WO2015111013A2 - Synthetases de la colistine et cluster de genes correspondants - Google Patents
Synthetases de la colistine et cluster de genes correspondants Download PDFInfo
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- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/93—Ligases (6)
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
- A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K7/00—Peptides having 5 to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
- C07K7/50—Cyclic peptides containing at least one abnormal peptide link
- C07K7/54—Cyclic peptides containing at least one abnormal peptide link with at least one abnormal peptide link in the ring
- C07K7/60—Cyclic peptides containing at least one abnormal peptide link with at least one abnormal peptide link in the ring the cyclisation occurring through the 4-amino group of 2,4-diamino-butanoic acid
- C07K7/62—Polymyxins; Related peptides
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- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
- C12N15/52—Genes encoding for enzymes or proenzymes
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- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P21/00—Preparation of peptides or proteins
- C12P21/02—Preparation of peptides or proteins having a known sequence of two or more amino acids, e.g. glutathione
Definitions
- the present invention relates to bacterial genes and enzymes involved in the synthesis of polymyxin E, an antibiotic molecule used in therapy against Gram-negative bacterial infections.
- Polymyxins are antibiotic molecules isolated from Bacillus species or Paenibacillus species. These molecules are lipopeptides, consisting of:
- a peptide chain comprising ten amino acids, organized into a cyclic heptapeptide and a side chain of three amino acids, and
- polymyxins B and E have antimicrobial activity on most strains of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as all Salmonella strains, Shigellae, and many Gram-negative bacteria. These antibiotics have therefore been used as therapeutic agents in many cases. Unfortunately, their toxic effects are such that they have been gradually replaced by better tolerated antibiotics.
- Figure 3 shows the general structure of the polymyxins, and the two specific amino acids are X and Y.
- polymyxin B and E differ by a single amino acid, the residue 'X' being a phenylalanine for polymyxin B and leucine for polymyxin E, the residue 'Y' being leucine, isoleucine or valine.
- Colistin or polymyxin E is an antibiotic of the family of polymyxins, for treating infections due to Gram-positive bacteria. multi-resistant negatives. Its peptide structure is shown in Figure 1. Administered by injection, colistin is used in the management of neuromeningeal infections, urinary tract infections, urogenital infections, septicemia and superinfections of wounds, burns and ulcers. Administered by inhalation, colistin is used in the management of pulmonary infections, especially those related to cystic fibrosis. Finally, in combination with hydrocortisone and bacitracin, colistin is used to treat bacterial and inflammatory infections of the eye, as well as infections in ophthalmic surgery.
- Colistin is responsible for many adverse effects, including nephrotoxic and neurotoxic effects. These toxic effects are attributable to the cationic character of this molecule, which contains five positive charges, but also to the low degree of purity of the molecule, produced by fermenter by culturing the original bacterial strain synthesizing it, and purified from the fermentation medium. .
- polymyxins are currently obtained by isolation and purification from culture media of bacterial strains producing these molecules, including strains of Paenibacillus polymyxa.
- the purification of the molecule from the fermentation media is unsatisfactory, and this is why new production techniques are being considered.
- work is being done to identify and clone genes encoding polymyxin synthetases.
- Polymyxin synthetases belong to the family of "Non-Ribosomal
- NRPS Peptide synthetases
- the genes coding for these synthetases are organized in a cluster comprising several modules, the order and specificity of which determine the structure of the peptide product.
- NRPS allows the synthesis of peptides having a broader structural variety than would be possible if these peptides were translated from messenger RNA by ribosomes.
- the peptides thus produced can undergo modifications, in particular by the creation of bonds with hydroxylated acids, and oxidation in the peptide chain making it possible to obtain cyclic structures as well as acylations, glycosylations, and N-methylation of the residues.
- RPS synthetases consist of different modules. Each module is capable of activating an amino acid, possibly modifying it and then transferring it to the activated amino acid in the adjacent module to form a peptide. Each module is composed of several domains and allows the incorporation of a particular amino acid into the peptide being elongated. Each module contains at least 3 domains:
- An adenylation domain (A): a central domain in the action of peptides synthetases. It allows the attachment of a specific amino acid and its activation through an adenylation reaction of the latter (conversion of the amino acid to aminoacyl adenylated);
- a thiolation domain allows the peptide being synthesized to remain attached to the synthetase throughout the elongation process via a thioester linkage;
- Te domain thioesterase
- This domain will cut the thioester bond which connects the synthesized peptide to the last domain T.
- This domain also allows the cyclization of certain peptides.
- amino acid modifications such as epimerization (conversion of an L-series amino acid to the D-series isomer), methylation (addition of a methyl) or formylation (addition of a formyl group).
- the PmxA module has four adenylation domains, organized in three-dimensional "binding pocket” or "specific binding pockets” each of which incorporates a specific amino acid into the polymyxin molecule;
- the PmxB module has an adenylation domain, and is responsible for the integration of a single amino acid
- the PmxE module has five adenylation domains that integrate the five other amino acids that make up the peptide chain of the polymyxin.
- the article by Choi et al. (Jounal of Bacteriology, 2009) as well as US Pat. No. 8,329,430 describe the isolation of a "cluster" of genes of the Gram-positive strain Paenibacillus polymyxa E681 secreting polymyxin A. Five genes make up this cluster: pmxA , pmxB, pmxC, pmxD and pmxE.
- the pmxC and pmxD genes encode transport proteins, while the other three genes pmxA, pmxB and pmxE encode synthetases.
- the present invention describes the isolation of a gene cluster derived from an environmental isolated Paenibacillus alvei strain, producing polymyxin E, and their uses.
- the present invention relates to a PmxA synthetase involved in the synthesis of polymyxin E, comprising four adenylation domains, characterized in that the second adenylation domain comprises or has a particular peptide sequence represented in SEQ ID NO 1, this sequence forming a specific binding pocket for a leucine, isoleucine or valine residue.
- the present invention also relates to a PmxE synthetase involved in the synthesis of polymyxin E, comprising five adenylation domains and an epimerization domain.
- the present application also relates to a group of genes coding for enzymes involved in the synthesis of polymyxin E, comprising a gene coding for the PmxA synthetase, genes coding for the PmxB and PmxE synthetases, and genes encoding the proteins of transport PmxC and PmxD.
- the present invention also relates to transformed microorganisms expressing at least the pmxA, pmxB and pmxE genes, modified or not, said transformed microorganisms producing polymyxin E or variant molecules of this polymyxin.
- FIG. 7 (A) MS / MS spectrum corresponding to the fragmentation of the dicharged precursor ion (m / z 578.38). (B) Proposed structure for the corresponding E2 colistin peptide.
- AG fatty acid (C8H150); L-Dab: L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid; Thr: Threonine; Leu: Leucine.
- the figures surrounded by squares correspond to the ions produced in the first series.
- FIG. 8 (A) MS / MS spectrum corresponding to the fragmentation of the dicharged precursor ion (m / z 571.38). (B) Proposed structure for the corresponding Val-E2 peptide.
- AG fatty acid (C8H150); L-Dab: L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid; Thr: Threonine; Ile: Isoleucine; Leu: Leucine; Val: Valine.
- the figures surrounded by squares correspond to the ions produced in the first series, those surrounded by circles correspond to the ions produced in the second series.
- the invention relates to the isolation and identification of novel genes encoding polymyxin E synthetases, in particular a gene coding for the "PmxA" synthetase having a particular adenylation site, forming a pocket of Specific binding allowing the integration in the polymyxin molecule of a leucine or isoleucine residue.
- polynucleotide refers to a chain of covalently linked nucleotides.
- this term refers to nucleic acids such as ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
- the "percent identity" between two nucleic acid sequences in the sense of the present invention is determined by comparing the two optimally aligned sequences through a comparison window.
- the part of the nucleotide sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (for example "gaps") with respect to the reference sequence (which does not include these additions or deletions) so as to obtain an alignment optimal between the two sequences.
- the percent identity is calculated by determining the number of positions at which an identical nucleic base is observed for the two compared sequences, and then dividing the number of positions at which there is identity between the two nucleobases by the total number of positions in the comparison window, then multiplying the result by one hundred in order to obtain the percentage of nucleotide identity of the two sequences between them.
- the optimal alignment of the sequences for the comparison can be performed in a computer manner using known algorithms.
- polypeptide refers to a chain of covalently linked amino acids.
- polymyxin E synthetases refers to enzymes capable of incorporating a specific amino acid into the amino acid chain forming polymyxin E, and optionally converting the amino acid to form a cyclic structure.
- adenylation site or "adenylation domain” refers, in the polymyxin synthetase molecule, to the domain that plays a role in the selection and activation of the amino acid, while the “domain of condensation” Catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond and that the "thiolation domain” is responsible for transporting the compounds in formation between the modules.
- epimerization site designates in a synthetase a domain for converting a residue having a levorotatory chirality 'L' into its dextrorotatory chirality enantiomer 'D', in particular an L, ⁇ , ⁇ -diaminobutyric acid residue (L -Dab) to the residue D- ⁇ , ⁇ -diaminobutyric acid (D-Dab).
- binding pocket refers to an area of the protein having a three-dimensional "pocket” structure, in which interactions of high specificity with a substrate or, in this case, an amino acid, will allow selection and activation. this amino acid.
- underlined amino acids being conserved means that even if slight sequence variations can be observed between two proteins having the same catalytic activity, the indicated amino acids are essential to the specificity and activity of this protein. and therefore can not be modified, otherwise lose or reduce the specificity and / or activity of this protein.
- the present invention relates to a PmxA synthetase involved in the synthesis of polymyxin E, comprising four adenylation sites, characterized in that the second adenylation site has at least 90% identity with the following peptide sequence:
- amino acids underlined DGFFLGVVYK being preserved and forming a specific binding pocket for a leucine, isoleucine or valine residue.
- the second PmxA adenylation site has 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identity.
- the underlined amino acids DGFFLGVVYK being conserved and forming a specific binding pocket for a leucine isoleucine or valine residue.
- the second PmxA adenylation site has a peptide sequence comprising or consisting of the peptide sequence SEQ ID NO 27, the underlined amino acids DGFFLGVVYK being conserved and forming a specific binding pocket for a residue. leucine isoleucine or valine.
- the PmxA synthetase comprises four specific binding pockets comprising the following amino acids:
- DAWIVGAIVK (SEQ ID No. 2), specific for a leucine residue
- DVGEISAIDK (SEQ ID No. 5), specific for a diaminobutyric acid residue.
- sequences SEQ ID No. 2, 3, 4 and 5 group the essential amino acids forming a functional binding pocket in three-dimensional structure, but are not consecutive amino acids in a peptide sequence.
- the PmxA synthetase comprises the polypeptide sequence presented in SEQ ID No. 6, and shown in FIG. 5, the adenylation domains being indicated in bold, the amino acids forming the binding pocket being underlined.
- this sequence may comprise, in addition to the sequence presented in SEQ ID No. 6, additional amino acids at the N- and C-terminal ends.
- polypeptide sequence of the PmxA synthetase consists of the polypeptide sequence presented in SEQ ID No. 6.
- the PmxA synthetase has a sequence that comprises, or consists of, the polypeptide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO 25.
- PmxA synthetase has four adenylation sites at the following positions:
- the four adenylation sites are in the following positions:
- the present invention also relates to a PmxE synthetase involved in the synthesis of polymyxin E, comprising five adenylation sites and an epimerization site, characterized in that the epimerization site has at least 90% identity with the Peptide sequence as presented in SEQ ID NO 30.
- the peptide sequence of the PmxE synthetase comprises or consists of the sequence represented in sequence SEQ ID NO 14.
- This synthetase is responsible for the integration of residues Nos. 1 to 5 (see FIG. 1 for numbering) in the peptide chain of the polymyxin E molecule.
- This synthetase has the functional characteristic of being able to convert the L-Dab residue into its D-Dab stereoisomer, and to incorporate said stereoisomer at the 3-position in a polymyxin E peptide chain.
- Such a polymyxin variant molecule could exhibit improved antimicrobial properties, as has been proposed in the literature (Hong SY et al, Lee DL et al, 2004).
- the present invention also relates to a nucleic acid comprising an open reading frame, encoding a synthetase involved in the synthesis of polymyxin E, having at least 90% identity with the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID No. 7, provided that the nucleotides encoding the amino acids underlined DGFFLGVVYK sequence SEQ ID NO 1 are preserved.
- the nucleic acid encoding a synthetase involved in the synthesis of polymyxin E has 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99 % or 100% with the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO 7, provided that the nucleotides encoding the amino acids underlined DGFFLGVVYK of the sequence SEQ ID NO 1 are preserved.
- nucleotides are conserved indicates that these nucleotides encoding the amino acids DGFFLGVVYK of the sequence SEQ ID NO 1 must be identical to those observed in the same position in the sequence SEQ ID NO 7, or different provided that the codons formed by these nucleotides encode the amino acids DGFFLGVVYK underlined in the sequence SEQ ID NO 1.
- amino acids are essential to the specificity and activity of this synthetase and therefore can not be modified, otherwise lose or reduce the specificity of this binding pocket.
- the nucleic acid encoding a PmxA synthetase involved in the synthesis of polymyxin E comprises a nucleotide sequence coding for the second adenylation site of this PmxA synthetase, consisting of the nucleotide sequence presented in FIG. SEQ ID NO 28.
- the present invention also relates to a group of genes coding for enzymes involved in the synthesis of polymyxin E, comprising in particular:
- this group of genes comprises the pmxE gene coding for a PmxE synthetase comprising an epimerization domain whose peptide sequence comprises or consists of the sequence represented in SEQ ID NO 30.
- this gene group also comprises genes coding respectively for the transport proteins PmxC and PmxD.
- the sequences of the PmxC and PmxD proteins isolated from the Paenibacillus alvei strain are shown in SEQ ID NO 12 and NO 13, respectively.
- this group of genes involved in the synthesis of polymyxin E comprises:
- a pmxA gene having at least 90% identity with the sequence SEQ ID No. 7, provided that the nucleotides encoding the underlined amino acids DGFFLGVVYK of the sequence SEQ ID NO 1 are preserved,
- this group of genes involved in the synthesis of polymyxin E comprises:
- a pmxA gene exhibiting at least 95% identity with the sequence SEQ ID No. 7, provided that the portion of nucleic acid encoding the amino acids underlined DGFFLGVVYK is conserved,
- this group of genes involved in the synthesis of polymyxin E comprises:
- a pmxA gene comprising a nucleotide sequence having 100% identity with the sequence SEQ ID No. 7, and in particular comprising a nucleotide sequence as presented in SEQ ID No. 26,
- a pmxB gene comprising a nucleotide sequence having 100% identity with the sequence SEQ ID No. 8, and
- a pmxE gene comprising a nucleotide sequence having 100% identity with the sequence SEQ ID No. 9.
- the present invention also relates to a nucleic acid comprising or consisting of a sequence SEQ ID No. 10, or a sequence SEQ ID No. 29, representing the complete sequence of the cluster derived from the Paenibacillus alvei strain, comprising the pmxA genes, pmxB, pmxC, pmxD and pmxE involved in polymyxin E synthesis.
- SEQ ID NO: 1 Protein 523 Peptide sequence of the second acidic site of adenylation of a PmxA synthetase resulting from amines of a strain of Paenibacillus alvei
- SEQ ID NO 2 Protein 10 acids Binding pocket of the 1 st amino-adenylation domain PmxA, these amino acids forming a specific binding pocket for a leucine residue
- SEQ ID NO 3 10 A protein acids Binding pocket 2 nd domain amino adenylation of PmxA, these amino acids forming a specific binding pocket for leucine, isoleucine or valine
- SEQ ID NO 4 10 Protein acids Binding pocket of the 3rd field amino adenylation of PmxA, these amino acids forming a specific binding pocket for diaminobutyric acid residue
- SEQ ID NO 5 10 Protein acids Binding pocket of the 4 th domain amino adenylation of PmxA, these amino acids forming a specific binding pocket for diaminobutyric acid residue
- SEQ ID NO 7 DNA 14901 Coding sequence for the PmxA synthetase pairs having the sequence SEQ ID NO 6 bases
- SEQ ID NO 8 DNA 3306 Coding sequence for PmxB synthetase Paenibacillus alvei issue pairs
- SEQ ID NO. 9 DNA 18876 Coding sequence for the PmxE synthetase pairs of Paenibacillus alvei issue, presenting the sequence SEQ ID NO 31
- SEQ ID NO DNA 41169 Sequence encoding a complete 10-pair cluster comprising the pmxA, pmxB, pmxC, pmxD, and pmxE genes from Paenibacillus alvei
- SEQ ID NO Protein 1102 Peptide sequence of PmxB 11 acid synthetase from a strain of Paenibacillus alvei
- SEQ ID NO Protein 608 Peptide sequence of PmxC protein derived from 12 acids of a strain of Paenibacillus alvei
- PmxA acids from a strain of Paenibacillus amine alvei SEQ ID NO DNA 14997 Coding sequence for PmxA synthetase
- 29 pairs comprising the pmxA, pmxB, pmxC, pmxD, and pmxE bases from Paenibacillus alvei
- SEQ ID NO Protein 431 Complete peptide sequence of the enzyme 31 allowing the biosynthesis of Dab, resulting from a strain of Paenibacillus alvei
- the present invention also relates to an expression vector comprising a gene coding for a PmxA synthetase as defined above, or a nucleic acid coding for a PmxA synthetase as defined above, and / or a gene coding for a PmxE synthetase as defined above.
- vector In the context of the invention, the terms “vector”, “expression vector” and “plasmid” are equivalent and are used according to the usual meaning in the field of molecular biology, genetic engineering and microbiology . Very briefly, it is a DNA molecule, non-viral, hosted by a host cell, distinct from the natural chromosomal DNA of said host cell and capable of autonomous replication.
- a “vector” is obtained by conventional techniques of molecular biology and genetic engineering, and in which one or more exogenous nucleotide sequences have have been inserted (or cloned).
- the present invention relates to a vector for the expression, by a host cell, of exogenous nucleotide sequences, comprising:
- the choice of vector and, more particularly, the origin of replication it carries depends on the host cell that will host it. Depending on the type of host cells, multiple copies of a vector and / or more different vectors may be introduced into the same host cell, simultaneously or sequentially.
- the choice of the vector will also depend on the size of the nucleic acid sequence to be expressed. In particular, for sequences greater than 20 kilobase pairs, the fosmids, vectors capable of containing large nucleic acid sequences (up to 40 kilobase pairs), will be preferred. It is also possible to use several vectors each comprising a portion of a set of genes, and to transfer several vectors in the same host cell, this making it possible to express a whole set of genes in the same strain.
- vectors that may contain large sequences are cosmids and artificial bacterial chromosomes (BACs).
- BACs artificial bacterial chromosomes
- the expression vector comprises totally or partially a group of genes as defined above.
- the expression vector comprises totally or partially a nucleic acid as defined above, in particular comprising the sequence presented in SEQ ID No. 10 or in SEQ ID No. 29.
- the expression vector is a fosmid comprising the entire DNA sequence encoding the complete cluster comprising the pmxA, pmxB, pmxC, pmxD, and pmxE genes from Paenibacillus alvei, having the sequence SEQ ID NO 10.
- polymyxin enzymes involved in the synthesis of polymyxin, in particular polymyxin E. They are enzymes allowing the biosynthesis of the residue Dab, this residue being the residue predominantly integrated in the peptide chain of polymyxin E, and enzymes allowing the binding of the fatty acid on the peptide part.
- ⁇ , ⁇ -diaminobutyric acid residue (Dab) was identified and isolated from the bacterial strain of Paenibacillus alvei described in the examples.
- the peptide sequence of this enzyme comprises or consists of the peptide sequence presented in sequence SEQ ID NO 31.
- the nucleic acid coding for this enzyme comprises or consists of the nucleotide sequence presented in sequence SEQ ID NO 32.
- this transaminase-active enzyme can be expressed in a microorganism intended to produce polymyxin E, in combination with the PmxA, PmxB and PmxE synthetases, and preferably also with the PmxC and PmxD transport molecules.
- This transaminase comprising 431 residues exhibits sequence homology with enzymes having similar functions, derived from other microorganisms, as shown in the following Table 2:
- Enzymes allowing the binding of the fatty acid to the peptide chain of polymyxin E, thus having acyl transferase activity, have also been identified and isolated from the bacterial strain of Paenibacillus alvei described above.
- At least one acyl transferase will be expressed in a microorganism intended to produce polymyxin E, in combination with the PmxA, PmxB and PmxE synthetases, and preferably also with the PmxC and PmxD transport molecules, and more preferably also with an enzyme for biosynthesis of the ⁇ , ⁇ -diaminobutyric acid residue (Dab).
- the binding of the fatty acid on the peptide chain of polymyxin E may also be carried out by chemical coupling, according to one of the techniques well known to those skilled in the art.
- host cell or "host microorganism” is used in the context of the present invention to designate a cell that has been transformed, that is to say in which exogenous DNA has been introduced, this DNA exogenous being especially in the form of an expression vector comprising a sequence of interest, which will be expressed thanks to the cellular machinery of the host cell, capable of synthesizing from the exogenous DNA the messenger RNAs and the corresponding proteins to this DNA.
- the present application relates in particular to a microorganism transformed by introduction of a gene or group of genes as defined above, or of one or more expression vectors as presented above.
- the invention relates in particular to a microorganism transformed by introduction:
- a gene coding for a PmxE synthetase as defined above or an expression vector comprising a DNA sequence coding for a PmxA synthetase as defined above, in particular the sequence as presented in SEQ ID No. 7 or in SEQ ID No. 26.
- the invention also relates to a microorganism transformed by introducing a group of genes as defined above, or a nucleic acid encoding all or part of the pmxA, pmxB and pmxE genes, as defined above. above, or at least one expression vector comprising a gene coding for all or part of the pmxA, pmxB and pmxE genes, as defined above.
- the microorganism is furthermore transformed to comprise at least one nucleic acid encoding an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the Dab residue, and in particular a nucleic acid comprising a sequence comprising or consisting of the sequence SEQ ID NO 32.
- the microorganism is furthermore transformed to comprise at least one nucleic acid encoding an acyl-transferase-active enzyme catalyzing the binding of a fatty acid to the peptide chain of polymyxin E .
- microorganisms The transformation of microorganisms is a technique commonly used in molecular biology laboratories, allowing the introduction of exogenous DNA into the microorganism.
- Various techniques allow the transformation of a microorganism, including a competent bacterium, and are all well known to those skilled in the art. In particular mention may be made of electroporation and the use of calcium chloride followed by heat shock.
- the introduced gene or gene group is overexpressed.
- the overexpression of a gene can be defined by an increased expression of this gene, that is to say a greater production of messenger RNA and protein encoded by this gene, in the cell.
- the expression of the protein will notably be increased by 50%, 100%, 150%, 200% or even 300% with respect to the level of endogenous expression observed in a bacterium expressing this gene in a natural way, before any transformation.
- Overexpression of a gene can be achieved in a number of ways, all well known to those skilled in the art.
- the vector used will comprise a strong promoter under the control of which the gene will be inserted, and said vector will be present in a large number of copies, in particular 10, 20, 50 or 100 copies in the host cell.
- a particularly suitable microorganism is a bacterium belonging to the genus Bacillus or Paenibacillus.
- the B. subtilis and Paenibacillus polymyxa species are particularly suitable for the expression of polymyxin synthetases and for the production of polymyxin E.
- Strains of the genus Paenibacillus, and in particular Paenibacillus alvei, and more particularly the Paenibacillus alvei strain isolated in the environment by the inventors, can also be used as a host microorganism to be transformed with the vector or the nucleic acid as defined above.
- synthetic bacteria can also be used in the context of the present invention as host cells.
- the present application also relates to a method for producing polymyxin E, comprising:
- appropriate mineral medium denotes a culture medium for the growth of microorganisms, including in particular mineral salts and nutrients.
- a preferred medium has the following specific composition: anhydrous KH 2 PO 4 0.45% (w / v), K 2 HPO 4 , 3H 2 O 1, 13% (w / v), (H 4 ) 2 SO 4 , 6% (w / v), glucose 0.6% (w / v), thiamine 0.001% w / v, MgSO 4 , 7H 2 O 0.02% (w / v).
- This medium may also include, where appropriate, a precursor necessary for the synthesis of polymyxin, in particular diaminobutyric acid.
- the culture is carried out at a temperature of 30 ° C, and lasts at least 25 hours.
- the culture takes place in 200 ml of mineral medium in flasks of 1 L, with stirring, for 30 h at 30 ° C.
- the present invention also relates to a method for producing polymyxin E variants, comprising culturing a microorganism as defined above, in an appropriate mineral medium, and purification from the culture medium of or variants of polymyxin E
- the present invention also relates to polymyxin E variants obtained according to the production method as described above.
- Polymyxin E variants denote molecules derived from the structure of polymyxin E (see FIG. 1) and which may, for example, have one or more different amino acids, without however being classified as belonging to another type of polymyxin.
- the types of molecules detected in the culture medium of the Paenibacillus alvei strain BL-R are polymyxin E variants which have the following structural difference: the residue at position 3 can be a D-Dab residue in place and of an L-Dab residue observed in the classical structure of polymyxin E.
- variant forms can be natural or synthetic.
- natural variants is meant variants synthesized by unprocessed microorganisms;
- synthetic variants means variant forms synthesized by transformed microorganisms, which have not been identified in the natural state.
- polymyxin synthetases encoded by the pmxA, pmxB and pmxE genes can be modified to become specific for the binding of certain amino acids used in the composition of polymyxin E, in order to synthesize polymyxin E variants with less cationic charges. and therefore less toxic to the human body.
- polymyxin E has advantages and in particular a lower toxicity than polymyxin E.
- the present invention relates to these variants, as well as their use in the treatment of gram-negative bacterial infections.
- a colistin-producing microorganism (polymyxins E1 and E2) belonging to the species Paenibacillus alvei was isolated from the environment and cultivated.
- a genomic DNA library was constructed in Escherichia coli using fosmidic vectors (900 clones). The search for coding genes for the enzymes synthesizing colistin was performed by degenerate PCR. The primers used were defined in order to amplify the specialized domains in the integration of diaminobutyric acid (Dab), the amino acid most represented in the structure of colistin (6 amino acids / 12). Three clones of interest were selected and sequenced (Roche GS FLX). The sequences obtained could be assembled on 50 kb.
- A, B, C, D and E describe a cluster of about 41 kb with A (14.9 kb), B (3.3 kb), C (1.8 kb), D (1.7 kb) and E ( 18.9 kb) which is represented in FIG.
- genes A, B and E have been identified as coding for synthetases.
- An in silico study has predicted the involvement of these synthetases in the colistin assembly (http: // nrps.formatik.uni-tuebingen.de/ and http://nrps.igs.umaryland.edu/nrps /).
- Genes C and D could in turn be involved in the export and resistance of the producing microorganism to colistin.
- oligonucleotides are represented in SEQ ID NO 15 to 24.
- Example 2 Comparison of adenylation domains of various Paenibacillus strains producing molecules belonging to the family of polymyxins.
- NRPS non-ribosomal synthetases
- These synthetases are capable of elaborating a particular peptide without relying on the translation of an mRNA template.
- the specificity of the peptide chain produced depends on a precise amino acid sequence of the synthetase constituting an adenylation domain.
- Four adenylation domains have been identified in silico for B-LR synthetase A, one for B and five for E.
- Each adenylation domain contains a signature of ten amino acids which gives it the specificity of integrating an amino acid accurate to the non-ribosomal peptide being elongated.
- These signatures were identified in silico and compared to those described in the literature (Table 4) using the program available at the following address: http: // nrps. informatik.uni-tuebingen.de/.
- Strains E681 and ATCC21830 are described in US Pat. No. 8,329,430. Strain PKB 1 is described in the article by Shaheen et al. , 2011.
- strain M-1 is described in the article by Niu et al., 2013.
- the B-LR synthetases are distinguished at the second adenylation domain of the PmxA synthetase and the third domain of the PmxE synthetase.
- a sequence of 1650 bp beginning at the end of pmxD and ending at the beginning of pmxE was selected and amplified. It has the distinction of having a unique restriction site to the SacII enzyme.
- the amplified sequence was cloned into plasmid pGEM® 7Z.
- the gene coding for apramycin resistance has been integrated at the SacII restriction site.
- This construct was introduced into B-LR by electroporation.
- the selection of the mutants having undergone a double recombination event was carried out by cultivation on an agar medium supplemented with apramycin.
- the antimicrobial activity of the mutant supernatant was compared to that of B-LR.
- the mutant 5 culture supernatant is less active than the wild bacterium B-LR on 5 aeruginosa ( Figure 4).
- Example 4 Characteristics of the PmxE synthetase from Paenibacittus
- the peptide sequence of the PmxE synthetase is presented in sequence SEQ ID No. 14.
- sequence of the epimerization domain is presented in SEQ ID NO.
- 3205 3665 comprises at least 461 residues between and including the Val to Leu residue of the sequence SEQ ID No. 14.
- One of the characteristics of the non-ribosomal peptides is the presence of stereoisomeric amino acids (L). Usually, an amino acid (L) is activated by domain A, which then directly incorporates it. But sometimes, this amino acid series (L) can be converted into its form (D) by an epimerization domain, before the formation of the peptide bond. According to in silico predictions, two domains of epimerization were identified in modules 3 and 6 of the pmx cluster. This suggests that a stereochemical change of the amino acids present in these places is possible.
- the PmxE synthetase according to the invention therefore has the property of converting the L-Dab residue into its stereoisomer (D), and of integrating it in position 3 (see FIG. 1) into the synthesized polymyxin E molecule.
- Said polymyxin E molecules comprising a D-Dab residue at position 3 are polymyxin E variants.
- the microorganism (B-LR) produces several types of polymyxin E molecules comprising at position 7 a leucine, isoleucine or valine residue.
- a 0.0002% colistin sulfate control solution was prepared in the microorganism culture medium (M63T medium). Four fractions were recovered and analyzed by UPLC-MS (Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography - tandem mass spectrometer). The two peaks corresponding to the E1 and E2 polymyxins present in the positive control were found in the fourth extraction fraction.
- Strain B-LR has a maximum level of antimicrobial activity at 30 hours of culture. At this time, the culture supernatant was recovered and filtered (0.22 ⁇ m) before being subjected to a solid phase extraction step. The peptides of the fourth fraction were analyzed by UPLC-MS. Seventeen elution peaks were observed in this fourth fraction. Among them, the main peaks with retention times of 1.61 and 1.52 minutes, respectively, have molecular weights [M + H] + of 1169.7727 and 1155.7555 respectively. They correspond respectively to the known polymyxins E1 and E2, having the same peptide structure and differing by their fatty acids, respectively of formula C 9 H 17 O and C 8 H 5 0.
- Tandem-mode mass spectrometry (MS / MS) is used to determine amino acid linkage through fragmentation of the peptide bond. This technique consists in combining two analyzers separated by a collision cell. A first step is to select an ion from the ionization source in the quadrupole: it is the parent ion or precursor.
- This ion undergoes fragmentation in the collision cell as a result of bombardment by Argon atoms, and gives 'son' or 'product' ions which will be analyzed and detected by the time-of-flight analyzer ( Time of Flight, TOF).
- the TOF analyzer is based on the measurement of the time that the ions spend traveling a given distance, which makes it possible to detect the m / z ratios and thus to determine the mass of the corresponding ions.
- the mass spectra obtained for colistin E 1 , E 2 and val-colistin E 2 have values of [M + 2H] respectively of 585.39; 578.38 and 571.38.
- the fragmentation of parent ions of E and E 2 colistins gives m / z daughter ions 829, 728, 628, 427, 327 and 227 (FIGS. 6 and 7) which are formed by loss of amino acid fragments.
- the fragmentation of the parent ion of val-colistin E 2 gives m / z 815, 714, 614, 514, 413, 313 and 213 ( Figure 8) son ions also formed by loss of amino acid fragments.
- Colistins E 1 and E 2 have the same amino acid sequences with a molecular weight difference of 14 Da which corresponds to a loss of a CH 2 at the level of the fatty acid.
- strain B-LR produces colistin Ei, colistin E 2 and valine colistin E 2 (Val-E 2 ).
- Bacillus is a heterologous expression host phylogenetically close to B-LR.
- the fosmid manipulated to host the entire colistin production cluster is transferred to the recipient strain by electroporation.
- the transformed strains are selected on agar medium supplemented with antibiotics.
- the production of colistin is in a liquid medium supplemented with diaminobutyric acid (synthesis precursor).
- the detection of colistin is carried out after separation of the biomass from the culture supernatant. Extractions make it possible to isolate colistin before its characterization in mass spectrometry.
- Polymyxin P is the active principle in suppressing phytopathogenic Erwinia spp., By the biocontrol rhizobacterium Paenibacteria polymyxa ⁇ - ⁇ . BMC Microbiol 2013 Jun 18; 13 (1): 137.
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EP15704379.5A EP3099790A2 (fr) | 2014-01-27 | 2015-01-26 | Synthetases de la colistine et cluster de genes correspondants |
JP2016565583A JP6637904B2 (ja) | 2014-01-27 | 2015-01-26 | コリスチンシンセターゼ及び対応する遺伝子のクラスター |
CA2944826A CA2944826A1 (fr) | 2014-01-27 | 2015-01-26 | Synthetases de la colistine et cluster de genes correspondants |
US15/113,978 US10246697B2 (en) | 2014-01-27 | 2015-01-26 | Colistin synthetases and corresponding gene cluster |
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WO1998020836A2 (fr) | 1996-11-15 | 1998-05-22 | Pathogenesis Corporation | Colistine pure et biologiquement active, ses composants et formulation de colistine servant a traiter des infections pulmonaires |
WO2009098357A1 (fr) | 2008-02-08 | 2009-08-13 | Northern Antibiotics Oy | Dérivés de polymyxine à queue acide gras court et leurs utilisations |
US8329430B2 (en) | 2005-12-09 | 2012-12-11 | Korea Research Institute Of Bioscience And Biotechnology | Polymyxin synthetase and gene cluster thereof |
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US8193148B2 (en) * | 2008-02-08 | 2012-06-05 | Northern Antibiotics Ltd. | Short fatty acid tail polymyxin derivatives and uses thereof |
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WO1998020836A2 (fr) | 1996-11-15 | 1998-05-22 | Pathogenesis Corporation | Colistine pure et biologiquement active, ses composants et formulation de colistine servant a traiter des infections pulmonaires |
US8329430B2 (en) | 2005-12-09 | 2012-12-11 | Korea Research Institute Of Bioscience And Biotechnology | Polymyxin synthetase and gene cluster thereof |
WO2009098357A1 (fr) | 2008-02-08 | 2009-08-13 | Northern Antibiotics Oy | Dérivés de polymyxine à queue acide gras court et leurs utilisations |
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CHOI ET AL., JOUNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, 2009 |
CHOI SK; PARK SY; KIM R; KIM SB; LEE CH; KIM JF; PARK SH: "Identification of a polymyxin synthetase gene cluster of Paenibacillus polymyxa and heterologous expression of the gene in Bacillus subtilis", J. BACTERIOL., vol. 191, no. 10, May 2009 (2009-05-01), pages 3350 - 3358, XP055139000, DOI: doi:10.1128/JB.01728-08 |
DECRESCENZO HENRIKSEN; D.R. PHILLIPS; J.B. DORAN PETERSON: "Polymyxin E production by P. amylolyticus E", LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, vol. 45, no. 5, November 2007 (2007-11-01), pages 491 - 496 |
GOVAERTS, C.; ORWA, J.; VAN SCHEPDAEL, A.; ROETS, E.; HOOGMARTENS, J.: "Characterization of polypeptide antibiotics of the polymyxin series by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization ion trap tandem mass spectrometry.", JPEPT SCI, vol. 8, 2002, pages 45 - 55 |
GOVAERTS, C.; ORWA, J.; VAN SCHEPDAEL, A.; ROETS, E.; HOOGMARTENS, J.: "Liquid chromatography-ion trap tandem mass spectrometry for the characterization of polypeptide antibiotics of the colistin series in commercial samples", J CHROMATOGR A, vol. 976, 2002, pages 65 - 78, XP004388773, DOI: doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(02)00375-8 |
HONG SY; OH JE; LEE KH: "Effect of D-amino acid substitution on the stability, the secondary structure, and the activity of membrane-active peptide", BIOCHEM PHARMACOL., vol. 58, no. 11, 1 December 1999 (1999-12-01), pages 1775 - 80, XP055155981, DOI: doi:10.1016/S0006-2952(99)00259-2 |
LEE DL; POWERS JP; PFLEGERL K; VASIL ML; HANCOCK RE; HODGES RS: "Effects of single D-amino acid substitutions on disruption of beta-sheet structure and hydrophobicity in cyclic 14-residue antimicrobial peptide analogs related to gramicidin S", J PEPT RES., vol. 63, no. 2, February 2004 (2004-02-01), pages 69 - 84 |
M SHAHEEN; J LI; AC ROSS; JC VEDERAS; SE JENSEN: "Paenibacillus polymyxa PKBI Produces Variants of Polymyxin B-Type Antibiotics", CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY, vol. 18, no. 12, 23 December 2011 (2011-12-23), pages 1640 - 1648 |
MARTTI VAARA; TIMO VAARA: "Structure-activity studies on novel polymyxin derivatives that carry only three positive charges", PEPTIDES, vol. 31, no. 12, December 2010 (2010-12-01), pages 2318 - 2321, XP027451708, DOI: doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2010.09.010 |
NIU B; VATER J; RUECKERT C; BLOM J; LEHMANN M; RU JJ; CHEN XH; WANG Q; BORRISS R.: "Polymyxin P is the active principle in suppressing phytopathogenic Erwinia spp. by the biocontrol rhizobacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa M-1", BMC MICROBIOL., vol. 13, no. 1, 18 June 2013 (2013-06-18), pages 137, XP021154551, DOI: doi:10.1186/1471-2180-13-137 |
SAMBROOK ET AL.: "Molecular Cloning: a Laboratory Manual'", 1989, COLD SPRING HARBOR LAB. |
See also references of EP3099790A2 |
SHAHEEN ET AL., CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY, 2011 |
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CA2944826A1 (fr) | 2015-07-30 |
EP3099790A2 (fr) | 2016-12-07 |
US10246697B2 (en) | 2019-04-02 |
FR3016888B1 (fr) | 2021-01-22 |
FR3016888A1 (fr) | 2015-07-31 |
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