WO2015172458A1 - 一种基于跳频技术的rssi定位方法 - Google Patents

一种基于跳频技术的rssi定位方法 Download PDF

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WO2015172458A1
WO2015172458A1 PCT/CN2014/085237 CN2014085237W WO2015172458A1 WO 2015172458 A1 WO2015172458 A1 WO 2015172458A1 CN 2014085237 W CN2014085237 W CN 2014085237W WO 2015172458 A1 WO2015172458 A1 WO 2015172458A1
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rssi
value
positioning
node
target node
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PCT/CN2014/085237
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French (fr)
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曾鹏
肖金超
何杰
于海斌
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中国科学院沈阳自动化研究所
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Priority to US14/909,244 priority Critical patent/US9599699B2/en
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S5/00—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations
    • G01S5/02—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
    • G01S5/0205—Details
    • G01S5/0215—Interference
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S1/00—Beacons or beacon systems transmitting signals having a characteristic or characteristics capable of being detected by non-directional receivers and defining directions, positions, or position lines fixed relatively to the beacon transmitters; Receivers co-operating therewith
    • G01S1/02—Beacons or beacon systems transmitting signals having a characteristic or characteristics capable of being detected by non-directional receivers and defining directions, positions, or position lines fixed relatively to the beacon transmitters; Receivers co-operating therewith using radio waves
    • G01S1/04—Details
    • G01S1/042—Transmitters
    • G01S1/0423—Mounting or deployment thereof
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S1/00—Beacons or beacon systems transmitting signals having a characteristic or characteristics capable of being detected by non-directional receivers and defining directions, positions, or position lines fixed relatively to the beacon transmitters; Receivers co-operating therewith
    • G01S1/02—Beacons or beacon systems transmitting signals having a characteristic or characteristics capable of being detected by non-directional receivers and defining directions, positions, or position lines fixed relatively to the beacon transmitters; Receivers co-operating therewith using radio waves
    • G01S1/08—Systems for determining direction or position line
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S11/00—Systems for determining distance or velocity not using reflection or reradiation
    • G01S11/02—Systems for determining distance or velocity not using reflection or reradiation using radio waves
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S11/00—Systems for determining distance or velocity not using reflection or reradiation
    • G01S11/02—Systems for determining distance or velocity not using reflection or reradiation using radio waves
    • G01S11/06—Systems for determining distance or velocity not using reflection or reradiation using radio waves using intensity measurements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S5/00—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations
    • G01S5/02—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
    • G01S5/0205—Details
    • G01S5/021—Calibration, monitoring or correction
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S5/00—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations
    • G01S5/02—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
    • G01S5/0205—Details
    • G01S5/0226—Transmitters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S5/00—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations
    • G01S5/02—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
    • G01S5/0252—Radio frequency fingerprinting
    • G01S5/02521—Radio frequency fingerprinting using a radio-map
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S5/00—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations
    • G01S5/02—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
    • G01S5/06—Position of source determined by co-ordinating a plurality of position lines defined by path-difference measurements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S5/00—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations
    • G01S5/02—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
    • G01S5/14—Determining absolute distances from a plurality of spaced points of known location
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/69—Spread spectrum techniques
    • H04B1/713—Spread spectrum techniques using frequency hopping

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of wireless positioning, and in particular, to a RSSI positioning method based on frequency hopping technology.
  • the positioning algorithm can be divided into: a positioning algorithm based on ranging and an algorithm without ranging.
  • the positioning method based on ranging is to estimate the position of the node by measuring the distance or angle information between the nodes, using triangle centroid, trilateration, least squares or maximum likelihood estimation.
  • the commonly used ranging technology has TOA ( Time of arrival), TDOA (time difference of arrival), AOA (angel of arrival), and RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indication); the positioning method without ranging does not need to measure the distance or angle information between nodes, only according to network connectivity. Sexual information can complete the location estimation of nodes.
  • centroid algorithm Amorphous algorithm
  • DV-Hop algorithm DV-Hop algorithm
  • APIT algorithm APIT algorithm
  • the positioning technology based on the received signal strength indication ranging and the trilateral positioning method is a relatively representative implementation.
  • RSSI by receiving the strength of the signal, can estimate the distance between the two communication nodes to achieve positioning. Because the positioning principle is simple and no additional hardware overhead is required to obtain the RSSI value for positioning, it has gradually become a research hotspot of wireless positioning technology.
  • the RSSI value in the actual ranging is affected by the multipath effect, which causes the ranging error to be large, which affects the positioning accuracy.
  • the triangulation method is restricted by the accuracy of the ranging, which further affects the positioning coordinate accuracy. Therefore, it is very necessary and meaningful to study how to improve the accuracy of RSSI ranging and improve the positioning algorithm.
  • the research on RSSI ranging accuracy mainly focuses on two aspects.
  • the RSSI value of single channel is given by communication chip to carry out a large number of actual environmental tests, and the mean, Gaussian model fitting and difference operation are performed according to the fading channel model.
  • the method is to reduce the ranging error; on the other hand, it is improved for the RSSI algorithm. Some of them reduce the instantaneous interference and noise interference by filtering the singular signal through FIR and IIR filtering, and some algorithms for weighting the RSSI value are proposed. Some will Maximum likelihood estimation was introduced into the "constant-logarithmic" model location, however none of these methods considered the effects of multipath effects.
  • Frequency hopping technology is a new type of wireless technology that has emerged in recent years. It is based on multi-channel communication and continues to The channel is changed to avoid the effects of random interference and multipath effects on communication reliability. During the frequency hopping process, each of the two wireless devices transmits a different channel than the channel sent by the previous message. This technology was first used in the IEEE 802.15.1 protocol (Bluetooth). In the Bluetooth cluster, the device that wants to communicate with the cluster head first needs time synchronization with the cluster head; then the hash algorithm is used to map the address of the cluster head into a hopping sequence. All nodes follow this hopping sequence for 1600 channel switching per minute. IEEE 802.15.4 also uses frequency hopping technology. In the 2.4 GHz band, IEEE 802.15.4 uses a total of 16 channels for frequency hopping, and specifies that the switching time between channels is less than 192 ⁇ s.
  • the object of the present invention is to overcome the deficiencies of the prior art and provide an RSSI positioning method based on frequency hopping technology, so as to reduce the influence of multi-channel communication co-channel interference, obstacle occlusion and multipath effect on positioning accuracy, and adopt MinMax positioning. Algorithm to improve the accuracy of coordinate calculation.
  • an RSSI positioning method based on frequency hopping technology comprising the following steps:
  • Step 1 in the calibration phase, measuring multiple channel RSSI values at fixed points, and recording and calculating ranging parameters in the RSSI ranging model;
  • Step 2 The system prepares and deploys a wireless sensor network to synchronize the target node and the anchor node in the wireless sensor network.
  • Step 3 The target node communicates with the anchor node through multiple channels to obtain the RSSI value, and the anchor node excludes the channel with a relatively large RSSI value error in the hopping sequence according to the received signal strength of the transmitting node in one hopping period. , updating the hopping sequence and adding the channel to the blacklist;
  • Step 4 In the signal processing stage, the RSSI value is processed into a signal strength amplitude and optimized
  • Step 5 In the positioning phase, calculate a distance value between the target node and the anchor node according to each signal strength on the positioning server, and calculate a target node position coordinate.
  • the RSSI ranging model is a "constant-logarithmic" model:
  • A is the signal receiving power at a distance of 1 m
  • n is a propagation factor
  • d is the distance between the target node and the anchor node
  • a and n are ranging parameters.
  • the ranging parameters in the RSSI ranging model are determined by multiple multi-channel communication experiments, including the following steps:
  • the obtained A and n are averaged as the values of A and n.
  • the wireless sensor network is a time-synchronized multi-channel TDMA mesh network composed of an anchor node, a target node, a positioning server, and a network access auxiliary device.
  • the processing the RSSI value into a signal strength amplitude and performing optimization processing includes the following steps:
  • a i is the channel amplitude
  • k is the constant coefficient
  • i is the channel label
  • RSSI i is the measured signal strength value of the ith channel
  • the distance between the target node and the anchor node is calculated.
  • the calculation method of the center value A 0 of the signal amplitude is:
  • l is the distance between the anchor node and the target node
  • h is the height of the anchor node to the ground
  • ⁇ is the wavelength of the radio frequency signal
  • the calculating the optimized RSSI value by using the center value A 0 of the amplitude specifically:
  • the distance value between the calculation target node and the anchor node is specifically:
  • the coordinates of the anchor node are (x m , y m ), and the RSSI value received by the anchor node calculates the estimated distance from the unknown node to d m , with 2*d m as the side length, and (x m , y m ) as the center.
  • the coordinates of the four vertices of the square are:
  • the coordinates of the four vertices of the final square overlap area are:
  • the estimated target node position is the center position of the overlapping area, and its coordinates are:
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing the basic composition of a positioning system of the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a flow chart of obtaining a ranging parameter of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a MinMax positioning method of the present invention.
  • the anchor node AP represents a reference node of a known location
  • the solid circle represents the target node
  • the lightning symbol represents a wireless communication link.
  • the most basic components of the system include: (1) three or more anchor nodes, and the location information of each anchor node is known.
  • the anchor node has a wireless transceiver function, and the receiving antennas have the same layout direction.
  • the target node to be tested has a wireless transmitting function, the transmitting frequency, the communication protocol are consistent with the anchor node, and the receiving antenna layout direction is consistent.
  • At least one gateway is mainly used for collecting RSSI information of the target node sent by each anchor node, and positioning the collected data to the server.
  • the location server calculates the location information of the target node through dedicated software.
  • Step 1 in the calibration phase, measure the RSSI values of multiple channels at a fixed point, record and calculate the RSSI ranging model.
  • the RSSI ranging model adopted by the present invention is a "constant-logarithmic" model:
  • A, n are constant parameters.
  • the invention selects the measured values of the short transmission distances of 1 m and 3 m to calculate the A and n values, and through the multiple multi-channel communication experiments, the averaged results of A and n are obtained to reduce the random error.
  • Step 2 The system prepares and deploys a wireless sensor network to synchronize the target node and the anchor node.
  • Step 3 The target node uses multiple channels to communicate with the positioning anchor node to obtain the RSSI value.
  • the automatic frequency hopping technology is adopted, and the receiving node (ie, the anchor node) adopts the position signal strength of the sending node received in a hopping period.
  • Channel cognition blacklisting technology which excludes channels with large errors in RSSI values in frequency hopping sequences, and updates hopping sequences and blacklists;
  • Step 4 In the signal processing stage, the RSSI is processed into a signal strength amplitude optimization process
  • the invention adopts an indirect method for calculating the center value of the signal amplitude, and the method is as follows:
  • k is a constant coefficient
  • i is a channel label
  • RSSI is a measured signal strength value
  • the calculation method of the signal amplitude center value A 0 is:
  • l is the distance between the anchor node and the target node
  • h is the height of the anchor node to the ground
  • ⁇ is the wavelength of the radio frequency signal
  • the calculating the optimized RSSI value by using the center value A 0 of the amplitude specifically:
  • the distance calculation is performed according to the optimized RSSI value and the ranging parameter, specifically:
  • the first one is the noise generated by the multipath reflection caused by the environmental factors such as the height of the anchor node and the target node, and the signal frequency, which improves the adaptability of different environments.
  • the second is to avoid the calculation of the over-determination of the central value.
  • lower The computational complexity is the third; the third value method is used to effectively suppress the occurrence of noise points and avoid the accuracy of the final result by a single data that is too far from the center.
  • Step 5 In the positioning phase, the position coordinates of the target node are calculated according to each signal strength and distance value on the positioning server.
  • the MinMax positioning algorithm is specifically:
  • the coordinate of a is (x a , y a ), and the estimated RSSI value received at point a is calculated as d a from the unknown node, and 2*d a is
  • the side length, (x a , y a ) is the center of the square, the coordinates of the four vertices of the square are:
  • the coordinates of the four vertices of the final square overlap area are:
  • the estimated target node position is the center position of the overlap region, and its coordinates can be calculated according to the coordinates of the four vertices.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Position Fixing By Use Of Radio Waves (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)

Abstract

一种基于跳频技术的RSSI定位方法。标定阶段，在固定点测量多个信道RSSI值，记录并计算RSSI测距模型中的测距参数；系统准备，部署定位锚节点，实现目标节点和锚节点的同步；在目标节点上分别使用多个信道进行通信获取RSSI值；信号处理阶段，将RSSI处理成信号强度幅值优化处理；定位阶段，在定位服务器上根据各个信号强度计算计算距离及目标节点位置。本发明解决了传统RSSI定位方法受限于信号多径传播、同频干扰、障碍物干扰及三边定位法计算坐标精度不高等因素，造成RSSI定位精度差，以至于无法满足实际生活的需要。

Description

一种基于跳频技术的RSSI定位方法 技术领域
本发明涉及无线定位领域，特别涉及一种基于跳频技术的RSSI定位方法。
背景技术
定位的算法有很多种，根据定位过程中是否需要测量实际节点的距离，定位算法可以分为：基于测距的定位算法和无需测距的算法。基于测距的定位方法是通过测量节点间的距离或角度信息，使用三角形质心、三边测量、最小二乘法或最大似然估计等方法估算节点的位置，目前比较常用的测距技术有TOA(time of arrival)、TDOA(time difference of arrival)、AOA(angel of arrival)和RSSI(Received Signal Strength Indication)等；无需测距的定位方法则无需测量节点间的距离或角度信息，仅根据网络连通性等信息即可完成节点的位置估算，常用的方法包括:质心算法，Amorphous算法，DV-Hop算法和APIT算法等。与TOA、TDOA、AOA等测距定位方法相比，基于RSSI技术的三边定位方法不需要额外的硬件开销，具有低实现复杂度，低硬件资源开销等优势。
随着信息化技术的不断发展，人们对定位导航技术的需求日益增长。其中，基于无线测距的定位方法在定位技术中具有举足轻重的地位，在军事、航海等领域发挥着越来越大的作用。其中基于接收信号强度指示测距和三边定位方法的定位技术是比较有代表性的实现方案。RSSI，通过接收到的信号强弱可以对两个通信节点间的距离进行估算，进而实现定位。由于其定位原理简单且不需要额外的硬件开销即可获取RSSI值实现定位，现已正逐渐成为无线定位技术的研究热点。然而实际测距中RSSI值受多径效应的影响而造成测距误差较大，进而影响了定位精度，三边定位方法受测距的准确性的制约，进一步影响了定位坐标精度。因而，对如何提高RSSI测距定位精度、改进定位算法的研究是十分必要且有意义的。
目前针对RSSI测距精度的研究主要集中在两方面，一方面是利用通信芯片给出单信道的RSSI值进行大量的实际环境测试，并根据衰落信道模型进行取均值、高斯模型拟合、差分运算等方法来减少测距误差；另一方面是针对RSSI算法进行改进，有些通过筛选奇异信号经过FIR和IIR滤波减少瞬间干扰和噪声干扰，有的提出了对RSSI值进行加权的算法，有的将最大似然估计引入到“常数-对数”模型定位中，然而这些方法均没有考虑多径效应的影响。
由于越来越多的无线技术都在使用ISM频段，因此，在这个频段上，通信极易受到同频干扰。
因此，针对基于RSSI定位精度的问题，提供一种减小同频干扰、障碍物遮挡和多径效应响应的方法已成为亟待解决的技术难题。
跳频技术是近些年来出现的一种新型无线技术，它建立在多信道通信基础上，通过不断 的变化信道来避免随机干扰和多径效应对通信可靠性的影响。跳频过程中，两个无线设备的每个报文发送的信道都与上个报文发送的信道不同。这种技术最早使用在IEEE802.15.1协议(蓝牙)中。在蓝牙簇中，想要和簇首进行通信的设备首先要同簇首进行时间同步；然后利用哈希算法将簇首的地址映射成为一个跳频序列。所有的节点都会遵照这个跳频序列，进行每分钟1600次的信道切换。IEEE802.15.4也使用了跳频技术，在2.4GHz频段上，IEEE802.15.4共使用了16个信道进行跳频，并规定了信道之间的切换时间要小于192μs。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于克服现有技术的不足，提供一种基于跳频技术的RSSI定位方法，以便减少多信道通信同频干扰、障碍物遮挡和多径效应对定位精度的影响，同时采用MinMax定位算法，提高坐标计算精度。
本发明为实现上述目的所采用的技术方案是：一种基于跳频技术的RSSI定位方法，包括以下步骤：
步骤一，标定阶段，在固定点测量多个信道RSSI值，记录并计算RSSI测距模型中的测距参数；
步骤二，系统准备，部署无线传感器网络，实现所述无线传感器网络中目标节点和锚节点的同步；
步骤三，目标节点分别通过多个信道与锚节点进行通信从而获取RSSI值，锚节点根据一个跳频周期内收到的发送节点的位置信号强度，排除跳频序列中RSSI值误差相对大的信道，更新跳频序列并将该信道加入到黑名单；
步骤四，信号处理阶段，将RSSI值处理成信号强度幅值并进行优化处理；
步骤五，定位阶段，在定位服务器上根据各个信号强度计算目标节点与锚节点之间的距离值，并计算目标节点位置坐标。
所述RSSI测距模型为“常数-对数”模型：
A＝RSSI(d)+10*n*lg(d)
其中，A为1m远处信号接收功率，n为传播因子，d为目标节点与锚节点之间的距离，A，n为测距参数。
所述RSSI测距模型中的测距参数通过多次多信道通信实验确定，包括以下步骤：
通过实测两组不同的d位置的RSSI值，计算出本次实测的A，n的值；
通过多次多信道通信实测，将求出的A，n取平均结果，作为A，n的值。
所述无线传感器网络是由锚节点、目标节点、定位服务器及网络通路辅助设备组成的时间同步的多信道TDMA网状网络。
所述将RSSI值处理成信号强度幅值并进行优化处理，包括以下步骤：
将信号强度值RSSI转换为信号幅值：
Figure PCTCN2014085237-appb-000001
其中，Ai为信道幅值，k为常系数，i为信道标号，RSSIi为测量的第i个信道的信号强度值；
计算多次信号幅值Ai的中心值A0，将A0换算成RSSI值，即为优化的RSSI值；
根据优化后的RSSI值，进而计算目标节点与锚节点之间的距离值。
所述信号幅值的中心值A0的计算方法为：
Figure PCTCN2014085237-appb-000002
其中，l为定位锚节点与目标节点之间的距离，h为锚节点到地面的高度，λ为射频信号的波长；
由于定位发生在单片机上，计算能力较小，为了求解A0的近似值，可使用特解的方式来完成。取Ai的最大值Amax最小值Amin，近似计算信号幅值的中心值：
Figure PCTCN2014085237-appb-000003
所述信号幅值的中心值A0的近似计算方法为：
取Ai的最大值Amax最小值Amin，近似计算信号幅值Ai的中心值：
Figure PCTCN2014085237-appb-000004
所述利用幅值的中心值A0计算出优化的RSSI值，具体为：
RSSI＝2*log10(A/k)
其中，k为常系数。
所述计算目标节点与锚节点之间的距离值，具体为：
将幅值的中心值A0代入到式
Figure PCTCN2014085237-appb-000005
中计算距离值d。
所述在定位服务器上根据各个信号强度及距离值计算目标节点的位置坐标，具体为：
锚节点与目标节点的计算距离d，然后以宽为2d，中心点为锚节点绘制正方形，目标节点即在其周围的所有信标节点正方形的重叠区域内；
锚节点的坐标为(xm，ym)，锚节点接收到的RSSI值计算距离未知节点的估计距离为dm，以2*dm为边长，(xm，ym)为中心画正方形，则正方形的四个顶点的坐标为：
(xa-da，ya-da)×(xa+da，ya+da)；
以此类推可知其余锚节点的顶点坐标为：
(xi-di，yi-di)×(xi+di，yi+di)
最终正方形重叠区域的四个顶点坐标为：
[max(xi-di),max(yi-di)]×[min(xi-di),min(yi-di)]
则，估计的目标节点的位置是重叠区域的中心位置，其坐标为：
[(max(xi-di)+min(xi+di))/2,(max(yi-di)+min(yi+di))/2]
本发明具有如下优点和有益效果：
1.引入跳频技术，通过不断的变化信道来避免随机干扰和多径效应对通信可靠性的影响，筛选出可靠度更高的RSSI值，与直接获取RSSI进行测距定位的各种方法相比，定位精度显著提高。
2.使用带有信道认知黑名单的跳频方式，可以有效的降低RSSI值筛选过程的时间，提高系统可用性。
3.引入MinMax定位算计算定位坐标，能有效的抑制因测距误差加大造成定位坐标计算不准确，提高定位坐标精度。
附图说明
图1是本发明定位系统的基本组成结构示意图；
图2是本发明定位算法流程图；
图3是本发明测距参数获取流程图；
图4是本发明MinMax定位方法示意图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图及实施例对本发明做进一步的详细说明。
如图1所示，锚节点AP表示已知位置的参考节点，实心圆表示目标节点，闪电符号表示无线通信链路。系统的最基本组成包括：(1)三个及以上的锚节点，每个锚节点的位置信息已知。锚节点具有无线收发功能，接收天线布局方向一致。(2)待测的目标节点具有无线发射功能，发射频率、通信协议与锚节点一致，接收天线布局方向一致。(3)至少包含一个网关，主要用于采集各个锚节点发送的目标节点的RSSI信息，并将采集到的数据定位服务器。(4)定位服务器通过专用软件，计算目标节点的位置信息。
具体工作流程如图2所示：
步骤一，标定阶段，在固定点测量多个信道RSSI值，记录并计算RSSI测距模型中
的测距参数，如图3所示：
本发明采用的RSSI测距模型为“常数-对数”模型：
A＝RSSI(d)+10*n*lg(d)
其中，A,n为常数参数。通过实测两组不同的d位置的RSSI值，即可计算出A,n的值。本发明选择较短的传输距离1m和3m处的实测值来进行A和n数值的计算，通过多次多信道通信实验，将求出的A，n取平均结果，减小随机误差。
步骤二，系统准备，部署无线传感器网络，实现目标节点和锚节点的同步；
步骤三，目标节点分别使用多个信道与定位锚节点进行通信获取RSSI值，采用自动跳频技术，接收节点(即锚节点)根据一个跳频周期内收到的发送节点的位置信号强度，采用信道认知黑名单技术，排除跳频序列中RSSI值误差较大的信道，更新跳频序列和黑名单；
步骤四，信号处理阶段，将RSSI处理成信号强度幅值优化处理；
本发明采用间接方式进行信号幅值中心值计算，方法如下：
将信号强度值RSSI转换为信号幅值：
Figure PCTCN2014085237-appb-000006
其中，k为常系数，i为信道标号，RSSI为测量的信号强度值；
计算多次信号幅值结果Ai的中心值A0，将A0换算成RSSI值，即为优化的RSSI值；根据优化后的RSSI值，进而计算距离d。
所述信号幅值中心值A0的计算方法为：
Figure PCTCN2014085237-appb-000007
其中，l为定位锚节点与目标节点之间的距离，h为锚节点到地面的高度，λ为射频信号的波长。
由于定位发生在单片机上，计算能力较小，为了求解A0的近似值，可使用特解的方式来完成。取Ai的最大值Amax最小值Amin，近似计算信号幅值的中心值：
Figure PCTCN2014085237-appb-000008
所述利用幅值的中心值A0计算出优化的RSSI值，具体为：
RSSI＝2*log10(A/k)
其中，k为常系数。
所述根据优化的RSSI值和测距参数进行距离计算，具体为：
将幅值的中心值A0代入到式
Figure PCTCN2014085237-appb-000009
中计算测量的距离值。
使用该方法计算，一是包含了定位锚节点和目标节点的高度、信号频率等环境因素造成的多径反射产生的噪声，提高了不同环境适应性；二是避免了中心值超定方程的计算，降低 了计算复杂度；三是使用中心值法，能够有效抑制噪声点的出现，避免单个偏离中心过大的数据影响最终结果的准确性。
步骤五，定位阶段，在定位服务器上根据各个信号强度及距离值，计算目标节点位置坐标。
MinMax定位算法具体为：
锚节点与目标节点的计算距离d，然后以宽为2d，中心点为锚节点绘制正方形，目标节点即在其周围的所有信标节点正方形的重叠区域内；
如图4所示，以锚节点a为例，a的坐标为(xa，ya)，在a点接收到的RSSI值计算距离未知节点的估计距离为da，以2*da为边长，(xa，ya)为中心画正方形，则正方形的四个顶点的坐标为：
(xa-da，ya-da)×(xa+da，ya+da)
以此类推，其余锚节点的顶点坐标为：
(xi-di，yi-di)×(xi+di，yi+di)
最终正方形重叠区域的四个顶点坐标为：
[max(xi-di),max(yi-di)]×[min(xi-di),min(yi-di)]
则，估计的目标节点的位置是重叠区域的中心位置，其坐标可以根据四个顶点坐标计算。
[(max(xi-di)+min(xi+di))/2,(max(yi-di)+min(yi+di))/2]

Claims (10)

  1. 一种基于跳频技术的RSSI定位方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
    步骤一，标定阶段，在固定点测量多个信道RSSI值，记录并计算RSSI测距模型中的测距参数；
    步骤二，系统准备，部署无线传感器网络，实现所述无线传感器网络中目标节点和锚节点的同步；
    步骤三，目标节点分别通过多个信道与锚节点进行通信从而获取RSSI值，锚节点根据一个跳频周期内收到的发送节点的位置信号强度，排除跳频序列中RSSI值误差相对大的信道，更新跳频序列并将该信道加入到黑名单；
    步骤四，信号处理阶段，将RSSI值处理成信号强度幅值并进行优化处理；
    步骤五，定位阶段，在定位服务器上根据各个信号强度计算目标节点与锚节点之间的距离值，并计算目标节点位置坐标。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的一种基于跳频技术的RSSI定位方法，其特征在于，所述RSSI测距模型为“常数-对数”模型：
    A＝RSSI(d)+10*n*lg(d)
    其中，A为1m远处信号接收功率，n为传播因子，d为目标节点与锚节点之间的距离，A，n为测距参数。
  3. 根据权利要求1或2所述的一种基于跳频技术的RSSI定位方法，其特征在于，所述RSSI测距模型中的测距参数通过多次多信道通信实验确定，包括以下步骤：
    通过实测两组不同的d位置的RSSI值，计算出本次实测的A，n的值；
    通过多次多信道通信实测，将求出的A，n取平均结果，作为A，n的值。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的一种基于跳频技术的RSSI定位方法，其特征在于，所述无线传感器网络是由锚节点、目标节点、定位服务器及网络通路辅助设备组成的时间同步的多信道TDMA网状网络。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的一种基于跳频技术的RSSI定位方法，其特征在于，所述将RSSI值处理成信号强度幅值并进行优化处理，包括以下步骤：
    将信号强度值RSSI转换为信号幅值：
    Figure PCTCN2014085237-appb-100001
    其中，Ai为信道幅值，k为常系数，i为信道标号，RSSIi为测量的第i个信道的信号强度值；
    计算多次信号幅值Ai的中心值A0，将A0换算成RSSI值，即为优化的RSSI值；
    根据优化后的RSSI值，进而计算目标节点与锚节点之间的距离值。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的一种基于跳频技术的RSSI定位方法，其特征在于，所述信号幅值 的中心值A0的计算方法为：
    Figure PCTCN2014085237-appb-100002
    其中，l为定位锚节点与目标节点之间的距离，h为锚节点到地面的高度，λ为射频信号的波长；
    由于定位发生在单片机上，计算能力较小，为了求解A0的近似值，可使用特解的方式来完成。取Ai的最大值Amax最小值Amin，近似计算信号幅值的中心值：
    Figure PCTCN2014085237-appb-100003
  7. 根据权利要求5所述的一种基于跳频技术的RSSI定位方法，其特征在于，所述信号幅值的中心值A0的近似计算方法为：
    取Ai的最大值Amax最小值Amin，近似计算信号幅值Ai的中心值：
    Figure PCTCN2014085237-appb-100004
  8. 根据权利要求5所述的一种基于跳频技术的RSSI定位方法，其特征在于，所述利用幅值的中心值A0计算出优化的RSSI值，具体为：
    RSSI＝2*log10(A/k)
    其中，k为常系数。
  9. 根据权利要求1或5所述的一种基于跳频技术的RSSI定位方法，其特征在于，所述计算目标节点与锚节点之间的距离值，具体为：
    将幅值的中心值A0代入到式
    Figure PCTCN2014085237-appb-100005
    中计算距离值d。
  10. 根据权利要求1所述的一种基于跳频技术的RSSI定位方法，其特征在于，所述在定位服务器上根据各个信号强度及距离值计算目标节点的位置坐标，具体为：
    锚节点与目标节点的计算距离d，然后以宽为2d，中心点为锚节点绘制正方形，目标节点即在其周围的所有信标节点正方形的重叠区域内；
    锚节点的坐标为(xm，ym)，锚节点接收到的RSSI值计算距离未知节点的估计距离为dm，以2*dm为边长，(xm，ym)为中心画正方形，则正方形的四个顶点的坐标为：
    (xa-da，ya-da)×(xa+da，ya+da)；
    以此类推可知其余锚节点的顶点坐标为：
    (xi-di，yi-di)×(xi+di，yi+di)
    最终正方形重叠区域的四个顶点坐标为：
    [max(xi-di),max(yi-di)]×[min(xi-di),min(yi-di)]
    则，估计的目标节点的位置是重叠区域的中心位置，其坐标为： [(max(xi-di)+min(xi+di))/2,(max(yi-di)+min(yi+di))/2]
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