WO2015176307A1 - 一种自燃液体推进剂组合物 - Google Patents

一种自燃液体推进剂组合物 Download PDF

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WO2015176307A1
WO2015176307A1 PCT/CN2014/078286 CN2014078286W WO2015176307A1 WO 2015176307 A1 WO2015176307 A1 WO 2015176307A1 CN 2014078286 W CN2014078286 W CN 2014078286W WO 2015176307 A1 WO2015176307 A1 WO 2015176307A1
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nitric acid
self
tetracycloheptane
hydrocarbon fuel
igniting
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PCT/CN2014/078286
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English (en)
French (fr)
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邹吉军
潘伦
张香文
王莅
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天津大学
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C06EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
    • C06BEXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
    • C06B27/00Compositions containing a metal, boron, silicon, selenium or tellurium or mixtures, intercompounds or hydrides thereof, and hydrocarbons or halogenated hydrocarbons

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the field of self-igniting liquid propellants.
  • Two-component liquid propellants are widely used rocket liquid propellants, typically consisting of liquid oxidants and liquid fuels, which are typically stored separately and mixed for combustion and providing thrust as they enter the rocket engine combustion chamber.
  • Huanzheng propellant can be divided into self-igniting propellant and non-self-igniting propellant according to the ignition mode.
  • a combination of smoky nitric acid and dimethyl hydrazine, nitrous oxide and dimethyl hydrazine, dinitrogen tetroxide and methyl hydrazine are all self-igniting propellants.
  • liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen, liquid oxygen and kerosene, red smoke nitric acid and some hydrocarbon fuel compositions are non-self-igniting propellants.
  • the self-igniting propellant does not require an additional ignition source, and the engine system using the self-igniting propellant has high reliability and a simple structure. Therefore, self-igniting propellants are widely used in rocket engines for spacecraft such as launch vehicles, satellites and spacecraft.
  • the oxidants commonly used in self-igniting propellants are nitric acid and dinitrogen tetroxide.
  • Most of the fuels that can spontaneously burn with nitric acid and nitrous oxide are terpenoids, such as dimethyl hydrazine, monomethyl hydrazine, and ⁇ , etc., where the combination of dimethyl hydrazine and nitrous oxide
  • terpenoids have the following disadvantages: They are highly toxic, corrosive, and dangerous to fire and explosion. Once leaked, they can cause serious personal injury and environmental pollution.
  • the present invention provides a self-igniting liquid propellant composition
  • a self-igniting liquid propellant composition comprising the separately deposited components: a tetracycloheptane liquid oxidant selected from the group consisting of nitric acid, dinitrogen tetroxide or hydrogen peroxide.
  • the two components separately stored above are mixed in the engine combustion chamber to be self-igniting.
  • the nitric acid is fuming nitric acid or red nicotinic acid.
  • the fuming nitric acid refers to nitric acid having a nitric acid concentration of 86% to 100%. Due to the strong volatility, gas continuously escapes from the solution, so that the T smoke is emitted, so it is called fuming nitric acid.
  • red smoke nitric acid refers to fuming nitric acid in which dinitrogen tetroxide is dissolved, and nitrous oxide continuously escapes therefrom to form red smoke, so it is called red smoke nitric acid.
  • red smoke nitric acid Both fuming nitric acid and red nicotinic acid have strong oxidizing properties.
  • the present invention provides a self-igniting liquid propellant composition comprising the following separately stored components: Liquid hydrocarbon fuel containing tetracycloheptane
  • a liquid oxidant selected from the group consisting of nitric acid, dinitrogen tetroxide, and hydrogen peroxide.
  • the two components separately stored above are mixed in the engine combustion chamber to be self-igniting.
  • the nitric acid is red smoke nitric acid or fuming nitric acid.
  • the hydrocarbon fuel comprising tetracycloheptane further comprises at least one other hydrocarbon fuel selected from the group consisting of aviation kerosene, rocket kerosene or high density hydrocarbon fuel, wherein the other hydrocarbon fuel is relative to the inclusion of four
  • the volume percent concentration of the cycloheptane hydrocarbon fuel is less than or equal to 90%, and the volume percent concentration of tetracycloheptane relative to the hydrocarbon fuel containing tetracycloheptane is greater than or equal to 10%;
  • the high density hydrocarbon fuel It refers to a hydrocarbon fuel having a density of more than 0.85 g/cm 3 at a normal pressure of 20 ° C, such as JP-10 (hanging tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene).
  • the nitric acid is red smoke nitric acid or fuming nitric acid.
  • the tetracyclic heptane is a compound having a structure represented by the following formula, and its molecular formula is C 7 H 8 , according to the nomenclature of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the chemical name is tetracyclic [3.2. . 0. 0 2 ' 7 . 0 4 ' 6 ]Heptane
  • the tetracycloheptane may be derived from any suitable source, for example, commercially available, or photochemically synthesized, using norbornadiene as a starting material, ultraviolet light irradiation, an organic photosensitizer or a solid photocatalyst as a catalyst for the reaction, by precipitation of a diene.
  • Intramolecular addition reaction produces tetracycloheptane.
  • it can be in accordance with Chinese Patent Application No. 201410052298. 0 (the title is a composite catalyst for preparing tetracycloheptane by isomerization of photocatalytic norbornadiene and a preparation method thereof) and Chinese patent application 201410052297.
  • the catalyst and preparation method provided in 6 (the continuous preparation method of high-purity tetracycloheptane) is prepared.
  • the oxidizing agent is selected from the group consisting of nitric acid, dinitrogen tetroxide or hydrogen peroxide.
  • Figure 1 Photograph of tetracycloheptane added to fuming nitric acid without ignition.
  • Figure 2 is a photograph of tetraheptane heptane added to fuming nitric acid to ignite a flame.
  • the innovation of the invention is that a hydrocarbon fuel containing tetracycloheptane is found in It can spontaneously ignite when fuming nitric acid, red smoke nitric acid, tetramethylated dinitrogen or hydrogen peroxide are mixed. Such a composition has not been seen in any of the reports of the predecessors.
  • the self-igniting fuel composition of the present invention is clearly superior to the existing pyrophoric fuel composition because tetracycloheptane is a hydrocarbon, has low toxicity, is almost non-toxic, and can be transported and stored at normal temperature, and the safety is greatly improved.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)

Abstract

一种自燃液体推进剂组合物,包括以下分开存放的组分:四环庚烷;氧化剂,其选自硝酸、四氧化二氮或过氧化氢。本发明还公开了一种自燃液体推进剂组合物,包括以下分开存放的组分:包含四环庚烷的液体烃类燃料;氧化剂,其选自硝酸、四氧化二氮或过氧化氢。该自燃液体推进剂使用了低毒无害的四环庚烷燃料,比传统的肼类燃料和叠氮化合物燃料更安全且更环保。

Description

一种自燃液体推进剂组合物 技术领域
本发明属于自燃液体推进剂领域。
背景技术 双组元液体推进剂是广泛使用的火箭液体推进剂,通常是由液 体氧化剂和液体燃料构成, 它们一般分开贮备, 在进入火箭发动机 燃烧室的时候进行混合燃烧并提供推力。欢组元推进剂按照点火方 式可以分为自燃推进剂和非自燃推进剂。氧化剂和燃料进入火箭发 动机燃烧室时能迅速自动着火的双組元推进剂, 称为自燃推进剂。 例如, 红烟硝酸与偏二甲肼、 四氧化二氮与偏二甲肼、 四氧化二氮 与甲基肼的组合物等都属于自燃推进剂。氧化剂与燃料进入火箭发 动机燃烧室时不能自动着火而需要辅助点火装置点火才能燃烧的 双组元推进剂, 称为非自燃推进剂。 例如, 液氧与液氢、 液氧与煤 油、 红烟硝酸与一些碳氢燃料的组合物都属于非自燃推进剂。 自燃 推进剂不需要额外的点火源,使用自燃推进剂的发动机系统可靠性 高、 结构简单。 因此, 自燃推进剂广泛应用于运载火箭、 卫星及飞 船等航天飞行器的火箭发动机。 如上所述, 目前常用的自燃推进剂中的氧化剂有硝酸和四氧化 二氮, 能与硝酸和四氧化二氮自燃的燃料多数都是肼类化合物, 例 如偏二甲肼、 一甲滸、 混肼等, 其中偏二甲肼与四氧化二氮的组合 物是使用最多的自燃推进剂。 但是, 肼类化合物存在以下缺点: 剧 毒、 腐蚀性强、 着火爆炸危险性高, 一旦泄露则会造成严重的人员 伤害和环境污染。
因此, 人们一直在努力研究新的自燃推进剂, 重点是开发新的 能与硝酸、 四氧化二氮或过氧化氢自燃的燃料。 例如, 期刊论文
Experimental Study on Hypergol ic Interaction between N, N, ' , ' -Tetramethylethylenediamine and Ni tric Acid , Energy Fuels 2010, 24, 5320 - 5330公开了以四甲基二乙基氨为 燃料、 发烟硝酸为氧化剂的自燃推进剂; 期刊论文 Green Bipropel lants: Hydrogen-Rich Ionic Liquids that Are Hypergol ic with Hydrogen Peroxide , Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 5886 - 5888公开了含有四个硼氢化钠结构的离子液体, 能够与过氧化氢或四氧化二氮自燃。
除了肼类化合物外, 已经报道的自燃推进剂中的燃料大都是叠 氮类物质或高反应性氢化物(例如硼氢化钠)。与肼类化合物相比, 这类化合物的毒性有所降低, 而且能量有所提高, 但是依然存在危 险性高的问题, 例如, 期刊论文 Green Bipropel lants: Hydrogen-Rich Ionic Liquids that Are Hypergol ic with Hydrogen Peroxide, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 5886 - 5888公开的自燃燃料遇空气就立刻燃烧,必须在惰性气体中密封保 存, 这给燃料的生产、 运输和储存带来很多困难。 因此,人们希望能有一种毒性更低且可以在常温下运输和贮存 的更安全的自燃液体推进剂組合物。 本发明提供了这样的自燃液体推进剂组合物。
发明内容
第一方面, 本发明提供了一种自燃液体推进剂组合物, 包括以 下分开存放的组分: 四环庚烷 液体氧化剂, 其选自硝酸、 四氧化二氮或过氧化氢。 当使用时, 将上述分开存放的两种組分在发动机燃烧室混合, 即能自燃燃烧。 其中, 所述硝酸为发烟硝酸或红烟硝酸。 其中发烟硝酸是指硝 酸浓度为 86% ~ 100%的硝酸, 由于强烈的挥发性, 不断地有气体从 溶液中向外逸出, 就^ T烟冒出一样, 故称为发烟硝酸。 其中红烟 硝酸是指其中又溶解有四氧化二氮的发烟硝酸, 因四氧化二氮不断 地从中逸出, 形成红色烟雾, 故称为红烟硝酸。 发烟硝酸和红烟硝 酸都具有强氧化性。 第二方面, 本发明提供了一种自燃液体推进剂组合物, 包括以 下分开存放的组分: 包含四环庚烷的液体烃类燃料
液体氧化剂, 其选自硝酸、 四氧化二氮、 过氧化氢。
当使用时, 将上述分开存放的两种組分在发动机燃烧室混合, 即能自燃燃烧。
其中, 所述硝酸为红烟硝酸或发烟硝酸。
其中,所述包含四环庚烷的烃类燃料中,还包含选自航空煤油、 火箭煤油或高密度烃燃料中的至少一种其它烃类燃料,其中所述其 它烃类燃料相对于包含四环庚烷的烃类燃料的体积百分比浓度小 于或等于 90%, 四环庚烷相对于包含四环庚烷的烃类燃料的体积百 分比浓度为大于或等于 10%;其中所述高密度烃燃料是指 20°C常压下 密度大于 0. 85g/cm3 的烃类燃料, 例如 JP- 10 (挂式四氢双环戊二 烯)等。
其中, 所述硝酸为红烟硝酸或发烟硝酸。
本发明中, 四环庚坑是具有下式所示结构的化合物, 其分子式 为 C7H8,根据国际纯粹与应用化学联合会 ( IUPAC ) 的命名规则, 化 学名称为四环 [3. 2. 0. 02'7. 04'6]庚烷
Figure imgf000006_0001
四环庚烷可以来自任何合适来源, 例如可以商购, 或者采用光 化学方法合成, 以降冰片二烯为原料、 紫外光照射、 有机光敏剂或 固体光催化剂作为反应的催化剂,通过降水片二烯的分子内加成反 应生成四环庚烷。 在本发明的优选实施方案中, 可以按照中国专利 申请 201410052298. 0 (题目为一种光催化降冰片二烯异构化制备 四环庚烷的复合催化剂及其制备方法) 和中国专利申请 201410052297. 6 (题目为一种高纯度四环庚烷的连续制备方法) 中所提供的催化剂和制备方法进行制备。 氧化剂选自硝酸、 四氧化二氮或过氧化氢。 附图简述 图 1、 为四环庚烷滴加到发烟硝酸中, 尚未着火的照片。 图 2、 为四环庚烷滴加到发烟硝酸中, 着火产生火焰的照片。 图 3、 为四环庚烷滴加到发烟硝酸中, 火焰熄灭的照片。
实施例 通过以下实施例来进一步说明本发明。 实施例仅仅是示例性的, 而非限制性的。 在常温常压下,按照下表所示的組合将四环庚烷或包含四环庚 烷的烃类燃料分别滴加到硝酸、 四氧化二氮或过氧化氢中, 观察是 否能发生自燃。是否发生自燃很容易通过肉眼是否看见火焰来判断。 包含四环庚 ^的烃类燃料的組成, 氧化剂 体积%
四环庚 航空煤 火箭煤 高密度烃 发烟硝酸 红烟硝酸 四氧化 过氧化氢 烷 油 油 JP-10 二氮
100 0 0 0 是 是 是 是
90 5 5 0 是 是 是 是
80 5 5 10 是 是 是 是
60 10 10 20 是 是 是 是
30 20 20 30 是 是 是 是
10 90 0 0 是 是 是 是
50 0 50 0 是 是 是 是
90 0 0 10 是 是 是 是
0 30 40 30 否 否 否 否
0 0 0 100 否 否 否 否
0 0 100 0 否 否 否 否
0 100 0 0 否 否 否 否 注: 其中 "是" 表示能自燃; "否" 表示不能自燃。
可见,仅将航空煤油、火箭煤油或者高密度烃燃料与发烟硝酸、 红烟硝酸、 四氧化二氮或过氧化氢混合时, 并不能产生自燃。 但是 当掺入四环庚烷后, 即便四环庚烷在包含四环庚烷的烃类燃料中的 体积百分比浓度低至 10%, 当与发烟硝酸、 红烟硝酸、 四氧化二氮 或过氧化氢混合时, 也能产生自燃现象。
本发明的创新之处在于发现了包含四环庚烷的烃类燃料在与 发烟硝酸、 红烟硝酸、 四氣化二氮或过氧化氢混合时能够自燃。 这 样的组合物, 尚未见诸于前人的任何报道中。 本发明的自燃燃料组 合物, 显然优于现有的自燃燃料组合物, 因为四环庚烷是烃类, 毒 性很低, 几乎无毒, 且可在常温下运输和存储, 安全性大大提高。

Claims

权 利 要 求
1.一种自燃液体推进剂组合物, 包括以下分开存放的组分: 四环庚烷;
氧化剂, 其选自硝酸、 四氧化二氮或过氧化氢。
2. 根据权利要求 1的自燃液体推进剂组合物, 其中所述硝酸 为发烟硝酸或红烟硝酸。
3. 一种自燃液体推进剂组合物, 包括以下分开存放的组分: 包含四环庚烷的液体烃类燃料;
氧化剂, 其选自硝酸、 四氧化二氮或过氧化氢。
4. 根据权利要求 3的自燃液体推进剂组合物, 其中所述包含 四环庚烷的烃类燃料中, 还包含选自航空煤油、 火箭煤油或高 密度烃燃料中的至少一种其它烃类燃料,其中所述其它烃类燃 料相对于包含四环庚烷的烃类燃料的体积百分比浓度小于或 等于 90%,, 四环庚烷相对于包含四环庚烷的烃类燃料的体积 百分比浓度大于或等于 10%; 其中所述高密度烃燃料是指 20°C 和常压下密度大于 0. 85g/cm3的烃类燃料。
5. 根据权利要求 3的自燃液体推进剂组合物, 其中所述硝酸 为发烟硝酸或红烟硝酸。
PCT/CN2014/078286 2014-05-23 2014-05-23 一种自燃液体推进剂组合物 WO2015176307A1 (zh)

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Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20050189051A1 (en) * 2002-04-16 2005-09-01 Lo Robert E. Method for producing cryogenic, solid monopropellants and solid propellants produced according to said method
CN102949389A (zh) * 2012-07-30 2013-03-06 济南环肽医药科技有限公司 一种新的液体推进剂毒性预防药物
CN103305265A (zh) * 2013-06-18 2013-09-18 煤炭科学研究总院 一种煤基军用燃料的制备方法及制备得到的军用燃料
CN103787819A (zh) * 2014-02-17 2014-05-14 天津大学 一种高纯度四环庚烷的连续制备方法

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20050189051A1 (en) * 2002-04-16 2005-09-01 Lo Robert E. Method for producing cryogenic, solid monopropellants and solid propellants produced according to said method
CN102949389A (zh) * 2012-07-30 2013-03-06 济南环肽医药科技有限公司 一种新的液体推进剂毒性预防药物
CN103305265A (zh) * 2013-06-18 2013-09-18 煤炭科学研究总院 一种煤基军用燃料的制备方法及制备得到的军用燃料
CN103787819A (zh) * 2014-02-17 2014-05-14 天津大学 一种高纯度四环庚烷的连续制备方法

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