WO2015087963A1 - 電解液及び電気化学デバイス - Google Patents
電解液及び電気化学デバイス Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015087963A1 WO2015087963A1 PCT/JP2014/082813 JP2014082813W WO2015087963A1 WO 2015087963 A1 WO2015087963 A1 WO 2015087963A1 JP 2014082813 W JP2014082813 W JP 2014082813W WO 2015087963 A1 WO2015087963 A1 WO 2015087963A1
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- fluorine
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- spirobipyrrolidinium
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/54—Electrolytes
- H01G11/58—Liquid electrolytes
- H01G11/62—Liquid electrolytes characterised by the solute, e.g. salts, anions or cations therein
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/54—Electrolytes
- H01G11/58—Liquid electrolytes
- H01G11/60—Liquid electrolytes characterised by the solvent
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0568—Liquid materials characterised by the solutes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrolytic solution and an electrochemical device including the electrolytic solution.
- an electrolytic solution used for an electrochemical device such as an electric double layer capacitor, a quaternary ammonium salt or the like is dissolved in an organic solvent such as a cyclic carbonate such as propylene carbonate or a nitrile compound (for example, see Patent Document 1). Things are often used.
- Patent Document 4 discloses that as an electrolytic solution used for an electric double layer capacitor that can operate even at an extremely low temperature, a solvent containing acetonitrile and a quaternary ammonium salt include triethylmethylammonium tetrafluoroborate or tetrafluoroborate. An electrolyte containing acid spirobipyrrolidinium is described.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above-described situation, and an object thereof is to provide an electrolytic solution having a low initial resistance, a resistance that does not easily increase even when used for a long time, and a high capacity retention. To do.
- the inventor used a mononitrile compound as the nitrile compound, and used a quaternary ammonium salt.
- the concentration of the spirobipyrrolidinium salt should be in the range of 0.70 mol / liter or more and less than 1.00 mol / liter with respect to the entire electrolyte.
- the inventor shall use a mononitrile compound as the nitrile compound and a spirobipyrrolidinium salt as the quaternary ammonium salt, particularly in the electrolytic solution containing the nitrile compound and the quaternary ammonium salt. Furthermore, by adding a non-fluorinated sulfolane compound and adjusting the concentration of the spirobipyrrolidinium salt to a range of 0.70 mol / liter or more and 1.30 mol / liter or less with respect to the whole electrolyte solution, In the obtained electrochemical device, the inventors have found that the initial resistance can be reduced, the resistance increase can be sufficiently suppressed, and the capacity retention rate can be sufficiently improved, and the present invention has been achieved.
- the present invention includes a mononitrile compound and a spirobipyrrolidinium salt, and the spirobipyrrolidinium salt is an electrolyte solution (provided that the amount is 0.70 mol / liter or more and less than 1.00 mol / liter). , Excluding those containing non-fluorinated sulfolane compounds) (hereinafter also referred to as the first electrolytic solution of the present invention).
- the present invention also includes a mononitrile compound, a non-fluorinated sulfolane compound, and a spirobipyrrolidinium salt, the spirobipyrrolidinium salt being 0.70 mol / liter or more and 1.30 mol / liter. It is also the following electrolytic solution (hereinafter also referred to as the second electrolytic solution of the present invention).
- the spirobipyrrolidinium salt is preferably spirobipyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate.
- the mononitrile compound is preferably acetonitrile.
- the first and second electrolytic solutions of the present invention preferably further contain 0.05 to 5.0% by mass of a dinitrile compound.
- the first and second electrolytic solutions of the present invention preferably further contain 0.05 to 5.0% by mass of fluorine-containing chain sulfone or fluorine-containing chain sulfonic acid ester.
- the first and second electrolytic solutions of the present invention are preferably used for electrochemical devices.
- the first and second electrolytic solutions of the present invention are preferably used for electric double layer capacitors.
- This invention is also an electrochemical device provided with the said 1st or 2nd electrolyte solution, a positive electrode, and a negative electrode.
- the electrochemical device of the present invention is preferably an electric double layer capacitor.
- initial stage resistance is small, resistance cannot raise easily, and also the electrolyte solution and electrochemical device which can implement
- Both the first and second electrolytic solutions of the present invention contain a mononitrile compound and a spirobipyrrolidinium salt.
- the second electrolytic solution of the present invention further contains a non-fluorinated sulfolane compound.
- the concentration of the spirobipyrrolidinium salt in the first electrolytic solution of the present invention is 0.70 mol / liter or more and less than 1.00 mol / liter. Preferably it is 0.75 mol / liter or more, More preferably, it is 0.80 mol / liter or more, Preferably it is 0.95 mol / liter or less, More preferably, it is 0.90 mol / liter or less.
- the concentration of the spirobipyrrolidinium salt in the second electrolytic solution of the present invention is 0.70 mol / liter or more and 1.30 mol / liter or less. Preferably it is 0.75 mol / liter or more, More preferably, it is 0.80 mol / liter or more. Further, it is preferably 1.25 mol / liter or less, more preferably 1.20 mol / liter or less, still more preferably less than 1.00 mol / liter, and particularly preferably 0.95 mol / liter. Or less, and most preferably 0.90 mol / liter or less.
- a higher salt concentration is advantageous in that an electrochemical device having a small initial resistance and a large capacity can be provided.
- Examples of the mononitrile compound include the following formula (IA): R 1 -CN (IA) (Wherein, R 1 is an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms).
- R 1 is an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
- alkyl group examples include methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, isopropyl group, butyl group, isobutyl group, tert-butyl group, pentyl group, neopentyl group, hexyl group, heptyl group, octyl group, nonyl group, decyl group.
- alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms such as a group, and among these, a methyl group or an ethyl group is preferable from the viewpoint of low resistance.
- the mononitrile compound is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of acetonitrile (CH 3 —CN) and propionitrile (CH 3 —CH 2 —CN) from the viewpoint of low resistance.
- the nitrile compound is more preferably acetonitrile.
- the content of the mononitrile compound is preferably 50 to 100% by volume, more preferably 60 to 100% by volume, and 70 to 100% by volume of the electrolytic solution. More preferably it is.
- the content of the mononitrile compound is preferably 50 to 99% by volume, more preferably 60 to 99% by volume, and 70 to 99% by volume. Further preferred.
- the 1st and 2nd electrolyte solution of this invention contains a dinitrile compound further.
- the dinitrile compound has the general formula (IB): NC-R 2 -CN (IB) (In the formula, R 2 is an alkylene group which may contain a fluorine atom having 1 to 8 carbon atoms.) It is preferable that it is a compound represented by these.
- R 2 is an alkylene group which may contain a fluorine atom having 1 to 8 carbon atoms.
- the alkylene group preferably has 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
- R 2 is preferably an alkylene group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms or a fluorine-containing alkylene group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms.
- the fluorine-containing alkylene group is one in which part or all of the hydrogen atoms of the alkylene group are substituted with fluorine atoms.
- R 2 is preferably an alkylene group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms or a fluorine-containing alkylene group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and more preferably an alkylene group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
- the R 2 in view to maintain a high output, specifically, -CH 2 -CH 2 -, - CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -, - CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 - Is preferred.
- the dinitrile compound is succinonitrile (NC—CH 2 —CH 2 —CN), glutaronitrile (NC—CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —CN), and At least one selected from the group consisting of adiponitrile (NC—CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —CN) is preferred.
- the concentration of the dinitrile compound is preferably 0.05 to 5.0% by mass in the electrolytic solution. Moreover, 0.1 mass% or more is more preferable, 0.2 mass% or more is further more preferable, 4.0 mass% or less is more preferable, and 3.0 mass% or less is still more preferable.
- the electrolytic solution of the present invention may further contain a trinitrile compound.
- the trinitrile compound has the general formula (IC): NC-R 3 -CX 1 (CN) -R 4 -CN (IC)
- X 1 is a hydrogen atom or a fluorine atom
- R 3 and R 4 may be the same or different and each is an alkylene group which may contain a fluorine atom having 1 to 5 carbon atoms.
- IC general formula
- X 1 in the formula is a hydrogen atom or a fluorine atom.
- R 3 and R 4 may be the same or different and are an alkylene group which may contain a fluorine atom having 1 to 5 carbon atoms.
- the alkylene group preferably has 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
- R 3 and R 4 are preferably an alkylene group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or a fluorine-containing alkylene group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- the fluorine-containing alkylene group is one in which part or all of the hydrogen atoms of the alkylene group are substituted with fluorine atoms.
- R 3 and R 4 are more preferably an alkylene group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
- R 3 and R 4 are more preferably alkylene groups each having 2 carbon atoms from the viewpoint that high output can be maintained.
- 4-cyanopentanedinitrile is more preferable.
- the concentration of the nitrile compound other than the mononitrile compound is preferably 0.05 to 5.0% by mass in the electrolytic solution. When the concentration is in the above range, the capacitance can be kept higher.
- the concentration is more preferably 0.1% by mass or more in the electrolytic solution, further preferably 0.2% by mass or more, more preferably 4.0% by mass or less, and still more preferably 3.0% by mass or less.
- the first and second electrolytic solutions of the present invention contain a spirobipyrrolidinium salt as a quaternary ammonium salt.
- the spirobipyrrolidinium salt has the following formula (II):
- a compound represented by the formula (wherein m and n each represents an integer of 3 to 7 which may be the same or different, and X ⁇ represents an anion) is preferred.
- M and n in the formula (II) are integers of 3 to 7 which may be the same or different, and more preferably an integer of 4 to 5 from the viewpoint of salt solubility.
- X ⁇ in the formula (II) is an anion.
- the anion X ⁇ may be an inorganic anion or an organic anion.
- inorganic anions include AlCl 4 ⁇ , BF 4 ⁇ , PF 6 ⁇ , AsF 6 ⁇ , TaF 6 ⁇ , I ⁇ and SbF 6 ⁇ .
- organic anion include CF 3 COO ⁇ , CF 3 SO 3 ⁇ , (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N ⁇ , (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 N ⁇ and the like.
- BF 4 — or PF 6 — is preferable from the viewpoint of the solubility of the salt, and BF 4 — is particularly preferable. That is, the spirobipyrrolidinium salt is particularly preferably spirobipyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate (SBPBF 4 ).
- the spirobipyrrolidinium salt specifically, the following is preferable from the viewpoint of the solubility of the salt.
- X ⁇ represents BF 4 ⁇ or PF 6 ⁇ , and more preferably BF 4 ⁇ ).
- This spirobipyrrolidinium salt is excellent in terms of solubility, oxidation resistance, and ionic conductivity.
- the first electrolytic solution of the present invention may further contain a fluorine-containing sulfolane compound.
- the second electrolytic solution of the present invention contains a non-fluorinated sulfolane compound.
- non-fluorinated sulfolane compound in addition to sulfolane, for example,
- R 2 is an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and m is 1 or 2), and the like.
- sulfolane and sulfolane derivatives are preferable.
- the first and second electrolytic solutions of the present invention may contain a fluorine-containing sulfolane compound.
- fluorine-containing sulfolane compound examples include fluorine-containing sulfolane compounds described in JP-A No. 2003-132944, and among these,
- sulfolane, 3-methylsulfolane, or 2,4-dimethylsulfolane is preferable, sulfolane or 3-methylsulfolane is more preferable, and sulfolane is more preferable.
- the non-fluorinated sulfolane compound is preferably less than 50% by volume of the above electrolytic solution, more preferably less than 40% by volume, and less than 30% by volume. More preferably, it is particularly preferably less than 20% by volume. Moreover, it is preferable that it is 1 volume% or more of the said electrolyte solution. Long-term reliability can be improved by setting the concentration of the sulfolane compound within the above range.
- the volume ratio of the mononitrile compound to the non-fluorinated sulfolane compound is preferably 50/50 to 99/1, and more preferably 60/40 to 99/1. It is preferably 70/30 to 99/1.
- the first and second electrolytic solutions of the present invention preferably further contain a fluorine-containing chain sulfone or a fluorine-containing chain sulfonic acid ester from the viewpoints of a high capacity retention rate and a reduction in resistance increase rate.
- the fluorine-containing chain sulfone and the fluorine-containing chain sulfonate ester are represented by the general formula (1):
- m is 0 or 1
- R 1 and R 2 are the same or different and are an alkyl group or fluoroalkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms. At least one of R 1 and R 2 is fluoro. An alkyl group) is preferable.
- the case where m is 1 represents that the sulfur atom and R 2 are bonded via an oxygen atom
- the case where m is 0 is a sulfur atom, It represents that R 2 is directly bonded.
- R 1 and R 2 are preferably a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or a linear or branched fluoroalkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, more preferably —CH 3 , — C 2 H 5 , —C 3 H 7 , —C 4 H 9 , —C 5 H 11 , —C 6 H 13 , —CF 3 , —C 2 F 5 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CF 2 CF 2 H, —CH 2 CF 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CF 2 CF 2 H, —CH 2 CF 2 CFH 2 , —CF 2 CH 2 CF 3, —CF 2 CHFCF 3 , —CF 2 CF 2 CF 3 , — CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 H, —CH 2 CF 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CF 2 CF 2 H, —CH 2 CF 2 CF 3 , —CH 2
- R 3 is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms
- Rf 1 is a fluoroalkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms
- R 3 in the general formula (1 ′) is the same as the preferable form in the case where R 1 and R 2 in the general formula (1) are alkyl groups having 1 to 7 carbon atoms.
- the preferred form of Rf 1 is the same as the preferred form when R 1 and R 2 in the general formula (1) are a fluoroalkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms.
- the compound represented by the general formula (1) include, for example, HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 OSO 2 CH 3 , HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 OSO 2 CH 2 CH 3 , CF 3 CH 2 OSO 2 CH 3 , CF 3 CH 2 OSO 2 CH 2 CH 3 , CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 OSO 2 CH 3 , CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 OSO 2 CH 2 CH 3 and the like.
- a compound represented by General formula (1) As a compound represented by General formula (1),
- Etc. can also be mentioned specifically. These compounds may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the concentration of the fluorine-containing chain sulfone or the fluorine-containing chain sulfonate is preferably 0.05 to 5.0% by mass. More preferably, it is 4.0 mass% or less, More preferably, it is 3.0 mass% or less. Moreover, More preferably, it is 0.1 mass% or more, More preferably, it is 0.2 mass% or more.
- the first and second electrolytic solutions of the present invention can further contain a fluorinated ether.
- fluorine-containing ether examples include fluorine-containing chain ether (Ia) and fluorine-containing cyclic ether (Ib).
- fluorine-containing chain ether (Ia) examples include, for example, JP-A-8-37024, JP-A-9-97627, JP-A-11-26015, JP-A-2000-294281, JP-A-2001-2001. Examples thereof include compounds described in JP-A No. 52737 and JP-A No. 11-307123.
- the fluorine-containing chain ether (Ia), the following formula (Ia-1): Rf 1 -O-Rf 2 (Ia-1) (Wherein Rf 1 is a fluoroalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and Rf 2 is an alkyl group that may contain a fluorine atom having 1 to 4 carbon atoms). Is preferred.
- Rf 2 is an alkyl group of non-fluorine-when Rf 2 is a fluorine-containing alkyl group, oxidation resistance, and compatibility with the electrolyte salt In addition to being particularly excellent, it is preferable in that it has a high decomposition voltage and a low freezing point, so that low temperature characteristics can be maintained.
- Rf 1 examples include HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 —, HCF 2 CF 2 CF 2 CH 2 —, HCF 2 CF 2 CF 2 CH 2 —, C 2 F 5 CH 2 —, CF 3 CFHCF 2 CH
- fluoroalkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms such as 2- , HCF 2 CF (CF 3 ) CH 2 —, C 2 F 5 CH 2 CH 2 —, CF 3 CH 2 CH 2 — and the like.
- a fluoroalkyl group having 3 to 6 carbon atoms is preferable.
- Rf 2 examples include non-fluorine alkyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, —CF 2 CF 2 H, —CF 2 CFHCF 3 , —CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 H, —CH 2 CH 2 CF 3 , —CH. 2 CFHCF 3 , —CH 2 CH 2 C 2 F 5 and the like can be mentioned, and among these, a fluorine-containing alkyl group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms is preferable.
- Rf 1 is a fluorine-containing alkyl group having 3 to 4 carbon atoms and Rf 2 is a fluorine-containing alkyl group having 2 to 3 carbon atoms from the viewpoint of good ion conductivity.
- fluorine-containing chain ether (Ia) examples include, for example, HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CF 2 H, CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CF 2 H, HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CFHCF 3 , CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CFHCF 3 , HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CFHCF 3 , CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CFHCF 3, etc.
- HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CF 2 H HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CFHCF 3 , CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CFHCF 3, CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CF 2 H, high decomposition This is particularly preferable from the viewpoint of maintaining voltage and low temperature characteristics.
- fluorine-containing cyclic ether (Ib) examples include:
- the volume ratio of the fluorinated ether to the mononitrile compound is preferably 90/10 to 1/99, more preferably 40/60 to 1/99, and 30/70 to 1/99. Is more preferable. When the volume ratio is in this range, the withstand voltage can be maintained and the effect of reducing internal resistance can be improved.
- the first and second electrolytic solutions of the present invention may further contain other solvents such as cyclic carbonate (Ic) and chain carbonate (Id) as necessary.
- the cyclic carbonate (Ic) may be a non-fluorine cyclic carbonate or a fluorine-containing cyclic carbonate.
- non-fluorine cyclic carbonate examples include ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), and vinylene carbonate.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- PC propylene carbonate
- vinylene carbonate examples include vinylene carbonate.
- propylene carbonate (PC) is preferable from the viewpoint of reducing internal resistance and maintaining low temperature characteristics.
- fluorine-containing cyclic carbonate examples include mono-, di-, tri- or tetra-fluoroethylene carbonate, trifluoromethyl ethylene carbonate, and the like.
- trifluoromethylethylene carbonate is preferable from the viewpoint of improving the withstand voltage of the electrochemical device.
- the chain carbonate (Id) may be a non-fluorine chain carbonate or a fluorine-containing chain carbonate.
- Non-fluorine chain carbonates include dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), methyl isopropyl carbonate (MIPC), ethyl isopropyl carbonate (EIPC), 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl.
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- MIPC methyl isopropyl carbonate
- EIPC ethyl isopropyl carbonate
- TFEMC 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl.
- dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is preferred from the viewpoint of reducing internal resistance and maintaining low temperature characteristics.
- Rf 1a represents the formula:
- X 1a and X 2a are the same or different, a hydrogen atom or a fluorine atom
- a fluoroalkyl group having a fluorine content of 10 to 76% by mass preferably at the terminal.
- Rf 2a is a fluoroalkyl group having a moiety represented by the above formula or a CF 3 terminal and preferably a fluorine content of 10 to 76% by mass
- Rf 1b has —CF 3 at the terminal and a fluorine content of 10 to 76% by mass, a fluorine-containing alkyl group having an ether bond
- Rf 2b has a fluorine content of 10 to 76% by mass
- Rf 1c is the formula: HCFX 1c - (Wherein X 1c is a hydrogen atom or a fluorine atom) and a fluorine-containing alkyl group having an ether bond having a fluorine content of 10 to 76% by mass at the terminal; R 2c is a hydrogen atom And a fluorine-containing chain carbonate represented by an alkyl group which may be substituted with a halogen atom and may contain a hetero atom in the chain.
- fluorine-containing chain carbonate examples include, for example, the following formula (Id-4):
- Rf 1d and Rf 2d are H (CF 2 ) 2 CH 2 —, FCH 2 CF 2 CH 2 —, H (CF 2 ) 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 —, CF 3 CH 2 CH 2 —, CF 3 CF (CF 3 ) CH 2 CH 2 —, C 3 F 7 OCF (CF 3 ) CH 2 —, CF 3 OCF (CF 3 ) CH 2 —, CF 3 OCF 2 — and the like.
- a chain carbonate combined with a fluorine-containing group is preferred.
- fluorine-containing chain carbonates the following are preferable from the viewpoint of reducing internal resistance and maintaining low temperature characteristics.
- Examples thereof include non-fluorine lactones and fluorine-containing lactones; furans, oxolanes and the like.
- the 1st and 2nd electrolyte solution of this invention can also contain another electrolyte salt with a spirobipyrrolidinium salt.
- lithium salts may be used.
- the lithium salt LiPF 6, LiBF 4, LiAsF 6 , LiSbF 6, LiN (SO 2 C 2 H 5) 2 is preferred.
- a magnesium salt may be used to improve the capacity.
- the magnesium salt for example, Mg (ClO 4 ) 2 , Mg (OOC 2 H 5 ) 2 and the like are preferable.
- quaternary ammonium salts include at least one selected from the group consisting of tetraalkyl quaternary ammonium salts, spirobipyridinium salts, imidazolium salts, N-alkylpyridinium salts, and N, N-dialkylpyrrolidinium salts. Species can be preferably exemplified.
- tetraalkyl quaternary ammonium salt examples include the formula (IIA):
- R 1a , R 2a , R 3a and R 4a are the same or different and all are alkyl groups optionally containing an ether bond having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; X ⁇ is an anion)
- Preferred examples include alkyl quaternary ammonium salts.
- the ammonium salt in which part or all of the hydrogen atoms are substituted with a fluorine atom and / or a fluorine-containing alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms is preferable from the viewpoint of improving oxidation resistance.
- R 5a is an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms
- R 6a is a divalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms
- R 7a is an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms
- z is 1 or 2
- the anion X ⁇ may be an inorganic anion or an organic anion.
- inorganic anions include AlCl 4 ⁇ , BF 4 ⁇ , PF 6 ⁇ , AsF 6 ⁇ , TaF 6 ⁇ , I ⁇ and SbF 6 ⁇ .
- organic anion include CF 3 COO ⁇ , CF 3 SO 3 ⁇ , (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N ⁇ , (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 N ⁇ and the like.
- BF 4 ⁇ , PF 6 ⁇ , AsF 6 ⁇ and SbF 6 ⁇ are preferred from the viewpoint of good oxidation resistance and ion dissociation properties.
- tetraalkyl quaternary ammonium salt examples include Et 4 NBF 4 , Et 4 NClO 4 , Et 4 NPF 6 , Et 4 NAsF 6 , Et 4 NSbF 6 , Et 4 NCF 3 SO 3 , Et 4 N CF 3 SO 2) 2 N, Et 4 NC 4 F 9 SO 3, Et 3 MeNBF 4, Et 3 MeNClO 4, Et 3 MeNPF 6, Et 3 MeNAsF 6, Et 3 MeNSbF 6, Et 3 MeNCF 3 SO 3, Et 3 MeN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N, Et 3 MeNC 4 F 9 SO 3 , N, N-diethyl-N-methyl-N- (2-methoxyethyl) ammonium salt and the like, and particularly, Et 4 NBF. 4, Et 4 NPF 6, Et 4 NSbF 6, Et 4 NAsF 6, Et 3 MeNBF 4, N, N Diethyl -N- methyl -N- (2-methoxyethyl) ammonium salt are preferred.
- R 8a and R 9a are the same or different and each is an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms; X - is an anion; n2 is an integer of 0 to 5; n1 is an integer of 0 to 5) represented by Preferred examples include spirobipyridinium salts.
- a part or all of hydrogen atoms of the spirobipyridinium salt are substituted with fluorine atoms and / or fluorine-containing alkyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- Anion X - of the preferred embodiment is the same as (IIA).
- This spirobipyridinium salt is excellent in terms of solubility, oxidation resistance, and ionic conductivity.
- imidazolium salt examples include formula (IIC):
- imidazolium salts can be preferably exemplified represented by.
- the imidazolium salt in which part or all of the hydrogen atoms are substituted with a fluorine atom and / or a fluorine-containing alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms is preferable from the viewpoint of improving oxidation resistance.
- Anion X - of the preferred embodiment is the same as (IIA).
- This imidazolium salt is excellent in terms of low viscosity and good solubility.
- N-alkylpyridinium salt examples include the formula (IID):
- N- alkylpyridinium salt represented by the preferred examples.
- the N-alkylpyridinium salt in which part or all of the hydrogen atoms are substituted with a fluorine atom and / or a fluorine-containing alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms is preferable from the viewpoint of improving oxidation resistance.
- Anion X - of the preferred embodiment is the same as (IIA).
- This N-alkylpyridinium salt is excellent in that it has low viscosity and good solubility.
- N, N-dialkylpyrrolidinium salt examples include the formula (IIE):
- N represented by, N- dialkyl pyrrolidinium salts can be preferably exemplified. Further, the oxidation resistance of the N, N-dialkylpyrrolidinium salt in which part or all of the hydrogen atoms are substituted with fluorine atoms and / or fluorine-containing alkyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms is improved. It is preferable from the point.
- Anion X - of the preferred embodiment is the same as (IIA).
- This N, N-dialkylpyrrolidinium salt is excellent in that it has low viscosity and good solubility.
- ammonium salts in terms of good solubility, oxidation resistance and ionic conductivity,
- the first and second electrolytic solutions of the present invention can be prepared by dissolving the spirobipyrrolidinium salt in the mononitrile compound.
- the first and second electrolytic solutions of the present invention may be combined with a polymer material that dissolves or swells in the mononitrile compound to form a gel (plasticized) gel electrolytic solution.
- Examples of such a polymer material include conventionally known polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide, modified products thereof (JP-A-8-222270 and JP-A-2002-1000040); polyacrylate polymers, polyacrylonitrile, and polyvinylidene fluoride.
- Fluorine resins such as vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (JP-A-4-506726, JP-A-8-507407, JP-A-10-294131); Examples include composites with resins (Japanese Patent Laid-Open Nos. 11-35765 and 11-86630).
- ion conductive compounds described in JP-A-2006-114401 can also be used.
- This ion conductive compound has the formula (1-1): P- (D) -Q (1-1) [Wherein D represents the formula (2-1): -(D1) n- (FAE) m- (AE) p- (Y) q- (2-1) (In the formula, D1 represents the formula (2a):
- Rf is a fluorine-containing organic group having an ether bond which may have a crosslinkable functional group; R15a is a group or bond which binds Rf to the main chain), and an ether bond to the side chain
- An ether unit having a fluorine-containing organic group having: FAE is represented by formula (2b):
- Rfa is hydrogen atom, a crosslinkable functional group which may have a fluorine-containing alkyl group; R 16a is a group or a bond that binds the Rfa main chain) represented by the fluorine-containing alkyl side chains
- An ether unit having a group; AE is the formula (2c):
- R 18a represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group which may have a crosslinkable functional group, an aliphatic cyclic hydrocarbon group which may have a crosslinkable functional group, or a crosslinkable functional group.
- An aromatic hydrocarbon group which may be present R 17a is an ether unit represented by R 18a and a group or a bond which bonds the main chain;
- Y represents the formulas (2d-1) to (2d-3):
- a unit comprising at least one of n is an integer from 0 to 200; m is an integer from 0 to 200; p is an integer from 0 to 10000; q is an integer from 1 to 100; provided that n + m is not 0, and the bonding order of D1, FAE, AE, and Y is Not specified.
- P and Q are the same or different and are a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom and / or an alkyl group which may contain a crosslinkable functional group, a phenyl group which may contain a fluorine atom and / or a crosslinkable functional group, -COOH A group, —OR 19a (R 19a is a hydrogen atom or a fluorine atom and / or an alkyl group which may contain a crosslinkable functional group), an ester group or a carbonate group (provided that the terminal of D is an oxygen atom) It is an amorphous fluorine-containing polyether compound having a fluorine-containing group in the side chain represented by —COOH group, —OR 19a , ester group and carbonate group.
- the first and second electrolytic solutions of the present invention do not freeze at low temperatures (for example, 0 ° C. or ⁇ 20 ° C.) and the electrolyte salt does not precipitate.
- the viscosity at 0 ° C. is preferably 100 mPa ⁇ sec or less, more preferably 30 mPa ⁇ sec or less, and particularly preferably 15 mPa ⁇ sec or less.
- the viscosity at ⁇ 20 ° C. is preferably 100 mPa ⁇ sec or less, more preferably 40 mPa ⁇ sec or less, and particularly preferably 15 mPa ⁇ sec or less.
- the first and second electrolytic solutions of the present invention are preferably nonaqueous electrolytic solutions.
- the 1st and 2nd electrolyte solution of this invention is useful for the electrolyte solution of the electrochemical device provided with various electrolyte solutions.
- Electrochemical devices include electric double layer capacitors, lithium secondary batteries, radical batteries, solar cells (especially dye-sensitized solar cells), fuel cells, various electrochemical sensors, electrochromic elements, electrochemical switching elements, aluminum electrolysis Examples thereof include a capacitor, a tantalum electrolytic capacitor, etc. Among them, an electric double layer capacitor and a lithium secondary battery are preferable, and an electric double layer capacitor is particularly preferable. In addition, it can also be used as an ion conductor of an antistatic coating material.
- the first and second electrolytic solutions of the present invention are preferably for electrochemical devices, and particularly preferably for electric double layer capacitors.
- the electrochemical device provided with the 1st or 2nd electrolyte solution of this invention, and a positive electrode and a negative electrode is also one of this invention.
- Examples of the electrochemical device include those described above. Among them, an electric double layer capacitor is preferable.
- At least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode is preferably a polarizable electrode.
- the polarizable electrode and the nonpolarizable electrode are described in detail in JP-A-9-7896 as follows. Electrodes can be used.
- a polarizable electrode mainly composed of activated carbon can be used as the polarizable electrode.
- the polarizable electrode includes non-activated carbon having a large specific surface area and a conductive agent such as carbon black imparting electron conductivity.
- the polarizable electrode can be formed by various methods.
- a polarizable electrode composed of activated carbon and carbon black can be formed by mixing activated carbon powder, carbon black, and a phenolic resin, and firing and activating in an inert gas atmosphere and a water vapor atmosphere after press molding.
- the polarizable electrode is joined to the current collector with a conductive adhesive or the like.
- activated carbon powder, carbon black, and a binder can be kneaded in the presence of alcohol, formed into a sheet, and dried to form a polarizable electrode.
- a polarizable electrode For example, polytetrafluoroethylene is used as the binder.
- activated carbon powder, carbon black, binder and solvent are mixed to form a slurry, and this slurry is coated on the metal foil of the current collector and dried to obtain a polarizable electrode integrated with the current collector. it can.
- An electric double layer capacitor may be formed by using a polarizable electrode mainly composed of activated carbon for both electrodes, but a configuration using a non-polarizable electrode on one side, for example, a positive electrode mainly composed of a battery active material such as a metal oxide, and activated carbon
- a positive electrode mainly composed of a battery active material such as a metal oxide mainly composed of a battery active material such as a metal oxide
- activated carbon A configuration in which a negative electrode of a polarizable electrode mainly composed of a negative electrode of lithium metal or a lithium alloy and a polarizable electrode mainly composed of activated carbon are also possible.
- carbonaceous materials such as carbon black, graphite, expanded graphite, porous carbon, carbon nanotube, carbon nanohorn, and ketjen black may be used instead of or in combination with activated carbon.
- Solvents used to prepare the slurry for electrode preparation are preferably those that dissolve the binder.
- Dimethyl acid, ethanol, methanol, butanol or water is appropriately selected.
- Examples of the activated carbon used for the polarizable electrode include phenol resin activated carbon, coconut shell activated carbon, petroleum coke activated carbon and the like. Among these, it is preferable to use petroleum coke activated carbon or phenol resin activated carbon in that a large capacity can be obtained.
- Activated carbon activation treatment methods include a steam activation treatment method, a molten KOH activation treatment method, and the like, and it is preferable to use activated carbon by a molten KOH activation treatment method in terms of obtaining a larger capacity.
- Preferred conductive agents used for the polarizable electrode include carbon black, ketjen black, acetylene black, natural graphite, artificial graphite, metal fiber, conductive titanium oxide, and ruthenium oxide.
- the mixing amount of the conductive agent such as carbon black used for the polarizable electrode is so as to obtain good conductivity (low internal resistance), and if it is too large, the product capacity is reduced. It is preferable to set it as 50 mass%.
- activated carbon As the activated carbon used for the polarizable electrode, it is preferable to use activated carbon having an average particle size of 20 ⁇ m or less and a specific surface area of 1500 to 3000 m 2 / g so as to obtain a large capacity and low internal resistance electric double layer capacitor. .
- the current collector is only required to be chemically and electrochemically corrosion resistant.
- the electric double layer capacitor As the electric double layer capacitor, a wound type electric double layer capacitor, a laminate type electric double layer capacitor, a coin type electric double layer capacitor, etc. are generally known, and the electric double layer capacitor of the present invention is also of these types. Can do.
- a positive electrode and a negative electrode made of a laminate (electrode) of a current collector and an electrode layer are wound through a separator to produce a wound element, and the wound element is made of aluminum. And the like, and filled with an electrolyte solution, and then sealed and sealed with a rubber sealing body.
- separator conventionally known materials and structures can be used in the present invention.
- a polyethylene porous membrane, polypropylene fiber, glass fiber, cellulose fiber non-woven fabric and the like can be mentioned.
- a laminate type electric double layer capacitor in which a sheet-like positive electrode and a negative electrode are laminated via an electrolytic solution and a separator, and a positive electrode and a negative electrode are formed into a coin shape by fixing with a gasket and the electrolytic solution and the separator
- a configured coin type electric double layer capacitor can also be used.
- the electrochemical device of the present invention is other than an electric double layer capacitor
- other configurations are not particularly limited as long as the first and second electrolytic solutions of the present invention are used as the electrolytic solution.
- a conventionally known configuration May be adopted.
- Examples 1-6, Comparative Examples 1-7 (Production of electrodes)
- 100 parts by weight of steam activated activated coconut shell activated carbon (YP50F manufactured by Kuraray Chemical Co., Ltd.) and acetylene black (manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.) as a conductive agent were used.
- Example 6 and Comparative Example 7 electrodes were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that YP80F manufactured by Kuraray Chemical Co., Ltd. was used as the coconut shell activated carbon.
- An electrolyte solution was prepared by adding spirobipyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate (SBPBF 4 ) or spirobipyridinium hexafluorophosphate (SBPPF 6 ) to acetonitrile at a predetermined concentration.
- concentrations of spirobipyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate (SBPBF 4 ) were 0.7M (Example 1), 0.8M (Example 2, Example 6), and 0.9M (Example 3), respectively.
- the concentration of spirobipyridinium hexafluorophosphate (SBPPF 6 ) was 0.8 M (Example 5).
- spirobipyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate prepared to 1.0 M (Comparative Example 1, Comparative Example 7) and 0.6 M (Comparative Example 2)
- hexa Spirobipyridinium fluorophosphate SBPPF 6
- spirobipyridinium tetrafluoroborate SBPBF 4
- TEABF 4 tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate
- spirobipyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate SBPBF 4
- concentration of spirobipyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate SBPBF 4
- concentration of spirobipyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate SBPBF 4
- a spirobipyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate SBPBF 4
- 1.0 M Comparative Example 5
- the obtained electrode was cut to a predetermined size (20 ⁇ 72 mm), and an electrode lead was bonded to the aluminum surface of the current collector by welding, and a separator (TF45-30, Nippon Kogyo Paper Industries Co., Ltd.) Is sandwiched between electrodes and stored in a laminate outer package (Part No .: D-EL40H, manufacturer: Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd.).
- a multilayer capacitor was fabricated.
- Examples 7-11, Comparative Examples 8-9 Preparation of electrolyte
- Acetonitrile and sulfolane were mixed at a volume ratio of 95/5, and spirobipyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate (SBPBF 4 ) was added to the obtained mixed solution to a predetermined concentration to prepare an electrolytic solution.
- concentrations of spirobipyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate (SBPBF 4 ) were 0.7M (Example 7), 0.8M (Example 8), 0.9M (Example 9), and 1.0M (implemented), respectively.
- a tetrafluoroborate spirobipyrrolidinium (SBPBF 4) 0.6M (Comparative Example 8) were prepared, may be prepared as a 1.4M (Comparative Example 9).
- Comparative Examples 11 and 12 Preparation of electrolyte
- Acetonitrile and sulfolane were mixed at a volume ratio of 95/5, and tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TEABF 4 ) was added to the obtained mixed solution to a predetermined concentration to prepare an electrolytic solution.
- concentrations of tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TEABF 4 ) were 0.7 M (Comparative Example 11) and 1.0 M (Comparative Example 12), respectively.
- Examples 17-24 Preparation of electrolyte
- Acetonitrile and sulfolane were mixed at a volume ratio of 95/5, adiponitrile was added to the resulting mixture to a predetermined concentration, and spirobipyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate (SBPBF 4 ) was added at 0.8M.
- SBPBF 4 spirobipyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate
- an electrolyte solution was prepared.
- the concentrations of adiponitrile were 0.05% by weight (Example 17), 0.5% by weight (Example 18), 1.0% by weight (Example 19) and 5.0% by weight (Example 20), respectively. did.
- each adiponitrile was carried out in the same manner as in Examples 17 to 20 except that the concentration of spirobipyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate (SBPBF 4 ) was 0.9M.
- SBPBF 4 concentration of spirobipyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate
- Examples 25-32 Preparation of electrolyte
- Acetonitrile and sulfolane were mixed at a volume ratio of 95/5, and fluorine-containing chain sulfone (C 4 H 5 F 4 O 3 S) was added to the resulting mixture so as to have a predetermined concentration.
- fluorine-containing chain sulfone C 4 H 5 F 4 O 3 S
- tetrafluoro An electrolyte solution was prepared by adding spirobipyrrolidinium borate (SBPBF 4 ) to 0.8M.
- SBPBF 4 spirobipyrrolidinium borate
- the concentration of the fluorine-containing chain sulfone is 0.05% by mass (Example 25), 0.5% by mass (Example 26), 1.0% by mass (Example 27), and 5.0% by mass (implementation).
- Example 28 The concentration of the fluorine-containing chain sulfone is 0.05% by mass (Example 25), 0.5% by mass (Ex
- each of the fluorine-containing chain sulfones was 0.05 mass in the same manner as in Examples 24-27 except that the concentration of spirobipyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate (SBPBF 4 ) was 0.9M. % (Example 29), 0.5% by mass (Example 30), 1.0% by mass (Example 31), and 5.0% by mass (Example 32) were prepared.
- Examples 33-36 Preparation of electrolyte
- Acetonitrile and sulfolane are mixed at a volume ratio of 95/5, succinonitrile is added to the resulting mixture to a predetermined concentration, and spirobipyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate (SBPBF 4 ) is further added to 0.
- SBPBF 4 spirobipyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate
- an electrolyte solution was prepared.
- the concentrations of succinonitrile were 0.05% by mass (Example 33), 0.5% by mass (Example 34), 1.0% by mass (Example 35) and 5.0% by mass (Example 36), respectively. ).
- Examples 37 to 40 Acetonitrile and sulfolane are mixed at a volume ratio of 95/5, glutaronitrile is added to the resulting mixture to a predetermined concentration, and spirobipyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate (SBPBF 4 ) is further added to 0. In addition, an electrolyte solution was prepared. The concentrations of glutaronitrile were 0.05% by mass (Example 37), 0.5% by mass (Example 38), 1.0% by mass (Example 39), and 5.0% by mass (Example 40), respectively. ).
- Examples 41-44 Preparation of electrolyte
- Acetonitrile and sulfolane are mixed at a volume ratio of 95/5, and a fluorine-containing chain sulfonate ester (1-propanol, 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-methanesulfonate) is added to the resulting mixture at a predetermined concentration.
- a fluorine-containing chain sulfonate ester (1-propanol, 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-methanesulfonate
- SBPBF 4 spirobipyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate
- Example 41 concentrations of the fluorine-containing chain sulfonic acid ester were 0.05% by mass (Example 41), 0.5% by mass (Example 42), 1.0% by mass (Example 43), and 5.0% by mass, respectively.
- Example 44 was adopted.
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Abstract
Description
また、好ましくは1.25モル/リットル以下であり、より好ましくは1.20モル/リットル以下であり、更に好ましくは、1.00モル/リットル未満であり、特に好ましくは、0.95モル/リットル以下であり、最も好ましくは、0.90モル/リットル以下である。
塩濃度が濃いほど、初期抵抗が小さく、容量が大きい電気化学デバイスを提供することができる点で有利である。
R1-CN (I-A)
(式中、R1は炭素数が1~10のアルキル基である。)で示されるモノニトリル化合物を挙げることができる。
本発明の第二の電解液において、モノニトリル化合物の含有量は、50~99体積%であることが好ましく、60~99体積%であることがより好ましく、70~99体積%であることが更に好ましい。
NC-R2-CN (I-B)
(式中、R2は、炭素数1~8のフッ素原子を含んでもよいアルキレン基である。)
で表される化合物であることが好ましい。
R2は、炭素数1~8のアルキレン基、又は、炭素数1~7の含フッ素アルキレン基であることが好ましい。上記含フッ素アルキレン基は、アルキレン基の水素原子の一部または全部がフッ素原子に置換されたものである。
R2としては、炭素数1~7のアルキレン基、又は、炭素数1~5の含フッ素アルキレン基であることがより好ましく、炭素数1~3のアルキレン基が更に好ましい。
NC-R3-CX1(CN)-R4-CN (I-C)
(式中、X1は水素原子又はフッ素原子であり、R3及びR4は、同一又は異なってもよく、炭素数1~5のフッ素原子を含んでもよいアルキレン基である。)
で表される化合物であることが好ましい。
R3及びR4は、炭素数1~5のアルキレン基、又は、炭素数1~4の含フッ素アルキレン基であることが好ましい。上記含フッ素アルキレン基は、アルキレン基の水素原子の一部または全部がフッ素原子に置換されたものである。
R3及びR4は、炭素数1~3のアルキレン基であることがより好ましい。
上記濃度は、電解液中0.1質量%以上がより好ましく、0.2質量%以上が更に好ましく、4.0質量%以下がより好ましく、3.0質量%以下が更に好ましい。
このスピロビピロリジニウム塩は溶解性、耐酸化性、イオン伝導性の点で優れている。
本発明の第二の電解液において、モノニトリル化合物と非フッ素化スルホラン化合物との体積比は、50/50~99/1であることが好ましく、60/40~99/1であることがより好ましく、70/30~99/1であることが更に好ましい。
なお、一般式(1)において、mが1の場合とは、硫黄原子と、R2とが酸素原子を介して結合していることを表し、mが0の場合とは、硫黄原子と、R2とが直接結合していることを表す。
また、一般式(1)で表される化合物としては、
Rf1-O-Rf2 (Ia-1)
(式中、Rf1は、炭素数が1~10のフルオロアルキル基、Rf2は炭素数1~4のフッ素原子を含んでいてもよいアルキル基である。)で示される含フッ素鎖状エーテルが好ましい。
下記式(Id-2):
下記式(Id-3):
HCFX1c-
(式中、X1cは水素原子又はフッ素原子)で示される部位を末端に有しかつフッ素含有率が10~76質量%である、エーテル結合を有する含フッ素アルキル基;R2cは水素原子がハロゲン原子で置換されていてもよく、ヘテロ原子を鎖中に含んでいてもよいアルキル基)で示される含フッ素鎖状カーボネート等が挙げられる。
式(IIA-2):
P-(D)-Q (1-1)
[式中、Dは式(2-1):
-(D1)n-(FAE)m-(AE)p-(Y)q- (2-1)
(式中、D1は、式(2a):
FAEは、式(2b):
AEは、式(2c):
Yは、式(2d-1)~(2d-3):
nは0~200の整数;mは0~200の整数;pは0~10000の整数;qは1~100の整数;ただしn+mは0ではなく、D1、FAE、AE及びYの結合順序は特定されない。);
P及びQは同じか又は異なり、水素原子、フッ素原子及び/又は架橋性官能基を含んでいてもよいアルキル基、フッ素原子及び/又は架橋性官能基を含んでいてもよいフェニル基、-COOH基、-OR19a(R19aは水素原子、又は、フッ素原子及び/又は架橋性官能基を含んでいてもよいアルキル基)、エステル基又はカーボネート基(ただし、Dの末端が酸素原子の場合は-COOH基、-OR19a、エステル基及びカーボネート基ではない。)]で表される側鎖に含フッ素基を有する非晶性含フッ素ポリエーテル化合物である。
このように、本発明の第一及び第二の電解液は、電気化学デバイス用であることが好ましく、電気二重層キャパシタ用であることが特に好ましい。
(電極の作製)
実施例1~5、比較例1~6において、水蒸気賦活されたやしがら活性炭(クラレケミカル(株)製のYP50F)を100重量部、導電剤としてアセチレンブラック(電気化学工業(株)製のデンカブラック)を3重量部、ケッチェンブラック(ライオン(株)製のカーボンECP600JD)を2重量部、エラストマーバインダーを4重量部、PTFE(ダイキン工業(株)製のポリフロン PTFE D-210C)を2重量部と界面活性剤(商品名 DN-800H ダイセル化学工業社製)を混合して電極用スラリーを調製した。
集電体としてエッジドアルミニウム(日本蓄電器工業(株)製の20CB)を用意し、この集電体の片面に、塗装装置を用いて上記電極用スラリーを塗装し、電極層(厚さ:100μm)を形成して、電極を作製した。実施例6及び比較例7においては、やしがら活性炭として、クラレケミカル(株)製のYP80Fを使用した以外は、実施例1と同様にして電極を作製した。
アセトニトリルにテトラフルオロホウ酸スピロビピロリジニウム(SBPBF4)又はヘキサフルオロリン酸スピロビピリジニウム(SBPPF6)を所定の濃度となるように加え、電解液を調製した。テトラフルオロホウ酸スピロビピロリジニウム(SBPBF4)の濃度は、それぞれ0.7M(実施例1)、0.8M(実施例2、実施例6)、0.9M(実施例3)とし、ヘキサフルオロリン酸スピロビピリジニウム(SBPPF6)の濃度は、0.8M(実施例5)とした。また、比較用として、テトラフルオロホウ酸スピロビピロリジニウム(SBPBF4)を1.0M(比較例1、比較例7)、0.6M(比較例2)となるように調製したもの、ヘキサフルオロリン酸スピロビピリジニウム(SBPPF6)を1.0M(比較例6)となるように調製したもの、及び、テトラフルオロホウ酸スピロビピロリジニウム(SBPBF4)又はヘキサフルオロリン酸スピロビピリジニウム(SBPPF6)に代えて、テトラフルオロホウ酸テトラエチルアンモニウム(TEABF4)を1.0M(比較例3)、0.8M(比較例4)となるように調製したものを用意した。
更に、プロピオニトリルにテトラフルオロホウ酸スピロビピロリジニウム(SBPBF4)を所定の濃度となるように加え、電解液を調製した。テトラフルオロホウ酸スピロビピロリジニウム(SBPBF4)の濃度は、0.8M(実施例4)とした。また、比較用として、テトラフルオロホウ酸スピロビピロリジニウム(SBPBF4)を1.0M(比較例5)となるように調製したものを用意した。
得られた上記電極を所定の大きさ(20×72mm)に切断して、集電体のアルミ面に電極引出しリードを溶接で接着し、セパレータ(ニッポン高度紙工業(株)のTF45-30)を電極間に挟み、ラミネート外装(品番:D-EL40H、製造元:大日本印刷(株))に収納した後に、ドライチャンバー中で電解液を注入・含浸させ、その後封止してラミネートセル電気二重層キャパシタを作製した。
以下の方法で、得られた電気二重層キャパシタの特性を評価した。
ラミネートセル電気二重層キャパシタに電子電源を接続した後、セルに定電流充電しながら規定電圧まで充電電圧を上昇させる。充電電圧が規定電圧に到達してから10分間定電圧状態を維持し、充電電流が十分に降下しかつ飽和状態になったことを確認した後、定電流放電を開始し、0.1秒毎にセル電圧を計測する。キャパシタの内部抵抗(mΩ)及び静電容量(F)は、社団法人電子情報技術産業協会(JEITA)のRC2377の計測方法に従って計測する。
(JEITAのRC2377での計測条件)
電源電圧:3.0V
放電電流:40mA
ラミネートセル電気二重層キャパシタを温度65℃の恒温槽中に入れ、電圧3.0Vを500時間印加して内部抵抗と静電容量を測定する。各時間での内部抵抗と、静電容量とを測定した。測定時期は、0時間、250時間、500時間とした。得られた測定値から、次の計算式に従って、内部抵抗上昇率及び静電容量保持率を算出した。
内部抵抗上昇率=(各時間での内部抵抗)/(評価開始前(初期)の内部抵抗)
静電容量保持率(%)=(各時間での静電容量)/(評価開始前(初期)の静電容量)×100
(電解液の調製)
アセトニトリルとスルホランとを体積比95/5で混合し、得られた混合液にテトラフルオロホウ酸スピロビピロリジニウム(SBPBF4)を所定の濃度となるように加え、電解液を調製した。テトラフルオロホウ酸スピロビピロリジニウム(SBPBF4)の濃度は、それぞれ0.7M(実施例7)、0.8M(実施例8)、0.9M(実施例9)、1.0M(実施例10)、1.3M(実施例11)とした。また、比較用として、テトラフルオロホウ酸スピロビピロリジニウム(SBPBF4)を0.6M(比較例8)、1.4M(比較例9)となるように調製したものを用意した。
上記で得られた電解液を用いて、実施例1と同様の方法により、電気二重層キャパシタを作製した。実施例1と同様の方法で、初期特性(内部抵抗(mΩ)、静電容量(F))、内部抵抗上昇率及び静電容量保持率を測定し、評価した。
(電解液の調製)
アセトニトリルと3-メチルスルホランとを体積比95/5で混合し、得られた混合液にテトラフルオロホウ酸スピロビピロリジニウム(SBPBF4)を所定の濃度となるように加え、電解液を調製した。テトラフルオロホウ酸スピロビピロリジニウム(SBPBF4)の濃度は、それぞれ0.7M(実施例12)、0.8M(実施例13)、0.9M(実施例14)、1.0M(実施例15)、1.3M(実施例16)とした。また、比較用として、テトラフルオロホウ酸スピロビピロリジニウム(SBPBF4)の濃度を0.6M(比較例10)となるように調製したものを用意した。
上記で得られた電解液を用いて、実施例1と同様の方法により、電気二重層キャパシタを作製した。実施例1と同様の方法で、初期特性(内部抵抗(mΩ)、静電容量(F))、内部抵抗上昇率及び静電容量保持率を測定し、評価した。
(電解液の調製)
アセトニトリルとスルホランとを体積比95/5で混合し、得られた混合液にテトラフルオロホウ酸テトラエチルアンモニウム(TEABF4)を所定の濃度となるように加え、電解液を調製した。テトラフルオロホウ酸テトラエチルアンモニウム(TEABF4)の濃度は、それぞれ0.7M(比較例11)、1.0M(比較例12)とした。
上記で得られた電解液を用いて、実施例1と同様の方法により、電気二重層キャパシタを作製した。実施例1と同様の方法で、初期特性(内部抵抗(mΩ)、静電容量(F))、内部抵抗上昇率及び静電容量保持率を測定し、評価した。
(電解液の調製)
アセトニトリルとスルホランとを体積比95/5で混合し、得られた混合液にアジポニトリルを所定の濃度となるように加え、更に、テトラフルオロホウ酸スピロビピロリジニウム(SBPBF4)を0.8Mとなるように加え、電解液を調製した。アジポニトリルの濃度は、それぞれ0.05質量%(実施例17)、0.5質量%(実施例18)、1.0質量%(実施例19)、5.0質量%(実施例20)とした。また、テトラフルオロホウ酸スピロビピロリジニウム(SBPBF4)の濃度を0.9Mとなるようにしたこと以外は上記実施例17~20と同様にして、アジポニトリルをそれぞれ0.05質量%(実施例21)、0.5質量%(実施例22)、1.0質量%(実施例23)、5.0質量%(実施例24)となるように調製したものを用意した。
上記で得られた電解液を用いて、実施例1と同様の方法により、電気二重層キャパシタを作製した。得られた電気二重層キャパシタについて、実施例1と同様の方法で、初期特性(内部抵抗(mΩ)、静電容量(F))、内部抵抗上昇率及び静電容量保持率を測定し、評価した。
(電解液の調製)
アセトニトリルとスルホランとを体積比95/5で混合し、得られた混合液に含フッ素鎖状スルホン(C4H5F4O3S)を所定の濃度となるように加え、更に、テトラフルオロホウ酸スピロビピロリジニウム(SBPBF4)を0.8Mとなるように加え、電解液を調製した。含フッ素鎖状スルホンの濃度は、それぞれ0.05質量%(実施例25)、0.5質量%(実施例26)、1.0質量%(実施例27)、5.0質量%(実施例28)とした。また、テトラフルオロホウ酸スピロビピロリジニウム(SBPBF4)の濃度を0.9Mとなるようにしたこと以外は実施例24~27と同様にして、含フッ素鎖状スルホンをそれぞれ0.05質量%(実施例29)、0.5質量%(実施例30)、1.0質量%(実施例31)、5.0質量%(実施例32)となるように調製したものを用意した。
上記で得られた電解液を用いて、実施例1と同様の方法により、電気二重層キャパシタを作製した。得られた電気二重層キャパシタについて、実施例1と同様の方法で、初期特性(内部抵抗(mΩ)、静電容量(F))、内部抵抗上昇率及び静電容量保持率を測定し、評価した。
(電解液の調製)
アセトニトリルとスルホランとを体積比95/5で混合し、得られた混合液にスクシノニトリルを所定の濃度となるように加え、更に、テトラフルオロホウ酸スピロビピロリジニウム(SBPBF4)を0.9Mとなるように加え、電解液を調製した。スクシノニトリルの濃度は、それぞれ0.05質量%(実施例33)、0.5質量%(実施例34)、1.0質量%(実施例35)、5.0質量%(実施例36)とした。
上記で得られた電解液を用いて、実施例1と同様の方法により、電気二重層キャパシタを作製した。得られた電気二重層キャパシタについて、実施例1と同様の方法で、初期特性(内部抵抗(mΩ)、静電容量(F))、内部抵抗上昇率及び静電容量保持率を測定し、評価した。
アセトニトリルとスルホランとを体積比95/5で混合し、得られた混合液にグルタロニトリルを所定の濃度となるように加え、更に、テトラフルオロホウ酸スピロビピロリジニウム(SBPBF4)を0.9Mとなるように加え、電解液を調製した。グルタロニトリルの濃度は、それぞれ0.05質量%(実施例37)、0.5質量%(実施例38)、1.0質量%(実施例39)、5.0質量%(実施例40)とした。
上記で得られた電解液を用いて、実施例1と同様の方法により、電気二重層キャパシタを作製した。得られた電気二重層キャパシタについて、実施例1と同様の方法で、初期特性(内部抵抗(mΩ)、静電容量(F))、内部抵抗上昇率及び静電容量保持率を測定し、評価した。
(電解液の調製)
アセトニトリルとスルホランとを体積比95/5で混合し、得られた混合液に含フッ素鎖状スルホン酸エステル(1-プロパノール,2,2,3,3-テトラフルオロ-メタンスルホネート)を所定の濃度となるように加え、更に、テトラフルオロホウ酸スピロビピロリジニウム(SBPBF4)を0.8Mとなるように加え、電解液を調製した。含フッ素鎖状スルホン酸エステルの濃度は、それぞれ0.05質量%(実施例41)、0.5質量%(実施例42)、1.0質量%(実施例43)、5.0質量%(実施例44)とした。
上記で得られた電解液を用いて、実施例1と同様の方法により、電気二重層キャパシタを作製した。得られた電気二重層キャパシタについて、実施例1と同様の方法で、初期特性(内部抵抗(mΩ)、静電容量(F))、内部抵抗上昇率及び静電容量保持率を測定し、評価した。
Claims (10)
- モノニトリル化合物と、スピロビピロリジニウム塩とを含み、
スピロビピロリジニウム塩は、0.70モル/リットル以上、1.00モル/リットル未満である
ことを特徴とする電解液(但し、非フッ素化スルホラン化合物を含むものを除く)。 - モノニトリル化合物と、非フッ素化スルホラン化合物と、スピロビピロリジニウム塩とを含み、
スピロビピロリジニウム塩は、0.70モル/リットル以上、1.30モル/リットル以下である
ことを特徴とする電解液。 - スピロビピロリジニウム塩は、テトラフルオロホウ酸スピロビピロリジニウムである請求項1又は2記載の電解液。
- モノニトリル化合物は、アセトニトリルである請求項1、2又は3記載の電解液。
- 更に、0.05~5.0質量%のジニトリル化合物を含む請求項1、2、3又は4記載の電解液。
- 更に、0.05~5.0質量%の含フッ素鎖状スルホン又は含フッ素鎖状スルホン酸エステルを含む請求項1、2、3、4又は5記載の電解液。
- 電気化学デバイス用である請求項1、2、3、4、5又は6記載の電解液。
- 電気二重層キャパシタ用である請求項1、2、3、4、5、6又は7記載の電解液。
- 請求項1、2、3、4、5、6、7又は8記載の電解液、並びに、正極及び負極を備える電気化学デバイス。
- 電気二重層キャパシタである請求項9記載の電気化学デバイス。
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| JP2015552504A JPWO2015087963A1 (ja) | 2013-12-12 | 2014-12-11 | 電解液及び電気化学デバイス |
| US15/101,017 US20170025231A1 (en) | 2013-12-12 | 2014-12-11 | Electrolyte solution, and electrochemical device |
| CN201480067542.9A CN105814656A (zh) | 2013-12-12 | 2014-12-11 | 电解液和电化学设备 |
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| WO2012147818A1 (ja) * | 2011-04-26 | 2012-11-01 | 宇部興産株式会社 | 非水電解液、それを用いた蓄電デバイス、及び環状スルホン酸エステル化合物 |
| JP2012216833A (ja) * | 2011-03-31 | 2012-11-08 | Daikin Ind Ltd | 電気二重層キャパシタ及び電気二重層キャパシタ用非水電解液 |
| JP2012216490A (ja) * | 2010-10-19 | 2012-11-08 | Daikin Ind Ltd | 非水電解液 |
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| JP2012216490A (ja) * | 2010-10-19 | 2012-11-08 | Daikin Ind Ltd | 非水電解液 |
| JP2012216833A (ja) * | 2011-03-31 | 2012-11-08 | Daikin Ind Ltd | 電気二重層キャパシタ及び電気二重層キャパシタ用非水電解液 |
| WO2012147818A1 (ja) * | 2011-04-26 | 2012-11-01 | 宇部興産株式会社 | 非水電解液、それを用いた蓄電デバイス、及び環状スルホン酸エステル化合物 |
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| WO2019031452A1 (ja) * | 2017-08-08 | 2019-02-14 | 住友精化株式会社 | 非水電解液用添加剤、非水電解液、及び、蓄電デバイス |
| JPWO2019031452A1 (ja) * | 2017-08-08 | 2020-09-24 | 住友精化株式会社 | 非水電解液用添加剤、非水電解液、及び、蓄電デバイス |
| JP7166258B2 (ja) | 2017-08-08 | 2022-11-07 | 住友精化株式会社 | 非水電解液用添加剤、非水電解液、及び、蓄電デバイス |
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| CN105814656A (zh) | 2016-07-27 |
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