WO2015020072A1 - X線ct装置および補正処理装置 - Google Patents
X線ct装置および補正処理装置 Download PDFInfo
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- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 81
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 claims description 44
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 claims description 25
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 abstract description 58
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- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 238000007781 pre-processing Methods 0.000 description 2
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/52—Devices using data or image processing specially adapted for radiation diagnosis
- A61B6/5258—Devices using data or image processing specially adapted for radiation diagnosis involving detection or reduction of artifacts or noise
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/02—Arrangements for diagnosis sequentially in different planes; Stereoscopic radiation diagnosis
- A61B6/03—Computed tomography [CT]
- A61B6/032—Transmission computed tomography [CT]
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/54—Control of apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis
- A61B6/542—Control of apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis involving control of exposure
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/52—Devices using data or image processing specially adapted for radiation diagnosis
- A61B6/5205—Devices using data or image processing specially adapted for radiation diagnosis involving processing of raw data to produce diagnostic data
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/54—Control of apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis
- A61B6/542—Control of apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis involving control of exposure
- A61B6/544—Control of apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis involving control of exposure dependent on patient size
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an X-ray CT apparatus, and more particularly to a noise reduction technique suitable for an apparatus having an automatic exposure control function for adjusting an X-ray irradiation amount during imaging.
- the X-ray CT apparatus irradiates X-rays from around the subject and images the X-ray absorption coefficient distribution of the subject from projection data acquired at a plurality of projection angles. As the amount of X-ray irradiation increases, images with less noise can be acquired, and the image quality improves. On the other hand, the influence of the X-ray exposure on the human body has been regarded as a problem in recent years, and techniques for obtaining image quality necessary for a doctor's diagnosis even when the dose of X-rays is suppressed are being actively studied.
- AEC automatic exposure control
- tube current time product which is the product of the applied current of the X-ray tube (hereinafter referred to as tube current) and the time that the scanner rotates once (hereinafter referred to as scan time)
- scan time the time that the scanner rotates once
- Measured data noise obtained with an X-ray CT apparatus is roughly classified into photon noise, which is statistical fluctuation of X-ray photons, and system noise mixed in the data collection system.
- the former increases in proportion to the tube current, while the latter is a noise amount inherent in the data acquisition system that does not depend on the tube current. That is, the contributions of system noise and photon noise to measurement noise differ according to the magnitude of the tube current (that is, the magnitude of irradiation dose), and thus the contribution to image noise differs.
- the ratio of system noise to photon noise is larger in condition 2 than in condition 1, so even if photon noise is the same, the overall noise is larger in image data in condition 2.
- the former collects a small amount of data with a large signal value
- the latter collects a large amount of data with a small signal amount, so that only a certain amount of system noise occurs regardless of the magnitude of the signal value.
- An image created with the latter data mixed into individual data is more affected by system noise than an image created with the former data.
- the tube current time product is equal, the amount of noise of the image data and the quality of the obtained image are different.
- Conventional AEC considers only photon noise as the cause of image noise, and controls the irradiation dose using the tube current time product as an index. Under photographing conditions where the influence cannot be ignored, the actually obtained image quality may differ greatly from the desired image quality.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a technique for reducing system noise from an output signal value (measurement data).
- the present invention provides an X-ray generator that irradiates a subject with X-rays, an X-ray detector that detects X-rays transmitted through the subject, and an output signal of the X-ray detector.
- a correction processing unit for correcting and a reconstruction calculation unit for reconstructing an image from the output of the correction processing unit are provided.
- the correction processing unit maintains the average value of the output signal values of a plurality of predetermined detection elements centered on the target detection element, and outputs the output signal values of the predetermined plurality of detection elements centered on the target detection element. Reduce dispersion.
- system noise can be reduced from the output signal value (measurement data).
- the perspective view which shows the general appearance of the X-ray CT apparatus of embodiment Block diagram of the X-ray CT apparatus of the embodiment Block diagram of the correction processing apparatus 42 of the first embodiment 6 is a flowchart showing the operation of the correction processing apparatus according to the first embodiment.
- Explanatory view showing a positional relationship between the detecting elements of the set M i embodiments 1 Flowchart showing an operation for obtaining a penalty coefficient ⁇ according to the first embodiment.
- the graph which shows the effect of the data after conversion of Embodiment 1 Flowchart showing the operation for obtaining the dispersion ratio gain ⁇ of the fourth embodiment
- the present invention provides an X-ray generator (X-ray generator 11) that irradiates a subject with X-rays, and an X-ray detector that detects X-rays transmitted through the subject 30 14, a correction processing unit (correction processing device 42) for correcting the output signal of the X-ray detector, a reconstruction calculation unit (reconstruction calculation device 43) for reconstructing an image from the output of the correction processing unit (42), It is configured with.
- the X-ray detector 14 includes detection elements arranged in a two-dimensional direction.
- the correction processing unit (42) outputs the outputs of the predetermined plurality of detection elements centered on the target detection element while maintaining the average value of the output signal values of the predetermined plurality of detection elements centered on the target detection element. Reduce signal value variance. Thereby, system noise can be reduced from measurement data.
- the correction processing unit (42) obtains the values of the first evaluation function and the second evaluation function using the output signal value after correction of the target detection element as a variable, and the sum is minimized.
- the corrected output signal value is obtained by sequential processing while changing the corrected output signal value.
- the first evaluation function a function is used in which the value of the first evaluation function becomes smaller as the difference between the output signal value before correction of the focused detection element and the output signal value after correction is smaller.
- the second evaluation function a function is used in which the value of the second evaluation function decreases as the difference between the corrected output signal values of the target detection element and the adjacent detection element decreases.
- the first evaluation function for example, a function that multiplies the square of the difference between the output signal value before correction of the target detection element and the output signal value after correction by a predetermined coefficient T is used.
- the coefficient T can be determined based on a value obtained by weighted addition of output signal values of a set of the focused detection element i and one or more detection elements j centered on the detection element i.
- an average value of output signal values of a set of the focused detection element i and one or more detection elements j centered on the detection element i can be used.
- the coefficient T can be a value obtained by weighting and adding the output signal values of one or more detection elements j according to the spatial distance between the detection elements i and j. .
- the coefficient T is a value obtained by weighting and adding the output signal values of one or more detection elements j according to the correlation between the output signal value of the detection element i and the output signal value of the detection element j. Can also be used.
- a value obtained by inputting the weighted value to a predetermined polynomial can be used as the coefficient T.
- At least one of the one or more detection elements j is adjacent to the detected detection element i in any one of the channel, the column, and the view direction.
- correction processing unit (42) performs weighted addition using the weighting coefficient ⁇ when calculating the sum of the values of the first evaluation function and the second evaluation function.
- the weighting coefficient ⁇ described above is a corrected value obtained by the correction processing unit (42) with respect to the output signals of the plurality of detection elements obtained in a state where the X-ray generation unit shields the X-rays irradiated on the subject. It is desirable to use a value at which the variance of the output signal is less than a predetermined value.
- the correction processing unit (42) can also perform weighted addition using a weighting factor ⁇ determined for each detection element when calculating the sum of the values of the first evaluation function and the second evaluation function. is there.
- the weighting coefficient ⁇ is desirably a larger value as the output signal value of the detection element is a non-positive number and a larger absolute value.
- the correction processing section (42) corrects the output signal value by sequentially shifting the focused detection element to a plurality of detection elements constituting the X-ray detector 14.
- the correction processing unit (42) of the present invention is preferably applied to an X-ray CT apparatus provided with an automatic exposure control arithmetic device that modulates the tube current of the X-ray generation unit during imaging according to information on the subject. It is.
- FIG. 1 is an external view of the X-ray CT apparatus of the embodiment
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing an internal configuration of the X-ray CT apparatus.
- the X-ray CT apparatus includes a scanner 1 used for imaging, a bed 2 for moving a subject, an input device 3, a computing device 4, and a display device 5.
- the input device 3 is configured with a mouse, a keyboard, and the like, and accepts input of measurement / reconstruction parameters such as bed movement speed information and a reconstruction position.
- the arithmetic device 4 processes data obtained from the X-ray detector 14 in the scanner 1.
- the display device 5 displays a reconstructed image or the like.
- the input device 3 and the display device 5 together with the storage device 27 constitute an input / output device 26.
- the input / output device 26 and the arithmetic device 4 constitute an operation unit 6.
- the scanner 1 includes an X-ray generator 11, a data collection system 25, a collimator 23, and a rotating body 24 that carries these and rotates around the subject 30.
- the data collection system 25 includes an X-ray detector 14, a preamplifier 21 and an A / D converter 22.
- the scanner 1 includes a drive device 20 that rotationally drives the rotating body 24, a high voltage generation device 12, an X-ray control device 13, a scanner control device 15, a central control device 16, a bed control device 17, a bed movement measurement device 18, A collimator control device 19 is provided.
- the input device 3 of the operation unit 6 includes imaging conditions (bed movement speed, tube current, tube voltage, slice position, etc.) and reconstruction parameters (region of interest, reconstruction image size, backprojection phase width, reconstruction filter function, etc.) Etc. are accepted. Based on the accepted imaging conditions, a control signal necessary for imaging is sent from the central control device 16 to the X-ray control device 13, the bed control device 17 and the scanner control device 15, and receives an imaging start signal for imaging. Start operation.
- imaging conditions bed movement speed, tube current, tube voltage, slice position, etc.
- reconstruction parameters region of interest, reconstruction image size, backprojection phase width, reconstruction filter function, etc.
- a control signal is sent from the X-ray controller 13 to the high voltage generator 12, and the high voltage generator 12 applies a high voltage to the X-ray generator 11.
- the subject 30 is irradiated with X-rays from the X-ray generator 11.
- a control signal is sent from the scanner control device 15 to the drive device 20, and the rotating body 24 on which the X-ray generation device 11, the X-ray detector 14, the preamplifier 21, and the like are mounted circulates around the subject 30.
- the bed control device 17 moves the bed 2 on which the subject is placed stationary or in the body axis direction.
- the X-ray emitted from the X-ray generator 11 is irradiated to the subject 30 with the irradiation area limited by the collimator 23, and passes through the subject 30 while being absorbed (attenuated) by each tissue in the subject 30. It is detected by the X-ray detector 14.
- the X-ray detector 14 includes a plurality of detection elements arranged in a two-dimensional direction (a channel direction and a column direction orthogonal thereto). Signal detection by the X-ray detector 14 is performed at discrete positions (views) of the rotating body 24 in the circulation direction.
- the detection signal of the X-ray detector 14 is converted into a current, amplified by the preamplifier 21, converted into a digital signal by the A / D converter 22, and output to the arithmetic unit 4.
- the computing device 4 includes an AEC computing device 41, a correction processing device 42, a reconstruction computing device 43, and an image processing device 44.
- the output signal from the data collection system 25 is subjected to logarithmic conversion and various corrections by the correction processing device 42 in the arithmetic device 4, and is stored in the storage device 27 in the input / output device 26 as projection data.
- the reconstruction calculation device 43 in the calculation device 4 uses the stored projection data to perform a image reconstruction process to generate a reconstructed image.
- the reconstructed image is stored in the storage device 27 in the input / output device 26 and displayed on the display device 5 as a CT image.
- the operation of the AEC arithmetic unit 41 performing automatic exposure control will be briefly described. If the operator inputs an intention to execute AEC and an image quality index via the input device 3 when setting the shooting conditions, the AEC computing device 41 performs an operation for automatic exposure control.
- the image quality index any known index represented by image noise can be used.
- the AEC computing device 41 appropriately uses the image quality index, the fluoroscopic image of the subject at an arbitrary imaging angle acquired in advance, imaging conditions, and the like, and calculates tube current control information in imaging.
- the control information is transmitted to the X-ray control device 13 via the central control device 16, and X-ray irradiation based on the control information is executed.
- the X-ray dose is adjusted (automatic exposure control) in accordance with information such as the size of the subject and the imaging region and the image quality desired by the operator, and imaging is performed.
- the correction processing device 42 maintains the local average value of the output signals of the predetermined plurality of detection elements centered on the target detection element for the output signal from the data collection system 25, while the predetermined plurality of detection elements The processing corresponding to the amount of system noise included in the output signal is reduced.
- FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing a detailed configuration of the correction processing device 42
- FIG. 4 is an operation flow of the correction processing device 42.
- the correction processing device 42 includes a pre-processor 131, a noise reduction processor 132, a positive number converter 133, a correction processor 134, an evaluation function parameter setting unit 136, and a threshold setting unit 135.
- the These can be configured with hardware that combines circuit elements, etc., or can be configured with a CPU and memory, and can be configured to operate when the CPU reads the program in the memory and executes it. is there.
- i 1,..., I ⁇ .
- i 1,..., I ⁇ , and outputs a plurality of predetermined elements centered on the element of interest. While maintaining the local average value of the signal, processing is performed to reduce the variance corresponding to the amount of system noise included in the output signals of the predetermined plurality of detection elements (second step 402).
- i 1,..., I ⁇ .
- the noise reduction processor 132 uses the Penalized Weighted Least Square (PWLS) function L (s) represented by Equation (1), and the converted data s that minimizes the evaluation function L (s) Ask for. Thereby, dispersion corresponding to the amount of system noise is reduced while maintaining a local average value of the output signal.
- PWLS Penalized Weighted Least Square
- the first term is an evaluation function that represents the strength of the constraint by the measurement data using the converted data s i as a variable.
- the difference between the measurement data d i and the converted data s i (d i ⁇ s i ).
- This first term is called the data fidelity term. Focusing only on the data fidelity term, the smaller the difference between the converted data s i and the measured data d i , the smaller the function value (evaluation value) of the first term. (As an extreme example, the value of the data fidelity term is minimized when the converted data s i matches the measurement data d i ).
- f (T i ) multiplied by the square of the difference (d i ⁇ s i ) in the data fidelity term is expressed by the following equation (2).
- T i in the data fidelity term is a value obtained by weighting and adding the measurement data d i of the target detection element i and the measurement data d j of one or more detection elements j located in the vicinity thereof by a weighting coefficient ⁇ ij decide.
- a T i determined by the following equation (3).
- the set M i is a set for determining the detector element j to weighted addition of the measured data d j, as exemplified in FIG. 5, the target detecting element i itself, in the vicinity of the detector element i It is composed of one or more detection elements j located. At this time, at least one of the detection elements j is set to be adjacent to the target element i in any one of the channel, the column, and the view direction.
- Set M i is stored predetermined evaluation function parameter setting unit 136.
- the weighting coefficient ⁇ ij may be a constant, but it is also possible to use a value determined by the correlation between the positions of the detection elements i and j.
- first to fourth examples of the method for determining the value of the weighting coefficient ⁇ ij will be described. Which of the first to fourth examples is used may be determined in advance, or the noise reduction processor 132 may accept a selection from the user via the input device 3.
- the weighting coefficient ⁇ ij is a predetermined constant
- the value of the weighting coefficient ⁇ ij is stored in advance in the evaluation function parameter setting unit 136, and the noise reduction processor 132 reads and uses this value.
- the noise reduction processor 132 obtains the weighting coefficient ⁇ ij by calculation based on the correlation between the positions of the detection elements i and j.
- the weighting coefficient ⁇ ij is calculated from the spatial distance between the detection element i and the detection element j according to the equation (4).
- the weighting coefficient ⁇ ij determined by the equation (4) becomes larger as the detection element j is closer to the target detection element i.
- p i and p j are coordinate vectors of the detection elements i and j, respectively, and are coordinate vectors having the same origin in the three-dimensional Euclidean space. Therefore, (p i ⁇ p j ) represents the spatial distance between the detection element i and the detection element j.
- ⁇ d is an arbitrary parameter that defines the correlation between the spatial distances of the detection elements i and j, and is stored in advance in the evaluation function parameter setting unit 136 as a constant.
- the third example is a method of determining the weighting coefficient ⁇ ij from the correlation between the measurement data d i and d j according to equation (5).
- the weighting coefficient ⁇ ij determined by the equation (5) is larger as the detection element j of the measurement data d j is closer to the measurement data d i of the target detection element i.
- ⁇ r is an arbitrary parameter that defines the correlation between d i and d j of the measurement data of the detection elements i and j, and is stored in advance in the evaluation function parameter setting unit 136 as a constant.
- the weighting coefficient ⁇ ij is determined by the correlation between the positions of the detection elements i and j and the correlation between the measurement data d i and d j according to Equation (6).
- Expression (6) is a bilateral filter, and the weighting coefficient ⁇ ij determined by Expression (6) is close to the target detection element i and is close to the value of the measurement data d i of the target detection element i.
- the detection element j of data d j has a larger value.
- N i is a set that defines one or more detection elements j used for evaluation, and the target detection element i itself and one or more detection elements j located in the vicinity of the detection element i Consists of. At this time, at least one of the detection elements j is set to be adjacent to the target element i in any one of the channel, the column, and the view direction.
- the set Ni is determined in advance and stored in the evaluation function parameter setting unit 136.
- w ij is a weighting coefficient for weighting the difference (s i ⁇ s j ) of the converted data.
- the weighting coefficients w ij such that the sum of the weighting coefficients w ij for each detector element j belonging to the set N i is 1, respectively predetermined values of w ij ing.
- the value of w ij is stored in advance in the evaluation function parameter setting unit 136.
- ⁇ in equation (1) is a parameter that determines the balance between the first term data fidelity term and the second term penalty term, and is called a penalty coefficient.
- Evaluation value data fidelity term and penalty term are inversely related, data fidelity term, whereas the converted data s i becomes smaller is a value close to the measured data d i, penalty term, converted The smaller the difference (s i ⁇ s j ) between the data s i and s j, the smaller. Therefore, the relationship between the two is adjusted by the penalty coefficient ⁇ .
- the penalty coefficient ⁇ is 0, the converted data is determined only by the data fidelity term, and when the penalty coefficient ⁇ is ⁇ , the converted data is determined only by the penalty term.
- the noise reduction processor 132 obtains an optimal penalty coefficient ⁇ in advance for each photographing condition and stores it in the evaluation function parameter setter 136.
- the noise reduction processor 132 reads the penalty coefficient ⁇ corresponding to the imaging condition from the evaluation function parameter setter 136 and uses it for the calculation of the function L (s) of the equation (1).
- the noise reduction processor 132 instructs the central controller 16 to completely close the opening of the collimator 23 in FIG. 2 to shield X-rays for each imaging condition, and perform predetermined imaging in that state. Instruct.
- the output signal obtained by the data collection system 25 by this imaging includes only system noise.
- the obtained output signal is subjected to pre-processing (bit number restoration, offset correction) similar to step 401 described above, and converted into measurement data (step 601).
- the obtained measurement data is referred to as noise measurement data.
- i 1,..., I ⁇ that minimizes the function L (s) is obtained by sequential processing (step 602). At this time, the provisional penalty coefficient ⁇ is a sufficiently small positive number.
- the converted data s is calculated using the Gauss-Seidel method.
- the post-conversion data s is calculated using the update formula of the following formula (8) derived by applying the Gauss-Seidel method to the formula (1).
- s i (p) is a converted data s i obtained by sequential treatment of p-th.
- the set N i is the same as the set N i that defines the formula (1).
- T i and w ij are determined by the above formulas (3) and (7).
- step 701 the noise measurement data d i of the detecting elements i, each parameter and inputs the predetermined keep the initial data s i (0) in Equation (8), after conversion of the first updated Data s i (1) is calculated.
- the determination of the convergence condition in step 702 is performed by determining whether or not the difference (s i (p) ⁇ s i (p ⁇ 1) ) of the converted data between the updates is below a preset threshold value. If the difference (s i (p) ⁇ s i (p ⁇ 1) ) in the converted data s i (p) between the updates is equal to or less than a preset threshold value, it is determined that the data has converged.
- step 704 a method is used in which the number of updates is counted and the update is terminated when the preset number is reached.
- the sequential processing of FIG. 7 is performed for all the detecting elements, obtaining the respective converted data s i.
- the order of the detection elements for obtaining the converted data may be arbitrary.
- post-conversion data s ⁇ s i
- i 1,..., I ⁇ is obtained.
- the obtained dispersion value is noise included in the converted data of the noise measurement data. It is determined whether the obtained noise value is smaller than a predetermined desired noise value (step 604). As the desired noise value, 0 or an arbitrary positive value close to 0 is used.
- the provisional penalty coefficient ⁇ is assumed to be the optimum value of ⁇ , and the process is terminated (step 605).
- step 606 Using the corrected ⁇ as the provisional penalty coefficient ⁇ , the processing returns to step 602 and the processing of steps 602 to 604 is repeated.
- the penalty coefficient ⁇ is gradually increased from a positive number close to 0, and when noise smaller than the desired noise is obtained for the first time, ⁇ at that time is changed to the optimal penalty coefficient ⁇
- the present invention is not limited to this, and other methods such as a method of gradually reducing ⁇ can be used.
- the noise reduction processing unit 132 obtains an optimal penalty coefficient ⁇ for each photographing condition in advance and stores it in the evaluation function parameter setting unit 136.
- i 1,..., I ⁇ from the preprocessor 131 in step 401 of FIG.
- the addition coefficient ⁇ ij , set M i , coefficients ⁇ d and ⁇ r are read out as necessary, and T i in equation (3) is obtained by calculation.
- the method of calculating the converted data s i is the same as the process described with reference to equation (8) and 7, carried out by a sequential process. Thereby, post-conversion data s i is obtained for all detection elements i.
- the obtained post-conversion data s ⁇ s i
- i 1,..., I ⁇ maintains the average value of the measurement data of the detection element j in a predetermined range centered on the target detection element i, and The variance corresponding to the amount of system noise is removed data.
- I 1,..., I ⁇ is acquired (third step 403 in FIG. 4). This is processing for enabling logarithmic conversion performed by the correction processor 134 in the next fourth step 404.
- the i-th converted data s i is a non-positive number
- a method of replacing it with the average value of the converted data in the vicinity thereof, or an arbitrary threshold value preset in the threshold setting unit 135 is read, and after the conversion from the threshold
- the non-positive number converted data s i is converted to a positive number by using a method of replacing with a threshold value.
- i 1,..., I ⁇ (fourth step 404).
- the projection data z is stored in the storage device 27 in the input / output device.
- the reconstruction calculation device 43 in the calculation device 4 performs image reconstruction processing using the stored projection data and generates a reconstructed image.
- Comparative Example 1 measurement data obtained by performing only the processing of Step 401 on the output signal of the data collection system 25 was obtained. The average value and the dispersion value of the obtained data were calculated and plotted on the graph of FIG. 8 after every 7 shootings.
- the output signal of the data collection system 25 is subjected to processing by the Penalized Least Square function, which is a general noise reduction process, after step 401, and then step 403 is performed to obtain positive number data. Got.
- the average value and the dispersion value of the obtained positive number data were calculated and plotted on the graph of FIG. 8 after every seven photographings.
- the noise reduction processor 132 of the present embodiment by performing the processing by the noise reduction processor 132 of the present embodiment, it is possible to remove the variance corresponding to the system noise from the measurement data regardless of the tube current, and therefore, the tube current time product set by the operator. If they are equal, equivalent image quality can be realized. Therefore, if the tube current time products are equal, the image quality obtained does not vary greatly even under shooting conditions where the influence of system noise on photon noise cannot be ignored. Can be provided. Therefore, it is possible for the operator to easily assume the image quality in advance. In addition, when AEC is used, it is possible to achieve a desired image quality with high accuracy according to the present invention even in the case where the influence of system noise cannot be avoided.
- the correction processing device 42 performs processing for obtaining a desired noise reduction effect more strictly even when the average of measurement data of the detection element j in the vicinity of the target detection element i is very small. Do.
- Equation (9) is the PWLS function Q (s).
- alpha i is a penalty factor, rather than the equivalent coefficient throughout the data, determined for each detector element i, the more the measurement data d i is a large value of the non-positive and the absolute value alpha i Is set to be large.
- ⁇ i is determined according to the measurement data d i for each detection element i according to the following equation (10).
- ⁇ is the same parameter as ⁇ in the first embodiment.
- correction is performed by setting the penalty coefficient ⁇ i for each detection element i so that ⁇ i increases as the measurement data d i is a non-positive number and has a larger absolute value.
- the processing device 42 can more strictly reduce the system noise even when the average of the measurement data of the detection element j near the target detection element i is very small.
- the correction processing device 42 considers the influence of the X-ray beam hardening effect detected by the X-ray detector 14 and performs processing for realizing a desired noise reduction effect more strictly. .
- Equation (11) is the PWLS function R (s).
- Equation (12) B is the degree of the polynomial, and ⁇ b is the coefficient of the b-order term.
- the degree and coefficient of the polynomial in equation (12) are determined from the relationship between the average value and the variance of data measured using, for example, a plurality of water phantoms having different diameters.
- X-rays are irradiated to water phantoms with different diameters, and the output signal of the data collection system 25 is acquired.
- Each output signal obtained is subjected to the processing of step 401 in FIG. 4 to obtain measurement data.
- an average value and a variance are calculated.
- ⁇ 0 is the variance when T i is 0, that is, the variance corresponding to the system noise. Since the processing desired in step 402 of FIG. 4 is to reduce the variance corresponding to the system noise, the value obtained by subtracting ⁇ 0 from the polynomial is set to f (T i ) as shown in equation (12). Also, the coefficients and the degree of the polynomial are stored in advance in the evaluation function parameter setter 136 in FIG. 3, and are read out and used by the noise reduction processor 132 in the same manner as the parameters such as the penalty coefficient ⁇ . Furthermore, since the system noise changes depending on the rotation speed and the tube voltage as described above, the coefficient and order of the polynomial are determined for each photographing condition, and stored and used.
- the influence of the beam hardening effect is considered using a water phantom.
- the shape and material of the phantom are limited to this if the polynomial can be approximated from the relationship between the average value and dispersion of the measurement data. It is not a thing.
- the influence of the X-ray beam hardening effect detected by the X-ray detector 14 is taken into account by determining the data fidelity term based on the relationship between the average value of measured data and the variance.
- the desired noise reduction effect can be realized more strictly.
- the correction processing device 42 obtains a desired noise reduction effect more strictly even when the average of the measurement data of the detection element j in the vicinity of the target detection element i in the third embodiment is very small. Process.
- Equation (13) is f (T i ) multiplied by the data fidelity term of the fourth embodiment.
- the noise reduction processor 132 determines the dispersion ratio gain ⁇ in the same manner as ⁇ described above.
- the operation in which the noise reduction processor 132 determines the dispersion ratio gain ⁇ will be described according to the flow shown in FIG.
- noise measurement data is acquired for the number of types of phantom diameters photographed (step 901). In order to distinguish the noise measurement data having different phantom diameters, they are hereinafter referred to as noise measurement data A, B,.
- step 902 using the noise measurement data A, B,... Obtained in step 901, the provisional dispersion ratio gain ⁇ determined in advance, and the other parameters described above, the function R of Equation (11) The value of (s) is calculated, and converted data that minimizes the function R (s) is obtained by sequential processing (step 902). Step 902 is performed independently for noise measurement data A, B,.
- the provisional dispersion ratio gain ⁇ is a sufficiently small positive number.
- step 902 The operation for obtaining the converted data by sequential processing in step 902 is the same as the operation described in step 602 of FIG. From step 902, converted data corresponding to the provisional dispersion ratio gain ⁇ is obtained for the noise measurement data A, B,.
- step 903 in FIG. 9 the process proceeds to step 903 in FIG. 9 to perform noise measurement of the converted data. Also in this step, post-conversion data corresponding to noise measurement data A, B,... Is processed independently. For simplicity of explanation, attention is paid to the noise measurement data A here. From the converted data of the noise measurement data A, an average value and variance are obtained. Further, an error between the obtained variance and the reference value is calculated.
- the reference value uses the value obtained by substituting the calculated average value into equation (12). Further, as an error, for example, an absolute error of dispersion with respect to a reference value is used. By applying this process to the noise measurement data A, B,..., Errors in the converted data corresponding to the noise measurement data A, B,.
- the reference value in step 903 corresponds to the variance not including system noise calculated from the average value of the data. Therefore, when the calculated variance is close to the reference value for all diameter phantoms, that is, when the error in step 903 is small, the data has been subjected to a desired noise reduction process.
- the sum of errors corresponding to the noise measurement data A, B,... Calculated in step 903 is taken to determine whether the predetermined sum of errors is within a predetermined range (step 904).
- the predetermined error range in step 904 may be an empirically set value, for example, set to 0.1.
- step 905 If the total sum of the obtained errors is smaller than the predetermined range, the process is terminated assuming that the temporary dispersion ratio gain ⁇ is the optimum value of ⁇ (step 905).
- step 906 Using the corrected ⁇ as the provisional dispersion ratio gain ⁇ , the process returns to step 902 and the processing of steps 902 to 904 is repeated.
- the dispersion ratio gain ⁇ is gradually increased from a positive number close to 0, and when the sum of errors becomes smaller than a predetermined range for the first time, the ⁇ at that time is optimized.
- This is a method of determining the dispersion ratio gain ⁇ , but the present invention is not limited to this, and other methods such as a method of gradually reducing ⁇ can be used.
- step 402 of FIG. 4 is executed in the above-described step 902, but step 403 of FIG. 4 is also processed, and the obtained non-positive number converted data may be used instead of the converted data. good.
- the dispersion ratio gain ⁇ is determined through the noise reduction processor 132 and the positive number converter 133.
- the noise reduction processing unit 132 obtains an optimal dispersion ratio gain ⁇ for each photographing condition in advance and stores it in the evaluation function parameter setting unit 136. .
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Abstract
Description
補正処理装置42は、データ収集系25からの出力信号について、着目検出素子を中心とした所定の複数の検出素子の出力信号の局所的な平均値を維持しながら、上記所定の複数の検出素子の出力信号に含まれるシステムノイズ量に相当する分散を低減する処理を行う。
実施形態2では、補正処理装置42は、注目検出素子iの近傍の検出素子jの計測データの平均が非常に小さい場合であっても、より厳密に所望のノイズ低減効果を得るための処理を行う。
被検体のX線吸収係数がX線の持つエネルギに依存しない場合、図8における比較例1のように、データの平均値と分散の関係は直線で表せる。それに対し、X線吸収係数のエネルギ依存の度合いが顕著な場合、両者の関係は直線とならない(ビームハードニング効果と呼ばれる)。そこで、実施形態3では、補正処理装置42は、X線検出器14で検出するX線のビームハードニング効果による影響を考慮し、より厳密に所望のノイズ低減効果を実現するための処理を行う。
実施形態4では、補正処理装置42は、実施形態3において注目検出素子iの近傍の検出素子jの計測データの平均が非常に小さい場合であっても、より厳密に所望のノイズ低減効果を得るための処理を行う。
Claims (16)
- X線を被検体に照射するX線発生部と、被検体を透過したX線を検出するX線検出器と、前記X線検出器の出力信号を補正する補正処理部と、前記補正処理部の出力から画像を再構成する再構成演算部とを有し、
前記X線検出器は、配列された検出素子を含み、
前記補正処理部は、前記検出素子のうち注目した検出素子を中心とした所定の複数の検出素子の出力信号値の平均値を維持しながら、前記注目した検出素子を中心とした所定の複数の検出素子の出力信号値の分散を低減することを特徴とするX線CT装置。 - 請求項1に記載のX線CT装置において、前記補正処理部は、前記注目した検出素子の補正後の出力信号値を変数とする第1の評価関数および第2の評価関数の値をそれぞれ求め、その和が最小になる前記補正後の出力信号値を、前記補正後の出力信号値を変更しながら逐次処理により求めるものであり、
前記第1の評価関数は、前記注目した検出素子の補正前の出力信号値と、その補正後の出力信号値との差が小さいほど、前記第1の評価関数の値が小さくなる関数であり、
前記第2の評価関数は、前記注目した検出素子とそれに近接する検出素子の補正後の出力信号値の差が小さいほど、前記第2の評価関数の値が小さくなる関数であることを特徴とするX線CT装置。 - 請求項2に記載のX線CT装置において、前記第1の評価関数は、前記注目した検出素子の補正前の出力信号値とその補正後の出力信号値との差の2乗に所定の係数Tを掛けるものであることを特徴とするX線CT装置。
- 請求項3に記載のX線CT装置において、前記係数Tは、前記注目した検出素子iと、それを中心とした1以上の検出素子jとの集合の出力信号値を加重加算することにより求められた値であることを特徴とするX線CT装置。
- 請求項4に記載のX線CT装置において、前記係数Tは、前記検出素子iと、前記検出素子jとの集合のそれぞれの出力信号値の平均値であることを特徴とするX線CT装置。
- 請求項4に記載のX線CT装置において、前記係数Tは、前記検出素子iと前記検出素子jとの空間的な距離に応じて、1以上の前記検出素子jの出力信号値をそれぞれ重み付けして加算した値であることを特徴とするX線CT装置。
- 請求項4に記載のX線CT装置において、前記係数Tは、前記検出素子iの出力信号値と前記検出素子jの出力信号値との相関性により、1以上の前記検出素子jの出力信号値をそれぞれ重み付けして加算した値であることを特徴とするX線CT装置。
- 請求項2に記載のX線CT装置において、前記補正処理部は、前記第1の評価関数および第2の評価関数の値の和を求める際に、加重係数βを用いて加重加算することを特徴とするX線CT装置。
- 請求項8に記載のX線CT装置において、前記加重係数βは、前記X線発生部が被検体に照射するX線を遮蔽した状態で得た複数の前記検出素子の出力信号に対して前記補正処理部が求めた前記補正後の出力信号の分散が、予め定めた値以下となる値であることを特徴とするX線CT装置。
- 請求項2に記載のX線CT装置において、前記補正処理部は、前記第1の評価関数および第2の評価関数の値の和を求める際に、加重係数αを用いて加重加算し、前記加重係数αは、前記検出素子ごとに定められることを特徴とするX線CT装置。
- 請求項10に記載のX線CT装置において、前記加重係数αは、前記検出素子の出力信号値が非正数かつ絶対値の大きな値であるほど大きいことを特徴とするX線CT装置。
- 請求項1に記載のX線CT装置において、前記X線検出器の前記検出素子は、チャネル方向および列方向の2次元方向に配列され、
前記X線発生部と前記X線検出器は、前記被検体の周りを回りながら複数の位置(ビュー)において、前記被検体を透過したX線を検出し、
前記所定の複数の検出素子のうちの少なくとも一つは、前記チャネル、列、および、ビューのいずれかの方向において、前記注目した検出素子と隣接していることを特徴とするX線CT装置。 - 請求項1に記載のX線CT装置において、被検体に関する情報に応じて撮影中に前記X線発生部の管電流を変調させる自動露光制御演算装置をさらに備えることを特徴とするX線CT装置。
- 請求項3に記載のX線CT装置において、前記係数Tは、前記注目した検出素子iと、それを中心とした1以上の検出素子jとの集合の出力信号値を加重加算することにより求められた値を、実験的に求めた信号値の平均と分散の関係を近似した多項式を含む変換関数により変換して得られた値であることを特徴とするX線CT装置。
- 請求項14に記載のX線CT装置において、前記変換関数は、前記多項式から実験的に求めたシステムノイズに相当する分散を差分して得られる差分多項式を含むことを特徴とするX線CT装置。
- X線CT装置の2次元方向に配列された検出素子の出力信号を補正する補正処理装置であって、
前記検出素子のうち注目した検出素子を中心とした所定の複数の検出素子の出力信号値の平均値を維持しながら、前記注目した検出素子を中心とした所定の複数の検出素子の出力信号値の分散を低減することを特徴とする補正処理装置。
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