス電極用の導電性カーボン混合物 Download PDFInfo
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- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/84—Processes for the manufacture of hybrid or EDL capacitors, or components thereof
- H01G11/86—Processes for the manufacture of hybrid or EDL capacitors, or components thereof specially adapted for electrodes
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- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0402—Methods of deposition of the material
- H01M4/0404—Methods of deposition of the material by coating on electrode collectors
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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- H01M4/136—Electrodes based on inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy
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- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
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- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrode that provides an electricity storage device having a high energy density and a good cycle life.
- the present invention also relates to a method for manufacturing the electrode and an electricity storage device including the electrode.
- the invention further relates to a conductive carbon mixture used in the manufacture of an electrode for an electricity storage device.
- Power storage devices such as secondary batteries, electric double layer capacitors, redox capacitors, and hybrid capacitors are used as power sources for information devices such as mobile phones and laptop computers, as well as motor drive power sources and energy regeneration for low-emission vehicles such as electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles. Although these devices are widely studied for systems and the like, in order to respond to the demand for higher performance and smaller size in these power storage devices, improvement in energy density and cycle life is desired.
- an electrode active material that develops a capacity by a Faraday reaction involving the exchange of electrons with ions in an electrolyte (including an electrolyte solution) or a non-Faraday reaction not involving the exchange of electrons is used for energy storage.
- These active materials are generally used in the form of a composite material with a conductive agent.
- conductive carbon such as carbon black, natural graphite, artificial graphite, or carbon nanotube is usually used.
- These conductive carbons are used in combination with active materials with low electrical conductivity to play a role in imparting electrical conductivity to composite materials, but they also act as a matrix that absorbs volume changes associated with active material reactions. Moreover, even if the active material is mechanically damaged, it plays a role of securing an electron conduction path.
- a composite material of these active materials and conductive carbon is generally manufactured by a method of mixing particles of active material and conductive carbon.
- Conductive carbon basically does not contribute to improvement of the energy density of the electricity storage device. Therefore, in order to obtain an electricity storage device having a high energy density, the amount of active material is increased by reducing the amount of conductive carbon per unit volume. There is a need. Therefore, studies have been made to increase the amount of active material per unit volume by improving the dispersibility of conductive carbon or reducing the structure of conductive carbon, thereby bringing the distance between active material particles closer. Yes.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2004-134304 includes a carbon material having a small average particle diameter of 10 to 100 nm (acetylene black in the examples) and a blackening degree of 1.20 or more.
- a non-aqueous secondary battery including a positive electrode having the following is disclosed.
- the paint used to make the positive electrode is a mixture of the positive electrode active material, the carbon material, the binder, and the solvent, a high-speed rotating homogenizer-type disperser, and a high shear dispersing device such as a planetary mixer having three or more rotating shafts.
- a device having a strong shearing force a carbon material that is difficult to disperse due to a small particle diameter is uniformly dispersed.
- Patent Document 2 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2009-35598 discloses a non-made of acetylene black having a BET specific surface area of 30 to 90 m 2 / g, a DBP absorption of 50 to 120 mL / 100 g, and a pH of 9 or more.
- a conductive agent for an aqueous secondary battery electrode is disclosed.
- a mixture of the acetylene black and the active material is dispersed in a liquid containing a binder to prepare a slurry, and this slurry is applied to a current collector and dried to form an electrode of a secondary battery. Since acetylene black having the above characteristics has a lower structure than ketjen black and conventional acetylene black, the bulk density of the mixture with the active material is improved, and the battery capacity is improved.
- Patent Document 3 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 11-283623 describes a mother particle of a lithium composite oxide such as LiCoO 2 that acts as an active material and a child particle of a carbon material such as acetylene black that acts as a conductive agent.
- a method of coating a part or all of the surface of the composite oxide base particles with the child particles of the carbon material by mixing while applying compression and shearing action, and the composite material obtained by this method in a non-aqueous system The use for the positive electrode of a secondary battery is disclosed.
- the energy storage device is always required to further improve the energy density.
- conductive carbon is interposed between the active material particles. It is difficult to make it enter efficiently, and therefore it is difficult to increase the amount of active material per unit volume by bringing the distance between the active material particles closer. For this reason, there is a limit to the improvement in energy density by the positive electrode and / or the negative electrode using a composite material of active material particles and conductive carbon.
- the method of coating the surface of the active material particles as in Patent Document 3 with carbon particles has a limit in improving the energy density, and the active material is dissolved in the electrolyte of the non-aqueous secondary battery. For this reason, a sufficiently satisfactory cycle life could not be obtained.
- an object of the present invention is to provide an electrode that provides an electricity storage device having a high energy density and a good cycle life.
- the inventors of the present invention configured an electrode for an electricity storage device using an electrode material containing oxidized carbon and active material particles obtained by subjecting a carbon raw material having voids to a strong oxidation treatment. Discovered that the objective was achieved and completed the invention.
- the present invention is first an electrode for an electricity storage device, comprising an electrode active material particle, and an oxidized carbon that covers the surface of the electrode active material particle and that is obtained by oxidizing a carbon material having voids.
- the present invention relates to an electrode having an active material layer containing conductive carbon in the form of paste.
- the voids include ketchen black internal voids, carbon nanofibers and carbon nanotubes, and intertube voids.
- the “glue-like” means a state in which grain boundaries of primary carbon particles are not recognized and non-particulate amorphous carbon is connected in an SEM photograph taken at a magnification of 25000 times.
- Oxidized carbon obtained by subjecting a carbon material having voids to oxidation treatment is likely to adhere to the surface of the active material particles.
- oxidized carbon that has been subjected to a strong oxidation treatment is characterized by being compressed integrally when spread under pressure, spreads in a paste form, and does not easily fall apart. Therefore, when the electrode material is obtained by mixing the oxidized carbon that has been subjected to strong oxidation treatment for the electrode of the electricity storage device and the active material particles, the oxidized carbon adheres to the surface of the active material particles during the mixing process. Covers the surface and improves the dispersibility of the active material particles.
- the oxidized carbon spreads in a paste form, and the surfaces of the active material particles are partially covered. Then, an active material layer is formed using this electrode material on the current collector of the electrode, and when the pressure is applied to the active material layer, at least a portion of the oxidized carbon that has changed into a paste shape further spreads, The active material particles are densified while covering the surface of the active material particles, and the active material particles approach each other, and as a result, oxidized carbon that has changed into a paste is formed between the adjacent active material particles while covering the surface of the active material particles.
- the pores including the gaps between the primary particles found in the secondary particles
- the electrode of this invention can contain the oxidation process carbon which has not changed into paste form.
- the paste-like conductive carbon derived from the oxidized carbon has a width of 50 nm or less and a gap formed between adjacent electrode active material particles and / or an electrode active carbon. It exists also in the inside of the hole which exists in the surface of a substance particle. Therefore, the coverage of the surface of the active material particles with the paste-like conductive carbon is improved, the conductivity of the entire active material layer is improved, and the electrode density is improved.
- the “width of the gap formed between the electrode active material particles” means the shortest distance among the distances between adjacent active material particles, and “the pores present on the surface of the electrode active material particles” "Width of” means the shortest distance among the distances between the opposing points of the opening of the hole.
- the electrode of the present invention has an active material layer containing paste-like conductive carbon that is densely packed, it has been found that impregnation of the electrolyte in the electricity storage device into the electrode is not suppressed. Yes.
- the active material layer when the pore distribution of the active material layer of the electrode is measured by mercury porosimetry, it is found that the active material layer has pores having a diameter of 5 to 40 nm. These fine pores are thought to be pores in paste-like conductive carbon that is mainly derived from oxidized carbon and densified, but the electrolyte in the electricity storage device passes through paste-like conductive carbon. Thus, it is large enough to reach the active material particles. Therefore, the paste-like conductive carbon in the electrode has sufficient conductivity and does not suppress the impregnation of the electrolytic solution in the electricity storage device. As a result, the energy density of the electricity storage device is improved.
- the surface of the active material particles is covered with conductive carbon that is dense and spreads like a paste until it reaches the inside of the holes existing on the surface of the active material particles.
- the dissolution of the active material in the electrolyte is suppressed even though the impregnation of the electrolyte in the electricity storage device into the electrode is not suppressed. It has been found that the cycle characteristics of the electricity storage device are improved.
- the oxidized carbon that gives the paste-like conductive carbon contains a hydrophilic portion, and the content of the hydrophilic portion is 10% by mass or more of the entire oxidized carbon.
- the “hydrophilic portion” of carbon has the following meaning. That is, 0.1 g of carbon is added to 20 mL of an aqueous ammonia solution of pH 11, and ultrasonic irradiation is performed for 1 minute, and the obtained liquid is left for 5 hours to precipitate a solid phase portion. A portion that is not precipitated but is dispersed in an aqueous ammonia solution having a pH of 11 is a “hydrophilic portion”. Moreover, content with respect to the whole carbon of a hydrophilic part is calculated
- the remaining part from which the supernatant has been removed is dried, and the weight of the solid after drying is measured.
- the weight obtained by subtracting the weight of the solid after drying from the initial weight of 0.1 g of carbon is the weight of the “hydrophilic portion” dispersed in the aqueous ammonia solution at pH 11.
- the weight ratio of the “hydrophilic portion” to the initial carbon weight of 0.1 g is the content of the “hydrophilic portion” in the carbon.
- the ratio of the hydrophilic portion in conductive carbon such as carbon black, natural graphite, and carbon nanotube used as a conductive agent in the electrodes of conventional power storage devices is 5% by mass or less.
- carbon with voids when carbon with voids is used as a raw material and these raw materials are oxidized, they are oxidized from the surface of the particles, and hydroxy, carboxy and ether bonds are introduced into the carbon, and the conjugated double bonds of carbon are oxidized. As a result, a carbon single bond is generated, a carbon-carbon bond is partially broken, and a hydrophilic portion is generated on the particle surface.
- the proportion of the hydrophilic portion in the carbon particles increases and the hydrophilic portion occupies 10% by mass or more of the total carbon.
- Such oxidation-treated carbon is compressed as a whole when subjected to pressure and easily spreads in the form of a paste, and most or all of the surface of the active material particles reaches the inside of the pores existing on the surface of the active material particles. It is easy to cover and densify.
- 80% or more, preferably 90% or more, particularly preferably 95% or more of the surface (outer surface) of the active material particles in the active material layer of the electrode is derived from oxidized carbon and densified.
- An electrode in contact with the conductive carbon is obtained. Note that the coverage of the surface of the active material particles with the paste-like conductive carbon is a value calculated from an SEM photograph obtained by photographing the cross section of the active material layer at a magnification of 25000 times.
- the electrode active material particles in the active material layer include fine particles having an average particle diameter of 0.01 to 2 ⁇ m operable as a positive electrode active material or a negative electrode active material, and the fine particles And coarse particles having an average particle size greater than 2 ⁇ m and less than or equal to 25 ⁇ m that can be operated as the same active material.
- the coarse particles have a function of suitably pressing the oxidized carbon at the time of manufacturing the electrode material and the electrode, and rapidly changing the oxidized carbon to a paste shape to make it dense. Therefore, the electrode density is increased and the energy density of the electricity storage device is improved.
- the pressure applied to the active material layer at the time of manufacturing the electrode presses the oxidized carbon whose fine particles are at least partially paste-like, and between the adjacent coarse particles together with the oxidized carbon spread in a paste-like manner. Since the gap formed is extruded and filled, the electrode density is further increased and the energy density of the electricity storage device is further improved.
- the average particle diameter of the active material particles means a 50% diameter (median diameter) in the measurement of particle size distribution using a light scattering particle size meter.
- the active material layer further includes another conductive carbon, in particular, a conductive carbon having a higher conductivity than the pasty conductive carbon derived from oxidized carbon. It is preferable. These carbons are also covered with paste-like conductive carbon by the pressure applied to the active material layer at the time of electrode manufacture, and the gap formed by the active material particles adjacent to the paste-like conductive carbon is closely packed. Since the conductivity of the active material layer is improved, the energy density of the electricity storage device is further improved.
- the mass ratio of the electrode active material particles to the conductive carbon in the active material layer is preferably in the range of 95: 5 to 99: 1.
- the mass ratio between the total amount of these and the electrode active material particles is in the above range.
- the proportion of the conductive carbon is less than the above range, the conductivity of the active material layer is insufficient, and the coverage of the active material particles by the conductive carbon tends to be reduced and the cycle characteristics tend to be reduced. If the ratio is larger than the above range, the electrode density tends to decrease and the energy density of the electricity storage device tends to decrease.
- the electrode for the electricity storage device of the present invention is By mixing the electrode active material particles and the oxidation-treated carbon obtained by oxidizing the carbon raw material having voids, at least a part of the oxidation-treated carbon changes to a paste shape, and the surface of the electrode active material particles
- a preparation step of preparing an electrode material attached to An active material layer is formed on the current collector with the electrode material, and can be suitably manufactured by a method including a pressurizing step of applying pressure to the active material layer. Therefore, the present invention also relates to a method for manufacturing this electrode.
- the above preparation step is performed.
- the fine carbon particles are not familiar with the binder and the solvent, when preparing an electrode material in the form of a slurry containing the binder and the solvent, as described above with respect to Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2, a strong shear dispersion device is used. In general, wet mixing is performed, or electrode active material particles and carbon are dry-mixed, and then a binder and a solvent are added and wet-mixed.
- the conductive carbon mixture includes the mixture and electrode active material. Regardless of the mixing method with substance particles, an electrode having a high electrode density and excellent conductivity is provided.
- the present invention is also a conductive carbon mixture for the production of an electrode for an electricity storage device, which is derived from oxidized carbon obtained by subjecting a carbon raw material having voids to an oxidation treatment, and is at least partially pasty.
- the electrode of the present invention provides an electricity storage device with high energy density and good cycle life. Therefore, this invention also relates to the electrical storage device provided with the said electrode.
- An active material layer comprising electrode active material particles, and paste-like conductive carbon derived from oxidized carbon obtained by oxidizing a carbon material having voids, which covers the surface of the electrode active material particles.
- the paste-like conductive carbon derived from the oxidized carbon reaches not only the gaps formed between the active material particles but also the pores existing on the surface of the active material particles. Therefore, the amount of the active material per unit volume in the electrode increases, and the electrode density increases. Further, the paste-like conductive carbon that is densely packed has sufficient conductivity to function as a conductive agent and does not suppress impregnation of the electrolytic solution in the electricity storage device. As a result, the energy density of the electricity storage device is improved.
- the paste-like conductive carbon covers the surface of the active material particles up to the inside of the pores existing on the surface of the active material particles.
- the electrode for the electricity storage device of the present invention is an electrode active material particle and a paste-like material derived from oxidized carbon obtained by oxidizing a carbon raw material having a void covering the surface of the electrode active material particle. And an active material layer containing conductive carbon.
- the oxidation-treated carbon before changing to a paste shape will be described, and then the electrode of the present invention and an electricity storage device using this electrode will be described.
- the oxidized carbon that gives paste-like conductive carbon contained in the active material layer is porous carbon powder, ketjen black, furnace black having voids, carbon nanofibers, Manufactured using carbon having voids such as carbon nanotubes as a raw material.
- the carbon raw material it is preferable to use carbon having voids with a specific surface area measured by the BET method of 300 m 2 / g or more because it tends to be oxidized carbon that changes into a paste shape by the oxidation treatment.
- spherical particles such as ketjen black and furnace black having voids are particularly preferable. Even if the solid carbon is used as the raw material for the oxidation treatment, it is difficult to obtain an oxidation-treated carbon that changes into a paste.
- the oxidized carbon can be obtained by treating the carbon raw material in an acid or hydrogen peroxide solution.
- the acid nitric acid, a nitric acid-sulfuric acid mixture, a hypochlorous acid aqueous solution, or the like can be used.
- oxidation-treated carbon can be obtained by heating the carbon raw material in an oxygen-containing atmosphere, water vapor, or carbon dioxide.
- oxidized carbon can be obtained by plasma treatment, ultraviolet irradiation, corona discharge treatment, and glow discharge treatment in an oxygen-containing atmosphere of the carbon raw material.
- the carbon raw material having voids When the carbon raw material having voids is oxidized, it is oxidized from the surface of the particles, hydroxy groups, carboxy groups and ether bonds are introduced into the carbon, and conjugated double bonds of the carbon are oxidized to generate carbon single bonds.
- the carbon-carbon bond is partially broken, and a hydrophilic portion is formed on the particle surface.
- Oxidized carbon having such a hydrophilic portion tends to adhere to the surface of the active material particles, and effectively suppresses aggregation of the active material particles.
- the content of the hydrophilic portion in the oxidized carbon is preferably 10% by mass or more of the entire oxidized carbon. It is particularly preferable that the content of the hydrophilic portion is 12% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less of the whole.
- the oxidized carbon containing 10% by mass or more of the hydrophilic part of the whole (A) a step of treating a carbon raw material having voids with an acid, (B) a step of mixing the product after the acid treatment with the transition metal compound, (C) pulverizing the obtained mixture to cause a mechanochemical reaction; (D) heating the product after the mechanochemical reaction in a non-oxidizing atmosphere; and (E) It can obtain suitably by the manufacturing method including the process of removing the said transition metal compound and / or its reaction product from the product after a heating.
- a carbon material having voids preferably ketjen black
- an acid it is possible to use acids usually used for the oxidation treatment of carbon, such as nitric acid, a nitric acid-sulfuric acid mixture, and a hypochlorous acid aqueous solution.
- the immersion time depends on the acid concentration and the amount of the carbon raw material to be treated, but is generally in the range of 5 minutes to 5 hours.
- the acid-treated carbon is sufficiently washed with water and dried, and then mixed with a transition metal compound in the step (b).
- the transition metal compound added to the carbon raw material in the step (b) includes transition metal halides, inorganic metal salts such as nitrates, sulfates, carbonates, formates, acetates, oxalates, methoxides, ethoxides, An organic metal salt such as propoxide or a mixture thereof can be used. These compounds may be used alone or in combination of two or more. You may mix and use the compound containing a different transition metal by predetermined amount. Moreover, as long as the reaction is not adversely affected, a compound other than the transition metal compound, for example, an alkali metal compound may be added together. Oxidized carbon is used by being mixed with active material particles in the production of electrodes for power storage devices. Therefore, when a compound of elements constituting the active material is added to the carbon raw material, an element that can be an impurity with respect to the active material It is preferable because it can prevent contamination of the material.
- the mixture obtained in the step (b) is pulverized to cause a mechanochemical reaction.
- the pulverizer for this reaction include a lycaic device, a millstone mill, a ball mill, a bead mill, a rod mill, a roller mill, a stirring mill, a planetary mill, a vibration mill, a hybridizer, a mechanochemical compounding device, and a jet mill. be able to.
- the pulverization time depends on the pulverizer to be used and the amount of carbon to be processed, and is not strictly limited, but is generally in the range of 5 minutes to 3 hours.
- a process is performed in non-oxidizing atmospheres, such as nitrogen atmosphere and argon atmosphere.
- the heating temperature and the heating time are appropriately selected according to the transition metal compound used.
- the transition metal compound and / or the reaction product thereof is removed from the heated product by means such as dissolution with an acid, and then washed thoroughly and dried to obtain a total of 10 masses. It is possible to obtain oxidized carbon containing at least% hydrophilic portion.
- the transition metal compound acts so as to promote the oxidation of the carbon raw material by a mechanochemical reaction, and the oxidation of the carbon raw material proceeds rapidly.
- oxidized carbon containing 10% by mass or more of the hydrophilic portion is obtained.
- Oxidized carbon containing 10% by mass or more of the hydrophilic portion as a whole is obtained by subjecting a carbon raw material having voids to strong oxidation treatment, and promotes oxidation of the carbon raw material having voids by a method other than the above production method. It is also possible.
- the resulting oxidized carbon is used for the production of electrodes for storage devices such as secondary batteries, electric double layer capacitors, redox capacitors, and hybrid capacitors, and Faraday reactions involving the transfer of electrons with ions in the electrolyte of the storage devices. Or it is used in the form mixed with the electrode active material which expresses capacity
- Electrode The electrode for the electricity storage device of the present invention is (A) By mixing the electrode active material particles and the oxidized carbon, an electrode material in which at least a part of the oxidized carbon is changed into a paste and adhered to the surface of the electrode active material particles is prepared. And a preparation process to (B) An active material layer can be formed on the current collector using the electrode material, and can be suitably obtained by a production method including a pressurizing step of applying pressure to the active material layer.
- the oxidized carbon adheres to the surface of the active material particles and covers the surface, so that aggregation of the active material particles can be suppressed.
- the pressure exerted on the oxidized carbon during the mixing process at least a part of the oxidized carbon spreads in a paste form, and the surfaces of the active material particles are partially covered.
- an active material used as a positive electrode active material or a negative electrode active material in a conventional power storage device can be used without any particular limitation. These active materials may be a single compound or a mixture of two or more compounds.
- the positive electrode active material of the secondary battery first, a layered rock salt type LiMO 2 , a layered Li 2 MnO 3 —LiMO 2 solid solution, and a spinel type LiM 2 O 4 (wherein M is Mn, Fe, Co, Ni or a combination thereof).
- sulfur and sulfides such as Li 2 S, TiS 2 , MoS 2 , FeS 2 , VS 2 , Cr 1/2 V 1/2 S 2 , selenides such as NbSe 3 , VSe 2 , NbSe 3 , Cr 2
- oxides such as O 5 , Cr 3 O 8 , VO 2 , V 3 O 8 , V 2 O 5 , V 6 O 13 , LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 , LiVOPO 4 , LiV 3 O 5 , LiV 3 O 8 , MoV 2 O 8 , Li 2 FeSiO 4 , Li 2 MnSiO 4 , LiFePO 4 , LiFe 1/2 Mn 1/2 PO 4 , LiMnPO 4 , Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 or the like.
- Examples of the negative electrode active material of the secondary battery include Fe 2 O 3 , MnO, MnO 2 , Mn 2 O 3 , Mn 3 O 4 , CoO, Co 3 O 4 , NiO, Ni 2 O 3 , TiO, and TiO 2.
- SnO, SnO 2 , SiO 2 , RuO 2 oxides such as WO, WO 2 , ZnO, metals such as Sn, Si, Al, Zn, LiVO 2 , Li 3 VO 4 , Li 4 Ti 5 O 12
- Examples of the composite oxide include nitrides such as Li 2.6 Co 0.4 N, Ge 3 N 4 , Zn 3 N 2 , and Cu 3 N.
- the active material in the polarizable electrode of the electric double layer capacitor examples include carbon materials such as activated carbon, carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, phenol resin carbide, polyvinylidene chloride carbide, and microcrystalline carbon having a large specific surface area.
- the positive electrode active material exemplified for the secondary battery can be used for the positive electrode.
- the negative electrode is constituted by a polarizable electrode using activated carbon or the like.
- the negative electrode active material illustrated for the secondary battery can be used for the negative electrode, and in this case, the positive electrode is constituted by a polarizable electrode using activated carbon or the like.
- the positive electrode active material of the redox capacitor examples include metal oxides such as RuO 2 , MnO 2 and NiO, and the negative electrode is composed of an active material such as RuO 2 and a polarizable material such as activated carbon.
- the average particle size of the active material particles is preferably larger than 2 ⁇ m and not larger than 25 ⁇ m.
- the active material particles having a relatively large average particle size improve the electrode density by themselves and promote the pasting of the oxidized carbon by the pressing force in the process of mixing with the oxidized carbon.
- the active material particles having a relatively large average particle diameter are oxidized at least partially in a paste form.
- the treated carbon is suitably pressed, and the oxidized carbon is further expanded into a paste shape and densified. As a result, the electrode density is increased and the energy density of the electricity storage device is improved.
- the active material particles are fine particles having an average particle diameter of 0.01 to 2 ⁇ m, and coarse particles having an average particle diameter of greater than 2 ⁇ m and 25 ⁇ m or less operable as an active material having the same polarity as the fine particles; It is preferable that it is comprised from these. Particles with a small particle size are said to be easy to agglomerate, but oxidation-treated carbon adheres not only to the surface of coarse particles but also to the surface of microparticles, covering the surface, thereby suppressing aggregation of active material particles. And the mixing state of the active material particles and the oxidized carbon can be made uniform.
- the coarse particles promote the pasting and densification of the oxidized carbon, increase the electrode density, and improve the energy density of the electricity storage device.
- the fine particles are oxidized in a paste-like manner while pressing the oxidized carbon whose at least a part has changed into a paste-like shape. Since the gap formed between adjacent coarse particles together with the treated carbon is extruded and filled, the electrode density is further increased and the energy density of the electricity storage device is further improved.
- Coarse particles and fine particles are preferably selected so that the mass ratio is in the range of 80:20 to 95: 5, and more preferably in the range of 90:10 to 95: 5. preferable.
- the mass ratio of the electrode active material particles and the oxidized carbon used in the step (A) is 90:10 to 99.5: 0.5 in mass ratio in order to obtain an electricity storage device having a high energy density.
- the range is preferable, and the range of 95: 5 to 99: 1 is more preferable. If the proportion of the oxidized carbon is less than the above range, the conductivity of the active material layer is insufficient, and the coverage of the active material particles by the paste-like oxidized carbon tends to decrease and the cycle characteristics tend to deteriorate. . Further, when the ratio of the oxidized carbon is larger than the above range, the electrode density tends to decrease, and the energy density of the electricity storage device tends to decrease.
- an oxidation treatment is performed using a conductive carbon different from the oxidation-treated carbon, a binder, and a solvent for mixing.
- An electrode material may be prepared in which at least a part of carbon is changed into a paste and adhered to the surface of the electrode active material particles. By using a solvent, an electrode material in the form of a slurry is obtained.
- conductive carbons include ketjen black, acetylene black, furnace black, channel black and other carbon blacks, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, graphene, Regular carbon, carbon fiber, natural graphite, artificial graphite, graphitized ketjen black, mesoporous carbon, vapor grown carbon fiber and the like are used. It is preferable to use conductive carbon having a higher conductivity than paste-like conductive carbon derived from oxidized carbon, and particularly preferable to use acetylene black. Since the oxidized carbon adheres not only to the surface of the active material particles but also to the surface of another conductive carbon and covers the surface, aggregation of the other conductive carbon can be suppressed.
- the energy density of the electricity storage device is further improved.
- the ratio of the oxidized carbon to another conductive carbon is preferably in the range of 3: 1 to 1: 3, more preferably in the range of 2.5: 1.5 to 1.5: 2.5, by mass ratio. .
- the mass ratio of the total amount of the different conductive carbon and oxidized carbon to the electrode active material particles is 10:90 to 0.5: 99.5. Is preferable, and a range of 5:95 to 1:99 is more preferable.
- binder known binders such as polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, polyvinyl fluoride, and carboxymethyl cellulose are used.
- the binder content is preferably 1 to 30% by mass with respect to the total amount of the electrode material. If it is 1% by mass or less, the strength of the active material layer is not sufficient, and if it is 30% by mass or more, the discharge capacity of the electrode is reduced and the internal resistance becomes excessive.
- a solvent for mixing a solvent that does not adversely affect other components in the electrode material such as N-methylpyrrolidone can be used without any particular limitation.
- the amount of the solvent is not particularly limited as long as each component in the mixture is uniformly mixed.
- the binder can be used in a form dissolved in a solvent.
- the electrode active material particles, the oxidized carbon, and the conductive carbon different from the oxidized carbon used as necessary, the binder, the mixing method of the solvent for mixing, and the mixing order There is no particular limitation.
- a lycaic device a stone mill, a ball mill, a bead mill, a rod mill, a roller mill, a stirring mill, a planetary mill, a vibration mill, a hybridizer, a mechanochemical compounding apparatus, and a jet mill can be used.
- the dry mixing time varies depending on the total amount of active material particles and oxidized carbon to be mixed and the mixing apparatus used, but is generally between 1 and 30 minutes.
- the kneading method with the binder and the solvent is not particularly limited, and may be performed by manual mixing using a mortar, or may be performed using a known mixing apparatus such as a stirrer or a homogenizer. If each component in the electrode material is uniformly mixed, there is no problem even if the mixing time is short.
- step (A) When the active material particles are composed of fine particles and coarse particles, and other conductive carbon is not used, all fine particles, coarse particles, and oxidized carbon are introduced into the mixing device in step (A). And may be dry mixed.
- a slurry-form electrode material can be obtained by sufficiently kneading the product obtained by dry mixing with a binder and a solvent as required.
- (A1) a step of dry-mixing oxidized carbon and fine particles to obtain a premix
- (A2) It is preferable to carry out dry mixing separately in the step of dry-mixing the preliminary mixture and coarse particles.
- an electrode material in which coarse particles coated with oxidized carbon and fine particles are uniformly mixed can be obtained. preferable.
- the product obtained in the step (A2) is familiar with the binder and the solvent, an electrode material in a slurry form in which each component is uniformly mixed can be easily obtained.
- the ratio of the fine particles to the oxidized carbon in the stage of obtaining the premix is preferably in the range of 70:30 to 90:10, more preferably in the range of 75:25 to 85:15, by mass ratio.
- step (A) When conductive carbon other than oxidized carbon is used, in the step (A), all the active material particles, oxidized carbon and other conductive carbon are introduced into the mixing device and dry-mixed. Good.
- a slurry-form electrode material can be obtained by sufficiently kneading the product obtained by dry mixing with a binder and a solvent as required. But, (AA1) dry-mixing oxidation-treated carbon and another conductive carbon; and (AA2) It is preferable to carry out dry mixing in the step of dry mixing the mixture obtained in the step (AA1) and the active material particles.
- the mixture obtained in step (AA1) is a “conductive carbon mixture”. At this stage, oxidized carbon adheres to the surface of another conductive carbon, and pasting of the oxidized carbon progresses partially.
- a conductive carbon mixture adhered to the surface of the conductive carbon is obtained.
- the oxidized carbon whose at least a part has been changed into a paste is attached to the surface of the electrode active material particles, and the active material particles coated with the oxidized carbon and another conductive carbon Can be obtained in which the electrode material is uniformly mixed with good dispersibility.
- this conductive carbon mixture is familiar with the binder and the solvent, when obtaining an electrode material in the form of a slurry, instead of kneading the (AA2) stage and the subsequent binder and solvent, (Aa1) a step of wet-mixing the conductive carbon mixture, the active material particles, the binder, and the solvent, or (Aa2) a step of wet-mixing the conductive carbon mixture, the binder, and the solvent, and further adding the active material particles and wet-mixing; or (Aa3) a step of wet-mixing the conductive carbon mixture, the active material particles, and the solvent, and further adding a binder and wet-mixing; Can also be implemented.
- the active material particles are composed of fine particles and coarse particles, and another conductive carbon is used
- the fine particles, coarse particles, and oxidized carbon are separated in the mixing device. All of the conductive carbon may be introduced and dry mixed.
- a slurry-form electrode material can be obtained by sufficiently kneading the product obtained by dry mixing with a binder and a solvent as required.
- (AB1) a step of dry-mixing the oxidized carbon and another conductive carbon
- (AB2) a step of dry-mixing the mixture obtained in the step (AB1) and the fine particles
- (AC1) a step of dry-mixing oxidized carbon and fine particles; (AC2) dry mixing the product obtained in the step (AC1) and another conductive carbon; and (AC3) It is also preferable to carry out dry mixing in the step of dry mixing the mixture obtained in the step (AC2) and coarse particles.
- the conductive carbon mixture obtained in the (AB1) stage is familiar with the binder and the solvent. Therefore, when obtaining an electrode material in the form of a slurry, the (AB2) stage, the (AB3) stage, And subsequent kneading with binder and solvent, (Ab1) a step of wet-mixing the conductive carbon mixture, the fine particles, the coarse particles, the binder, and the solvent, or (Ab2) a step of wet-mixing the conductive carbon mixture, the binder, and the solvent, and further adding fine particles and coarse particles to wet-mix, or (Ab3) a step of wet-mixing the conductive carbon mixture, the fine particles, the coarse particles, and the solvent, and further adding a binder and wet-mixing; Can also be implemented.
- the ratio of the fine particles and the total amount of oxidized carbon and another conductive carbon is in the range of 70:30 to 90:10 in terms of mass ratio.
- the amount of another conductive carbon used is selected so that it is preferably in the range of 75:25 to 85:15.
- an active material layer is formed by applying the electrode material obtained in the step (A) on a current collector for constituting the positive electrode or the negative electrode of the electricity storage device, and this active material is formed as necessary. After the material layer is dried, pressure is applied to the active material layer by rolling to obtain an electrode.
- the electrode material obtained in the step (A) may be formed into a predetermined shape and pressed on the current collector, and then subjected to a rolling process.
- the oxidized carbon when pressure is applied to the active material layer, the oxidized carbon, at least part of which has been changed into a paste, further expands and becomes dense while covering the surface of the active material particles.
- the oxidized carbon that has been approached and changed into a paste-like shape covers the surface of the active material particles while covering the surface of the active material particles, as well as pores existing on the surface of the active material particles. It is pushed out into the interior and is densely filled. Therefore, the amount of active material per unit volume in the electrode increases, and the electrode density increases.
- the paste-like oxidized carbon that is densely packed has sufficient conductivity to function as a conductive agent.
- a conductive material such as platinum, gold, nickel, aluminum, titanium, steel, or carbon can be used.
- shape of the current collector any shape such as a film shape, a foil shape, a plate shape, a net shape, an expanded metal shape, and a cylindrical shape can be adopted.
- the active material layer may be dried by reducing the pressure and heating as necessary to remove the solvent.
- the pressure applied to the active material layer by the rolling treatment is generally in the range of 50,000 to 1,000,000 N / cm 2 , preferably 100,000 to 500,000 N / cm 2 .
- a process may be performed at normal temperature and may be performed on heating conditions.
- the paste-like conductive carbon in the active material layer is a gap formed between adjacent electrode active material particles having a width of 50 nm or less and / or electrode active material particles. It exists also in the inside of the hole which exists in the surface of this. Therefore, the coverage of the surface of the active material particles with the paste-like conductive carbon is improved, the conductivity of the entire active material layer is improved, and the electrode density is improved.
- Conductive carbon such as carbon black, natural graphite, and carbon nanotube used as a conductive agent in the electrodes of conventional power storage devices hardly penetrates into such narrow gaps or holes.
- the electrode of the present invention has an active material layer containing paste-like conductive carbon that is densely packed, it has been found that impregnation of the electrolyte in the electricity storage device into the electrode is not suppressed. Yes.
- the active material layer when the pore distribution of the active material layer of the electrode is measured by mercury porosimetry, it is known that the active material layer has pores having a diameter of 5 to 40 nm. These fine pores are thought to be pores in paste-like conductive carbon that is mainly derived from oxidized carbon and densified, but the electrolyte in the electricity storage device passes through paste-like conductive carbon. Thus, it is large enough to reach the active material particles. Therefore, the paste-like conductive carbon in the electrode has sufficient conductivity and does not suppress the impregnation of the electrolytic solution in the electricity storage device. As a result, the energy density of the electricity storage device is improved.
- the surface of the active material particles is covered with the oxidized carbon that is dense and spreads like a paste until it reaches the inside of the pores existing on the surface of the active material particles.
- the dissolution of the active material in the electrolyte is suppressed even though the impregnation of the electrolyte in the electricity storage device into the electrode is not suppressed. It has been found that the cycle characteristics of the electricity storage device are improved.
- the amount of dissolved active material is reduced by about 40% or more as compared with the case where the electrode is composed of a conventional conductive agent such as acetylene black and active material particles. Then, the cycle characteristics of the electricity storage device are greatly improved due to the significant suppression of dissolution of the active material.
- the oxidized carbon having a hydrophilic portion of 10% by mass or more of the whole is compressed as a whole when subjected to pressure and easily spreads in a paste form, and most or all of the surface of the active material particles is made up of the active material particles. Covers up to the inside of the pores existing on the surface, and tends to be densified.
- 80% or more, preferably 90% or more, particularly preferably 95% or more of the surface of the active material particles in the active material layer of the electrode is derived from the oxidized carbon and densified conductive carbon. An electrode in contact with is obtained.
- the electrode of the present invention is used for an electrode of an electric storage device such as a secondary battery, an electric double layer capacitor, a redox capacitor, and a hybrid capacitor.
- the electricity storage device includes a pair of electrodes (a positive electrode and a negative electrode) and an electrolyte disposed therebetween as essential elements, and at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode is manufactured by the manufacturing method of the present invention.
- the electrolyte disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode may be an electrolyte solution held in a separator, a solid electrolyte, or a gel electrolyte.
- the electrolyte used in can be used without particular limitation. Examples of typical electrolytes are shown below.
- a lithium salt such as LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , or LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 is used in a solvent such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, or dimethyl carbonate.
- the dissolved electrolyte is used in a state of being held in a separator such as a polyolefin fiber nonwoven fabric or a glass fiber nonwoven fabric.
- a separator such as a polyolefin fiber nonwoven fabric or a glass fiber nonwoven fabric.
- inorganic solid electrolytes such as Li 5 La 3 Nb 2 O 12 , Li 1.5 Al 0.5 Ti 1.5 (PO 4 ) 3 , Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 , Li 7 P 3 S 11, etc.
- An organic solid electrolyte composed of a complex of a lithium salt and a polymer compound such as polyethylene oxide, polymethacrylate, or polyacrylate, or a gel electrolyte in which an electrolytic solution is absorbed in polyvinylidene fluoride, polyacrylonitrile, or the like is also used.
- an electrolytic solution in which a quaternary ammonium salt such as (C 2 H 5 ) 4 NBF 4 is dissolved in a solvent such as acrylonitrile or propylene carbonate is used.
- a solvent such as acrylonitrile or propylene carbonate
- an electrolytic solution in which a lithium salt is dissolved in propylene carbonate or the like, or an electrolytic solution in which a quaternary ammonium salt is dissolved in propylene carbonate or the like is used.
- each component described above in step (A) is provided for the purpose of securing an ion conduction path in the active material layer.
- An electrode material is prepared by adding a solid electrolyte to the element.
- Ketjen Black (trade name EC300J, manufactured by Ketjen Black International, BET specific surface area 800 m 2 / g) is added to 300 mL of 60% nitric acid, and the resulting solution is irradiated with ultrasonic waves for 10 minutes and then filtered. Ketjen black was recovered. The recovered ketjen black was washed with water three times and dried to obtain an acid-treated ketjen black.
- 0.1 g of the obtained oxidized carbon was added to 20 mL of an aqueous ammonia solution having a pH of 11, and subjected to ultrasonic irradiation for 1 minute. The resulting liquid was allowed to stand for 5 hours to precipitate the solid phase portion. After precipitation of the solid phase part, the remaining part from which the supernatant was removed was dried, and the weight of the solid after drying was measured. The weight ratio of the weight of the solid after drying is subtracted from the weight of 0.1 g of the first oxidized carbon to the weight of 0.1 g of the first oxidized carbon, and the content of the “hydrophilic portion” in the oxidized carbon is calculated as follows. did.
- LiFePO 4 coarse particles primary particle size of 0.5 to 1 ⁇ m, secondary particle size of 2 to 3 ⁇ m, average particle size of 2.5 ⁇ m
- the obtained fine particles, and the above-mentioned oxidized carbon were mixed into 90 parts. Is mixed at a mass ratio of 9: 1 to obtain an electrode material, and 5% by mass of polyvinylidene fluoride and an appropriate amount of N-methylpyrrolidone are added and kneaded thoroughly to form a slurry. After apply
- Example 2 Among the procedures in Example 1, 0.5 g of acid-treated ketjen black, 1.98 g of Fe (CH 3 COO) 2 , 0.77 g of Li (CH 3 COO), and C 6 H 8 O 7 ⁇ H 2 A portion where 1.10 g of O, 1.32 g of CH 3 COOH, 1.31 g of H 3 PO 4 and 120 mL of distilled water are mixed, 1.8 g of acid-treated ketjen black, Fe (CH 3 COO) 2 . 5 g, Li (CH 3 COO) 0.19 g, C 6 H 8 O 7 ⁇ H 2 O 0.28 g, CH 3 COOH 0.33 g, H 3 PO 4 0.33 g, and distilled water 250 mL were mixed. The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that the procedure was changed.
- Example 3 10 g of ketjen black used in Example 1 was added to 300 mL of 40% nitric acid, and the resulting solution was irradiated with ultrasonic waves for 10 minutes and then filtered to collect ketjen black. The recovered ketjen black was washed with water three times and dried to obtain an acid-treated ketjen black. The procedure of Example 2 was repeated except that 1.8 g of this acid-treated ketjen black was used instead of 1.8 g of the acid-treated ketjen black used in Example 2.
- Comparative Example 1 10 g of ketjen black used in Example 1 was added to 300 mL of 60% nitric acid, and the resulting solution was irradiated with ultrasonic waves for 1 hour, and then filtered to collect ketjen black. The recovered ketjen black was washed with water three times and dried to obtain an acid-treated ketjen black. This acid-treated ketjen black was heated in nitrogen at 700 ° C. for 3 minutes. About the obtained oxidation treatment carbon, content of the hydrophilic part was measured in the same procedure as the procedure in Example 1. In addition, using the obtained oxidized carbon, a LiFePO 4 -containing electrode was prepared by the same procedure as that in Example 1, and the electrode density was calculated.
- Comparative Example 2 10 g of ketjen black used in Example 1 was added to 300 mL of 30% nitric acid, and the resulting solution was irradiated with ultrasonic waves for 10 minutes and then filtered to collect ketjen black. The recovered ketjen black was washed with water three times and dried to obtain an acid-treated ketjen black. Subsequently, it was heated at 700 ° C. for 3 minutes in nitrogen without being pulverized by a vibration ball mill. About the obtained oxidation treatment carbon, content of the hydrophilic part was measured in the same procedure as the procedure in Example 1. In addition, using the obtained oxidized carbon, a LiFePO 4 -containing electrode was prepared by the same procedure as that in Example 1, and the electrode density was calculated.
- Comparative Example 3 In order to confirm the contribution of the hydrophilic part to the electrode density, 40 mg of the oxidized carbon obtained in Example 1 was added to 40 mL of pure water, and ultrasonic irradiation was performed for 30 minutes to disperse the carbon in the pure water. The dispersion was allowed to stand for 30 minutes, the supernatant was removed, and the remaining part was dried to obtain a solid. About this solid, content of the hydrophilic part was measured in the same procedure as the procedure in Example 1. Further, using the obtained solid to create a LiFePO 4 containing electrode in the same procedure as in Example 1, it was calculated electrode density.
- Example 4 About the ketjen black raw material used in Example 1, the content of the hydrophilic part was measured by the same procedure as the procedure in Example 1. In addition, using this ketjen black raw material, a LiFePO 4 -containing electrode was prepared by the same procedure as in Example 1, and the electrode density was calculated.
- FIG. 1 is a graph showing the relationship between the hydrophilic portion content for the carbons of Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 and the electrode density for the electrodes of Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4. It is. As apparent from FIG. 1, when the content of the hydrophilic portion exceeds 8% by mass of the entire oxidized carbon, the electrode density starts to increase, and when it exceeds 9% by mass, the electrode density starts to increase abruptly. It was found that a high electrode density of 2.6 g / cc or more can be obtained when the content of the hydrophilic portion exceeds 10% by mass of the entire oxidized carbon.
- a lithium ion secondary battery in which a 1M LiPF 6 ethylene carbonate / diethyl carbonate 1: 1 solution was used as an electrolyte and the counter electrode was lithium was produced.
- the obtained battery was evaluated for charge / discharge characteristics under a wide range of current density conditions.
- Example 5 94 parts by mass of commercially available LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.3 Co 0.2 O 2 particles (average particle size 5 ⁇ m), 2 parts by mass of the oxidized carbon obtained in Example 1, and 2 parts by mass of acetylene Black (primary particle size of 40 nm) is mixed, and 2 parts by mass of polyvinylidene fluoride and an appropriate amount of N-methylpyrrolidone are added and kneaded thoroughly to form a slurry, which is applied onto an aluminum foil. After drying, a rolling process was performed to obtain a positive electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery. The electrode density was calculated from the measured values of the volume and weight of the active material layer on the aluminum foil in this positive electrode.
- the value of the electrode density was 3.81 g / cc. Furthermore, using the obtained positive electrode, a lithium ion secondary battery in which a 1M LiPF 6 ethylene carbonate / diethyl carbonate 1: 1 solution was used as an electrolyte and the counter electrode was lithium was produced. The obtained battery was evaluated for charge / discharge characteristics under a wide range of current density conditions.
- Comparative Example 5 94 parts by mass of commercially available LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.3 Co 0.2 O 2 particles (average particle diameter 5 ⁇ m) and 4 parts by mass of acetylene black (primary particle diameter 40 nm) were mixed, and further 2 parts by mass A lithium ion secondary battery was prepared by adding a suitable amount of polyvinylidene fluoride and an appropriate amount of N-methylpyrrolidone and thoroughly kneading to form a slurry. The slurry was applied onto an aluminum foil and dried, followed by rolling. A positive electrode was obtained. The electrode density was calculated from the measured values of the volume and weight of the active material layer on the aluminum foil in this positive electrode. The value of the electrode density was 3.40 g / cc.
- a lithium ion secondary battery in which a 1M LiPF 6 ethylene carbonate / diethyl carbonate 1: 1 solution was used as an electrolyte and the counter electrode was lithium was produced.
- the obtained battery was evaluated for charge / discharge characteristics under a wide range of current density conditions.
- FIG. 2 shows an SEM photograph of the cross section of the positive electrode of the lithium ion secondary battery of Example 5
- FIG. 3 shows an SEM photograph of the cross section of the positive electrode of the lithium ion secondary battery of Comparative Example 5.
- (A) is a 1500 times photograph
- (B) is a 25000 times photograph.
- the thickness of the active material layer is indicated by t in FIGS. 2A and 3A, although the active material particles and the carbon content in the active material layer are the same, the example It can be seen that the active material layer in the lithium ion secondary battery of No. 5 is thinner than the active material layer in the lithium ion secondary battery of Comparative Example 5.
- the active material particles are close to each other, and the area of the entire active material layer in the image is compared. It can be seen that the area occupied by carbon is small. Furthermore, as can be seen from FIG. 2B and FIG. 3B, the form of carbon in both is significantly different. In the active material layer (FIG.
- the grain boundaries of the primary particles of carbon are clear, and in addition to the voids between the carbon particles, the active material particles While there are large voids in the vicinity of the interface with the carbon particles, particularly in the vicinity of the pores formed on the surface of the active material particles, the active material layer in the lithium ion secondary battery of Example 5 (FIG. 2B) Then, the grain boundary of the carbon primary particles is not recognized, the carbon is pasty, and the pasty carbon penetrates into the deep part of the pores (gap between the primary particles) having a width of 50 nm or less of the active material particles. It can be seen that there are almost no voids.
- Example 5 As described above, since the active material layer in Example 5 is thinner than the active material layer in Comparative Example 5, it can be seen that the material filling rate in the former active material layer is large. The material filling rate was confirmed.
- the theoretical electrode density is an electrode density when it is assumed that the voids in the active material layer are 0%.
- Material filling rate (%) electrode density ⁇ 100 / theoretical electrode density (I)
- Theoretical electrode density (g / cc) 100 / ⁇ a / X + b / Y + (100-ab) / Z ⁇ (II) a:% by mass of active material relative to the entire active material layer b:% by mass of carbon with respect to the entire active material layer 100-ab:% by mass of polyvinylidene fluoride based on the whole active material layer
- Y True density of carbon black
- Z True density of polyvinylidene fluoride
- the material filling rate of the active material layer in Example 5 was 86.8%, and the material filling rate of the active material layer in Comparative Example 5 was 79.1%, and paste-like conductivity derived from oxidized carbon. In the electrode containing conductive carbon, an improvement of 7.7% filling rate was observed.
- FIG. 4 shows the results of measuring the pore distribution of the active material layer in Example 5 and the active material layer in Comparative Example 5 by the mercury intrusion method. It can be seen that the active material layer in Comparative Example 5 has almost no pores having a diameter of less than 20 nm, and most of the pores are pores having a peak at a diameter of about 30 nm, a diameter of about 40 nm, and a diameter of about 150 nm.
- the pores having a peak at a diameter of about 150 nm are pores mainly caused by the active material particles, and the pores having a peak at a diameter of about 30 nm and a diameter of about 40 nm are mainly observed between the acetylene black particles. It is considered a hole.
- pores having a diameter of about 100 nm or more among the pores of the active material layer in Comparative Example 5 are reduced, and instead, in the range of 5 to 40 nm in diameter. It can be seen that the pores are increasing. The reason why the pores having a diameter of about 100 nm or more are reduced is that the pores of the active material particles are covered with paste-like conductive carbon.
- pores having a diameter of 5 to 40 nm are thought to be pores in paste-like conductive carbon mainly derived from oxidized carbon and densified, but the electrolyte in the electricity storage device is paste-like conductive. It is large enough to pass through the active carbon and reach the active material particles. Therefore, it was determined that the paste-like conductive carbon in the electrode does not suppress the impregnation of the electrolytic solution in the electricity storage device.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the relationship between the rate and the discharge capacity per volume of the positive electrode active material layer for the lithium ion secondary batteries of Example 4, Example 5, and Comparative Example 5.
- the lithium ion secondary battery of Example 5 showed an increased capacity over the lithium ion secondary battery of Comparative Example 5, and the lithium ion secondary battery of Example 4 was further increased than the lithium ion secondary battery of Example 5. Showed the capacity. That is, as the electrode density of the positive electrode increased, the discharge capacity per volume also increased. Further, these secondary batteries showed substantially the same rate characteristics. This also indicates that the paste-like conductive carbon derived from the oxidized carbon contained in the active material layers in the secondary batteries of Examples 4 and 5 is sufficient to function as a conductive agent.
- the positive electrode of the secondary battery of Example 4 and the positive electrode of the secondary battery of Example 5 have the former higher than the latter in spite of the fact that the contents of the active material particles and carbon in the active material layer are substantially the same.
- the electrode density is shown.
- fine particles are adjacent to the oxidized carbon obtained by pasting the oxidized carbon obtained in Example 1 while pressing the oxidized carbon. It was thought that this was because the gap formed between the matching coarse particles was extruded and filled.
- FIG. 6 shows the results of the obtained cycle characteristics. It can be seen that the secondary battery of Example 5 has better cycle characteristics than the secondary battery of Comparative Example 5. As can be understood from the comparison between FIG. 2 and FIG. 3, this is a dense paste until almost the entire surface of the active material particles in the active material layer reaches the deep part of the pores on the surface of the active material particles. This is considered to be because the dense pasty carbon suppresses the deterioration of the active material.
- LiCoO 2 coarse particles average particle diameter 10 ⁇ m
- 9 parts by mass of the above premix 9 parts by mass of the above premix
- 2 parts by mass of acetylene black primary particle diameter 40 nm
- Part of polyvinylidene fluoride and an appropriate amount of N-methylpyrrolidone were added and kneaded thoroughly to form a slurry.
- the slurry was applied onto an aluminum foil and dried, and then subjected to a rolling treatment to obtain a lithium ion secondary
- a positive electrode for a battery was obtained.
- the electrode density was calculated from the measured values of the volume and weight of the active material layer on the aluminum foil in this positive electrode.
- the value of the electrode density was 4.25 g / cc. Furthermore, using the obtained positive electrode, a lithium ion secondary battery in which a 1M LiPF 6 ethylene carbonate / diethyl carbonate 1: 1 solution was used as an electrolyte and the counter electrode was lithium was produced. The obtained battery was evaluated for charge / discharge characteristics under a wide range of current density conditions.
- Example 7 94 parts by mass of commercially available LiCoO 2 particles (average particle size 10 ⁇ m), 2 parts by mass of the oxidized carbon obtained in Example 1 and 2 parts by mass of acetylene black (primary particle diameter 40 nm) were mixed, Further, 2 parts by mass of polyvinylidene fluoride and an appropriate amount of N-methylpyrrolidone are added and sufficiently kneaded to form a slurry. This slurry is applied onto an aluminum foil and dried, and then subjected to a rolling treatment to obtain lithium. A positive electrode for an ion secondary battery was obtained. The electrode density was calculated from the measured values of the volume and weight of the active material layer on the aluminum foil in this positive electrode.
- the value of the electrode density was 4.05 g / cc. Furthermore, using the obtained positive electrode, a lithium ion secondary battery in which a 1M LiPF 6 ethylene carbonate / diethyl carbonate 1: 1 solution was used as an electrolyte and the counter electrode was lithium was produced. The obtained battery was evaluated for charge / discharge characteristics under a wide range of current density conditions.
- Comparative Example 6 94 parts by mass of commercially available LiCoO 2 particles (average particle size 10 ⁇ m) and 4 parts by mass of acetylene black (primary particle diameter 40 nm) were mixed, and 2 parts by mass of polyvinylidene fluoride and an appropriate amount of N-methylpyrrolidone were mixed.
- the slurry was sufficiently kneaded to form a slurry.
- the slurry was applied on an aluminum foil and dried, followed by rolling to obtain a positive electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the electrode density was calculated from the measured values of the volume and weight of the active material layer on the aluminum foil in this positive electrode. The value of the electrode density was 3.60 g / cc.
- a lithium ion secondary battery in which a 1M LiPF 6 ethylene carbonate / diethyl carbonate 1: 1 solution was used as an electrolyte and the counter electrode was lithium was produced.
- the obtained battery was evaluated for charge / discharge characteristics under a wide range of current density conditions.
- the material filling rate was confirmed using the above-described formulas (I) and (II).
- the material filling rate of the active material layer in Example 7 was 85.6%
- the material filling rate of the active material layer in Comparative Example 6 was 79.1%, which was a paste-like conductivity derived from oxidized carbon.
- an improvement of the filling factor by 6.5% was recognized.
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing the relationship between the rate and the discharge capacity per volume of the positive electrode active material layer for the lithium ion secondary batteries of Example 6, Example 7, and Comparative Example 6. Similar to the results shown in FIG. 5, it can be seen that the discharge capacity increases as the electrode density increases, and substantially the same rate characteristics are obtained.
- charge and discharge were repeated in the range of 4.3 to 3.0 V under the conditions of a charge and discharge rate of 60 ° C. and 0.5 C.
- FIG. 8 shows the results of the obtained cycle characteristics. Similar to the results shown in FIG. 6, it can be seen that the secondary battery of Example 7 has better cycle characteristics than the secondary battery of Comparative Example 6.
- (Iii) Active material Li 1.2 Mn 0.56 Ni 0.17 Co 0.07 O 2
- the value of the electrode density was 3.15 g / cc. Furthermore, using the obtained positive electrode, a lithium ion secondary battery in which a 1M LiPF 6 ethylene carbonate / diethyl carbonate 1: 1 solution was used as an electrolyte and the counter electrode was lithium was produced. The obtained battery was evaluated for charge / discharge characteristics under a wide range of current density conditions.
- Comparative Example 7 91 parts by mass of Li 1.2 Mn 0.56 Ni 0.17 Co 0.07 O 2 particles obtained in Example 8 and 4 parts by mass of acetylene black (primary particle diameter 40 nm) were mixed, 5 parts by mass of polyvinylidene fluoride and an appropriate amount of N-methylpyrrolidone are added and sufficiently kneaded to form a slurry. This slurry is applied onto an aluminum foil and dried, and then subjected to a rolling treatment to obtain lithium ions. A positive electrode for a secondary battery was obtained. The electrode density was calculated from the measured values of the volume and weight of the active material layer on the aluminum foil in this positive electrode. The value of the electrode density was 2.95 g / cc.
- a lithium ion secondary battery in which a 1M LiPF 6 ethylene carbonate / diethyl carbonate 1: 1 solution was used as an electrolyte and the counter electrode was lithium was produced.
- the obtained battery was evaluated for charge / discharge characteristics under a wide range of current density conditions.
- FIG. 9 is a graph showing the relationship between the rate and the discharge capacity per volume of the positive electrode active material layer for the lithium ion secondary batteries of Example 8 and Comparative Example 7. Similar to the results shown in FIG. 5, it can be seen that the discharge capacity increases as the electrode density increases, and substantially the same rate characteristics are obtained.
- the lithium ion secondary batteries of Example 8 and Comparative Example 7 were repeatedly charged and discharged in the range of 4.8 to 2.5 V under the conditions of a charge / discharge rate of 25 ° C. and 0.5 C.
- FIG. 10 shows the results of the obtained cycle characteristics. Similar to the results shown in FIG. 6, it can be seen that the secondary battery of Example 8 has better cycle characteristics than the secondary battery of Comparative Example 7.
- 0.1 g of the obtained oxidized carbon was added to 20 mL of an aqueous ammonia solution having a pH of 11, and subjected to ultrasonic irradiation for 1 minute. The resulting liquid was allowed to stand for 5 hours to precipitate the solid phase portion. After precipitation of the solid phase part, the remaining part from which the supernatant was removed was dried, and the weight of the solid after drying was measured. The weight ratio of the weight of the solid after drying is subtracted from the weight of 0.1 g of the first oxidized carbon to the weight of 0.1 g of the first oxidized carbon, and the content of the “hydrophilic portion” in the oxidized carbon is calculated as follows. did. This oxidized carbon contained 13% hydrophilic portion. In addition, the hydrophilic part in furnace black which has the space
- FIG. 11 shows an SEM photograph at 50000 times for the obtained mixture.
- the surface of the particles is partially covered with paste, and the outline is not clearly grasped.
- This paste is made of oxidized carbon obtained by oxidizing the furnace black raw material, but the mixing pressure Thus, it spreads while covering the surface of the particles.
- acetylene black having a primary particle size of 40 nm is well dispersed. In general, fine particles are said to easily aggregate, but the oxidation-treated carbon effectively suppresses aggregation of the fine particles.
- Example 9 and Comparative Example 5 differ in the type of carbon for the positive electrode, but the other conditions are the same.
- Example 9 oxidized carbon and acetylene black obtained from a furnace black raw material having voids were used.
- Comparative Example 5 only acetylene black was used.
- the electrode density of the positive electrode in Comparative Example 5 was 3.40 g / cc, and the use of oxidized carbon significantly improved the electrode density.
- Example 9 and Example 5 differ in the type of oxidized carbon for the positive electrode, but the other conditions are the same.
- Example 5 the oxidized carbon obtained from the ketjen black raw material is Although used, in Example 9, oxidized carbon obtained from the furnace black raw material was used.
- the electrode density of the positive electrode in Example 5 was 3.81 g / cc, and almost the same electrode density was obtained regardless of the difference in the raw materials in the oxidized carbon.
- FIG. 12 shows the relationship between the rate and the discharge capacity per volume of the positive electrode active material layer for the lithium ion secondary batteries of Example 9 and Comparative Example 5, and FIG. 13 shows the relationship between Example 9 and Comparative Example 5.
- the result of the cycle characteristic about a lithium ion secondary battery is shown.
- the discharge capacity increases as the electrode density increases, and substantially the same rate characteristics are obtained.
- FIG. 13 shows that the secondary battery of Example 9 has better cycle characteristics than the secondary battery of Comparative Example 5.
- the oxidized carbon and acetylene black obtained in Example 1 were mixed with LiFePO 4 particles having an average particle size of 0.22 ⁇ m, LiCoO 2 particles having an average particle size of 0.26 ⁇ m, and LiNi having an average particle size of 0.32 ⁇ m .
- 5 Mn 0.3 Co 0.2 O 2 particles were mixed at a mass ratio of 5:95, and 5% by mass of the total polyvinylidene fluoride and an appropriate amount of N-methylpyrrolidone were added and kneaded thoroughly to obtain a slurry. It formed, apply
- the paste-like conductive carbon derived from the oxidized carbon obtained in Example 1 significantly suppresses the dissolution of the active material in the electrolyte as compared with acetylene black. . This is because even if the oxidized carbon obtained in Example 1 is a fine particle having an average particle diameter of 0.22 to 0.32 ⁇ m, the aggregation of the fine particles is effectively suppressed, This is considered to be because the entire surface of the active material particles is covered.
- the oxidized carbon obtained in Example 1 further spreads in a paste form and becomes dense while covering the surface of the active material particles, and the active material particles approach each other, and accordingly the paste form
- the oxidized oxidized carbon covers the surface of the active material particles and is pushed out into the gap formed between the adjacent active material particles so as to be densely packed, increasing the amount of active material per unit volume in the electrode.
- the electrode density is thought to have increased.
- Example 10 Use of conductive carbon mixture (i) Active material: LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.3 Co 0.2 O 2
- Active material LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.3 Co 0.2 O 2
- Example 10 The oxidized carbon obtained in Example 1 and acetylene black (primary particle diameter 40 nm) were introduced into a ball mill at a mass ratio of 1: 1, and dry mixed to obtain a conductive carbon mixture.
- FIG. 16 shows an SEM photograph of the obtained conductive carbon mixture
- FIG. 17 shows a TEM photograph. 16 is a photograph at 50000 times
- FIG. 17A is a photograph at 100000 times
- FIG. 17B is a photograph at 500000 times.
- the outline of the carbon particles is not clearly grasped, it can be seen that paste-like carbon exists on the surface.
- the conductive carbon mixture is composed of a granular material and a layered material on the surface of the granular material.
- the broken line in FIG. 17B indicates the surface of the granular material.
- the granular material is acetylene black particles
- the layered material is a layer formed by the oxidation-treated carbon collapsing and adhering to the surface of the acetylene black particles.
- the layered material is composed of a paste-like portion connected with non-particulate amorphous carbon and a fibrous or needle-like portion.
- a lithium ion secondary battery in which a 1M LiPF 6 ethylene carbonate / diethyl carbonate 1: 1 solution was used as an electrolyte and the counter electrode was lithium was produced.
- a discharge curve was measured in the range of 4.5 to 3.0 V under the conditions of a discharge rate of 25 ° C. and 0.5 C, and the direct current internal resistance (DCIR) was calculated from the voltage drop.
- Example 11 4 parts by mass of the conductive carbon mixture obtained in Example 10 and 94 parts by mass of commercially available LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.3 Co 0.2 O 2 particles (average particle size 5 ⁇ m) were dry-mixed, Next, 2 parts by mass of polyvinylidene fluoride and an appropriate amount of N-methylpyrrolidone were wet mixed to form a slurry. This slurry was applied on an aluminum foil and dried, and then subjected to a rolling treatment to obtain a positive electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery. The electrode density was calculated from the measured values of the volume and weight of the active material layer on the aluminum foil in this positive electrode. The value of the electrode density was 3.80 g / cc. Furthermore, using the obtained positive electrode, a lithium ion secondary battery was prepared in the same procedure as in Example 10, and DCIR was calculated for the obtained battery.
- the active material layer of the positive electrode in Example 10 and Example 11 has the same composition as the active material layer of the positive electrode in Example 5, but the order of mixing each component in the preparation process of the electrode material is different.
- FIG. 18 the SEM photograph of 25000 times about the cross section of the positive electrode of Example 10 is shown.
- the SEM photograph of FIG. 18 is similar to the SEM photograph of the cross section of the positive electrode in Example 5 shown in FIG. That is, the grain boundaries of the primary carbon particles are not recognized, the carbon is pasty, and the pasty carbon penetrates into the deep part of the pores (gap between the primary particles) having a width of 50 nm or less of the active material particles. And there are almost no voids.
- the surface of the active material particles is in contact with the pasty carbon. Since the fine carbon particles are not familiar with the binder and the solvent, when preparing an electrode material in the form of a slurry containing the binder and the solvent, the electrode active material particles and the carbon are dry-typed as in the process in Example 5. In general, a binder and a solvent are added and mixed by wet mixing, but the electrode densities in the positive electrodes of Examples 10, 11 and 5 are almost the same, and the observation results by SEM photographs are similar. Therefore, it is understood that the conductive carbon mixture is familiar with the binder and the solvent, and even when wet-mixed with the active material particles in the presence of the binder and the solvent, gives an electrode having a high electrode density. It was.
- Example 5 For the lithium ion secondary battery of Example 5 and the lithium ion secondary battery of Comparative Example 5 manufactured using only acetylene black as carbon, DCIR was measured in the same procedure as in Example 10, and Example 10 and DCIR in the lithium ion secondary battery of Example 11.
- FIG. 19 shows the result.
- the DCIR in the secondary battery of Example 5 is significantly lower than the DCIR in the secondary battery of Comparative Example 5, and it can be seen that significant DCIR reduction is achieved by using the electrode of the present invention.
- the DCIR in the secondary batteries of Example 10 and Example 11 is even lower than the DCIR in the secondary battery of Example 5, and the conductive carbon mixture is used regardless of the mixing method of this mixture and electrode active material particles. It turns out that the positive electrode excellent in electroconductivity is given.
- (Ii) Active material LiCoO 2
- Example 12 4 parts by mass of the conductive carbon mixture obtained in Example 10, 2 parts by mass of polyvinylidene fluoride and an appropriate amount of N-methylpyrrolidone were wet mixed, and further 94 parts by mass of commercially available LiCoO 2 particles (average A particle size of 10 ⁇ m) was added and wet mixed to form a slurry.
- This slurry was applied on an aluminum foil and dried, and then subjected to a rolling treatment to obtain a positive electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the electrode density was calculated from the measured values of the volume and weight of the active material layer on the aluminum foil in this positive electrode. The value of the electrode density was 4.05 g / cc.
- Example 13 4 parts by mass of the conductive carbon mixture obtained in Example 10 and 94 parts by mass of commercially available LiCoO 2 particles (average particle size 10 ⁇ m) were dry-mixed, then 2 parts by mass of polyvinylidene fluoride and an appropriate amount Of N-methylpyrrolidone was wet mixed to form a slurry. This slurry was applied on an aluminum foil and dried, and then subjected to a rolling treatment to obtain a positive electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery. The electrode density was calculated from the measured values of the volume and weight of the active material layer on the aluminum foil in this positive electrode. The value of the electrode density was 4.05 g / cc.
- the active material layer of the positive electrode in Example 12 and Example 13 has the same composition as the active material layer of the positive electrode in Example 7, but the order of mixing each component in the preparation process of the electrode material is different. Since the electrode densities in the positive electrodes of Example 12, Example 13 and Example 7 are the same, the conductive carbon mixture is familiar with the binder and the solvent, and is wet-mixed with the active material particles in the presence of the binder and the solvent. Even so, it has been found that an electrode having a high electrode density is obtained.
- This slurry was applied on an aluminum foil and dried, and then subjected to a rolling treatment to obtain a positive electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the electrode density was calculated from the measured values of the volume and weight of the active material layer on the aluminum foil in this positive electrode. The value of the electrode density was 3.66 g / cc.
- Comparative Example 8 4 parts by mass of the vapor-grown carbon fiber used in Example 14, 2 parts by mass of polyvinylidene fluoride and an appropriate amount of N-methylpyrrolidone were wet mixed, and further 94 parts by mass of commercially available LiNi 0.5 Mn. 0.3 Co 0.2 O 2 particles (average particle size 5 ⁇ m) were added and wet mixed to form a slurry. This slurry was applied on an aluminum foil and dried, and then subjected to a rolling treatment to obtain a positive electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery. The electrode density was calculated from the measured values of the volume and weight of the active material layer on the aluminum foil in this positive electrode. The value of the electrode density was 3.36 g / cc.
- Example 14 From the comparison between Example 14 and Comparative Example 8, it can be seen that the use of the conductive carbon mixture containing the oxidized carbon obtained in Example 1 significantly improves the electrode density.
- Example 15 The procedure of Example 14 was repeated, except that graphene (planar length 2 ⁇ m, cross-sectional length several nm) was used instead of vapor grown carbon fiber.
- the value of the electrode density was 3.69 g / cc.
- Comparative Example 9 The procedure of Comparative Example 8 was repeated except that the graphene used in Example 15 was used instead of the vapor grown carbon fiber. The value of the electrode density was 3.45 g / cc.
- Example 15 From the comparison between Example 15 and Comparative Example 9, it can be seen that the electrode density is significantly improved by using the conductive carbon mixture containing the oxidized carbon obtained in Example 1.
- Example 16 The procedure of Example 14 was repeated except that furnace black (average particle size 35 nm) was used instead of vapor grown carbon fiber. The value of the electrode density was 3.76 g / cc.
- Comparative Example 10 The procedure of Comparative Example 8 was repeated except that the furnace black used in Example 16 was used in place of the vapor grown carbon fiber. The value of the electrode density was 3.42 g / cc.
- Example 16 From the comparison between Example 16 and Comparative Example 10, it can be seen that the use of the conductive carbon mixture containing the oxidized carbon obtained in Example 1 significantly improves the electrode density.
- Example 17 The procedure of Example 14 was repeated except that graphite (average particle size 6 ⁇ m) was used instead of vapor grown carbon fiber.
- the electrode density value was 3.81 g / cc.
- Comparative Example 11 The procedure of Comparative Example 8 was repeated except that the graphite used in Example 17 was used instead of the vapor grown carbon fiber. The value of the electrode density was 3.48 g / cc.
- Example 17 From comparison between Example 17 and Comparative Example 11, it can be seen that the use of the conductive carbon mixture containing oxidized carbon obtained in Example 1 significantly improves the electrode density.
- An electricity storage device having a high energy density can be obtained by using the electrode of the present invention.
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Abstract
Description
電極活物質粒子と、空隙を有するカーボン原料に酸化処理を施した酸化処理カーボンと、を混合することにより、上記酸化処理カーボンの少なくとも一部が糊状に変化して上記電極活物質粒子の表面に付着した電極材料を調製する調製工程、及び、
上記電極材料により集電体上に活物質層を形成し、該活物質層に圧力を印加する加圧工程
を含む方法により、好適に製造することができる。したがって、本発明はまた、この電極の製造方法に関する。
上記酸化処理カーボンと、上記別の導電性カーボンと、を乾式混合することにより、上記酸化処理カーボンの少なくとも一部が糊状に変化して上記別の導電性カーボンの表面に付着した導電性カーボン混合物を得る段階、及び、
上記導電性カーボン混合物と上記電極活物質粒子とを乾式混合又は湿式混合することにより、上記少なくとも一部が糊状に変化した酸化処理カーボンを上記電極活物質粒子の表面にも付着させる段階
を含む方法により実行するのが好ましい。
本発明の電極において、活物質層に含まれる糊状の導電性カーボンを与える酸化処理カーボンは、多孔質炭素粉末、ケッチェンブラック、空隙を有するファーネスブラック、カーボンナノファイバ及びカーボンナノチューブのような空隙を有するカーボンを原料として製造される。カーボン原料としては、BET法で測定した比表面積が300m2/g以上の空隙を有するカーボンを用いると、酸化処理によって糊状に変化する酸化処理カーボンとなりやすいため好ましい。中でも、特にケッチェンブラックや空隙を有するファーネスブラックなどの球状の粒子が好ましい。中実のカーボンを原料として酸化処理を行っても糊状に変化する酸化処理カーボンは得られにくい。
(a)空隙を有するカーボン原料を酸で処理する工程、
(b)酸処理後の生成物と遷移金属化合物とを混合する工程、
(c)得られた混合物を粉砕し、メカノケミカル反応を生じさせる工程、
(d)メカノケミカル反応後の生成物を非酸化雰囲気中で加熱する工程、及び、
(e)加熱後の生成物から、上記遷移金属化合物及び/又はその反応生成物を除去する工程
を含む製造方法によって、好適に得ることができる。
本発明の蓄電デバイス用の電極は、
(A)電極活物質粒子と、上記酸化処理カーボンと、を混合することにより、上記酸化処理カーボンの少なくとも一部が糊状に変化して上記電極活物質粒子の表面に付着した電極材料を調製する調製工程、及び、
(B)上記電極材料により集電体上に活物質層を形成し、該活物質層に圧力を印加する加圧工程
を含む製造方法により、好適に得ることができる。
(A1)酸化処理カーボンと微小粒子とを乾式混合して予備混合物を得る段階、及び、
(A2)上記予備混合物と粗大粒子とを乾式混合する段階
に分けて乾式混合を実施するのが好ましい。(A1)段階と(A2)段階とに分けて乾式混合を行うことにより、酸化処理カーボンにより被覆された粗大粒子と微小粒子とが分散性良く且つ均一に混合されている電極材料が得られるため好ましい。また、(A2)段階で得られた生成物がバインダ及び溶媒と馴染みが良いため、各構成要素が均一に混合されたスラリー形態の電極材料を容易に得ることができる。予備混合物を得る段階における微小粒子と酸化処理カーボンとの割合は、質量比で、70:30~90:10の範囲が好ましく、75:25~85:15の範囲がより好ましい。
(AA1)酸化処理カーボンと別の導電性カーボンとを乾式混合する段階、及び、
(AA2)上記(AA1)工程で得られた混合物と活物質粒子とを乾式混合する段階
にわけて乾式混合を実施するのが好ましい。(AA1)段階で得られる混合物が、「導電性カーボン混合物」である。この段階では、別の導電性カーボンの表面に酸化処理カーボンが付着し、酸化処理カーボンの糊状化が部分的に進行して、少なくとも一部が糊状に変化した酸化処理カーボンが別の導電性カーボンの表面に付着した導電性カーボン混合物が得られる。そして、(AA2)段階で、少なくとも一部が糊状に変化した酸化処理カーボンが上記電極活物質粒子の表面にも付着し、酸化処理カーボンにより被覆された活物質粒子と別の導電性カーボンとが分散性良く且つ均一に混合されている電極材料が得られる。また、この導電性カーボン混合物は、バインダ及び溶媒と馴染みが良いため、スラリー形態の電極材料を得る場合には、(AA2)段階及びその後のバインダ及び溶媒との混錬に代えて、
(aa1)導電性カーボン混合物と活物質粒子とバインダと溶媒とを湿式混合する段階、或いは、
(aa2)導電性カーボン混合物とバインダと溶媒とを湿式混合し、さらに活物質粒子を加えて湿式混合する段階、或いは、
(aa3)導電性カーボン混合物と活物質粒子と溶媒とを湿式混合し、さらにバインダを加えて湿式混合する段階、
を実施することもできる。微細なカーボン粒子はバインダ及び溶媒と馴染みにくいといわれているが、導電性カーボン混合物の利用により、この混合物と電極活物質粒子との混合方法にかかわらず、各構成要素が均一に混合された電極材料を容易に得ることができる。また、予め導電性カーボン混合物を調製すると、その後の活物質粒子とバインダとの混合を湿式・乾式のいずれによっても行うことができるため、多様な生産ラインを構築することができる。
(AB1)酸化処理カーボンと別の導電性カーボンとを乾式混合する段階、
(AB2)上記(AB1)段階で得られた混合物と微小粒子とを乾式混合する段階、及び、
(AB3)上記(AB2)工程で得られた混合物と粗大粒子とを乾式混合する段階
にわけて乾式混合を実施するのが好ましい。また、
(AC1)酸化処理カーボンと微小粒子とを乾式混合する段階、
(AC2)上記(AC1)工程で得られた生成物と別の導電性カーボンとを乾式混合する段階、及び、
(AC3)上記(AC2)工程で得られた混合物と粗大粒子とを乾式混合する段階
にわけて乾式混合を実施するのも好ましい。これらの方法では、(AB1),(AB2),(AC1),(AC2)の少なくともいずれかの段階で、微小粒子或いは別の導電性カーボンの表面に酸化処理カーボンが付着し、酸化処理カーボンの糊状化が部分的に進行し、酸化処理カーボンと粗大粒子と微小粒子と別の導電性カーボンとが分散性良く且つ均一に混合されている混合物が得られる。また、上述したように、(AB1)段階で得られる導電性カーボン混合物は、バインダ及び溶媒と馴染みが良いため、スラリー形態の電極材料を得る場合には、(AB2)段階、(AB3)段階、及びその後のバインダ及び溶媒との混錬に代えて、
(ab1)導電性カーボン混合物と微小粒子と粗大粒子とバインダと溶媒とを湿式混合する段階、或いは、
(ab2)導電性カーボン混合物とバインダと溶媒とを湿式混合し、さらに微小粒子と粗大粒子とを加えて湿式混合する段階、或いは、
(ab3)導電性カーボン混合物と微小粒子と粗大粒子と溶媒とを湿式混合し、さらにバインダを加えて湿式混合する段階、
を実施することもできる。これらの方法により(A)工程を実施する場合には、微小粒子と、酸化処理カーボンと別の導電性カーボンの合計量と、の割合が、質量比で、70:30~90:10の範囲になるように、好ましくは75:25~85:15の範囲になるように、別の導電性カーボンの使用量が選定される。
本発明の電極は、二次電池、電気二重層キャパシタ、レドックスキャパシタ及びハイブリッドキャパシタなどの蓄電デバイスの電極のために使用される。蓄電デバイスは、一対の電極(正極、負極)とこれらの間に配置された電解質とを必須要素として含むが、正極及び負極の少なくとも一方が本発明の製造方法により製造される。
実施例1
60%硝酸300mLにケッチェンブラック(商品名EC300J、ケッチェンブラックインターナショナル社製、BET比表面積800m2/g)10gを添加し、得られた液に超音波を10分間照射した後、ろ過してケッチェンブラックを回収した。回収したケッチェンブラックを3回水洗し、乾燥することにより、酸処理ケッチェンブラックを得た。この酸処理ケッチェンブラック0.5gと、Fe(CH3COO)21.98gと、Li(CH3COO)0.77gと、C6H8O7・H2O1.10gと、CH3COOH1.32gと、H3PO41.31gと、蒸留水120mLとを混合し、得られた混合液をスターラーで1時間攪拌した後、空気中100℃で蒸発乾固させて混合物を採集した。次いで、得られた混合物を振動ボールミル装置に導入し、20hzで10分間の粉砕を行なった。粉砕後の粉体を、窒素中700℃で3分間加熱し、ケッチェンブラックにLiFePO4が担持された複合体を得た。
実施例1における手順のうち、酸処理ケッチェンブラック0.5gと、Fe(CH3COO)21.98gと、Li(CH3COO)0.77gと、C6H8O7・H2O1.10gと、CH3COOH1.32gと、H3PO41.31gと、蒸留水120mLとを混合する部分を、酸処理ケッチェンブラック1.8gと、Fe(CH3COO)20.5gと、Li(CH3COO)0.19gと、C6H8O7・H2O0.28gと、CH3COOH0.33gと、H3PO40.33gと、蒸留水250mLとを混合する手順に変更した点を除いて、実施例1の手順を繰り返した。
40%硝酸300mLに実施例1で用いたケッチェンブラック10gを添加し、得られた液に超音波を10分間照射した後、ろ過してケッチェンブラックを回収した。回収したケッチェンブラックを3回水洗し、乾燥することにより、酸処理ケッチェンブラックを得た。この酸処理ケッチェンブラック1.8gを、実施例2で用いた酸処理ケッチェンブラック1.8gに代えて用いた点を除いて、実施例2の手順を繰り返した。
60%硝酸300mLに実施例1で用いたケッチェンブラック10gを添加し、得られた液に超音波を1時間照射した後、ろ過してケッチェンブラックを回収した。回収したケッチェンブラックを3回水洗し、乾燥することにより、酸処理ケッチェンブラックを得た。この酸処理ケッチェンブラックを、窒素中700℃で3分間加熱した。得られた酸化処理カーボンについて、実施例1における手順と同じ手順で親水性部分の含有量を測定した。また、得られた酸化処理カーボンを用いて、実施例1における手順と同じ手順でLiFePO4含有電極を作成し、電極密度を算出した。
30%硝酸300mLに実施例1で用いたケッチェンブラック10gを添加し、得られた液に超音波を10分間照射した後、ろ過してケッチェンブラックを回収した。回収したケッチェンブラックを3回水洗し、乾燥することにより、酸処理ケッチェンブラックを得た。次いで、振動ボールミルによる粉砕を行なわずに、窒素中700℃で3分間加熱した。得られた酸化処理カーボンについて、実施例1における手順と同じ手順で親水性部分の含有量を測定した。また、得られた酸化処理カーボンを用いて、実施例1における手順と同じ手順でLiFePO4含有電極を作成し、電極密度を算出した。
親水性部分の電極密度に対する寄与を確認するために、実施例1において得られた酸化処理カーボンの40mgを純水40mLに添加し、30分間超音波照射を行ってカーボンを純水に分散させ、分散液を30分間放置して上澄み液を除去し、残留部分を乾燥させることにより固体を得た。この固体について、実施例1における手順と同じ手順で親水性部分の含有量を測定した。また、得られた固体を用いて、実施例1における手順と同じ手順でLiFePO4含有電極を作成し、電極密度を算出した。
実施例1で用いたケッチェンブラック原料について、実施例1における手順と同じ手順で親水性部分の含有量を測定した。また、このケッチェンブラック原料を用いて、実施例1における手順と同じ手順でLiFePO4含有電極を作成し、電極密度を算出した。
(i)活物質:LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2
実施例4
Li2CO3と、Ni(CH3COO)2と、Mn(CH3COO)2と、Co(CH3COO)2とを蒸留水に導入し、得られた混合液をスターラーで1時間攪拌した後、空気中100℃で蒸発乾固させた後、ボールミルで混合し、空気中800℃で10分間加熱することにより、平均粒径0.5μmのLiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2微小粒子を得た。この微小粒子と実施例1において得られた酸化処理カーボンとを90:10の質量比で混合し、予備混合物を得た。次いで、86質量部の市販のLiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2の粗大粒子(平均粒径5μm)と、9質量部の上記予備混合物と、2質量部のアセチレンブラック(一次粒子径40nm)とを混合し、さらに3質量部のポリフッ化ビニリデンと適量のN-メチルピロリドンを加えて十分に混錬してスラリーを形成し、このスラリーをアルミニウム箔上に塗布して乾燥した後、圧延処理を施して、リチウムイオン二次電池用の正極を得た。この正極におけるアルミニウム箔上の活物質層の体積と重量の実測値から電極密度を算出した。電極密度の値は、4.00g/ccであった。さらに、得られた正極を用いて、1MのLiPF6のエチレンカーボネート/ジエチルカーボネート1:1溶液を電解液とし、対極をリチウムとしたリチウムイオン二次電池を作成した。得られた電池について、広範囲の電流密度の条件下で充放電特性を評価した。
94質量部の市販のLiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2粒子(平均粒径5μm)と、2質量部の実施例1において得られた酸化処理カーボンと、2質量部のアセチレンブラック(一次粒子径40nm)とを混合し、さらに2質量部のポリフッ化ビニリデンと適量のN-メチルピロリドンを加えて十分に混錬してスラリーを形成し、このスラリーをアルミニウム箔上に塗布して乾燥した後、圧延処理を施して、リチウムイオン二次電池用の正極を得た。この正極におけるアルミニウム箔上の活物質層の体積と重量の実測値から電極密度を算出した。電極密度の値は、3.81g/ccであった。さらに、得られた正極を用いて、1MのLiPF6のエチレンカーボネート/ジエチルカーボネート1:1溶液を電解液とし、対極をリチウムとしたリチウムイオン二次電池を作成した。得られた電池について、広範囲の電流密度の条件下で充放電特性を評価した。
94質量部の市販のLiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2粒子(平均粒径5μm)と、4質量部のアセチレンブラック(一次粒子径40nm)とを混合し、さらに2質量部のポリフッ化ビニリデンと適量のN-メチルピロリドンを加えて十分に混錬してスラリーを形成し、このスラリーをアルミニウム箔上に塗布して乾燥した後、圧延処理を施して、リチウムイオン二次電池用の正極を得た。この正極におけるアルミニウム箔上の活物質層の体積と重量の実測値から電極密度を算出した。電極密度の値は、3.40g/ccであった。さらに、得られた正極を用いて、1MのLiPF6のエチレンカーボネート/ジエチルカーボネート1:1溶液を電解液とし、対極をリチウムとしたリチウムイオン二次電池を作成した。得られた電池について、広範囲の電流密度の条件下で充放電特性を評価した。
材料充填率(%)=電極密度×100/理論電極密度 (I)
理論電極密度(g/cc)
=100/{a/X+b/Y+(100-a-b)/Z} (II)
a:活物質層全体に対する活物質の質量%
b:活物質層全体に対するカーボンの質量%
100-a-b:活物質層全体に対するポリフッ化ビニリデンの質量%
X:活物質の真密度 Y:カーボンブラックの真密度
Z:ポリフッ化ビニリデンの真密度
実施例6
Li2CO3と、Co(CH3COO)2と、C6H807・H2Oとを蒸留水に導入し、得られた混合液をスターラーで1時間攪拌した後、空気中100℃で蒸発乾固させた後、空気中800℃で10分間加熱することにより、平均粒径0.5μmのLiCoO2微小粒子を得た。この微小粒子と実施例1において得られた酸化処理カーボンとを90:10の質量比で混合し、予備混合物を得た。次いで、86質量部の市販のLiCoO2の粗大粒子(平均粒径10μm)と、9質量部の上記予備混合物と、2質量部のアセチレンブラック(一次粒子径40nm)とを混合し、さらに3質量部のポリフッ化ビニリデンと適量のN-メチルピロリドンを加えて十分に混錬してスラリーを形成し、このスラリーをアルミニウム箔上に塗布して乾燥した後、圧延処理を施して、リチウムイオン二次電池用の正極を得た。この正極におけるアルミニウム箔上の活物質層の体積と重量の実測値から電極密度を算出した。電極密度の値は、4.25g/ccであった。さらに、得られた正極を用いて、1MのLiPF6のエチレンカーボネート/ジエチルカーボネート1:1溶液を電解液とし、対極をリチウムとしたリチウムイオン二次電池を作成した。得られた電池について、広範囲の電流密度の条件下で充放電特性を評価した。
94質量部の市販のLiCoO2粒子(平均粒径10μm)と、2質量部の実施例1において得られた酸化処理カーボンと、2質量部のアセチレンブラック(一次粒子径40nm)とを混合し、さらに2質量部のポリフッ化ビニリデンと適量のN-メチルピロリドンを加えて十分に混錬してスラリーを形成し、このスラリーをアルミニウム箔上に塗布して乾燥した後、圧延処理を施して、リチウムイオン二次電池用の正極を得た。この正極におけるアルミニウム箔上の活物質層の体積と重量の実測値から電極密度を算出した。電極密度の値は、4.05g/ccであった。さらに、得られた正極を用いて、1MのLiPF6のエチレンカーボネート/ジエチルカーボネート1:1溶液を電解液とし、対極をリチウムとしたリチウムイオン二次電池を作成した。得られた電池について、広範囲の電流密度の条件下で充放電特性を評価した。
94質量部の市販のLiCoO2粒子(平均粒径10μm)と、4質量部のアセチレンブラック(一次粒子径40nm)とを混合し、さらに2質量部のポリフッ化ビニリデンと適量のN-メチルピロリドンを加えて十分に混錬してスラリーを形成し、このスラリーをアルミニウム箔上に塗布して乾燥した後、圧延処理を施して、リチウムイオン二次電池用の正極を得た。この正極におけるアルミニウム箔上の活物質層の体積と重量の実測値から電極密度を算出した。電極密度の値は、3.60g/ccであった。さらに、得られた正極を用いて、1MのLiPF6のエチレンカーボネート/ジエチルカーボネート1:1溶液を電解液とし、対極をリチウムとしたリチウムイオン二次電池を作成した。得られた電池について、広範囲の電流密度の条件下で充放電特性を評価した。
実施例8
Li(CH3COO)の1.66gと、Mn(CH3COO)2・4H2Oの2.75gと、Ni(CH3COO)2・4H2Oの0.85gと、Co(CH3COO)2・4H2Oの0.35gと、蒸留水の200mLとを混合し、エバポレーターを用いて溶媒を除去し、混合物を採集した。次いで、採集した混合物を振動ボールミル装置に導入し、15hzで10分間の粉砕を行ない、均一な混合物を得た。粉砕後の混合物を、空気中900℃で1時間加熱し、平均粒径が1μm以下のリチウム過剰固溶体Li1.2Mn0.56Ni0.17Co0.07O2の結晶を得た。この結晶粒子の91質量部と、4質量部の実施例1において得られた酸化処理カーボンとを混合し、さらに5質量部のポリフッ化ビニリデンと適量のN-メチルピロリドンを加えて十分に混錬してスラリーを形成し、このスラリーをアルミニウム箔上に塗布して乾燥した後、圧延処理を施して、リチウムイオン二次電池用の正極を得た。この正極におけるアルミニウム箔上の活物質層の体積と重量の実測値から電極密度を算出した。電極密度の値は、3.15g/ccであった。さらに、得られた正極を用いて、1MのLiPF6のエチレンカーボネート/ジエチルカーボネート1:1溶液を電解液とし、対極をリチウムとしたリチウムイオン二次電池を作成した。得られた電池について、広範囲の電流密度の条件下で充放電特性を評価した。
91質量部の実施例8において得られたLi1.2Mn0.56Ni0.17Co0.07O2粒子と、4質量部のアセチレンブラック(一次粒子径40nm)とを混合し、さらに5質量部のポリフッ化ビニリデンと適量のN-メチルピロリドンを加えて十分に混錬してスラリーを形成し、このスラリーをアルミニウム箔上に塗布して乾燥した後、圧延処理を施して、リチウムイオン二次電池用の正極を得た。この正極におけるアルミニウム箔上の活物質層の体積と重量の実測値から電極密度を算出した。電極密度の値は、2.95g/ccであった。さらに、得られた正極を用いて、1MのLiPF6のエチレンカーボネート/ジエチルカーボネート1:1溶液を電解液とし、対極をリチウムとしたリチウムイオン二次電池を作成した。得られた電池について、広範囲の電流密度の条件下で充放電特性を評価した。
実施例9
60%硝酸300mLに空隙を有するファーネスブラック(平均粒径20nm、BET比表面積1400m2/g)10gを添加し、得られた液に超音波を10分間照射した後、ろ過してファーネスブラックを回収した。回収したファーネスブラックを3回水洗し、乾燥することにより、酸処理ファーネスブラックを得た。この酸処理ファーネスブラック0.5gと、Fe(CH3COO)21.98gと、Li(CH3COO)0.77gと、C6H8O7・H2O1.10gと、CH3COOH1.32gと、H3PO41.31gと、蒸留水120mLとを混合し、得られた混合液をスターラーで1時間攪拌した後、空気中100℃で蒸発乾固させて混合物を採集した。次いで、得られた混合物を振動ボールミル装置に導入し、20hzで10分間の粉砕を行なった。粉砕後の粉体を、窒素中700℃で3分間加熱し、ファーネスブラックにLiFePO4が担持された複合体を得た。
上述したように、本発明の電極を備えたリチウムイオン二次電池において優れたサイクル特性が得られるのは、活物質粒子の表面の略全体が糊状のカーボンによって被覆されており、この糊状のカーボンが活物質の劣化を抑制しているためであると考えられるが、このことを確認するために、活物質の溶解性を調査した。
活物質とカーボンとの混合状態を確認するために、以下の実験を行った。
実施例1において得られた酸化処理カーボン及びアセチレンブラックのそれぞれを、平均粒径0.32μmのLiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2微小粒子と20:80の質量比で乳鉢に導入して乾式混合を行なった。図14には、倍率50000倍のSEM写真を示す。カーボンとしてアセチレンブラックを使用した場合には、実施例1において得られた酸化処理カーボンを使用した場合に比較して、同じ混合条件であるにもかかわらず、微小粒子が凝集していることがわかる。したがって、実施例1において得られた酸化処理カーボンが微小粒子の凝集を効果的に抑制することがわかる。
実施例1において得られた酸化処理カーボン及びアセチレンブラックのそれぞれを、平均粒径5μmのLiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2粗大粒子と4:96の質量比で乳鉢に導入して乾式混合を行なった。図15には、倍率100000倍のSEM写真を示す。カーボンとしてアセチレンブラックを使用した場合には、粗大粒子とアセチレンブラックとが分離して存在しているが、実施例1において得られた酸化処理カーボンを使用した場合には、粗大粒子が糊状物により覆われ、粗大粒子の輪郭が明瞭に把握されないことがわかる。この糊状物は、実施例1において得られた酸化処理カーボンが混合の圧力により粗大粒子の表面を覆いながら広がったものである。電極作成時の圧延処理により、実施例1において得られた酸化処理カーボンがさらに糊状に広がって活物質粒子の表面を覆いながら緻密化し、活物質粒子が互いに接近し、これに伴って糊状化した酸化処理カーボンが活物質粒子の表面を覆いながら隣り合う活物質粒子の間に形成される間隙部に押し出されて緻密に充填されるため、電極における単位体積あたりの活物質量が増加し、電極密度が増加したと考えられる。
(i)活物質:LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2
実施例10
実施例1において得られた酸化処理カーボンと、アセチレンブラック(一次粒子径40nm)とを1:1の質量比でボールミルに導入し、乾式混合して、導電性カーボン混合物を得た。図16には得られた導電性カーボン混合物のSEM写真を、図17にはTEM写真を、それぞれ示す。図16は50000倍の写真であり、図17(A)は100000倍の写真であり、図17(B)は500000倍の写真である。図16のSEM写真において、カーボン粒子の輪郭が明瞭に把握されないことから、表面に糊状のカーボンが存在することが分かる。また、図17のTEM写真から、導電性カーボン混合物が、粒状物と、粒状物表面の層状物とから構成されていることがわかる。図17(B)の破線は、粒状物の表面を示している。粒状物はアセチレンブラック粒子であり、層状物は酸化処理カーボンが崩れてアセチレンブラック粒子の表面に付着して形成された層である。図17(B)より、層状物が、非粒子状の不定形なカーボンがつながった糊状の部分と、繊維状或いは針状の部分とからなっていることが分かる。
実施例10において得られた導電性カーボン混合物の4質量部と、94質量部の市販のLiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2粒子(平均粒径5μm)とを乾式混合し、次いで、2質量部のポリフッ化ビニリデンと、適量のN-メチルピロリドンとを湿式混合してスラリーを形成した。このスラリーをアルミニウム箔上に塗布して乾燥した後、圧延処理を施して、リチウムイオン二次電池用の正極を得た。この正極におけるアルミニウム箔上の活物質層の体積と重量の実測値から電極密度を算出した。電極密度の値は、3.80g/ccであった。さらに、得られた正極を用いて、実施例10と同様の手順で、リチウムイオン二次電池を作成し、得られた電池についてDCIRを算出した。
実施例12
実施例10において得られた導電性カーボン混合物の4質量部と、2質量部のポリフッ化ビニリデンと、適量のN-メチルピロリドンとを湿式混合し、さらに94質量部の市販のLiCoO2粒子(平均粒径10μm)を加えて湿式混合してスラリーを形成した。このスラリーをアルミニウム箔上に塗布して乾燥した後、圧延処理を施して、リチウムイオン二次電池用の正極を得た。この正極におけるアルミニウム箔上の活物質層の体積と重量の実測値から電極密度を算出した。電極密度の値は、4.05g/ccであった。
実施例10において得られた導電性カーボン混合物の4質量部と、94質量部の市販のLiCoO2粒子(平均粒径10μm)とを乾式混合し、次いで、2質量部のポリフッ化ビニリデンと、適量のN-メチルピロリドンとを湿式混合してスラリーを形成した。このスラリーをアルミニウム箔上に塗布して乾燥した後、圧延処理を施して、リチウムイオン二次電池用の正極を得た。この正極におけるアルミニウム箔上の活物質層の体積と重量の実測値から電極密度を算出した。電極密度の値は、4.05g/ccであった。
実施例14
実施例1において得られた酸化処理カーボンと、気相成長炭素繊維(平均繊維径150nm、平均繊維長3.9μm)とを1:1の質量比でボールミルに導入し、乾式混合して、導電性カーボン混合物を得た。次いで、得られた導電性カーボン混合物の4質量部と、2質量部のポリフッ化ビニリデンと、適量のN-メチルピロリドンとを湿式混合し、さらに94質量部の市販のLiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2粒子(平均粒径5μm)を加えて湿式混合してスラリーを形成した。このスラリーをアルミニウム箔上に塗布して乾燥した後、圧延処理を施して、リチウムイオン二次電池用の正極を得た。この正極におけるアルミニウム箔上の活物質層の体積と重量の実測値から電極密度を算出した。電極密度の値は、3.66g/ccであった。
実施例14において用いた気相成長炭素繊維の4質量部と、2質量部のポリフッ化ビニリデンと、適量のN-メチルピロリドンとを湿式混合し、さらに94質量部の市販のLiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2粒子(平均粒径5μm)を加えて湿式混合してスラリーを形成した。このスラリーをアルミニウム箔上に塗布して乾燥した後、圧延処理を施して、リチウムイオン二次電池用の正極を得た。この正極におけるアルミニウム箔上の活物質層の体積と重量の実測値から電極密度を算出した。電極密度の値は、3.36g/ccであった。
気相成長炭素繊維の代わりにグラフェン(平面方向の長さ2μm、断面方向の長さ数nm)を用いた点を除いて、実施例14の手順を繰り返した。電極密度の値は、3.69g/ccであった。
気相成長炭素繊維の代わりに実施例15において用いたグラフェンを使用した点を除いて、比較例8の手順を繰り返した。電極密度の値は、3.45g/ccであった。
気相成長炭素繊維の代わりにファーネスブラック(平均粒径35nm)を用いた点を除いて、実施例14の手順を繰り返した。電極密度の値は、3.76g/ccであった。
気相成長炭素繊維の代わりに実施例16において用いたファーネスブラックを使用した点を除いて、比較例8の手順を繰り返した。電極密度の値は、3.42g/ccであった。
気相成長炭素繊維の代わりにグラファイト(平均粒子径6μm)を用いた点を除いて、実施例14の手順を繰り返した。電極密度の値は、3.81g/ccであった
気相成長炭素繊維の代わりに実施例17において用いたグラファイトを使用した点を除いて、比較例8の手順を繰り返した。電極密度の値は、3.48g/ccであった。
Claims (12)
- 蓄電デバイス用の電極であって、
電極活物質粒子と、
該電極活物質粒子の表面を被覆している、空隙を有するカーボン原料に酸化処理を施した酸化処理カーボンから誘導された糊状の導電性カーボンと、
を含む活物質層を有することを特徴とする電極。 - 前記糊状の導電性カーボンが、50nm以下の幅の、隣り合う電極活物質粒子の間に形成された間隙部及び/又は電極活物質粒子の表面に存在する孔の内部にも存在する、請求項1に記載の電極。
- 前記活物質層が直径5~40nmの細孔を有する、請求項1又は2に記載の電極。
- 前記酸化処理カーボンが、親水性部分を含み、該親水性部分の含有量が酸化処理カーボン全体の10質量%以上である、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の電極。
- 前記電極活物質粒子の表面の80%以上が前記糊状の導電性カーボンと接触している、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の電極。
- 前記電極活物質粒子が、正極活物質又は負極活物質として動作可能な0.01~2μmの平均粒径を有する微小粒子と、該微小粒子と同じ極の活物質として動作可能な2μmより大きく25μm以下の平均粒径を有する粗大粒子と、から構成されている、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の電極。
- 前記活物質層が別の導電性カーボンをさらに含み、該導電性カーボンの表面が前記糊状の導電性カーボンによって被覆されている、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の電極。
- 前記活物質層における電極活物質粒子と導電性カーボンとの質量比が95:5~99:1の範囲である、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の電極。
- 請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の電極の製造方法であって、
電極活物質粒子と、空隙を有するカーボン原料に酸化処理を施した酸化処理カーボンと、を混合することにより、前記酸化処理カーボンの少なくとも一部が糊状に変化して前記電極活物質粒子の表面に付着した電極材料を調製する調製工程、及び、
前記電極材料により集電体上に活物質層を形成し、該活物質層に圧力を印加する加圧工程
を含むことを特徴とする電極の製造方法。 - 前記電極材料が別の導電性カーボンをさらに含み、
前記調製工程が、
前記酸化処理カーボンと、前記別の導電性カーボンと、を乾式混合することにより、前記酸化処理カーボンの少なくとも一部が糊状に変化して前記別の導電性カーボンの表面に付着した導電性カーボン混合物を得る段階、及び、
前記導電性カーボン混合物と前記電極活物質粒子とを乾式混合又は湿式混合することにより、前記少なくとも一部が糊状に変化した酸化処理カーボンを前記電極活物質粒子の表面にも付着させる段階
を含む、請求項9に記載の電極の製造方法。 - 蓄電デバイスの電極の製造のための導電性カーボン混合物であって、
空隙を有するカーボン原料に酸化処理を施した酸化処理カーボンから誘導された、少なくとも一部が糊状の導電性カーボンと、
前記酸化処理カーボンとは別の導電性カーボンと、
を含み、前記少なくとも一部が糊状の導電性カーボンが前記別の導電性カーボンの表面に付着していることを特徴とする導電性カーボン混合物。 - 請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の電極を備えた蓄電デバイス。
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