WO2014199802A1 - 有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子の製造方法 - Google Patents
有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014199802A1 WO2014199802A1 PCT/JP2014/063730 JP2014063730W WO2014199802A1 WO 2014199802 A1 WO2014199802 A1 WO 2014199802A1 JP 2014063730 W JP2014063730 W JP 2014063730W WO 2014199802 A1 WO2014199802 A1 WO 2014199802A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B33/00—Electroluminescent light sources
- H05B33/12—Light sources with substantially two-dimensional radiating surfaces
- H05B33/26—Light sources with substantially two-dimensional radiating surfaces characterised by the composition or arrangement of the conductive material used as an electrode
- H05B33/28—Light sources with substantially two-dimensional radiating surfaces characterised by the composition or arrangement of the conductive material used as an electrode of translucent electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
- H10K50/11—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED] characterised by the electroluminescent [EL] layers
- H10K50/125—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED] characterised by the electroluminescent [EL] layers specially adapted for multicolour light emission, e.g. for emitting white light
- H10K50/13—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED] characterised by the electroluminescent [EL] layers specially adapted for multicolour light emission, e.g. for emitting white light comprising stacked EL layers within one EL unit
- H10K50/131—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED] characterised by the electroluminescent [EL] layers specially adapted for multicolour light emission, e.g. for emitting white light comprising stacked EL layers within one EL unit with spacer layers between the electroluminescent layers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/80—Constructional details
- H10K50/805—Electrodes
- H10K50/81—Anodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
- H10K71/20—Changing the shape of the active layer in the devices, e.g. patterning
- H10K71/211—Changing the shape of the active layer in the devices, e.g. patterning by selective transformation of an existing layer
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
- H10K71/60—Forming conductive regions or layers, e.g. electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
- H10K71/70—Testing, e.g. accelerated lifetime tests
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/657—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons
- H10K85/6572—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons comprising only nitrogen in the heteroaromatic polycondensed ring system, e.g. phenanthroline or carbazole
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing an organic electroluminescence element, and more particularly, to a method for manufacturing an organic electroluminescence element that can change a color tone depending on an observation angle when no light is emitted and can form a clear light emission pattern when light is emitted.
- ELD electroluminescence display
- organic EL elements organic electroluminescent elements
- Inorganic electroluminescent elements have been used as planar light sources, but an alternating high voltage is required to drive the light emitting elements.
- an organic EL element has a configuration in which a light emitting layer containing a light emitting compound is sandwiched between a cathode and an anode, and excitons (excitons) are injected by injecting electrons and holes into the light emitting layer and recombining them.
- This is an element that emits light by utilizing light (fluorescence or phosphorescence) emitted when excitons are deactivated.
- As the performance of the organic EL element it can emit light at a voltage of about several volts to several tens of volts, and further has a wide viewing angle and high visibility because it is a self-luminous type.
- the organic EL element is a thin-film type complete solid-state element, it has attracted attention from the viewpoints of space saving and portability.
- it has been studied to produce a flexible element by changing the substrate from a rigid one to a flexible plastic or metal foil.
- the organic EL element is also a major feature that it is a surface light source, unlike main light sources that have been put to practical use, such as light-emitting diodes and cold-cathode tubes.
- Applications that can make effective use of this characteristic include illumination light sources and backlights for various displays, and they are suitably used as backlights for liquid crystal full-color displays, for which demand is particularly increasing.
- Patent Document 1 in contrast to a conventional device that can emit only a single color, in Patent Document 1, the light emitting function is intentionally lost by irradiating the light emitting layer with UV, laser, e-beam, etc. (forming a non-light emitting region).
- an organic EL element capable of forming a light emission pattern due to the presence of the non-light emitting region during light emission has also been developed (paragraphs 0026 and 0038, Example 1).
- the technique of Patent Document 1 is merely intended for formation of a light emission pattern during light emission, and does not refer to creation of the value of an organic EL element during non-light emission.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems and circumstances, and a solution to that problem is a method of manufacturing an organic EL element that can change a color tone depending on an observation angle when no light is emitted and can form a clear light emission pattern when light is emitted. Is to provide.
- the present inventor can change the color tone according to the angle to be observed by forming an element precursor having a certain chromaticity difference in the process of examining the cause of the above problems. Furthermore, the present inventors have found that the predetermined region can be a non-light emitting region by irradiating the predetermined region of the element precursor with light.
- a method for producing an organic EL element comprising forming a layer of silver or a silver-based alloy as the transparent electrode on the transparent substrate.
- R11 and R12 each represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent.
- the organic EL element manufacturing method is characterized by irradiating light that does not include a wavelength component having a wavelength of 340 nm or less.
- the color tone changes with the angle to observe at the time of non-light emission
- the manufacturing method of the organic EL element which can form a clear light emission pattern at the time of light emission
- the expression mechanism or action mechanism of the effect of the present invention is not clear, but is presumed as follows.
- the color tone can be changed depending on the angle to be observed even when the light is not emitted, by forming a device precursor that satisfies the condition of ⁇ Exy ⁇ 0.05. ing.
- the function of the compound essential for the light emission phenomenon among the materials constituting the organic functional layer unit is lost by irradiating the predetermined region of the device precursor with light. It is speculated that a clear light emission pattern can be formed.
- Schematic sectional view showing an example of the configuration of an organic EL element having two organic functional layer units Schematic sectional view showing an example of the configuration of an organic EL element having three organic functional layer units
- Schematic sectional view showing another example of the configuration of an organic EL element having three organic functional layer units Schematic view of the positional relationship between an organic EL element and a chromaticity measuring instrument viewed from the side
- Schematic view of the positional relationship between the organic EL element and the chromaticity measuring device as seen from above Schematic view of the positional relationship between the organic EL element and the chromaticity measuring device as seen from above
- the method for producing an organic EL element according to the present invention is the method for producing an organic EL element comprising, in this order, a transparent electrode, an organic functional layer unit, and an electrode paired with the transparent electrode on a transparent substrate.
- the method includes a step of forming a precursor, and a step of irradiating a predetermined region of the element precursor with light. This feature is a technical feature common to the inventions according to claims 1 to 4.
- the transparent electrode As an embodiment of the present invention, from the viewpoint of realizing the effect of the present invention, a layer of silver or a silver-based alloy, or a layer of silver or a silver-based alloy is constant. It is preferable to form a nitrogen-containing layer on the transparent substrate. Furthermore, as an embodiment of the present invention, when a resin film is used as the transparent substrate, in the step of irradiating light to the element precursor, it is preferable to irradiate light that does not include a wavelength component having a wavelength of 340 nm or less. According to this embodiment, decomposition of the resin constituting the transparent substrate is suppressed, and discoloration of the resin film can be prevented.
- ⁇ is used to mean that the numerical values described before and after it are included as a lower limit value and an upper limit value.
- ⁇ Configuration of organic EL element a transparent electrode, an organic functional layer unit, and an electrode paired with the transparent electrode are formed in this order on a transparent substrate.
- the transparent electrode and its counter electrode become an anode or a cathode depending on voltage application conditions.
- the electrode on the transparent substrate side is the first electrode
- the organic functional layer unit is The electrode on the surface side sandwiched between them is the second electrode.
- the organic EL elements 100 and 200 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 have at least two organic functional layer units 3 between a pair of main electrodes (first electrode 2 and second electrode 6), one of which is a transparent electrode. And an intermediate electrode layer 4 disposed between the organic functional layer units 3.
- the organic functional layer unit 3 has a plurality of organic functional layers including a light emitting layer. Of the intermediate electrode layers 4, at least one intermediate electrode layer 4 is preferably a transparent electrode.
- the organic functional layer unit 3 that emits light having the shortest wavelength in the light emitting layer is disposed at a position farthest from the transparent electrode (first electrode 2) on the main light emission side of the organic EL elements 100 and 200. Are preferred.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of the configuration of an organic EL element 100 having two organic functional layer units 3A and 3B.
- an organic EL element 100 includes an intermediate electrode layer unit comprising a first electrode 2 (anode), a first organic functional layer unit 3A, an intermediate electrode 41A, and a base layer 41B on a transparent substrate 1 as transparent electrodes.
- 4A, the 2nd organic functional layer unit 3B, and the 2nd electrode 6 (cathode) which is a counter electrode are laminated
- the underlayer 41B is not an essential component, but for example, includes a silver affinity compound that is a nitrogen-containing aromatic compound, and has a high electron transport capability and can be suitably used as an electron transport material. It is preferable to provide in terms of points.
- the first electrode 2 that is a transparent electrode is an anode
- the second electrode 6 that is a counter electrode is a cathode
- the first organic functional layer unit 3A is formed in the order of “hole injection layer, hole transport layer, light emitting layer, electron transport layer, electron injection layer” from the transparent substrate 1 side, for example.
- the second organic functional layer unit 3B is also formed in the order of “hole injection layer, hole transport layer, light emitting layer, electron transport layer, electron injection layer” from the transparent substrate 1 side.
- an independent connection terminal (not shown) is disposed between the organic functional layer units 3A and 3B.
- the intermediate electrode layer unit 4A includes an intermediate electrode 41A and a base layer 41B.
- the first electrode 2 and the intermediate electrode 41A are wired with lead wires, and each connection terminal has a range of 2 to 40 V as a drive power supply V1.
- the first organic functional layer unit 3 ⁇ / b> A emits light by being applied within.
- the intermediate electrode 41A and the second electrode 6 are also wired with lead wires, and the second organic functional layer unit 3B emits light when applied to each connection terminal as a drive power source V2 within a range of 2 to 40V. To do.
- the drive voltage V1 applied between the first electrode 2 and the intermediate electrode 41A and the drive voltage V2 applied between the intermediate electrode 41A and the second electrode 6 are DC voltages. Is applied within a voltage range of 2 to 40 V with the first electrode 2 serving as an anode having a positive polarity and the second electrode 6 serving as a cathode having a negative polarity. Further, for the intermediate electrode layer 4A, Apply an intermediate voltage between the voltage applied to the anode and the cathode.
- the emitted light L emitted from the light emitting point h of each of the organic functional layer units 3A and 3B is taken out from the first electrode 2 side which is a transparent electrode.
- the light emitted to the second electrode 6 side is reflected by the surface of the second electrode 6 and is similarly extracted from the first electrode 2 side.
- the first electrode 2 and the second electrode 6 may be an anode, and the intermediate electrode layer 4A disposed between the two organic functional layer units 3A and 3B may be a cathode.
- the drive voltage V1 a voltage of about 2 to 40V is applied such that the positive side is the first electrode 2 and the negative side is the intermediate electrode layer 4A, and the drive voltage V2 is a voltage of about 2 to 40V.
- the organic functional layer units 3A and 3B emit light by applying the second electrode 6 on the positive side and the intermediate electrode layer 4A on the negative side.
- the first organic functional layer unit 3A is formed, for example, in the layer order of “hole injection layer, hole transport layer, light emitting layer, electron transport layer, electron injection layer” from the transparent substrate 1 side.
- the second organic functional layer unit B is, conversely, the reverse layer configuration of “electron injection layer, electron transport layer, light emitting layer, hole transport layer, hole injection layer” from the transparent substrate 1 side. Formed with.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of the configuration of an organic EL element 200 having three organic functional layer units 3C, 3D, and 3E.
- an organic EL element 200 is formed on a transparent substrate 1 with a first electrode 2, which is a transparent electrode, a first organic functional layer unit 3C, a first intermediate electrode layer unit 4B, a second organic functional layer unit 3D, 2 intermediate electrode layer unit 4C, 3rd organic functional layer unit 3E, and 2nd electrode 6 which is a counter electrode are laminated
- the transparent substrate 1 side of the first intermediate electrode layer unit 4B and the second intermediate electrode layer unit 4C has base layers 42B and 43B containing nitrogen atoms, respectively, on which the intermediate electrodes 42A and 43A are respectively provided.
- the first electrode 2 which is a transparent electrode is an anode
- the second electrode 6 is a cathode.
- the first organic functional layer unit 3C is formed, for example, in the order of “hole injection layer, hole transport layer, light emitting layer, electron transport layer, electron injection layer” from the transparent substrate 1 side.
- the second organic functional layer unit 3D and the third organic functional layer unit 3E are layers of “hole injection layer, hole transport layer, light emitting layer, electron transport layer, electron injection layer” from the transparent substrate 1 side. Formed in order.
- the first electrode 2 and the first intermediate electrode 42A are wired with lead wires, and the first organic functional layer unit 3C emits light by applying a driving voltage V1 within a range of 2 to 40V to each connection terminal.
- the first intermediate electrode 42A and the second intermediate electrode 43A are wired with lead wires, and applied to the respective connection terminals as a drive voltage V3 within a range of 2 to 40V, whereby the second organic functional layer Unit 3D emits light.
- the second organic electrode 43A and the second electrode 6 are also wired with lead wires, and the third organic functional layer unit is applied to each connection terminal by applying the drive voltage V3 within the range of 2 to 40V. 3E emits light.
- the first electrode 2 that is an anode has a positive polarity and the second electrode that is a cathode. 6 is applied with a negative polarity within a voltage range of 2 to 40 V, and further applied to the first intermediate electrode 42A and the second intermediate electrode 43A at a voltage intermediate between the anode and the cathode.
- both the first electrode 2 and the second electrode 6 are anodes as in the case of having the two organic functional layer units 3A and 3B.
- the first intermediate electrode 42A and the second intermediate electrode 43A may be configured as cathodes.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing another example of the configuration of an organic EL element having two organic functional layer units 3A and 3B.
- the organic EL element 300 includes the intermediate electrode layer unit 4A as compared with the organic EL element 100 having the two organic functional layer units 3A and 3B shown in FIG.
- the first electrode 2 that is a transparent electrode and the second electrode 6 that is a counter electrode are wired with lead wires, and applied to each connection terminal as a drive power source V1 within a range of 2 to 40V.
- the first organic functional layer unit 3A and the second organic functional layer unit 3B emit light.
- the organic EL element 300 shown in FIG. 3 for example, the “hole injection layer, hole transport layer, light emitting layer, electron transport layer, electron injection layer” layer from the transparent substrate 1 side, as in the configuration of FIG.
- the second organic functional layer unit 3B is also formed in the order of “hole injection layer, hole transport layer, light emitting layer, electron transport layer, electron injection layer” from the transparent substrate 1 side.
- an independent connection terminal (not shown) is disposed between the organic functional layer units 3A and 3B.
- a base layer may be provided between the transparent substrate 1 and the first electrode 2 as necessary.
- any one of the two organic functional layer units 3A and 3B may be omitted, and the organic EL element 300 may be configured by one organic functional layer unit 3A or 3B.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing another example of the configuration of an organic EL element having three organic functional layer units 3C, 3D, and 3E.
- the organic EL element 400 is an intermediate electrode layer unit compared to the organic EL element 200 having the three organic functional layer units 3C, 3D and 3E shown in FIG.
- the first electrode 2 and the second electrode 6 are wired with lead wires, and applied to the respective connection terminals as a drive power source V1 within a range of 2 to 40V,
- the 1 organic functional layer unit 3C, the second organic functional layer unit 3D, and the third organic functional layer unit 3E emit light.
- the first organic functional layer unit 3C has a “hole injection layer, hole transport layer, light emitting layer, electron transport” from the transparent substrate 1 side, as in the configuration of FIG.
- the second organic functional layer unit 3D is similarly formed from the transparent substrate 1 side with “hole injection layer, hole transport layer, light emitting layer, electron transport layer”. , “Electron injection layer”.
- an independent connection terminal (not shown) is disposed between the organic functional layer units 3C, 3D, and 3E.
- a base layer may be provided between the transparent substrate 1 and the first electrode 2 as necessary.
- any two of the three organic functional layer units 3C, 3D, and 3E may be omitted, and the organic EL element 400 may be configured by one organic functional layer unit 3C, 3D, or 3E.
- the organic functional layer unit 3 basically includes two or more organic functional layer units 3 between the first electrode 2 that is a transparent electrode and the second electrode 6 that is a counter electrode. Even when the structure is separated by the intermediate electrode layer unit 4 as shown in FIG. 1, the two or more organic functional layer units 3 are directly laminated as shown in FIG. It may be a structure.
- each organic functional layer unit 3 includes an organic functional layer unit 3 having a blue light emitting layer, an organic functional layer unit 3 having a green light emitting layer, and a red color. It can also be set as the structure which has the organic functional layer unit 3 which has a light emitting layer, and obtains the light emission color of the desired hue including white.
- the total thickness of the plurality of organic functional layers constituting the organic functional layer unit 3 is preferably in the range of the number of organic functional layer units ⁇ (100 to 200) nm. By setting it within this range, it is considered that occurrence of a short circuit can be suppressed and an increase in driving voltage can be suppressed.
- the plurality of organic functional layers include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, a light emitting layer, an electron transport layer, and an electron injection layer.
- the organic functional layer unit 3 is not limited in its overall layer structure, and may have a general layer structure.
- a configuration in which “a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, a light emitting layer, an electron transport layer, and an electron injection layer” are stacked in this order from the first electrode 2 side serving as an anode is exemplified.
- the hole injection layer and the hole transport layer may be provided as a hole transport / injection layer.
- the electron transport layer and the electron injection layer may be provided as an electron transport / injection layer.
- the electron injection layer may be made of an inorganic material.
- the organic functional layer unit 3 may have a hole blocking layer, an electron blocking layer, and the like laminated as necessary.
- the light emitting layer has each color light emitting layer that generates the emitted light L in each wavelength region, and the organic functional layer unit 3 is formed by laminating each color light emitting layer via a non-light emitting intermediate layer. Also good.
- the intermediate layer may function as a hole blocking layer or an electron blocking layer.
- the organic functional layer unit 3 has three organic functional layer units 3C, 3D, and 3E even when the two organic functional layer units 3A and 3B are stacked. May be configured to be stacked. Moreover, the structure from which the emitted light L of one color is obtained may be sufficient, and the emitted light L of a different color may be obtained.
- Organic functional layer unit arrangement An arrangement of a plurality of organic functional layer units having at least one light emitting layer among a blue light emitting layer that emits blue light, a green light emitting layer that emits green light, and a red light emitting layer that emits red light will be described.
- the organic EL element of the present invention it is preferable to have at least two organic functional layer units 3, and the organic EL elements 100 to 400 having two or more organic functional layer units 3 have two organic functional layer units.
- the arrangement of the organic functional layer units 3 will be described separately for (organic EL100, 300) and three (organic EL200, 400).
- the intermediate electrode layer 4 when the intermediate electrode layer 4 contains silver as a main component, it has excellent power efficiency and light emission lifetime, has toning suitability, and excellent light distribution characteristics (viewing angle dependence) Sex) can be obtained.
- the case where two light emitting layers are provided is not limited to the case where one organic functional layer unit 3 includes one light emitting layer.
- one organic functional layer unit 3 may include a plurality of light emitting layers.
- the first organic functional layer unit 3A may include a red light emitting layer and a green light emitting layer
- the second organic functional layer unit 3B may include a blue light emitting layer.
- the organic EL element 200 includes organic elements of the first organic functional layer unit 3C, the second organic functional layer unit 3D, and the third organic functional layer unit 3E.
- An intermediate electrode layer 4 (first intermediate electrode layer 4B and second intermediate electrode layer 4C) is provided between the functional layer units 3. Further, in the organic EL element 400 having the tandem configuration shown in FIG. 4, the first organic functional layer unit 3C, the second organic functional layer unit 3D, and the third organic functional layer unit 3E are directly stacked.
- the inclination angle is 0 to 80 ° with respect to the surface of the transparent substrate 1.
- the condition of ⁇ Exy ⁇ 0.05 is satisfied.
- the calculation method of the chromaticity difference ⁇ Exy is as follows. First, as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, when the organic EL elements 100 to 400 are viewed from the front (side and above), the angle orthogonal to the surface of the transparent substrate 1 is set to 0 °, and the orthogonal A chromaticity measuring device 500 is installed on the line.
- the surface of the transparent substrate 1 is a light extraction surface and corresponds to the lower surface of the transparent substrate 1 in FIGS.
- FIG. 7 the position of the organic EL elements 100 to 400 is fixed, and the chromaticity measuring device 500 is horizontally arranged from the position with the intersection (intersection) between the surface of the transparent substrate 1 and its orthogonal line as a reference (axis).
- the direction (x direction) and the vertical direction (y direction) are each inclined at an angle ⁇ , and the chromaticity x ⁇ and y ⁇ of the reflected color are measured for each inclination angle ⁇ in each direction.
- the chromaticity with an inclination angle ⁇ of 0 ° is x0 and y0.
- the inclination angle ⁇ is in the range of 0 to 80 ° in both the x direction and the y direction.
- the chromaticity measuring device 500 uses a color luminance meter CS-100A (manufactured by Konica Minolta).
- ⁇ Exy ⁇ is obtained from the measured x0, y0, x ⁇ , and y ⁇ by using the following (formula 1), and the maximum value of ⁇ Exy ⁇ is set to “ ⁇ Exy”.
- ⁇ Exy ⁇ [(x ⁇ x0) 2 + (y ⁇ y0) 2 ] 1/2 (Formula 1)
- the chromaticity difference ⁇ Exy satisfies the condition of ⁇ Exy ⁇ 0.05 in both non-light emission and light emission. That is, in the organic EL elements 100 to 400, since the organic functional layer unit is sandwiched between the first electrode 2 that is a transparent electrode and the second electrode 6 having reflectivity, a minute resonator effect is exhibited. To do. By this effect, not only the emission intensity but also the spectral angle dependency is emphasized, and so-called viewing angle dependency that changes depending on the angle at which the emission color is observed appears.
- the color tone can be changed depending on the viewing angle not only during light emission but also during non-light emission, and for example, an expression not found in conventional white illumination is possible.
- the condition of ⁇ Exy ⁇ 0.05 is basically realized by forming the first electrode 2 on the transparent substrate 1, and preferably the second electrode 2 and the organic functional layer 3 are formed on the transparent substrate 1. More preferably, it is realized by forming the second electrode 2, the organic functional layer unit 3, and the second electrode 6 on the transparent substrate 1.
- the manufacturing method of an organic EL element mainly includes the following steps. (1) Step of forming element precursor (2) Light irradiation step of irradiating a predetermined region of element precursor
- Step of forming element precursor (2) Light irradiation step of irradiating a predetermined region of element precursor
- (1) Precursor formation step In the precursor formation step, on the transparent substrate 1, the first electrode 2 as the transparent electrode, the first organic functional layer unit 3A, the intermediate electrode layer unit 4A (intermediate electrode 41A and base layer 41B).
- the second organic functional layer unit 3B and the second electrode 6 that is a counter electrode are sequentially stacked.
- the transparent substrate 1 is prepared, and silver (or an alloy containing silver as a main component) is formed on the transparent substrate 1 by an appropriate method such as a vapor deposition method, thereby producing the first electrode 2.
- a lead wire is connected to the end of the first electrode 2.
- a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, a light emitting layer, an electron transport layer, and an electron injection layer are stacked in this order on the first electrode 2 to form the first organic functional layer unit 3A.
- a method for forming each of these layers include a spin coating method, a casting method, an ink jet method, a vapor deposition method, and a printing method. It is preferable to use a vacuum deposition method or a spin coating method from the viewpoints that a homogeneous layer is easily obtained and that pinholes are hardly generated.
- different formation methods may be applied for each layer.
- the base layer 41B and the intermediate electrode 41A are laminated in this order on the first organic functional layer unit 3A to form the intermediate electrode layer unit 4A.
- a nitrogen-containing compound containing nitrogen atoms is formed by an appropriate method such as vapor deposition to form the base layer 41B.
- silver is formed by an appropriate method such as vapor deposition to form the intermediate electrode 41A.
- a lead wire is connected to the end of the intermediate electrode 41A.
- the second organic functional layer unit 3B is formed on the intermediate electrode 41A of the intermediate electrode layer unit 4A in the same manner as the first organic functional layer unit 3A.
- the second electrode 6 is formed on the uppermost layer (electron injection layer) of the second organic functional layer unit 3B by an appropriate forming method such as vapor deposition or sputtering, and at the same time, the end of the second electrode 6 is formed. Connect the lead wires.
- a sealing member is provided on the transparent substrate 1 with the lead wires of the first electrode 2, the intermediate electrode 41A and the second electrode 6 exposed, and the first organic functional layer unit 3A and the second organic The functional layer unit 3B is sealed.
- the condition of ⁇ Exy ⁇ 0.05 is basically realized by forming the first electrode 2 on the transparent substrate 1, and preferably the second electrode 2 and the first organic functional layer on the transparent substrate 1.
- the light irradiation method may be any method as long as the irradiated portion can be a non-light emitting region by irradiating the predetermined pattern region of the organic functional layer unit 3 with light, and is limited to a specific method. is not.
- the irradiation light contains at least ultraviolet rays, and may further contain visible light or infrared rays.
- Ultraviolet light means an electromagnetic wave having a wavelength longer than that of X-rays and shorter than the shortest wavelength of visible light, and specifically has a wavelength in the range of 1 to 400 nm.
- light that does not contain a wavelength component of 340 nm or less is used as irradiation light.
- Light that does not include a wavelength component of 340 nm or less refers to light that is transmitted through an optical filter having a light transmittance of 50% or less (cut wavelength is 340 nm) of a wavelength component of 340 nm or less.
- light that does not include a wavelength component of 340 nm or less refers to laser light having a wavelength greater than 340 nm and not greater than 400 nm.
- Ultraviolet generation means and irradiation means are not particularly limited as long as they are generated and irradiated by a conventionally known apparatus or the like.
- Specific light sources include high pressure mercury lamps, low pressure mercury lamps, hydrogen (deuterium) lamps, rare gas (xenon, argon, helium, neon, etc.) discharge lamps, nitrogen lasers, excimer lasers (XeCl, XeF, KrF, KrCl). Etc.), hydrogen laser, halogen laser, various visible (LD) -infrared laser harmonics (THG (Third Harmonic Generation) light of YAG laser, etc.) and the like.
- LD visible
- THG Total Harmonic Generation
- the irradiated portion is made a non-light emitting region by irradiating light to the pattern regions of the first organic functional layer unit 3A and the second organic functional layer unit 3B.
- Any method can be used as long as it is possible.
- an optical filter for example, an ultraviolet absorption filter manufactured by Isuzu Seiko Glass Co., Ltd.
- the first organic functional layer unit 3A and the second organic functional layer unit 3B are irradiated with laser light in a spot shape, and the laser light source and the first organic functional layer
- the laser light irradiation position is scanned and the pattern region is irradiated with light.
- the first organic functional layer unit 3A and the second organic function are shielded by masking areas other than the pattern areas of the first organic functional layer unit 3A and the second organic functional layer unit 3B.
- the entire pattern region of the layer unit 3B is irradiated with light through an optical filter.
- Such a light irradiation step is preferably performed after the sealing step in the precursor forming step.
- light irradiation is performed from the light extraction surface (lower surface in FIG. 1) side of the transparent substrate 1.
- the transparent substrate 1 absorbs the irradiation light to some extent, It is necessary to ensure a sufficient light irradiation time.
- a non-light-emitting region can be formed without discoloring the transparent substrate 1 by irradiating light that does not contain a wavelength component of 340 nm or less, so that the light irradiation time is sufficient. Can be secured. Thereby, a light irradiation process can be performed, without reducing the quality of the organic EL element 100 manufactured. Further, since the light irradiation step is performed after the sealing step, the element after sealing can be exposed to the atmosphere (open system), and the light irradiation step does not need to be performed in a closed system such as in a chamber.
- the organic EL element 100 which has a light emission pattern can be manufactured with a low-cost and simple manufacturing process.
- the light irradiation process may be performed before the sealing process, or after the first organic functional layer unit 3A and the second organic functional layer unit 3B are formed in the precursor forming process. It may be performed before the two electrodes 6 are formed. In this case, light may be irradiated from the transparent substrate 1 side, or light may be irradiated from the second organic functional layer unit 3B side.
- the light irradiation step by adjusting the light intensity or the irradiation time and changing the light irradiation amount, it is possible to change the light emission luminance of the light irradiation portion according to the light irradiation amount.
- the light irradiation amount is 0 (zero), that is, when no light is irradiated, the light emission luminance is maximum.
- the intensity (contrast) of light emission luminance can be added, and the contrast can be changed by increasing or decreasing the drive current.
- the drive voltage increases as the luminance attenuates, but this luminance-voltage characteristic is stable over time. Therefore, it is possible to manufacture the organic EL element 100 in which contrast appears in the light emitting region during light emission.
- the organic EL element 100 having a desired light emission pattern is manufactured.
- the first organic functional layer unit 3A to the second electrode 6 be manufactured consistently by a single vacuum, but the transparent substrate 1 is removed from the vacuum atmosphere in the middle. You may take out and perform a different formation method. At that time, it is necessary to consider that the work is performed in a dry inert gas atmosphere.
- transparent substrate examples of the transparent substrate 1 applicable to the organic EL element of the present invention include transparent materials such as glass and plastic. Examples of the transparent substrate 1 that is preferably used include glass, quartz, and resin films.
- the glass material examples include silica glass, soda lime silica glass, lead glass, borosilicate glass, and alkali-free glass.
- a physical treatment such as polishing, a coating made of an inorganic material or an organic material, or these coatings, if necessary.
- a combined hybrid coating can be formed.
- polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyethylene, polypropylene, cellophane, cellulose diacetate, cellulose triacetate (TAC), cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate pro Cellulose esters such as pionate (CAP), cellulose acetate phthalate, cellulose nitrate and their derivatives, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene vinyl alcohol, syndiotactic polystyrene, polycarbonate, norbornene resin, polymethylpentene, polyether Ketone, polyimide, polyethersulfone (PES), polyphenylene sulfide, poly Cyclones such as luphones, polyetherimide, polyetherketoneimide, polyamide, fluororesin, nylon, polymethylmethacrylate, acrylic and polyarylates, Arton (trade name, manufactured by JSR) and Appel (trade
- the surface of the transparent substrate 1 is preferably cleaned by surface activation treatment.
- surface activation treatment include corona treatment, plasma treatment, and flame treatment.
- a gas barrier layer may be provided on the transparent substrate 1 described above as necessary.
- the transparent substrate 1 formed with the gas barrier layer JIS K 7129-1992 to be measured by the method conforming temperature 25 ⁇ 0.5 ° C.
- the water vapor permeability at a relative humidity of 90 ⁇ 2% RH, 1 ⁇ 10 - is preferably 3 g / m 2 ⁇ 24h or less, more, oxygen permeability measured by the method based on JIS K 7126-1987 is, 1 ⁇ 10 -3 ml / m 2 ⁇ 24h ⁇ atm (1atm Is 1.01325 ⁇ 10 5 Pa), and the water vapor permeability at a temperature of 25 ⁇ 0.5 ° C. and a relative humidity of 90 ⁇ 2% RH is 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 g / m 2 ⁇ 24 h or less. It is preferable that
- any material that has a function of suppressing intrusion of water or oxygen that causes deterioration of the organic EL element may be used.
- an inorganic substance such as silicon oxide, silicon dioxide, or silicon nitride may be used. Can be used.
- the method for forming the gas barrier layer is not particularly limited.
- the vacuum deposition method, sputtering method, reactive sputtering method, molecular beam epitaxy method, cluster ion beam method, ion plating method, plasma polymerization method, atmospheric pressure plasma A thin film forming method such as a polymerization method, a plasma CVD method, a laser CVD method, a thermal CVD method and a coating method can be used, but it is based on an atmospheric pressure plasma polymerization method as described in JP-A-2004-68143. Is also preferable.
- the polysilazane-containing liquid is applied by a wet coating method to form a coating film, and then dried, and the formed coating film is irradiated with vacuum ultraviolet light (VUV light) having a wavelength of 200 nm or less.
- VUV light vacuum ultraviolet light
- a method of forming a gas barrier layer by performing a modification treatment is also preferable.
- the thickness of the gas barrier layer is preferably in the range of 1 to 500 nm, more preferably in the range of 10 to 300 nm. If the thickness of the gas barrier layer is 1 nm or more, a desired gas barrier performance can be exhibited, and if it is 500 nm or less, film quality deterioration such as generation of cracks in a dense silicon oxynitride film can be prevented. Can do.
- the first electrode 2 is preferably an extremely thin metal or an alloy containing a metal as a main component to such an extent that the light transmission can be maintained and the irradiated light is not lost to plasmon.
- the light transmittance at a wavelength of 550 nm is 60% or more
- the layer thickness is in the range of 1 to 30 nm
- the sheet resistance value is in the range of 0.0001 to 50 ⁇ / ⁇ .
- the sheet resistance value is further in the range of 0.01 to 30 ⁇ / ⁇ .
- an oxide semiconductor material such as indium tin oxide (SnO 2 —In 2 O 3 : Indium Tin Oxide: ITO) is generally used.
- ITO indium tin oxide
- the material cost is high, and it is necessary to anneal at about 300 ° C. after film formation in order to reduce resistance. Therefore, as a transparent electrode configuration, a configuration in which a metal material such as silver having high electrical conductivity is thinned, or a configuration in which conductivity is ensured with a layer thickness thinner than silver alone by mixing aluminum with silver is also examined. Has been.
- the first electrode 2 When the first electrode 2 is used as an anode in an organic EL element, the first electrode 2 is made of a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, and a mixture thereof having a high work function (4 eV or more) as an electrode material. Good.
- the first electrode 2 is preferably silver or a layer of silver-based alloy, more preferably silver or In addition to the layer of silver-based alloy, adjacent to this layer, the number of unshared electron pairs that contain a nitrogen atom and are not involved in aromaticity among the unshared electron pairs that the nitrogen atom has Is provided, and a nitrogen-containing layer formed using a compound having an effective unshared electron pair content [n / M] of 2.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 ⁇ [n / M] where n is the molecular weight and M is provided. It has the structure which is made.
- the nitrogen-containing layer contains a compound having a structure represented by the following general formula (1).
- R11 and R12 each represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent.
- substituents examples include an alkyl group (for example, methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, isopropyl group, tert-butyl group, pentyl group, hexyl group, octyl group, dodecyl group, tridecyl group, tetradecyl group, pentadecyl group).
- alkyl group for example, methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, isopropyl group, tert-butyl group, pentyl group, hexyl group, octyl group, dodecyl group, tridecyl group, tetradecyl group, pentadecyl group.
- cycloalkyl groups for example, cyclopentyl group, cyclohexyl group, etc.
- alkenyl groups for example, vinyl group, allyl group, etc.
- alkynyl groups for example, ethynyl group, propargyl group, etc.
- aromatic hydrocarbon groups aromatic Also referred to as aromatic carbocyclic group, aryl group, etc., for example, phenyl group, p-chlorophenyl group, mesityl group, tolyl group, xylyl group, naphthyl group, anthryl group, azulenyl group, acenaphthenyl group, fluorenyl group, phenanthryl group, indenyl group , Pyrenyl group, biphenylyl group), aromatic heterocyclic group (eg , Furyl group, thienyl group, pyridyl group, pyridazinyl group,
- substituents may be further substituted with the above substituents.
- a plurality of these substituents may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- the purity of silver constituting the transparent electrode as the first electrode is preferably 99% or more. Further, palladium (Pd), copper (Cu), gold (Au), or the like may be added to ensure the stability of silver.
- the transparent electrode is composed of an alloy containing silver as a main component
- the silver content is preferably 50% or more.
- alloys include silver magnesium (AgMg), silver copper (AgCu), silver palladium (AgPd), silver palladium copper (AgPdCu), silver indium (AgIn), silver gold (AgAu), silver aluminum (AgAl) Silver zinc (AgZn), silver tin (AgSn), silver platinum (AgPt), silver titanium (AgTi), silver bismuth (AgBi), and the like.
- the layer thickness of the first electrode 2 is preferably in the range of 1 to 30 nm, and more preferably in the range of 3 to 20 nm. By making the layer thickness within the above range, the absorption component or reflection component of the layer can be kept low, and the light transmittance is maintained, which is preferable. Also, conductivity is ensured.
- a method for forming such a transparent electrode a method using a wet process such as a coating method, an inkjet method, a coating method, a dip method, a vapor deposition method (resistance heating, EB method, etc.), a sputtering method, a CVD method, etc.
- a method using a dry process such as a coating method, an inkjet method, a coating method, a dip method, a vapor deposition method (resistance heating, EB method, etc.), a sputtering method, a CVD method, etc.
- the vapor deposition method is preferably applied.
- the transparent electrode composed of silver or an alloy containing silver as a main component is characterized by having sufficient conductivity even without an annealing treatment, etc. Etc. may be performed.
- the transparent electrode as described above may have a structure in which silver or an alloy layer mainly composed of silver is divided into a plurality of layers as necessary. That is, a configuration in which silver layers and alloy layers are alternately stacked a plurality of times may be used, or a configuration in which a plurality of layers of different alloys are stacked may be used.
- the intermediate electrode layer 4 has a two-layer structure
- a configuration in which a silver layer is stacked on the base layers 41, 42, and 43 via an aluminum (Al) layer can be given.
- the aluminum layer may not be a continuous layer, but may be a layer having islands or holes.
- a wet film formation method such as a printing method or a coating method may be used.
- the organic EL elements 100 and 200 of the present invention have a structure in which two or more organic functional layer units 3 are stacked between the first electrode 2 and the second electrode 6, and two or more organic functional layer units are provided. It is possible to take a structure in which the three are separated by the intermediate electrode layer unit 4 (4A or 4B and 4C) having independent connection terminals for obtaining electrical connection.
- the intermediate electrode constituting the intermediate electrode layer unit 4 according to the present invention is preferably a metal described in the above transparent electrode or an alloy containing a metal as a main component, more preferably silver or silver as a main component. Can be mentioned.
- the base layers 41, 42, and 43 including a compound containing a nitrogen atom or the like be provided on at least one surface side of the intermediate electrode layer unit 4.
- the material constituting the underlayer is not particularly limited.
- the intermediate electrode is an electrode layer made of silver or an alloy containing silver as a main component, it can suppress aggregation of silver.
- a compound containing a nitrogen atom or a sulfur atom can be used.
- the nitrogen atom-containing compound that can be used to form the underlayers 41, 42, and 43 is not particularly limited as long as it is a compound containing a nitrogen atom in the molecule, but the nitrogen atom is a hetero atom. Compounds having a heterocycle are preferred.
- heterocycle having a nitrogen atom as a hetero atom examples include aziridine, azirine, azetidine, azeto, azolidine, azole, azinane, pyridine, azepan, azepine, imidazole, pyrazole, oxazole, thiazole, imidazoline, pyrazine, morpholine, thiazine, indole, Examples include isoindole, benzimidazole, purine, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinoxaline, cinnoline, pteridine, acridine, carbazole, benzo-C-cinnoline, porphyrin, chlorin and choline.
- the nitrogen atom-containing compound contained in the underlayers 41, 42 and 43 is preferably an aromatic heterocyclic compound having a nitrogen atom having an unshared electron pair not involved in aromaticity.
- a nitrogen atom having an unshared electron pair not involved in aromaticity is a nitrogen atom having an unshared electron pair (also referred to as “lone electron pair”), and is an aromatic of an unsaturated cyclic compound.
- a nitrogen atom of pyridine, a nitrogen atom of an amino group as a substituent, and the like correspond to “a nitrogen atom having an unshared electron pair not involved in aromaticity”.
- the aromatic heterocyclic compound contained in the nitrogen atom-containing layer is not particularly limited as long as it has a nitrogen atom having an unshared electron pair not involved in aromaticity in the molecule.
- it preferably has a pyridine ring in the molecule, more preferably has an azacarbazole ring, azadibenzofuran ring or azadibenzothiophene ring in the molecule, and more preferably ⁇ , ⁇ ′-dia It has a zacarbazole ring or a ⁇ -carboline ring.
- an organic compound containing a sulfur atom can also be used in the underlayer.
- the organic compound containing a sulfur atom applicable to the underlayer includes a sulfide bond in the molecule. (Also referred to as a thioether bond), a disulfide bond, a mercapto group, a sulfone group, a thiocarbonyl bond, and the like, and a sulfide bond and a mercapto group are particularly preferable.
- a polymer containing a sulfur atom can be used.
- the weight average molecular weight of the polymer containing sulfur atoms is preferably in the range of 1,000 to 1,000,000.
- a method using a wet process such as a coating method, an inkjet method, a coating method or a dip method, a vapor deposition method (resistance heating or EB method, etc.)
- a method using a dry process such as a sputtering method or a CVD method.
- the vapor deposition method is preferably applied.
- a film forming method in which a plurality of compounds are simultaneously supplied from a plurality of evaporation sources or a plurality of compounds are sequentially stacked.
- a film forming method in which a compound that can be used for the above-described base layers 41, 42, and 43 and, for example, potassium fluoride or lithium is co-evaporated or stacked is applied.
- a coating method is preferably applied.
- a coating solution in which the compound is dissolved in a solvent is used.
- the solvent is not limited as long as it can dissolve the compound.
- a coating solution may be prepared using a solvent that can dissolve the plurality of compounds. .
- each layer constituting the organic functional layer unit 3 will be described in the order of a charge injection layer, a light emitting layer, a hole transport layer, an electron transport layer, and a blocking layer.
- the charge injection layer is a layer provided between the electrode and the light emitting layer in order to lower the driving voltage and improve the light emission luminance.
- the organic EL element and its industrialization front line June 30, 1998, NT. The details are described in Volume 2, Chapter 2, “Electrode Materials” (pages 123 to 166) of “Part 2” of S Co., Ltd., and there are a hole injection layer and an electron injection layer.
- the charge injection layer is present between the anode and the light emitting layer or the hole transport layer in the case of a hole injection layer, and between the cathode and the light emitting layer or the electron transport layer in the case of an electron injection layer. be able to.
- the hole injection layer is a layer disposed adjacent to the anode, which is a transparent electrode, in order to lower the driving voltage and improve the luminance of light emission.
- the organic EL element and its industrialization front line June 30, 1998 “Published by TS Co., Ltd.)”, Chapter 2, “Electrode Materials” (pages 123 to 166) in the second volume.
- the details of the hole injection layer are described in JP-A-9-45479, JP-A-9-260062, JP-A-8-288069, etc.
- materials used for the hole injection layer include: , Porphyrin derivatives, phthalocyanine derivatives, oxazole derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives, triazole derivatives, imidazole derivatives, pyrazoline derivatives, pyrazolone derivatives, phenylenediamine derivatives, hydrazone derivatives, stilbene derivatives, polyarylalkane derivatives, triarylamine derivatives, carbazole derivatives, Indolocarbazole derivatives, isoindole derivatives, acene derivatives such as anthracene and naphthalene, fluorene derivatives, fluorenone derivatives, polyvinylcarbazole, aromatic amines introduced into the main chain or side chain Child material or oligomer, polysilane, a conductive polymer or oligomer
- Examples of the triarylamine derivative include benzidine type represented by ⁇ -NPD (4,4′-bis [N- (1-naphthyl) -N-phenylamino] biphenyl), and MTDATA (4,4 ′, 4 ′′).
- Examples include a starburst type represented by -tris [N- (3-methylphenyl) -N-phenylamino] triphenylamine), a compound having fluorene or anthracene in the triarylamine-linked core.
- hexaazatriphenylene derivatives such as those described in JP-T-2003-519432 and JP-A-2006-135145 can also be used as a hole transport material.
- the electron injection layer is a layer provided between the cathode and the light emitting layer for lowering the driving voltage and improving the light emission luminance.
- the cathode is composed of a transparent electrode, it is adjacent to the transparent electrode.
- JP-A-6-325871, JP-A-9-17574, JP-A-10-74586, and the like Specific examples of materials preferably used for the electron injection layer are as follows. Metals represented by strontium and aluminum, alkali metal compounds represented by lithium fluoride, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, etc., alkali metal halide layers represented by magnesium fluoride, calcium fluoride, etc. Examples thereof include an alkaline earth metal compound layer typified by magnesium, a metal oxide typified by molybdenum oxide and aluminum oxide, and a metal complex typified by lithium 8-hydroxyquinolate (Liq).
- Metals represented by strontium and aluminum alkali metal compounds represented by lithium fluoride, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, etc.
- the transparent electrode is a cathode
- an organic material such as a metal complex is particularly preferably used.
- the electron injection layer is preferably a very thin film, and depending on the constituent material, the layer thickness is preferably in the range of 1 nm to 10 ⁇ m.
- the light emitting layer constituting the organic functional layer unit 3 of the organic EL element of the present invention preferably has a structure containing a phosphorescent light emitting compound as a light emitting material.
- This light emitting layer is a layer that emits light by recombination of electrons injected from the electrode or the electron transport layer and holes injected from the hole transport layer, and the light emitting portion is in the layer of the light emitting layer. Alternatively, it may be the interface between the light emitting layer and the adjacent layer.
- Such a light emitting layer is not particularly limited in its configuration as long as the light emitting material contained satisfies the light emission requirements. Moreover, there may be a plurality of layers having the same emission spectrum and emission maximum wavelength. In this case, it is preferable to have a non-light emitting intermediate layer between the light emitting layers.
- the total thickness of the light emitting layers is preferably in the range of 1 to 100 nm, and more preferably in the range of 1 to 30 nm because a lower driving voltage can be obtained.
- the sum total of the thickness of a light emitting layer is the thickness also including the said intermediate
- one of the basic structures is a structure in which two or more light emitting layer units are laminated, and the thickness of each light emitting layer is adjusted within the range of 1 to 50 nm. More preferably, it is more preferable to adjust within the range of 1 to 20 nm.
- the plurality of stacked light emitting layers correspond to the respective emission colors of blue, green, and red, there is no particular limitation on the relationship between the thicknesses of the blue, green, and red light emitting layers.
- the light emitting layer as described above is prepared by using a known method such as a vacuum evaporation method, a spin coating method, a casting method, an LB method (Langmuir Brodget, Langmuir Blodgett method), an ink jet method, or the like. Can be formed.
- a plurality of light emitting materials may be mixed, and a phosphorescent light emitting material and a fluorescent light emitting material (also referred to as a fluorescent dopant or a fluorescent compound) may be mixed and used in the same light emitting layer.
- the structure of the light-emitting layer preferably includes a host compound (also referred to as a light-emitting host) and a light-emitting material (also referred to as a light-emitting dopant compound), and emits light from the light-emitting material.
- ⁇ Host compound> As the host compound contained in the light emitting layer, a compound having a phosphorescence quantum yield of phosphorescence emission at room temperature (25 ° C.) of less than 0.1 is preferable. Further, the phosphorescence quantum yield is preferably less than 0.01. Moreover, it is preferable that the volume ratio in the layer is 50% or more among the compounds contained in a light emitting layer.
- a known host compound may be used alone, or a plurality of types of host compounds may be used.
- a plurality of types of host compounds it is possible to adjust the movement of charges, and the efficiency of the organic electroluminescent device can be improved.
- a plurality of kinds of light emitting materials described later it is possible to mix different light emission, thereby obtaining an arbitrary light emission color.
- the host compound used in the light emitting layer may be a conventionally known low molecular compound or a high molecular compound having a repeating unit, and a low molecular compound having a polymerizable group such as a vinyl group or an epoxy group (evaporation polymerizable light emitting host). )
- Tg glass transition point
- DSC Different Scanning Colorimetry
- host compounds applicable to the present invention include, for example, JP-A Nos. 2001-257076, 2002-308855, 2001-313179, 2002-319491, 2001-357777, 2002-334786, 2002-8860, 2002-334787, 2002-15871, 2002-334788, 2002-43056, 2002-334789, 2002 -75645, 2002-338579, 2002-105445, 2002-343568, 2002-141173, 2002-352957, 2002-203683, 2002 36 No. 227, No. 2002-231453, No. 2003-3165, No. 2002-234888, No. 2003-27048, No. 2002-255934, No. 2002-260861, No. 2002-280183. No. 2002, No. 2002-299060, No.
- Light emitting material examples include phosphorescent compounds (also referred to as phosphorescent compounds or phosphorescent materials) and fluorescent compounds (also referred to as fluorescent compounds or fluorescent materials). It is done.
- the phosphorescent compound is a compound in which light emission from an excited triplet is observed. Specifically, it is a compound that emits phosphorescence at room temperature (25 ° C.), and the phosphorescence quantum yield is 0 at 25 ° C. A preferred phosphorescence quantum yield is 0.1 or more, although it is defined as 0.01 or more compounds.
- the phosphorescent quantum yield can be measured by the method described in Spectroscopic II, page 398 (1992 edition, Maruzen) of the Fourth Edition Experimental Chemistry Course 7.
- the phosphorescence quantum yield in the solution can be measured using various solvents, but when using a phosphorescent compound in the present invention, the phosphorescence quantum yield is 0.01 or more in any solvent. Should be achieved.
- the carrier recombination occurs on the host compound to which the carrier is transported to generate an excited state of the host compound, and this energy is transferred to the phosphorescent compound to transfer the energy from the phosphorescent compound. It is an energy transfer type that obtains luminescence.
- Another method is a carrier trap type in which a phosphorescent compound serves as a carrier trap, carrier recombination occurs on the phosphorescent compound, and light emission from the phosphorescent compound is obtained. In either case, the condition is that the excited state energy of the phosphorescent compound is lower than the excited state energy of the host compound.
- the phosphorescent compound can be appropriately selected from known compounds used for the light-emitting layer of a general organic EL device, but preferably contains a group 8 to 10 metal in the periodic table of elements. More preferred are iridium compounds, more preferred are iridium compounds, osmium compounds, platinum compounds (platinum complex compounds) or rare earth complexes, and most preferred are iridium compounds.
- At least one light emitting layer may contain two or more phosphorescent compounds, and the concentration ratio of the phosphorescent compound in the light emitting layer varies in the thickness direction of the light emitting layer. It may be an embodiment.
- preferred phosphorescent dopants include organometallic complexes having Ir as a central metal. More preferably, a complex containing at least one coordination mode of a metal-carbon bond, a metal-nitrogen bond, a metal-oxygen bond, and a metal-sulfur bond is preferable.
- the phosphorescent compound described above (also referred to as a phosphorescent metal complex) is described in, for example, Organic Letter, vol. 16, 2579-2581 (2001), Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 30, No. 8, pp. 1685-1687 (1991), J. Am. Am. Chem. Soc. , 123, 4304 (2001), Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 40, No. 7, pages 1704-1711 (2001), Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 41, No. 12, pages 3055-3066 (2002) , New Journal of Chemistry. 26, 1171 (2002), European Journal of Organic Chemistry, Vol. 4, pages 695-709 (2004), and the methods described in references in these documents should be applied. Can be synthesized.
- Fluorescent compounds include coumarin dyes, pyran dyes, cyanine dyes, croconium dyes, squalium dyes, oxobenzanthracene dyes, fluorescein dyes, rhodamine dyes, pyrylium dyes, perylene dyes, stilbene dyes. And dyes, polythiophene dyes, and rare earth complex phosphors.
- the hole transport layer is made of a hole transport material having a function of transporting holes.
- the hole injection layer and the electron blocking layer also have the function of a hole transport layer.
- the hole transport layer can be provided as a single layer or a plurality of layers.
- the hole transport material has any of hole injection or transport and electron barrier properties, and may be either organic or inorganic.
- triazole derivatives oxadiazole derivatives, imidazole derivatives, polyarylalkane derivatives, pyrazoline derivatives, pyrazolone derivatives, phenylenediamine derivatives, arylamine derivatives, amino-substituted chalcone derivatives, oxazole derivatives, styrylanthracene derivatives, fluorenone derivatives, hydrazone derivatives
- Examples include stilbene derivatives, silazane derivatives, aniline copolymers, conductive polymer oligomers, and thiophene oligomers.
- hole transport material those described above can be used, but porphyrin compounds, aromatic tertiary amine compounds and styrylamine compounds can be used, and in particular, aromatic tertiary amine compounds can be used. preferable.
- aromatic tertiary amine compounds and styrylamine compounds include N, N, N ′, N′-tetraphenyl-4,4′-diaminophenyl, N, N′-diphenyl-N, N′— Bis (3-methylphenyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl] -4,4′-diamine (abbreviation: TPD), 2,2-bis (4-di-p-tolylaminophenyl) propane, 1,1 -Bis (4-di-p-tolylaminophenyl) cyclohexane, N, N, N ', N'-tetra-p-tolyl-4,4'-diaminobiphenyl, 1,1-bis (4-di-p -Tolylaminophenyl) -4-phenylcyclohexane, bis (4-dimethylamino-2-methylphenyl) phenylmethane, bis (4-di-p
- a polymer material in which these materials are introduced into a polymer chain or these materials are used as a polymer main chain can also be used.
- inorganic compounds such as p-type-Si and p-type-SiC can also be used as the hole injection material and the hole transport material.
- a so-called p-type hole transport material as described in 139 can also be used. In the present invention, these materials are preferably used from the viewpoint of obtaining a light-emitting element with higher efficiency.
- the hole transport material is made of a known method such as a vacuum deposition method, a spin coating method, a casting method, a printing method including an ink jet method, and an LB method (Langmuir Brodget, Langmuir Brodgett method).
- a vacuum deposition method such as a vacuum deposition method, a spin coating method, a casting method, a printing method including an ink jet method, and an LB method (Langmuir Brodget, Langmuir Brodgett method).
- LB method Lithinning method
- the layer thickness of the hole transport layer is not particularly limited, but is usually about 5 nm to 5 ⁇ m, preferably 5 to 200 nm.
- the hole transport layer may have a single layer structure composed of one or more of the above materials.
- the p property can be increased by doping impurities into the material of the hole transport layer.
- Examples thereof include JP-A-4-297076, JP-A-2000-196140, 2001-102175 and J.P. Appl. Phys. 95, 5773 (2004), and the like.
- the electron transport layer is made of a material having a function of transporting electrons, and in a broad sense, an electron injection layer and a hole blocking layer are also included in the electron transport layer.
- the electron transport layer can be provided as a single layer structure or a stacked structure of a plurality of layers.
- an electron transport material (also serving as a hole blocking material) constituting a layer portion adjacent to the light emitting layer is used as an electron transporting material. What is necessary is just to have the function to transmit.
- any one of conventionally known compounds can be selected and used. Examples include nitro-substituted fluorene derivatives, diphenylquinone derivatives, thiopyran dioxide derivatives, carbodiimides, fluorenylidenemethane derivatives, anthraquinodimethane, anthrone derivatives, and oxadiazole derivatives.
- a thiadiazole derivative in which the oxygen atom of the oxadiazole ring is substituted with a sulfur atom, and a quinoxaline derivative having a quinoxaline ring known as an electron-withdrawing group can also be used as a material for the electron transport layer. It can. Furthermore, a polymer material in which these materials are introduced into a polymer chain, or a polymer material having these materials as a polymer main chain can also be used.
- metal complexes of 8-quinolinol derivatives such as tris (8-quinolinol) aluminum (abbreviation: Alq 3 ), tris (5,7-dichloro-8-quinolinol) aluminum, tris (5,7-dibromo-8- Quinolinol) aluminum, tris (2-methyl-8-quinolinol) aluminum, tris (5-methyl-8-quinolinol) aluminum, bis (8-quinolinol) zinc (abbreviation: Znq), etc. and the central metal of these metal complexes
- a metal complex replaced with In, Mg, Cu, Ca, Sn, Ga, or Pb can also be used as a material for the electron transport layer.
- metal-free or metal phthalocyanine or those having a terminal substituted with an alkyl group or a sulfonic acid group can be preferably used as the material for the electron transport layer.
- distyrylpyrazine derivatives exemplified as the material for the light emitting layer can also be used as the material for the electron transport layer, and n-type-Si, n-type-SiC, etc. as well as the hole injection layer and the hole transport layer.
- These inorganic semiconductors can also be used as a material for the electron transport layer.
- the electron transport layer can be formed by thinning the above material by a known method such as a vacuum deposition method, a spin coating method, a casting method, a printing method including an inkjet method, and an LB method.
- the thickness of the electron transport layer is not particularly limited, but is usually about 5 nm to 5 ⁇ m, preferably 5 to 200 nm.
- the electron transport layer may have a single structure composed of one or more of the above materials.
- impurities can be doped in the electron transport layer to increase the n property.
- impurities include JP-A-4-297076, JP-A-10-270172, JP-A-2000-196140, 2001-102175 and J.P. Appl. Phys. 95, 5773 (2004), and the like.
- the potassium compound for example, potassium fluoride can be used.
- the material for the electron transport layer (electron transport compound)
- the same material as that for the intermediate layer described above may be used.
- the electron transport layer that also serves as the electron injection layer and the same material as that constituting the intermediate layer described above may be used.
- the blocking layer includes a hole blocking layer and an electron blocking layer, and is a layer provided as necessary in addition to the constituent layers of the organic functional layer unit 3 described above. For example, it is described in JP-A Nos. 11-204258 and 11-204359, and “Organic EL elements and the forefront of industrialization (published by NTT Corporation on November 30, 1998)” on page 237. Hole blocking (hole block) layer and the like.
- the hole blocking layer has a function of an electron transport layer in a broad sense.
- the hole blocking layer is made of a hole blocking material that has a function of transporting electrons but has a very small ability to transport holes, and recombines electrons and holes by blocking holes while transporting electrons. Probability can be improved.
- the structure of an electron carrying layer can be used as a hole-blocking layer as needed.
- the hole blocking layer is preferably provided adjacent to the light emitting layer.
- the electron blocking layer has a function of a hole transport layer in a broad sense.
- the electron blocking layer is made of a material that has the ability to transport holes and has a very small ability to transport electrons. By blocking holes while transporting holes, the probability of recombination of electrons and holes is improved. Can be made.
- the structure of a positive hole transport layer can be used as an electron blocking layer as needed.
- the layer thickness of the hole blocking layer applied to the present invention is preferably in the range of 3 to 100 nm, more preferably in the range of 5 to 30 nm.
- the second electrode 6 is an electrode film that functions to supply holes to the second organic functional layer unit 3B or the third organic functional layer unit 3E, and is a metal, alloy, organic or inorganic conductive compound, or these A mixture is used. Specifically, gold, aluminum, silver, magnesium, lithium, magnesium / copper mixture, magnesium / silver mixture, magnesium / aluminum mixture, magnesium / indium mixture, indium, lithium / aluminum mixture, rare earth metal, ITO, ZnO, TiO Oxide semiconductors such as 2 and SnO 2 .
- the second electrode 6 can be produced by forming a thin film of these conductive materials by a method such as vapor deposition or sputtering.
- the sheet resistance as the second electrode 6 is preferably several hundred ⁇ / ⁇ or less, and the film thickness is usually selected in the range of 5 nm to 5 ⁇ m, preferably 5 to 200 nm.
- the base layers 41, 42, and 43 described above may be provided on the surface on the second electrode 6 side of each organic functional layer unit 3.
- sealing member As a sealing means used for sealing the organic EL element of this invention, the method of adhere
- the sealing member may be disposed so as to cover the display area of the organic EL element, and may be concave or flat. Further, transparency and electrical insulation are not particularly limited.
- a glass plate, a polymer plate, a film, a metal plate, a film, etc. examples include soda-lime glass, barium / strontium-containing glass, lead glass, aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, barium borosilicate glass, and quartz.
- the polymer plate examples include polycarbonate, acrylic, polyethylene terephthalate, polyether sulfide, and polysulfone.
- the metal plate include one or more metals or alloys selected from the group consisting of stainless steel, iron, copper, aluminum, magnesium, nickel, zinc, chromium, titanium, molybdenum, silicon, germanium, and tantalum.
- the sealing member a polymer film and a metal film can be preferably used from the viewpoint of reducing the thickness of the organic EL element. Furthermore, the polymer film has a water vapor transmission rate of 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 g / m 2 .multidot.m at a temperature of 25 ⁇ 0.5 ° C. and a relative humidity of 90 ⁇ 2% RH measured by a method according to JIS K 7129-1992.
- the oxygen permeability measured by a method according to JIS K 7126-1987 is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 ml / m 2 ⁇ 24 h ⁇ atm (1 atm is 1.01325 ⁇ 10 5 a Pa) equal to or lower than a temperature of 25 ⁇ 0.5 ° C.
- water vapor permeability at a relative humidity of 90 ⁇ 2% RH is preferably not more than 1 ⁇ 10 -3 g / m 2 ⁇ 24h.
- sandblasting or chemical etching is used for processing the sealing member into a concave shape.
- adhesives include photocuring and thermosetting adhesives having reactive vinyl groups such as acrylic acid oligomers and methacrylic acid oligomers, and moisture curing adhesives such as 2-cyanoacrylates.
- An agent can be mentioned.
- hot-melt type polyamide, polyester, and polyolefin can be mentioned.
- a cationic curing type ultraviolet curing epoxy resin adhesive can be mentioned.
- an adhesive that can be adhesively cured from room temperature to 80 ° C. is preferable.
- a desiccant may be dispersed in the adhesive.
- coating of the adhesive agent to a sealing member may use commercially available dispenser, and may print like screen printing.
- the organic functional layer unit 3 is sandwiched between the second electrode 6 on the side facing the transparent substrate 1, the second electrode 6 and the organic functional layer unit 3 are covered, and the inorganic or organic substance is in contact with the transparent substrate 1.
- the material for forming the sealing film may be any material that has a function of suppressing intrusion of moisture, oxygen, or the like that degrades the organic EL element.
- silicon oxide, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, or the like is used. be able to.
- vacuum deposition method sputtering method, reactive sputtering method, molecular beam epitaxy method, cluster ion beam method, ion plating method, plasma polymerization method, atmospheric pressure plasma
- a polymerization method a plasma CVD method, a laser CVD method, a thermal CVD method, a coating method, or the like can be used.
- the gap between the sealing member and the display area of the organic EL element it is preferable to inject an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon, or an inert liquid such as fluorinated hydrocarbon or silicon oil in the gas phase and the liquid phase.
- an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon
- an inert liquid such as fluorinated hydrocarbon or silicon oil
- the gap between the sealing member and the display area of the organic EL element can be evacuated, or a hygroscopic compound can be sealed in the gap.
- the hygroscopic compound include metal oxides (for example, sodium oxide, potassium oxide, calcium oxide, barium oxide, magnesium oxide or aluminum oxide), sulfates (for example, sodium sulfate, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate or cobalt sulfate).
- metal halides eg calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, cesium fluoride, tantalum fluoride, cerium bromide, magnesium bromide, barium iodide or magnesium iodide
- perchloric acids eg perchloric acid Barium or magnesium perchlorate
- anhydrides are preferably used in sulfates, metal halides and perchloric acids.
- the organic EL element of the present invention is an organic EL element that emphasizes viewing angle dependency, expresses characteristics that vary in color tone depending on the observation angle, and can perform a variety of color expressions.
- a new usage method can be provided by a display device, a display, various light emitting light sources, and the like that enable various color expressions. Examples of light sources include home lighting, interior lighting, clock and liquid crystal backlights, billboard advertisements, traffic lights, light sources for optical storage media, light sources for electrophotographic copying machines, light sources for optical communication processors, and light sources for optical sensors. Etc. Although it is not limited to this, it can be effectively used as a backlight of a liquid crystal display device combined with a color filter and a light source for illumination. When used as a backlight of a display in combination with a color filter, it is preferably used in combination with a light collecting sheet in order to further increase the luminance.
- Device precursor 1 (having the same configuration as FIG. 1) (Preparation of transparent substrate (1))
- transparent substrate transparent alkali-free glass having a thickness of 150 ⁇ m was used.
- a UV curable organic / inorganic hybrid hard coating material OPSTAR Z7501 (manufactured by JSR Corporation) was applied to the easily adhesive surface of the transparent substrate with a wire bar so that the film thickness after drying was 4 ⁇ m. After drying at 80 ° C. for 3 minutes, it was cured by irradiation with 1.0 J / cm 2 using a high-pressure mercury lamp in an air atmosphere.
- a 10 mass% dibutyl ether solution of perhydropolysilazane (Aquamica NN120-10, non-catalytic type, manufactured by AZ Electronic Materials Co., Ltd.) was used as a coating solution for forming a polysilazane layer.
- the prepared polysilazane layer-forming coating solution is applied with a wireless bar so that the (average) layer thickness after drying is 300 nm, and treated for 1 minute in an atmosphere at a temperature of 85 ° C. and a relative humidity of 55%. It was dried, and further kept in an atmosphere of a temperature of 25 ° C. and a relative humidity of 10% (dew point temperature ⁇ 8 ° C.) for 10 minutes to perform dehumidification, thereby forming a polysilazane layer.
- Excimer lamp light intensity 130 mW / cm 2 (172 nm) Distance between sample and light source: 1mm Stage heating temperature: 70 ° C Oxygen concentration in the irradiation device: 1.0% Excimer lamp irradiation time: 5 seconds
- first electrode (2) On the transparent substrate 1, an ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) film having a thickness of 100 nm was formed by sputtering to form a first electrode (anode). The pattern was formed as a pattern having a light emitting area of 50 mm square.
- ITO Indium Tin Oxide
- HT-1 hole transport layer
- a heating boat containing the following host material H-1 and a heating boat containing the following phosphorescent compound A-3 blue light emitting dopant are energized to emit the host material H-1 and blue phosphorescent light.
- a 30-nm light-emitting layer containing the active compound A-3 was formed on the hole-transporting layer.
- the following compound N was put in a resistance heating boat made of tantalum. These substrate holders and a heating boat were attached to a vacuum chamber of a vacuum deposition apparatus.
- Second organic functional layer unit (3B) a second organic functional layer unit was formed on the formed intermediate electrode layer unit according to the following method.
- the pressure is reduced to a vacuum degree of 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa on the intermediate electrode of the intermediate electrode layer unit, and then the substrate is moved.
- Compound HAT-CN was deposited at a deposition rate of 0.1 nm / second, and a 10 nm hole injection layer was provided.
- the second organic functional layer unit was formed in the same manner as the first organic functional layer unit. Specifically, the following compound HT-1 was deposited at a deposition rate of 0.1 nm / second to provide an 80 nm hole transport layer (HTL).
- HTL hole transport layer
- the heating boat containing the following host material H-1 and the respective heating boats containing the following compound A-1 (green light emitting dopant) and the following compound A-2 (red light emitting dopant) were energized independently.
- a 30 nm light emitting layer having the material H-1 and green phosphorescent compound A-1 and red phosphorescent compound A-2 was formed on the hole transport layer.
- compound ET-1 was vapor-deposited to form a 20 nm electron transport layer.
- Second electrode (6) (Formation of second electrode (6)) Next, after forming potassium fluoride (KF) with a thickness of 2 nm, aluminum was vapor-deposited with a thickness of 110 nm to form a second electrode (cathode).
- KF potassium fluoride
- the sealing process is performed under atmospheric pressure and in a nitrogen atmosphere with a moisture content of 1 ppm or less, in accordance with JIS B 9920, with a measured cleanliness of class 100, a dew point temperature of ⁇ 80 ° C. or less, and an oxygen concentration of 0.8 ppm or less. At atmospheric pressure.
- the description regarding formation of the lead-out wiring from an anode and a cathode is abbreviate
- a lead wire was wired between the first electrode and the second electrode, and each connection terminal was connected to the drive power source V1.
- Silver (Ag) was placed in a resistance heating boat made of tungsten and mounted in a vacuum chamber.
- a transparent substrate is mounted in a vacuum chamber, and the vacuum chamber is depressurized to 4 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa, and then heated by energizing a resistance heating boat in the vacuum chamber, and composed of silver (Ag) by a mask patterning method.
- a silver layer was formed with a thickness of 10 nm.
- the pattern was formed as a pattern having a light emitting area of 50 mm square.
- the following compound N was placed in a tantalum resistance heating boat.
- This heating boat and a substrate holder equipped with a transparent substrate on which a silver layer had been formed were attached to a vacuum chamber of a vacuum deposition apparatus. After the vacuum chamber was depressurized to 4 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa, the resistance heating boat in the vacuum chamber was energized and heated to form a nitrogen-containing layer having a layer thickness of 25 nm.
- Element precursor 3 In the production of the element precursor 2, the element precursor 3 was produced in the same manner except that the transparent substrate was changed to 150 ⁇ m thick PET (polyethylene terephthalate).
- Element precursor 4 In the production of the element precursor 2, the element precursor 4 was produced in the same manner except that the transparent substrate was changed to 150 ⁇ m thick PEN (polyethylene naphthalate).
- the device precursors 2 to 4 have larger values of ⁇ Exy1 and ⁇ Exy2 than the device precursor 1, and these device precursors were observed both when not emitting light and when emitting light. It can be seen that there is a large change in color tone depending on the angle to which the image is displayed, and expression that is not possible with conventional white illumination is possible.
- Organic EL element 101 From the light emitting surface side of the element precursor 1, ultraviolet light was irradiated for 4 hours with a UV tester SUV-W151 (Iwasaki Electric Co., Ltd .: 100 mW / cm 2 ) through a pattern mask to produce an organic EL element 101.
- the pattern mask was arranged so that the area ratio between the irradiated region and the non-irradiated region was approximately 1: 1.
- Organic EL element 103A In the production of the organic EL element 101, an organic EL element 103A was produced in the same manner except that the element precursor 3 was used in place of the element precursor 1 and the ultraviolet irradiation time was set to 2 hours.
- Organic EL element 103B (1.4) Organic EL element 103B
- a short wavelength cut filter IHU-340 (manufactured by Gosuzu Seiko Glass Co., Ltd .: transmittance of wavelength component of 340 nm or less is 50% or less) is added between the pattern mask and the UV tester, and ultraviolet rays are added.
- the organic EL element 103B was produced in the same manner except that the irradiation time was 6 hours.
- Organic EL element 104 In the production of the organic EL element 103B, the organic EL element 104 was produced in the same manner except that the element precursor 4 was used instead of the element precursor 3 and the ultraviolet irradiation time was set to 8 hours.
- the value of L UV / 0 is small, and in these organic EL elements, a light emission pattern by ultraviolet irradiation can be clearly formed.
- the organic EL element 104 has a value of L UV / 0 of 8.0, whereas the organic EL element 103B has a value of L UV / 0 .
- Is 2.0, PEN hardly transmits ultraviolet rays, and PET is considered to easily transmit ultraviolet rays. Therefore, it can be seen that it is useful to use PET in order to form a clear light emission pattern in pattern formation by light irradiation.
- the color tone changes depending on the angle viewed at the time of non-light emission and at the time of light emission, and a light emission pattern that cannot be distinguished at the time of non-light emission appears only at the time of light emission.
- pattern formation by light irradiation through a pattern mask is also useful because it is more precise and has a higher degree of freedom of images to be formed, compared to pattern formation with a mask during organic layer formation. is there.
- the present invention relates to a method for producing an organic electroluminescence device, and particularly preferably used for producing an organic electroluminescence device capable of forming a clear light emission pattern in which the color tone changes depending on an observation angle when light is not emitted and when light is emitted. it can.
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Abstract
Description
しかしながら、特許文献1の技術は単に、発光時における発光パターン形成が対象とされており、非発光時における有機EL素子の価値の創出に言及するものではない。
1.透明基板上に、透明電極と、有機機能層ユニットと、前記透明電極と対をなす電極とを、この順に有する有機EL素子の製造方法において、
前記透明基板に対し直交する角度を0°と、前記透明基板に対する0~80°の傾斜角度の範囲内での反射色の色度差をΔExyとしたとき、ΔExy≧0.05の条件を満たす素子前駆体を形成する工程と、
前記素子前駆体の所定領域に光を照射する工程と、
を備えることを特徴とする有機EL素子の製造方法。
前記透明電極として、銀又は銀を主成分とする合金の層を、前記透明基板上に形成することを特徴とする有機EL素子の製造方法。
前記透明電極として、銀又は銀を主成分とする合金の金属層と、一般式(1)で表される構造を有する化合物を含有する窒素含有層とを、前記透明基板上に形成することを特徴とする有機EL素子の製造方法。
前記透明基板として樹脂フィルムを使用し、
前記素子前駆体に光を照射する工程では、波長340nm以下の波長成分を含まない光を照射することを特徴とする有機EL素子の製造方法。
本発明の効果の発現機構ないし作用機構については、明確にはなっていないが、以下のように推察している。
本発明に係る有機EL素子の製造方法では、ΔExy≧0.05の条件を満たす素子前駆体を形成する工程を有することで、非発光時においても観察する角度により色調を変化させうると推察している。
さらに本発明に係る有機EL素子の製造方法では、素子前駆体の所定領域に光を照射する工程を有することで、有機機能層ユニットを構成する材料のうち発光現象に必須の化合物の機能を喪失させることができ、これにより明瞭な発光パターンを形成しうるものと推察している。
この特徴は、請求項1~4の各請求項に係る発明に共通する技術的特徴である。
さらに本発明の実施態様として、前記透明基板として樹脂フィルムを使用した場合、前記素子前駆体に光を照射する工程では、波長340nm以下の波長成分を含まない光を照射することが好ましい。かかる実施態様によれば、透明基板を構成する樹脂の分解が抑制され、樹脂フィルムの変色を防止することができる。
はじめに、図を参照しながら有機EL素子の基本的な構成の一例について説明する。
有機EL素子は、透明基板上に、透明電極と、有機機能層ユニットと、透明電極と対をなす電極とが、この順で形成されている。
有機EL素子においては、透明電極とその対電極とが、電圧印加条件により、陽極又は陰極となるが、以下の説明においては、透明基板側にある電極を第1電極とし、有機機能層ユニットを挟んで表面側にある電極を第2電極とする。
この場合、第1有機機能層ユニット3Aは、例えば、透明基板1側から「正孔注入層、正孔輸送層、発光層、電子輸送層、電子注入層」の層順で形成され、その場合には、第2有機機能層ユニット3Bも同じく、透明基板1側から「正孔注入層、正孔輸送層、発光層、電子輸送層、電子注入層」の層順で形成される。
また、各有機機能層ユニット3A及び3Bの間には、図示しない独立した接続端子が配置されている。また、必要に応じて、透明基板1と第1電極2との間に、後述する下地層を設けてもよい。
この場合、駆動電圧V1としては、2~40V程度の電圧を、正側が第1電極2、負側が中間電極層4Aとなるように印加し、駆動電圧V2としては、2~40V程度の電圧を、正側が第2電極6、負側が中間電極層4Aとなるように印加して有機機能層ユニット3A及び3Bを発光させる。
図2の構成では、透明電極である第1電極2が陽極であり、第2電極6が陰極の場合を示している。
この場合、第1有機機能層ユニット3Cは、例えば、透明基板1側から「正孔注入層、正孔輸送層、発光層、電子輸送層、電子注入層」の層順で形成され、その場合には、第2有機機能層ユニット3D及び第3有機機能層ユニット3Eも同じく、透明基板1側から「正孔注入層、正孔輸送層、発光層、電子輸送層、電子注入層」の層順で形成される。
同様に、第1中間電極42Aと第2中間電極43Aの間は、リード線で配線され、それぞれの接続端子に駆動電圧V3として2~40Vの範囲内で印加することにより、第2有機機能層ユニット3Dが発光する。同様に、第2中間電極43Aと第2電極6の間も、リード線で配線され、それぞれの接続端子に駆動電圧V3として2~40Vの範囲内で印加することにより、第3有機機能層ユニット3Eが発光する。
なお、三つの有機機能層ユニット3C、3D及び3Eを有する有機EL素子200についても、二つの有機機能層ユニット3A及び3Bを有する場合と同様に、第1電極2及び第2電極6をともに陽極として、第1中間電極42A及び第2中間電極43Aを陰極とする構成であってもよい。
また、各有機機能層ユニット3A及び3Bの間には、図示しない独立した接続端子が配置されている。図3に示す構成においても、必要に応じて、透明基板1と第1電極2との間に、下地層を設けてもよい。
なお、図3の有機EL素子300では、二つの有機機能層ユニット3A及び3Bのうちいずれか一つが省略され、一つの有機機能層ユニット3A又は3Bで構成されてもよい。
また、各有機機能層ユニット3C、3D及び3Eの間には、図示しない独立した接続端子が配置されている。図4に示す構成においても、必要に応じて、透明基板1と第1電極2との間に、下地層を設けてもよい。
なお、図4の有機EL素子400でも、三つの有機機能層ユニット3C、3D及び3Eのうちいずれか二つが省略され、一つの有機機能層ユニット3C、3D又は3Eで構成されてもよい。
有機EL素子100~400において、有機機能層ユニット3は、基本的に、透明電極である第1電極2と対向電極である第2電極6との間に二つ以上の有機機能層ユニット3を積層した構造を有し、二つ以上の有機機能層ユニット3間は、図1に示すように中間電極層ユニット4で分離された構造であっても、図3に示すように直接積層された構造であってもよい。
青色光を発光する青色発光層、緑色光を発光する緑色発光層及び赤色光を発光する赤色発光層のうち少なくとも一つの発光層を有する複数の有機機能層ユニットの配列について説明する。
本発明の有機EL素子においては、有機機能層ユニット3を少なくとも二つ有することが好ましく、有機機能層ユニット3を二つ以上備える有機EL素子100~400について、有機機能層ユニットを二つ備える場合(有機EL100、300)と三つ備える場合(有機EL200、400)に分けて、有機機能層ユニット3の配列を説明する。
まず、図5及び図6に示すとおり、有機EL素子100~400を正面(側方及び上方)から見た場合に、透明基板1の表面に対し直交する角度を0°と設定し、その直交線上に色度測定器500を設置する。透明基板1の表面は光取り出し面であり、図1~図4の透明基板1の下面に対応する。
その後、図7に示すとおり、有機EL素子100~400の位置を固定し、透明基板1の表面とその直交線との交点を基準(軸)として、色度測定器500を、その位置から水平方向(x方向)と垂直方向(y方向)とにそれぞれ角度θで傾斜させ、各方向において傾斜角度θごとに反射色の色度xθ及びyθを測定する。傾斜角度θが0°の色度はx0及びy0とする。
傾斜角度θはx方向及びy方向のいずれも0~80°の範囲内とする。
色度測定器500は色彩輝度計CS-100A(コニカミノルタ製)を用いる。
その後、測定したx0、y0、xθ及びyθから下記(式1)を用いてΔExyθを求め、ΔExyθの最大値を「ΔExy」とする。
ΔExyθ=[(xθ-x0)2+(yθ-y0)2]1/2 … (式1)
すなわち、有機EL素子100~400では、透明電極たる第1電極2と反射性を有する第2電極6とで有機機能層ユニットを挟持している構成であることから、微小な共振器効果が発現する。この効果により、発光強度のみならず、スペクトルの角度依存性が強調され、発光色が観察する角度によって変化する、いわゆる視野角依存性が発現する。
そのため、有機EL素子100~400では、発光時のみならず、非発光時においても、観察する角度により色調が変化させることができ、例えば従来の白色照明にはない表現が可能となる。
なお、ΔExy≧0.05の条件は、基本的に透明基板1上に第1電極2を形成することで実現され、好ましくは透明基板1上に第2電極2及び有機機能層3を形成することで実現され、より好ましくは透明基板1上に第2電極2、有機機能層ユニット3及び第2電極6を形成することで実現される。
有機EL素子の製造方法は主に、下記の工程から構成されている。
(1)素子前駆体を形成する工程
(2)素子前駆体の所定領域に照射する光照射工程
ここでは、一例として、図1に示す有機EL素子100の製造方法を説明する。
前駆体形成工程では、透明基板1上に、透明電極としての第1電極2、第1有機機能層ユニット3A、中間電極層ユニット4A(中間電極41A及び下地層41B)、第2有機機能層ユニット3B、対向電極である第2電極6を順次積層する。
これらの各層の形成方法には、スピンコート法、キャスト法、インクジェット法、蒸着法、印刷法等がある。均質な層が得られやすく、かつ、ピンホールが生成しにくい等の点から、真空蒸着法又はスピンコート法を使用するのが好ましい。
第1有機機能層ユニット3Aの形成では、層ごとに異なる形成方法を適用してもよい。
詳しくは、第1有機機能層ユニット3Aの最上層(電子注入層)上に、例えば、窒素原子を含んだ含窒素化合物を、蒸着法等の適宜の方法により成膜し、下地層41Bを形成する。その後、下地層41B上に、例えば、第1電極2と同様に、銀(又は銀を主成分とする合金)を、蒸着法等の適宜の方法により成膜し、中間電極41Aを形成する。同時に、中間電極41Aの端部にリード線を接続する。
その後、第2有機機能層ユニット3Bの最上層(電子注入層)上に、蒸着法やスパッタ法などの適宜の形成法により第2電極6を形成し、同時に、第2電極6の端部にリード線を接続する。
その後、好ましくは、第1電極2、中間電極41A及び第2電極6のリード線を露出させた状態で、透明基板1上に封止部材を設け、第1有機機能層ユニット3A及び第2有機機能層ユニット3Bを封止する。
光照射工程では、素子前駆体の所定のパターン領域に対して光を照射して、当該照射部分を非発光領域とする。これにより、光照射領域において第1有機機能層ユニット3A及び第2有機機能層ユニット3Bの発光機能を喪失させ、発光パターンを有する有機EL素子100を製造することができる。
透明基板1が樹脂フィルムである場合、好ましくは、照射光として、340nm以下の波長成分を含まない光を使用する。「340nm以下の波長成分を含まない光」とは、340nm以下の波長成分の光透過率が50%以下(カット波長が340nm)の光学フィルターに透過させた光をいう。また、レーザー光を照射する場合には、「340nm以下の波長成分を含まない光」は、340nmより大きく400nm以下の波長のレーザー光をいう。
具体的な光源としては、高圧水銀ランプ、低圧水銀ランプ、水素(重水素)ランプ、希ガス(キセノン、アルゴン、ヘリウム、ネオンなど)放電ランプ、窒素レーザー、エキシマレーザー(XeCl、XeF、KrF、KrClなど)、水素レーザー、ハロゲンレーザー、各種可視(LD)-赤外レーザーの高調波(YAGレーザーのTHG(Third HarmonicGeneration)光など)等が挙げられる。
具体的には、例えば、340nmより大きく400nm以下の波長成分のレーザー光を照射する方法、又は、光源から照射される光を、340nm以下の波長成分を吸収する光学フィルターに通す方法が挙げられる。そのような光学フィルターとしては、例えば、五鈴精工硝子株式会社製の紫外線吸収フィルターを用いることができる。
340nmより大きい波長成分のレーザー光を照射する方法においては、第1有機機能層ユニット3A及び第2有機機能層ユニット3Bに対してレーザー光をスポット状に照射し、レーザー光源と第1有機機能層ユニット3A及び第2有機機能層ユニット3Bとを相対移動させることによって、レーザー光照射位置を走査させ、パターン領域に光を照射する。
また、照射光を光学フィルターに通す方法においては、第1有機機能層ユニット3A及び第2有機機能層ユニット3Bのパターン領域以外をマスクで遮蔽し、第1有機機能層ユニット3A及び第2有機機能層ユニット3Bのパターン領域の全面に対して光学フィルターを介した光を照射する。
ここで、第2電極6が透光性を有していない場合、光の照射は、透明基板1の光取り出し面(図1では下面)側から行う。この場合、透明基板1を介して第1有機機能層ユニット3A及び第2有機機能層ユニット3Bに光を照射することになるため、透明基板1が照射光をある程度吸収する点を考慮して、光照射時間を十分に確保する必要がある。
透明基板1として樹脂フィルムを使用した場合は、340nm以下の波長成分を含まない光を照射することで透明基板1を変色させることなく非発光領域を形成することができるため、光照射時間を十分に確保することができる。これにより、製造される有機EL素子100の品質を低下させることなく、光照射工程を行うことができる。
また、封止工程後に光照射工程を行うため、封止後の素子を大気中(開放系)に曝すことが可能であり、光照射工程をチャンバ内等の閉鎖系で行う必要がない。このため、低コストかつ簡易な製造工程で、発光パターンを有する有機EL素子100を製造することができる。
なお、光照射工程の処理は、封止工程の前に行われてもよいし、前駆体形成工程において第1有機機能層ユニット3A及び第2有機機能層ユニット3Bを形成した後であって第2電極6を形成する前に行われてもよい。この場合には、透明基板1側から光を照射してもよいし、第2有機機能層ユニット3B側から光を照射してもよい。
これにより、製造される有機EL素子100において、発光輝度の強弱(コントラスト)を付けることが可能であり、駆動電流の増減によってもコントラストを変化させることが可能である。また、輝度の減衰に伴い駆動電圧が高電圧化するが、この輝度-電圧特性は経時的に安定している。よって、発光時に発光領域にコントラストが現れる有機EL素子100を製造することが可能である。
このような有機EL素子100の製造においては、1回の真空引きで一貫して第1有機機能層ユニット3Aから第2電極6まで作製するのが好ましいが、途中で真空雰囲気から透明基板1を取り出して異なる形成法を施しても構わない。その際、作業を乾燥不活性ガス雰囲気下で行う等の配慮が必要となる。
次いで、有機EL素子を構成する各構成要素とその製造方法を詳細に説明する。
本発明の有機EL素子に適用可能な透明基板1としては、例えば、ガラス、プラスチック等の透明材料を挙げることができる。好ましく用いられる透明な透明基板1としては、ガラス、石英、樹脂フィルムを挙げることができる。
本発明の有機EL素子においては、上記説明した透明基板1上に、必要に応じて、ガスバリアー層を設ける構成であってもよい。
第1電極2は、透明基板1の一方の面側に備えられている場合、陽極として機能する本発明に係る透明電極となる。
第1電極2が有機EL素子における陽極として用いられる場合には、第1電極2は、仕事関数の大きい(4eV以上)金属、合金、電気伝導性化合物及びこれらの混合物を電極物質とするのがよい。
前記窒素含有層は下記一般式(1)で表される構造を有する化合物を含有する。
R11及びR12は各々水素原子又は置換基を表す。
本発明の有機EL素子100及び200においては、第1電極2と第2電極6との間に、有機機能層ユニット3を二つ以上積層した構造を有し、二つ以上の有機機能層ユニット3間を、電気的接続を得るための独立した接続端子を有する中間電極層ユニット4(4A若しくは4B及び4C)で分離した構造をとることができる。
本発明の有機EL素子100及び200においては、中間電極層ユニット4の少なくとも一方の面側に窒素原子を含有する化合物等を含む構成の下地層41、42及び43を設ける態様が好ましい。
次いで、有機機能層ユニット3を構成する各層について、電荷注入層、発光層、正孔輸送層、電子輸送層及び阻止層の順に説明する。
はじめに、電荷注入層について説明する。
本発明の有機EL素子の有機機能層ユニット3を構成する発光層は、発光材料としてリン光発光化合物が含有されている構成が好ましい。
発光層に含有されるホスト化合物としては、室温(25℃)におけるリン光発光のリン光量子収率が0.1未満の化合物が好ましい。さらにリン光量子収率が0.01未満であることが好ましい。また、発光層に含有される化合物の中で、その層中での体積比が50%以上であることが好ましい。
本発明で用いることのできる発光材料としては、リン光発光性化合物(リン光性化合物又はリン光発光材料ともいう。)及び蛍光発光性化合物(蛍光性化合物又は蛍光発光材料ともいう。)が挙げられる。
リン光発光性化合物とは、励起三重項からの発光が観測される化合物であり、具体的には室温(25℃)にてリン光発光する化合物であり、リン光量子収率が25℃において0.01以上の化合物であると定義されるが、好ましいリン光量子収率は0.1以上である。
蛍光発光性化合物としては、クマリン系色素、ピラン系色素、シアニン系色素、クロコニウム系色素、スクアリウム系色素、オキソベンツアントラセン系色素、フルオレセイン系色素、ローダミン系色素、ピリリウム系色素、ペリレン系色素、スチルベン系色素、ポリチオフェン系色素又は希土類錯体系蛍光体等が挙げられる。
正孔輸送層とは正孔を輸送する機能を有する正孔輸送材料からなり、広い意味で正孔注入層及び電子阻止層も正孔輸送層の機能を有する。正孔輸送層は単層又は複数層設けることができる。
電子輸送層は、電子を輸送する機能を有する材料から構成され、広い意味で電子注入層、正孔阻止層も電子輸送層に含まれる。電子輸送層は、単層構造又は複数層の積層構造として設けることができる。
阻止層としては、正孔阻止層及び電子阻止層が挙げられ、上記説明した有機機能層ユニット3の各構成層の他に、必要に応じて設けられる層である。例えば、特開平11-204258号公報、同11-204359号公報、及び「有機EL素子とその工業化最前線(1998年11月30日エヌ・ティー・エス社発行)」の237頁等に記載されている正孔阻止(ホールブロック)層等を挙げることができる。
第2電極6は、第2有機機能層ユニット3B又は第3有機機能層ユニット3Eに正孔を供給するために機能する電極膜であり、金属、合金、有機又は無機の導電性化合物若しくはこれらの混合物が用いられる。具体的には、金、アルミニウム、銀、マグネシウム、リチウム、マグネシウム/銅混合物、マグネシウム/銀混合物、マグネシウム/アルミニウム混合物、マグネシウム/インジウム混合物、インジウム、リチウム/アルミニウム混合物、希土類金属、ITO、ZnO、TiO2及びSnO2等の酸化物半導体などが挙げられる。
本発明の有機EL素子を封止するのに用いられる封止手段としては、例えば、封止部材と、第2電極6及び透明基板1とを接着剤で接着する方法を挙げることができる。
本発明の有機EL素子は、視野角依存性を強調させたものであり、観察する角度により色調が異なる特性を発現し、バラエティーに富んだ色彩表現を行うことができる有機EL素子であり、様々な色彩表現を可能にした表示デバイス、ディスプレイ、各種発光光源等で、新たな使用方法を提供することができる。発光光源として、例えば、家庭用照明、車内照明、時計や液晶用のバックライト、看板広告、信号機、光記憶媒体の光源、電子写真複写機の光源、光通信処理機の光源、光センサーの光源等が挙げられる。これに限定されないが、特にカラーフィルターと組み合わせた液晶表示装置のバックライト、照明用光源としての用途に有効に用いることができる。カラーフィルターと組み合わせてディスプレイのバックライトとして用いる場合には、輝度をさらに高めるため、集光シートと組み合わせて用いるのが好ましい。
(1.1)素子前駆体1(図1と同様の構成を有する。)
(透明基板(1)の準備)
透明基板として、厚さ150μmの透明な無アルカリガラスを用いた。
次いで、下記エキシマ法に従って、薄膜層上に、厚さ300nmのガスバリアー層を形成した。
パーヒドロポリシラザン(アクアミカ NN120-10、無触媒タイプ、AZエレクトロニックマテリアルズ(株)製)の10質量%ジブチルエーテル溶液を、ポリシラザン層形成用塗布液として用いた。
上記調製したポリシラザン層形成用塗布液を、ワイヤレスバーにて、乾燥後の(平均)層厚が300nmとなるように塗布し、温度85℃、相対湿度55%の雰囲気下で1分間処理して乾燥させ、さらに温度25℃、相対湿度10%(露点温度-8℃)の雰囲気下に10分間保持し、除湿処理を行って、ポリシラザン層を形成した。
次いで、上記形成したポリシラザン層に対し、下記紫外線装置を真空チャンバー内に設置して、装置内の圧力を調整して、シリカ転化処理を実施した。
装置:株式会社 エム・ディ・コム製エキシマ照射装置MODEL:MECL-M-1-200
照射波長:172nm
ランプ封入ガス:Xe
〈改質処理条件〉
稼動ステージ上に固定したポリシラザン層を形成した基板に対し、以下の条件で改質処理を行って、ガスバリアー層を形成した。
試料と光源の距離:1mm
ステージ加熱温度:70℃
照射装置内の酸素濃度:1.0%
エキシマランプ照射時間:5秒
上記透明基板1上に、厚さ100nmのITO(Indium Tin Oxide:インジウム-スズの複合酸化物)膜をスパッタリング法により成膜し、第1電極(陽極)を形成した。なお、パターンは、発光面積が50mm平方になるようなパターンとして形成した。
引き続き、市販の真空蒸着装置を用い、真空度1×10-4Paまで減圧した後、基板を移動させながら下記化合物HAT-CNを、蒸着速度0.1nm/秒で蒸着し、電荷注入層として10nmの正孔注入層を設けた。
〈下地層(41B)の形成〉
第1有機機能層ユニットまで形成した試料を、市販の真空蒸着装置の基板ホルダーに固定し、真空蒸着装置の真空槽に取り付けた。
次いで、上記下地層を形成した試料に、厚さ100nmのITO膜をスパッタリング法により成膜して、中間電極を形成した。なお、パターンは、発光面積が50mm平方になるようなパターンとして形成した。
次いで、上記形成した中間電極層ユニット上に、下記の方法に従って第2有機機能層ユニットを形成した。
中間電極層ユニットの中間電極上に、上記第1有機機能層ユニットの形成と同様にして、市販の真空蒸着装置を用い、真空度1×10-4Paまで減圧した後、基板を移動させながら化合物HAT-CNを、蒸着速度0.1nm/秒で蒸着し、10nmの正孔注入層を設けた。
次いで、フッ化カリウム(KF)を厚さ2nmで形成した後、アルミニウムを厚さ110nmで蒸着して第2電極(陰極)を形成した。
第2電極(陰極)まで作製した試料を、厚さ100μmのアルミ箔の片面に熱硬化型の液状接着剤(エポキシ系樹脂)を厚さ30μmで塗設してある封止部材を用いて、第1電極、第2電極の引き出し電極の端部が外に出るように、封止部材の接着剤面と、第2電極の層面を連続的に重ね合わせ、ドライラミネート法により接着を行って、封止済みの有機機能層ユニットが2層構成のタンデム型の素子前駆体1を作製した。
なお、陽極、陰極からの引き出し配線等の形成に関する記載は省略してある。
素子前駆体1では、第1電極と第2電極の間にリード線を配線し、それぞれの接続端子を駆動電源V1に接続した。
上記素子前駆体1の作製において、第1電極(陽極)の形成方法を下記の方法に変更した以外は同様にして、素子前駆体2を作製した。
タングステン製の抵抗加熱ボートに銀(Ag)を入れ、真空槽内に取り付けた。透明基板を真空槽内に装着し、真空槽を4×10-4Paまで減圧した後、真空槽の抵抗加熱ボートを通電して加熱し、マスクパターニング法により、銀(Ag)から構成される銀層を厚さ10nmで形成した。なお、パターンは、発光面積が50mm平方になるようなパターンとして形成した。
次いで、窒素原子含有化合物として、下記化合物Nを、タンタル製抵抗加熱ボートに入れた。この加熱ボートと、銀層形成済みの透明基板を装着した基板ホルダーとを、真空蒸着装置の真空槽に取り付けた。真空槽を4×10-4Paまで減圧した後、真空槽の抵抗加熱ボートを通電して加熱して、層厚25nmの窒素含有層を形成した。
上記素子前駆体2の作製において、透明基板を厚さ150μmのPET(ポリエチレンテレフタレート)に変更した以外は同様にして、素子前駆体3を作製した。
上記素子前駆体2の作製において、透明基板を厚さ150μmのPEN(ポリエチレンナフタレート)に変更した以外は同様にして、素子前駆体4を作製した。
(2.1)非発光時の色度角度依存性の評価
得られた素子前駆体1~4について、図5~図7を用いて説明したのと同様に、非発光時の反射色の測定を行った。
はじめに、非発光状態の素子前駆体の正面から、色彩輝度計CS-100A(コニカミノルタ製)を用いて色度x0、y0を測定した。次いで、素子前駆体の正面から角度θ傾けた位置で色度xθ、yθを測定した。
そして0°~θ~80°の範囲内で測定したときの、正面の色度からの色差ΔExyθを下記(式1)により求め、ΔExyθのうち最大となるものを、当該素子前駆体のΔExy1とした。
ΔExyθ=[(xθ-x0)2+(yθ-y0)2]1/2 … (式1)
得られた素子前駆体1~4について、図5~図7を用いて説明したのと同様に、発光時の発光色の測定を行った。
各素子前駆体を正面の輝度が1000cd/m2となる条件で発光させたときの、正面の色度x
1、y1を、分光放射輝度計CS-2000(コニカミノルタ製)を用いて測定した。次いで、素子前駆体の正面から角度θ傾けた位置で色度xθ、yθを測定した。
そして0°~θ~80°の範囲内で測定したときの、正面の色度からの色差ΔExyθを下記(式2)により求め、ΔExyθのうち最大となるものを、当該素子前駆体のΔExy2とした。
ΔExyθ=[(xθ-x1)2+(yθ-y1)2]1/2 … (式2)
表1に示すように、素子前駆体2~4は、素子前駆体1に比較して、ΔExy1及びΔExy2の値が大きく、これら素子前駆体では、非発光時・発光時共に観察する角度によって色調の変化が大きく、従来の白色照明にはない表現が可能であることがわかる。
(1.1)有機EL素子101
上記素子前駆体1の発光面側から、パターンマスクを介してUVテスターSUV-W151(岩崎電気製:100mW/cm2)により紫外線を4時間照射し、有機EL素子101を作製した。
パターンマスクは、照射領域と非照射領域の面積比がおおよそ1:1となるように配置した。
上記有機EL素子101の作製において、素子前駆体1の代わりに素子前駆体2を用いた以外は同様にして、有機EL素子102を作製した。
上記有機EL素子101の作製において、素子前駆体1の代わりに素子前駆体3を用い、紫外線の照射時間を2時間とした以外は同様にして、有機EL素子103Aを作製した。
上記有機EL素子103Aの作製において、パターンマスクとUVテスターの間に短波長カットフィルターIHU-340(五鈴精工硝子株式会社製:340nm以下の波長成分の透過率が50%以下)を加え、紫外線の照射時間を6時間とした以外は同様にして、有機EL素子103Bを作製した。
上記有機EL素子103Bの作製において、素子前駆体3の代わりに素子前駆体4を用い、紫外線の照射時間を8時間にした以外は同様にして、有機EL素子104を作製した。
(2.1)紫外線照射によるパターンの、非発光時の視認性についての評価
得られた有機EL素子101~104について、紫外線を照射していない部分の非発光時の素子表面の色度b*0と、紫外線を照射した部分の非発光時の素子表面の色度b*UVとを測定し、下記(式3)により、紫外線照射による非発光時の素子の変化をΔb*として求めた。
Δb*=b*UV-b*0 … (式3)
なお、色度b*の測定は、分光測色計CM-2600d(コニカミノルタ製)を用いて行った。
Δb*の値が大きいほど目視で変化が確認でき、1.0又はそれ未満であると、両者の違いは区別できないことを示している。
有機EL素子101~104について、紫外線を照射していない部分の正面輝度が1000cd/m2となる条件で発光させたときの、紫外線を照射していない部分の輝度L-0と、紫外線照射部の輝度L-UVとを測定し、下記(式4)により、輝度比の値LUV/0(%)を求めた。
LUV/0(%)=(L-UV/L-0)×100 … (式4)
なお、輝度Lの測定は、2次元色彩輝度計CA-2000(コニカミノルタ製)を用いて行った。
LUV/0(%)の数値が小さいほど、紫外線照射によるパターンがはっきり形成され、それを実現しうる数値は好ましくは20以下である。
表2に示すように、有機EL素子101~104はいずれも、Δb*が1.0又はそれ未満であり、これら有機EL素子では、非発光時に視認できず、発光時にのみ現れる発光パターンを形成することができる。
特に、有機EL素子103Aと有機EL素子103Bとの比較から、有機EL素子103Aでは、Δb*が1.0で樹脂がやや黄変したと考えられるのに対し、有機EL素子103Bでは、紫外線の照射時間が長いにもかかわらず、Δb*が1.0未満であり、視認性を向上させるのに、340nm以下の波長成分を含まない光を照射するのが有用であることがわかる。
特に、有機EL素子103Bと有機EL素子104との比較から、有機EL素子104では、LUV/0の数値が8.0であるのに対し、有機EL素子103Bでは、LUV/0の数値が2.0であり、PENは紫外線を透過させ難く、PETは紫外線を透過させ易いと考えられる。そのため、光照射によるパターン形成において明瞭な発光パターンを形成するには、PETを使用するのが有用であることがわかる。
更に、パターンマスクを介した光照射によるパターン形成でも、有機層形成時のマスクによるパターン形成に比較して、高精細でかつ形成する画像の自由度が高く、より簡便に行うことができ有用である。
2 第1電極(陽極)
3、3A、3B、3C、3D、3E 有機機能層ユニット
4、4A、4B、4C 中間電極層ユニット
41A、42A、43A 中間電極
41B、42B、43B 下地層
6 第2電極(陰極)
100、200、300、400 有機EL素子
500 色度測定器
V1、V2、V3 駆動電圧
Claims (4)
- 透明基板上に、透明電極と、有機機能層ユニットと、前記透明電極と対をなす電極とを、この順に有する有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子の製造方法において、
前記透明基板に対し直交する角度を0°と、前記透明基板に対する0~80°の傾斜角度の範囲内での反射色の色度差をΔExyとしたとき、ΔExy≧0.05の条件を満たす素子前駆体を形成する工程と、
前記素子前駆体の所定領域に光を照射する工程と、
を備えることを特徴とする有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子の製造方法。 - 請求項1に記載の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子の製造方法において、
前記透明電極として、銀又は銀を主成分とする合金の金属層を、前記透明基板上に形成することを特徴とする有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子の製造方法。 - 請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子の製造方法において、
前記透明基板として樹脂フィルムを使用し、
前記素子前駆体に光を照射する工程では、波長340nm以下の波長成分を含まない光を照射することを特徴とする有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子の製造方法。
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KR102200765B1 (ko) | 2019-03-12 | 2021-01-12 | 재단법인대구경북과학기술원 | 전도성 섬유 기반 유연 발광 장치 |
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