Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
  • G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
  • G01T1/16—Measuring radiation intensity
  • G01T1/20—Measuring radiation intensity with scintillation detectors
  • G01T1/202—Measuring radiation intensity with scintillation detectors the detector being a crystal
  • G01T1/2023—Selection of materials
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • C09K11/00—Luminescent materials, e.g. electroluminescent or chemiluminescent
  • C09K11/08—Luminescent materials, e.g. electroluminescent or chemiluminescent containing inorganic luminescent materials
  • C09K11/77—Luminescent materials, e.g. electroluminescent or chemiluminescent containing inorganic luminescent materials containing rare earth metals
  • C09K11/7766—Luminescent materials, e.g. electroluminescent or chemiluminescent containing inorganic luminescent materials containing rare earth metals containing two or more rare earth metals
  • C09K11/7772—Halogenides
  • C09K11/7773—Halogenides with alkali or alkaline earth metal

Definitions

• the present application relates generally to the imaging arts and more particularly to luminescent compositions for use in imaging systems.
• the application subject matter finds use in many kinds of imaging systems, including for example computed tomography (CT) imaging systems, positron emission tomography (PET) imaging systems, and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) systems. It could also be used in connection with other imaging systems, for example as part of an x-ray intensifying screen.
• CT computed tomography
• PET positron emission tomography
• SPECT single-photon emission computed tomography
• Luminescent compositions function to harness the energy of incoming high energy radiation photons (e.g. x-rays or gamma rays) and transform that energy to secondary radiation photons (e.g. ultraviolet light) which can more easily be measured by electronic
• an imaging detector array includes several pixels, with each pixel formed by one or more blocks of a scintillating luminescent composition material optically coupled to a photodetector.
• scintillating luminescent composition material depends on many properties of the material, including for example its stopping power, brightness, and decay time. Ever since the discovery of x-rays by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen in 1895 there has been an ongoing need to find and develop materials which are efficient in converting higher energy photons into lower energy photons. A wide variety of such scintillating materials have been investigated and used. Commonly used scintillating luminescent compositions for x-ray detection include for example Ce 3+ doped inorganic host matrices such as LU2S1O5, LuP0 4 , and LU2S12O7, all of which have a high density which provides an advantageously high stopping power with respect to the incoming x-ray radiation.
• a luminescent composition's decay time corresponds to the time it takes for the secondary scintillation light afterglow to fall back down to practically zero or to some other minimum value.
• an afterglow having a narrower wavelength spectrum is preferred to an afterglow having a broader wavelength spectrum.
• a smaller afterglow is advantageous because it increases the number of scintillation events which may be detected in a given time period, and also increases the temporal resolution of the detector.
• the decay time is an essential performance figure of a respective luminescent composition, and shortening of the decay time yields advantages for the application.
• the present disclosure relates to luminescent compositions sensitized by Ce 3+ , and in particular to such luminescent compositions in which Ce 3 + shows emission in the ultraviolet range.
• "Ultraviolet" light as defined herein corresponds to light having a wavelength between about 280 nm and about 400 nm.
• These luminescent compositions include for example
• scintillating compositions in which Ce is located on crystallographic sites exerting a low crystal-field splitting and a low covalent interaction with the activator.
• Typical examples are fluorides, sulphates, and phosphates, in particular the following fluorides:
• A Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, or solid solution combinations thereof
• present disclosure also concerns the application of one or several of these luminescent compositions as a ceramic or single crystalline converter for CT imaging scanners, or PET or SPECT imaging scanners.
• This disclosure further concerns the application of one or several of these luminescent compositions in a luminescent powder layer for x-ray intensifying screens.
• FIGURE 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an x-ray detector unit 100, not drawn to scale;
• FIGURE 3 shows the emission 302, excitation 304, and reflection 306 spectra of
• FIGURE 4 shows the decay curve of KYF 4 :Ce under 265 nm excitation (4f-5d) monitored at 327 nm;
• FIGURE 6 shows the emission 602, excitation 604, and reflection 606 spectra of KY 3 F 10 :Ce;
• FIGURE 7 shows the decay curve of KY3Fio:Ce under 265 nm excitation (4f-5d) monitored at 377 nm;
• FIGURE 9 shows the emission 902, excitation 904, and reflection 906 spectra of
• FIGURE 10 shows the decay curve of KLaF 4 :Ce under 265 nm excitation (4f-5d) monitored at 317 nm;
• FIGURE 12 shows the emission 202, excitation 204, and reflection 206 spectra of
• FIGURE 13 shows the decay curve of KLuF 4 :Ce under 265 nm excitation (4f-5d) monitored at 312 nm;
• FIGURE 15 shows the emission 502, excitation 504, and reflection 506 spectra of NaYF 4 :Ce
• FIGURE 16 shows the decay curve of NaYF 4 :Ce under 265 nm excitation (4f-5d) monitored at 295 nm;
• FIGURE 18 shows two emission spectra 802a and 802b, the excitation spectrum
• FIGURE 19 shows the decay curve of NaLuF 4 :Ce under 265 nm excitation (4f-5d) monitored at 320 nm;
• FIGURE 21 shows the emission 102, excitation 104, and reflection 106 spectra of RbLaF 4 :Ce;
• FIGURE 22 shows the decay curve of RbLaF 4 :Ce under 265 nm excitation (4f-5d) monitored at 310 nm.
• FIGURE 1 illustrates a first, exemplary embodiment of a unit 100 which detects incoming high energy radiation 50.
• the radiation detector unit 100 may be used, for example, in a computed tomography (CT) imaging apparatus.
• CT is an imaging modality used in many different contexts, including medical imaging.
• CT imaging systems typically employ an x-ray source (not shown) to generate x-rays 50 that traverse an examination region.
• a subject arranged in the examination region interacts with and absorbs a portion of the traversing x- rays 50.
• An array of x-ray radiation detectors 100 is arranged opposite the x-ray source to detect and measure intensities of the transmitted x-rays 50.
• the radiation detector array typically includes several detectors 100, wherein each detector 100 corresponds to one imaging pixel.
• the radiation detector unit 100 may be used in a positron emission tomography (PET) imaging apparatus.
• PET is an imaging modality used in many different contexts, including medical imaging.
• the subject to be imaged typically ingests a radiopharmaceutical which is configured to travel to an area of the subject to be imaged.
• the radiopharmaceutical emits gamma rays 50 which travel through and out of the subject to be detected by an array of gamma ray radiation detectors 100 arranged around the subject to detect and measure intensities of the emitted gamma rays 50.
• the radiation detector array typically includes several detectors 100, wherein each detector 100 corresponds to one imaging pixel.
• the radiation detector 100 operates in substantially the same manner.
• the radiation detector 100 interacts with the incoming radiation 50 to produce electronic signals representative of the intensity and spectrum of radiation 50 received by the detector 100.
• the electronic signals may then be electronically processed to produce a two-dimensional or three-dimensional image of the subject under investigation.
• FIGURE 1 is schematic in nature, meant principally for illustration and not as an exact depiction to scale of the elements shown. Therefore, the dimensions of a given element in relation to the dimensions of other elements as shown in the Figure do not necessarily reflect such relative dimensions as one would find in an actual radiation detector unit. For example, in an actual radiation detector unit, the reflector material 22 would be much thinner in relation to the size of the scintillator 10 than illustrated in the Figure.
• the radiation detector unit 100 includes a scintillating luminescent composition 10 which, from the perspective of the view in FIGURE 1, has a top face 12, a bottom face 14, and four side faces. Only two side faces 16 and 18 are shown in the Figure.
• the relative terms “top”, “bottom” and “side” have meaning only from the perspective of FIGURE 1. They do not have any functional significance in the operation of the detector 100.
• the detector 100 may be placed in an imaging apparatus such that the face 12 is actually a bottom face.
• the x-ray detector unit 100 functions to harness the incoming high energy radiation 50 impinging upon the top face 12 and produce an electric signal which is representative of the amount or total energy of detected radiation 50.
• the first step in this process is performed by the scintillator 10, which acts as a transducer by absorbing the energy of the incoming high energy radiation 50 and converting that energy to secondary photons 52.
• the amount of secondary photons 52 produced by the scintillator 10 is thus representative of the incoming radiation energy absorbed within a given reading time period.
• Many different scintillators 10 are known in the art, and various scintillator 10 embodiments are discussed further below. The demands of a particular application may render one or more scintillator(s) 10 particularly suitable or particularly unsuitable for that application.
• the x-ray detector unit 100 includes a photodetector 20 optically coupled to the bottom face 14 of the scintillator 10. Such optical coupling may be achieved by a direct contact, or with intervening elements such as for example filters, transparent or semi- transparent layers, transparent or semi-transparent adhesive, light guides, and the like.
• the photodetector 20 absorbs the energy of the secondary photons 52 produced by the scintillator 10 and converts that energy to an electrical signal.
• the electrical signal produced by the photodetector 20 is representative of the amount of secondary photons 52 impinging upon the photodetector 20, and is thus also representative of the radiation 50 flux entering the detector 100.
• Photodetectors include photomultipliers, photodiodes, and the like.
• the scintillator 10 is covered with a reflector material 22 on each portion of its exterior other than the region where the scintillator 10 is optically coupled to the photodetector 20.
• the reflector material 22 reflects the secondary photons 52, but permits the high energy radiation photons 50 to pass through unaffected.
• the secondary photons 52 must exit the scintillator 10 (if they exit at all) through the photodetector 20 (except some small loss).
• Some secondary photons 52 will be self-absorbed by the scintillator 10 before they can reach the photodetector 20, and some may escape through or around the reflector material 22.
• a radiation shielding or reflecting material 28 is placed in the spaces between the top faces 12 of adjacent units 100.
• common x-ray shielding materials 28 include lead and tungsten, both of which substantially prevent the passage of any x-rays through the shield 28.
• the photodetector 20 has one or more electrical leads 30 connecting the photodetector 20 to a circuit board 32.
• the circuit board 32 receives electrical signals from the photodetector 20 and passes them on to signal processing hardware and further on to an image processor 34.
• the image processor 34 processes electrical signals received from several different radiation detector units 100 to form an image of the subject under investigation according to a mathematical algorithm or algorithms.
• the image can be displayed on an associated display 36.
• a user input 38 may be provided for a user to control the image processor 34.
• the image processor 34 may store related imaging data and other data in a memory 40.
• the luminescent compositions of the present disclosure may be used as an x-ray intensifier screen (not shown).
• the luminescent composition is typically in a powdered form, rather than the ceramic or single crystal form of the scintillator 10 shown in FIGURE 1.
• the present disclosure particularly pertains to a luminescent composition scintillator having a host matrix which incorporates Ce 3+ as an activator.
• the Ce 3+ may comprise from 0.01% to 10% by atomic number
• the Ce dopant shows luminescence in the ultraviolet range due to its spin- and parity-allowed [Xe]5d x - [Xe]4f x transition.
• the luminescent compositions of the present disclosure may include one or more other doping agents in addition to the Ce 3+ .
• These co-activators may include, for example, Pr 3+ , Nd 3+ , Sm 3+ , Eu 3+ , Gd 3+ , Tb 3+ , Dy 3+ , Ho 3+ , Er 3+ , Tm 3+ , or Yb 3+ .
• Typical examples of a suitable host lattice include fluorides, sulphates, and phosphates, in particular:
• A Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, or solid solutions thereof. Also, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1 and 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1, with x+y ⁇ 1.
• the present disclosure also concerns the application of one or several of these luminescent compositions as a ceramic or single crystalline converter for CT imaging scanners, or PET or SPECT imaging scanners. This disclosure further concerns the application of one or several of these luminescent compositions in a luminescent powder layer for x-ray intensifying screens.
• Table 1 gives an overview of some representative example luminescent compositions:
• Such materials can result in one or more of several advantages. These advantages can include lower production costs due to less material being required, a higher imaging resolution, and a shorter imaging time.
• the luminescent compositions of the present disclosure may further include a diffusion barrier which coats the particles, the ceramic, or the single crystal of the composition.
• the diffusion barrier material operates to substantially prevent diffusion of H 2 0, C0 2 and volatile organic compounds across the diffusion barrier. This enhances the stability of the luminescent composition.
• the luminescent compositions of the present disclosure can be produced and used in the same manner as conventional luminescent compositions, as known by one of ordinary skill in the art.
• KYF 4 :Ce(l%) was prepared and evaluated. Initially, the first three ingredients of the following table were thoroughly blended together in an agate mortar:
• KBF 4 was then added to the initial three ingredient blend, in the amount identified in the table, and the resulting mixture was milled again to form a final blend.
• the final blend was filled into a glassy-carbon crucible and calcined at 650° C for 6 hours.
• a small sample of AIF 3 was used as a water scavenger in the tube furnace to trap any water remaining in the stream of dried Nitrogen. After the firing step, samples were powderized by grinding in an agate mortar.
• FIGURE 3 shows the emission 302, excitation 304, and reflection 306 spectra of the resulting KYF 4 :Ce.
• FIGURE 4 shows the decay curve of the resulting KYF 4 :Ce under 265 nm excitation (4f-5d) monitored at 327 nm.
• KY 3 Fio:Ce(l%) was prepared and evaluated. Initially, the first three ingredients of the following table were thoroughly blended together in an agate mortar:
• KBF 4 was then added to the initial three ingredient blend, in the amount identified in the table, and the resulting mixture was milled again to form a final blend.
• the final blend was filled into a glassy-carbon crucible and calcined at 650° C for 6 hours.
• a small sample of AIF 3 was used as a water scavenger in the tube furnace to trap any water remaining in the stream of dried Nitrogen. After the firing step, samples were powderized by grinding in an agate mortar.
• FIGURE 6 shows the emission 602, excitation 604, and reflection 606 spectra of the resulting KY 3 Fio:Ce. The band at 327 nm is due to an impurity of KYF 4 :Ce.
• FIGURE 7 shows the decay curve of the resulting KY 3 Fio:Ce under 265 nm excitation (4f-5d) monitored at 377 nm.
• KLaF 4 :Ce(l%) was prepared and evaluated. Initially, the first three ingredients of the following table were thoroughly blended together in an agate mortar:
• KBF 4 was then added to the initial three ingredient blend, in the amount identified in the table, and the resulting mixture was milled again to form a final blend.
• the final blend was filled into a glassy-carbon crucible and calcined at 650° C for 6 hours.
• a small sample of AIF 3 was used as a water scavenger in the tube furnace to trap any water remaining in the stream of dried Nitrogen. After the firing step, samples were powderized by grinding in an agate mortar.
• FIGURE 9 shows the emission 902, excitation 904, and reflection 906 spectra of the resulting KLaF 4 :Ce.
• FIGURE 10 shows the decay curve of the resulting KLaF 4 :Ce under 265 nm excitation (4f-5d) monitored at 317 nm.
• KLuF 4 :Ce(l%) was prepared and evaluated. Initially, the first three ingredients of the following table were thoroughly blended together in an agate mortar:
• KBF 4 was then added to the initial three ingredient blend, in the amount identified in the table, and the resulting mixture was milled again to form a final blend.
• the final blend was filled into a glassy-carbon crucible and calcined at 650° C for 6 hours.
• a small sample of AIF 3 was used as a water scavenger in the tube furnace to trap any water remaining in the stream of dried Nitrogen. After the firing step, samples were powderized by grinding in an agate mortar.
• X-ray diffraction pattern data for un-doped KLuF 4 was not readily available to the inventors at the time this disclosure was prepared.
• FIGURE 12 shows the emission 202, excitation 204, and reflection 206 spectra of the resulting KLuF 4 :Ce.
• FIGURE 13 shows the decay curve of the resulting KLuF 4 :Ce under 265 nm excitation (4f-5d) monitored at 312 nm.
• NaYF 4 :Ce(l%) was prepared and evaluated. Initially, the first three ingredients of the following table were thoroughly blended together in an agate mortar:
• NaBF 4 was then added to the initial three ingredient blend, in the amount identified in the table, and the resulting mixture was milled again to form a final blend.
• the final blend was filled into a glassy-carbon crucible and calcined at 700° C for 6 hours.
• a small sample of AIF 3 was used as a water scavenger in the tube furnace to trap any water remaining in the stream of dried Nitrogen. After the firing step, samples were powderized by grinding in an agate mortar.
• FIGURE 15 shows the emission 502, excitation 504, and reflection 506 spectra of the resulting NaYF 4 :Ce.
• FIGURE 16 shows the decay curve of the resulting NaYF 4 :Ce under 265 nm excitation (4f-5d) monitored at 295 nm.
• NaLuF 4 :Ce(l%) was prepared and evaluated. Initially, the first three ingredients of the following table were thoroughly blended together in an agate mortar:
• NaBF 4 was then added to the initial three ingredient blend, in the amount identified in the table, and the resulting mixture was milled again to form a final blend.
• the final blend was filled into a glassy-carbon crucible and calcined at 700° C for 6 hours.
• a small sample of AIF3 was used as a water scavenger in the tube furnace to trap any water remaining in the stream of dried Nitrogen. After the firing step, samples were powderized by grinding in an agate mortar.
• X-ray diffraction pattern data for un-doped NaLuF 4 was not readily available to the inventors at the time this disclosure was prepared.
• FIGURE 18 shows a first emission spectrum 802a under 260 nm excitation light, a second emission spectrum 802b under 295 nm excitation light, the excitation spectrum 804, and the reflection spectrum 806 of the resulting NaLuF 4 :Ce.
• FIGURE 19 shows the decay curve of the resulting NaLuF 4 :Ce under 265 nm excitation (4f-5d) monitored at 320 nm.
• RbLaF 4 :Ce(l%) was prepared and evaluated. Initially, the first three ingredients of the following table were thoroughly blended together in an agate mortar:
• RbBF 4 was then added to the initial three ingredient blend, in the amount identified in the table, and the resulting mixture was milled again to form a final blend.
• the final blend was filled into a glassy-carbon crucible and calcined at 700° C for 6 hours.
• a small sample of AIF 3 was used as a water scavenger in the tube furnace to trap any water remaining in the stream of dried Nitrogen. After the firing step, samples were powderized by grinding in an agate mortar.
• FIGURE 21 shows the emission 102, excitation 104, and reflection 106 spectra of the resulting RbLaF 4 :Ce.
• FIGURE 22 shows the decay curve of the resulting RbLaF 4 :Ce under 265 nm excitation (4f-5d) monitored at 310 nm.

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• 2014
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