WO2014181617A1 - 光ファイバケーブル、光ファイバケーブルの製造方法、および分布型測定システム - Google Patents
光ファイバケーブル、光ファイバケーブルの製造方法、および分布型測定システム Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014181617A1 WO2014181617A1 PCT/JP2014/059801 JP2014059801W WO2014181617A1 WO 2014181617 A1 WO2014181617 A1 WO 2014181617A1 JP 2014059801 W JP2014059801 W JP 2014059801W WO 2014181617 A1 WO2014181617 A1 WO 2014181617A1
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- fiber cable
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Classifications
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- G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01D5/00—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
- G01D5/26—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light
- G01D5/32—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light
- G01D5/34—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells
- G01D5/353—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells influencing the transmission properties of an optical fibre
- G01D5/35338—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells influencing the transmission properties of an optical fibre using other arrangements than interferometer arrangements
- G01D5/35354—Sensor working in reflection
- G01D5/35358—Sensor working in reflection using backscattering to detect the measured quantity
- G01D5/35364—Sensor working in reflection using backscattering to detect the measured quantity using inelastic backscattering to detect the measured quantity, e.g. using Brillouin or Raman backscattering
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01D5/00—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
- G01D5/26—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light
- G01D5/32—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light
- G01D5/34—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells
- G01D5/353—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells influencing the transmission properties of an optical fibre
- G01D5/35338—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells influencing the transmission properties of an optical fibre using other arrangements than interferometer arrangements
- G01D5/35354—Sensor working in reflection
- G01D5/35358—Sensor working in reflection using backscattering to detect the measured quantity
- G01D5/35361—Sensor working in reflection using backscattering to detect the measured quantity using elastic backscattering to detect the measured quantity, e.g. using Rayleigh backscattering
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01K11/00—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00
- G01K11/32—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00 using changes in transmittance, scattering or luminescence in optical fibres
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01K11/00—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00
- G01K11/32—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00 using changes in transmittance, scattering or luminescence in optical fibres
- G01K11/322—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00 using changes in transmittance, scattering or luminescence in optical fibres using Brillouin scattering
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L1/00—Measuring force or stress, in general
- G01L1/24—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations of optical properties of material when it is stressed, e.g. by photoelastic stress analysis using infrared, visible light, ultraviolet
- G01L1/242—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations of optical properties of material when it is stressed, e.g. by photoelastic stress analysis using infrared, visible light, ultraviolet the material being an optical fibre
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- G02B6/44—Mechanical structures for providing tensile strength and external protection for fibres, e.g. optical transmission cables
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an optical fiber cable used in a distributed optical fiber system for measuring temperature, pressure, and strain distribution using an optical fiber cable, a method for manufacturing the optical fiber cable, and a temperature and pressure using the optical fiber cable.
- the present invention relates to a distributed measurement system that collectively measures strain distribution.
- dij is a characteristic coefficient of each optical fiber based on the frequency shift, and can be obtained as an inverse matrix of the sensitivity coefficient of the optical fiber with respect to the frequency shift.
- the pressure and temperature distribution measurement technology using this optical fiber can be applied to the distribution measurement of the volume change of the object.
- porous sandstone changes in volume before and after being filled with fluid, and thus becomes one of the application fields of the above-described measurement technique.
- an accurate strain distribution may not be measured in some cases due to problems in manufacturing the cable.
- a distributed pressure sensor using only a Brillouin frequency shift uses a Brillouin frequency shift generated by applying strain to the optical fiber.
- This Brillouin frequency shift is applied to the probe of the optical fiber.
- the applied pressure can be measured by measuring the frequency shift of the optical fiber sensor fixed to the probe deformed by the pressure. . Therefore, it is necessary to fix the optical fiber sensor to the probe. By doing so, the pressure applied to the probe can be measured by measuring the frequency shift of the optical fiber sensor.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram schematically showing the state of the connecting surface between the conventional optical fiber core wire 10 and the innermost cable steel wire of the multilayer armored cable 50.
- an optical fiber core wire 10 is an optical fiber waveguide 11 having a sensor function of the innermost layer, a first coating 12 that directly covers this optical fiber waveguide 11, and a second coating 13 that further covers this first coating.
- the innermost layer cable steel wire of the multilayer armored cable 50 is designed as shown by 51 in the drawing, that is, the diameter of the optical fiber core wire is larger than the diameter of the gap formed by the innermost layer cable steel wire.
- the armored cable in the innermost peripheral portion is not in a position in contact with the optical fiber core wire (the circumference is shown by a solid line), but at a slightly spaced position (the circumference is a broken line) In this case, the fiber is subjected to the same pressure as the external pressure because the fluid enters the gap.
- the case of the case b when the innermost armored cable is located at a position in contact with the optical fiber core wire (the circumference is indicated by a solid line)), as described in FIG.
- the pressure received by the optical fiber waveguide 11 at the center is different from the external pressure received by the multilayer armored cable.
- FIG. 9 shows the pressure (radial normal stress) applied to the columnar body (modeled optical fiber waveguide) surrounded by the outer ring (modeled multilayer armored cable) and the ring It is a simple model for evaluating pressure.
- a sensor When measured with an ordinary optical fiber, as shown in FIG. 9 (a), the columnar body and the annular body and are together, a sensor in a state where the annular body is subjected to external pressure P o columnar The pressure is measured at the body part. In this case, the pressure value at the sensor portion is examined.
- the annular body is an annular body and the columnar body is formed of a homogeneous isotropic elastic material, and the radius of this annular body is b, and the lame constant that is the elastic coefficient is 9A is broken down into two parts, FIG. 9B and FIG. 9C, where ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 1 are set, the radius of the cylindrical body is a, and the lame constant is ⁇ 2 and ⁇ 2 .
- P i the internal pressure of the annular body was P i.
- Hooke's law is expressed by the following equation (2) using lame constants ⁇ and ⁇ .
- ⁇ represents stress
- ⁇ represents strain
- i and j are indices representing two of the three axial directions orthogonal to each other (for example, three axes orthogonal to each other in the x, y, and z axes) If so, an index indicating the x-axis and y-axis directions which are two directions).
- ⁇ ij is the Kronecker delta.
- ⁇ is called a lame first constant
- ⁇ is called a second constant, and always takes a positive value.
- ⁇ is also referred to as rigidity and is usually expressed as G.
- the pressure (radial vertical stress) received by the cylindrical body (here, corresponding to the optical fiber) is smaller than the pressure applied to the annular body (here, equivalent to the multilayer armored cable). That is, in case b and case c, the pressure received by the optical fiber waveguide 11 at the center is smaller than the external pressure received by the multilayer armored cable 5, and is the pressure value of the field to be measured outside the armored cable. Appropriate evaluation is not possible.
- FIG. 13 is a brilliant obtained using a multilayer armored cable type cable for three standard pressure values of 25 MPa, 15 MPa, and 5 MPa, using the pressure and strain sensitivity obtained by the optical fiber strand test.
- This is measurement data of pressure distribution over a cable length of 3 m when Rayleigh frequency shift is converted to pressure.
- the values in the figure are the pressure values that serve as the reference. This figure shows that although the amount of decrease differs depending on the reference pressure value, the measured data is smaller than the reference pressure value at any pressure reference value.
- the positions of the layers of the cable steel wires used for the optical fiber core wire and the multilayer armored cable cannot be determined in conjunction with each other, while the object to be measured is usually the outermost armored layer of the cable steel wire. Since it is fixed to the layer and measured, it cannot be guaranteed that the strain of the measurement target and the strain of the optical fiber core wire 1 coincide with each other, and the distributed pressure temperature measurement system (DPTS) accurately measures the strain distribution, It was in a situation that could not be implemented.
- DPTS distributed pressure temperature measurement system
- CCS Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage
- the technology for separating and recovering CO 2 emitted from power plants and factories and storing it in the formation underground In order to monitor the stored CO 2 , for example, distortion caused by an increase in pressure in the formation due to CO 2 injection and distortion generated when CO 2 infiltrates into the rock are measured. Strain measurement is required. Furthermore, what is applicable also to production of shale gas etc. is desirable.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and adopts an optical fiber cable in which a gap is formed between an optical fiber waveguide and an armored cable in a distributed optical fiber measurement system using an armored cable type optical fiber.
- the optical fiber waveguide and the armored cable are fixed using a fixing material, and the pressure distribution, temperature distribution, and strain distribution of the object to be measured are collectively collected by using two types of optical fibers used in the optical fiber cable.
- An object of the present invention is to provide an optical fiber cable used in a distributed optical fiber measurement system that can be measured with high accuracy, to manufacture an optical fiber cable, and to provide a distributed measurement system.
- An optical fiber cable Brillouin frequency shift or Rayleigh frequency from the scattered wave scattered in the optical fiber cable when the light incident on the optical fiber cable laid so as to be deformed in the measurement object or along the measurement object is deformed.
- An optical fiber cable for measuring the pressure, temperature, and strain distribution of the object to be measured by shifting, an optical fiber core wire for measuring the pressure of the object to be measured, and a multilayer for measuring the temperature of the object to be measured An armored cable is formed, and an annular gap layer is formed between the optical fiber core wire and the multilayer armored cable, and a fixing material for fixing the optical fiber core wire and the multilayer armored cable is spaced in the axial direction of the optical fiber cable. It is characterized by having been provided.
- a water-soluble resin layer having a desired thickness is annularly coated on the outermost layer portion of the optical fiber core wire of the optical fiber cable for measuring pressure, and after the armored layer of the optical fiber cable is made into an armor, the water-soluble resin layer And a step of fixing the optical fiber core wire and the armored layer with a fixing material after removing the water-soluble resin layer.
- the distributed measurement system using the optical fiber cable according to the present invention is: Brillouin frequency shift or Rayleigh frequency from the scattered wave scattered in the optical fiber cable when the light incident on the optical fiber cable laid so as to be deformed in the measurement object or along the measurement object is deformed.
- An optical fiber cable for measuring the pressure, temperature, and strain distribution of the object to be measured by shifting, an optical fiber core wire for measuring the pressure of the object to be measured, and a multilayer for measuring the temperature of the object to be measured A fixing material that is composed of an armored cable and fixes the optical fiber core wire and the multilayer armored cable in the axial direction of the optical fiber cable so that an annular gap layer is formed between the optical fiber core wire and the multilayer armored cable.
- a distributed measurement system using the optical fiber cable according to the present invention is: Using a fiber optic cable using Rayleigh phase change instead of the Rayleigh frequency shift, the distribution of pressure, temperature and strain of the substance from the Brillouin frequency shift and Rayleigh phase change of the scattered wave scattered in the fiber optic cable.
- the pressure, temperature, and strain distribution of the object to be measured are collectively determined by the Brillouin scattering backscattering measuring device and the Rayleigh phase measuring device obtained by analysis.
- an optical fiber cable that can accurately measure the pressure distribution, temperature distribution, and strain distribution of a measured object collectively, to manufacture the optical fiber cable, and to provide a measurement method for the measured object.
- the remarkable effect that it becomes possible can be obtained.
- FIG. 1 It is a schematic diagram of the cross section of the direction perpendicular
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an outline of a distributed optical fiber system 8 that collectively measures pressure, temperature, and strain using frequency information of Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering of an optical fiber according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
- an optical fiber cable 7 using an armored cable is provided in a multilayer armored wire and is an optical fiber having a sensor function of a temperature sensor or the like, an optical fiber waveguide being a part having a sensor function of an optical fiber core wire. 11 and the like, and these cables are fixed to the formation by cementing or the like.
- These cables also make light incident on these optical fibers (light enters the FIMT 4 from ch1 and light enters the optical fiber waveguide 11 from ch2), and the frequencies of incident light and scattered light of the two optical fibers.
- a Brillouin scattering / Rayleigh scattering hybrid backscattering measuring device 6 shown as R & B measuring system in FIG. 1) and the like for measuring and analyzing the shift.
- the distributed optical fiber system 8 configured as described above, the distribution of the pressure P, the temperature T, and the strain ⁇ of the well to be measured (for example, the carbon dioxide injection well) can be collectively measured with high accuracy.
- the frequency shift ⁇ B between incident light and scattered light is expressed by equations (7) and (8).
- the superscript number of ⁇ B indicates the type of the optical fiber
- the one attached with “1” relates to the optical fiber waveguide
- the one attached with “2” relates to the FIMT.
- C ij is a sensitivity coefficient specific to the optical fiber
- the superscript number indicates the same type of optical fiber as described above.
- the superscript number of ⁇ indicates the same type of optical fiber as described above.
- Equation (10) the Rayleigh frequency shift ⁇ R is expressed by equations (9) and (10).
- the superscript number of ⁇ R indicates the type of the optical fiber, the one attached with “1” relates to the optical fiber waveguide, and the one attached with “2” relates to the FIMT. It is.
- the reason why there is no term related to ⁇ P in Equation (10) is that FIMT is blocked from the influence of pressure.
- the other description is the same as the content related to ⁇ B , and the description is omitted here.
- the characteristic coefficient (based on the frequency shift) determined from the sensitivity coefficient C ij is between the pressure change ⁇ P, temperature change ⁇ T, strain change ⁇ and ⁇ B , ⁇ R.
- the relationship defined by the equation (11) is established by the characteristic coefficient D) obtained as an inverse matrix of C ij ) D ij . Therefore, the pressure change ⁇ P, the temperature change ⁇ T, and the strain change ⁇ of the measurement object can be obtained from the frequency shift information from the equation (11).
- the above shows the outline of the procedure for obtaining the pressure change ⁇ P, temperature change ⁇ T, and strain change ⁇ of the measured object using the Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering frequency information, but not only the frequency information but also the phase information.
- a method for obtaining body pressure change ⁇ P, temperature change ⁇ T, and strain change ⁇ is also effective.
- the measurement time is generally longer than when measuring the Brillouin frequency shift. Therefore, when the measurement time is limited, there is a method using this phase information. It is valid.
- an outline of the procedure for obtaining the pressure change ⁇ P, temperature change ⁇ T, and strain change ⁇ of the measurement object using this phase information will be described.
- Equation (12) for the optical fiber waveguide
- Equation (13) for FIMT
- C 3 j is the sensitivity coefficient related to the Rayleigh scattering phase shift.
- ⁇ is a measurement target of the axial strain of the optical fiber cable
- C 31 is a sensitivity coefficient of Rayleigh phase strain
- C 32 is a sensitivity coefficient of Rayleigh phase temperature
- C 33 is a sensitivity coefficient of Rayleigh phase pressure.
- the reason why there is no term related to ⁇ P in equation (13) is that FIMT is blocked from the influence of pressure.
- the other description is the same as the content related to ⁇ B , and the description is omitted here.
- the pressure change ⁇ P, temperature change ⁇ T, and strain change ⁇ of the object to be measured can be obtained from the frequency shift information and the phase shift information from the equation (14).
- a Brillouin backscattering measuring machine and a Rayleigh phase measuring machine are required.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram schematically showing the optical fiber cable 7 used in the distributed optical fiber system 8 of FIG.
- the optical fiber cable 7 is roughly composed of an optical fiber core wire 1 and a multilayer armored cable 5 at the center.
- An optical fiber waveguide 11 having a sensor function and made of glass is disposed on the innermost periphery of the optical fiber core wire 1.
- the outer periphery of the optical fiber core wire 1 is directly covered with the optical fiber waveguide 11 to be waterproof and hydrogen-proof.
- a first coating 12 having an effect, and a second coating 13 for further strengthening the strength of the optical fiber waveguide 11 while further covering the first coating are formed.
- the multilayer armored cable 5 is disposed on the outer periphery of the second coating 13 with a certain gap ⁇ therebetween.
- This constant gap ⁇ is formed by the water-soluble resin layer 14 formed on the outer periphery of the second coating 13 in the initial process of manufacturing the optical fiber cable, and in the subsequent process, an armored cable is formed on the outer periphery. After that, when the optical fiber cable 7 is immersed in water or hot water, the water-soluble resin layer 14 is dissolved in water or hot water, so that a void layer having a desired size is formed. In actual pressure measurement, the pressure of the measurement object (liquid) flowing into the void layer is measured by the optical fiber core wire 1.
- the thickness of the water-soluble resin layer 14 is designed and processed to a desired size (here, the above-mentioned constant gap ⁇ .
- the radius size on one side is several tens to several hundreds ⁇ m)
- the optical fiber cable is armored.
- armoring The installation of a wire around an optical fiber core wire is referred to as armoring), and it is manufactured so as to achieve necessary mechanical performance, that is, wear resistance, pressure resistance, sufficient tensile strength, and the like.
- the multilayer armored wire is in contact with the water-soluble resin layer 14.
- the water-soluble resin layer 14 is removed by immersing the optical fiber cable in water or hot water.
- the constant gap ⁇ can be provided by replacing the water-soluble resin layer 14 with an oil-soluble resin.
- this layer is made of a resin having a low melting point.
- the melting point of the water-soluble resin layer 14 is about 100 ° C. (for example, polyethylene may be used)
- the melting points of the first coating 12 and the second coating 13 are 200 ° C. or more
- an overcoat function of the optical fiber core wire 1 is temporarily performed at the time of armoring, and then a removable material, specifically an oil-soluble substance, alcohol It is also possible to use a material that dissolves in water or a polymer glass that becomes powder when compressed. Moreover, it is also possible to embed in the ground with the resin protective layer and perform cementing while dissolving the resin in the ground.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the main part in the axial direction (long direction) of an optical fiber cable in which a gap layer 2 is formed with a certain gap between the optical fiber core wire 1 and the multilayer armored cable 5.
- a fixing material having a length c in the optical fiber axial direction (long direction) in order to fix the optical fiber core wire 1 and the multilayer armored cable 5.
- 3a and 3b are provided at a pitch interval d. This is because the optical fiber core wire 1 is not fixed to the multi-layered armored cable simply by providing the air gap layer, so that the distortion generated in the optical fiber cannot be measured with high accuracy. Therefore, it is necessary to fix the optical fiber core wire 1 and the multilayer armored cable 5 after forming the gap layer 2.
- the size of the fixing material used in the radial direction is only required to be able to fix the optical fiber core wire 1 and the multi-layered armored cable 5, so that it is larger than the inner diameter of the portion of the annular multi-layered armored cable If there is, In other words, the radius of the portion indicated by the fixing member 3c in the figure may be equal to or greater than the radius, and the resin is normally used up to the radial position of the innermost layer (layer indicated by 5a in FIG. 2) of the armored cable layers constituting the multilayer armor cable.
- a fixing method of fixing with an adhesive such as is used (see fixing materials 3a and 3b).
- the present invention is not limited to this, and even the optical fiber core wire 1 and the multilayer armored cable 5 can be fixed. Therefore, it may be configured with an indefinite interval pitch.
- the optical fiber cable configured as shown in FIG. 3 as shown in the relationship diagram between the axial position and the measured pressure value (FIG. 4), there is a portion with a fixing material (in FIG. 3, B1 and B2).
- the portion shown) is a pressure insensitive portion, and the optical fiber core wire 1 cannot perform an appropriate pressure measurement, but the portion without the fixing material (portions indicated by A1, A2, and A3 in the figure) has high accuracy.
- the effect that pressure distribution measurement is possible pressure measurement accuracy is 5 psi or less) is obtained.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram for explaining a cross-sectional structure in the longitudinal direction of the optical fiber cable, and shows a portion corresponding to the length of one fixing member in FIG.
- the optical fiber core wire 1 is fixed to the innermost layer portion 5 a of the multilayer armored cable 5 by a fixing material 3 to form a void layer 2.
- FIMT4 triple circle in the figure
- FIG. 5 shows a temperature sensor function at a predetermined position corresponding to about 10% of the entire layer 5b.
- the multilayer armored cable 5 is composed of three concentric circular layers, and a gap layer having a gap ⁇ is formed between the optical fiber core wire 1 at the center and the innermost layer part 5a of the multilayered armored cable 5. Is formed.
- the measurement data of the pressure distribution measured over the cable length of 3 m in the optical fiber cable axial direction is different from the case shown in FIG.
- the Burrian and Rayleigh frequency shift obtained using the optical fiber cable of the multilayer armored cable form was converted into pressure. It was found that the pressure measurement value in this case had a pressure distribution that was not different from the reference pressure value at any measurement position of the cable length of 3 m (see FIG. 7).
- step 1 an optical fiber core wire 1 is overcoated with a water-soluble resin layer 14 made of a water-soluble resin by a desired gap layer thickness ⁇ , and then in step 2, this is made water-soluble using a steel wire. 1 layer or several layers are spirally wound around the conductive resin layer 14 to produce an armor.
- step 3 the optical fiber cable manufactured as an armor is immersed in an aqueous solution or hot water to remove the water-soluble resin layer 14.
- step 4 epoxy resin or the like is fixed in the axial direction (long direction) of the optical fiber cable (see FIG. 3, the length indicated by “c” in FIG. 3), and at constant intervals (see FIG. 3).
- the optical fiber core wire 1 and the armored cable are fixed by injecting at an indefinite interval of a certain length (a length indicated by “c” in FIG. 3) at a pitch indicated by “d” in FIG. To do.
- the radial size to be fixed needs to be at least about the radius of the innermost layer of the armored cable (see paragraph 0035).
- step 5 if the outer layer of the optical fiber cable as an option is processed (step for protecting the optical fiber cable), the production of the optical fiber cable is completed.
- the optical fiber cable of the present invention configured as described above, the following effects can be obtained.
- high-precision pressure measurement can be realized in the pressure sensing portion which is a portion indicated by “A” in FIG. 4 (specifically, A1, A2, A3).
- A1 in FIG. 4 specifically, A1, A2, A3
- the strain of the optical fiber core line coincides with the strain of the armor layer (for example, about 1 ⁇ ).
- this optical fiber cable can be maintained as long as the cable is not cut.
- the tensile strength of an optical fiber is greater than that of steel, so an armored configuration should not break before the life of the steel, but when making an armored layer, high strain remains in the optical fiber. In some cases, this is the main cause of disconnection of the optical fiber cable.
- the armor strength is sufficiently strengthened without affecting the optical fiber cable strength. This has the effect of extending the life of the entire optical fiber cable.
- Embodiment 2 the above-mentioned water-soluble resin layer 14 is usually overcoated at a room temperature of about 20 ° C.
- the temperature of the oil well is higher than this room temperature. It is a high temperature of 100 ° C. or higher (in some cases, it may be up to 300 ° C.), and the temperature of the optical fiber cable itself rises to a high temperature of 100 ° C. or higher according to the temperature of the oil well.
- the optical fiber core wire 1 is distorted by about 2000 ⁇ and may be broken in some cases, which causes a problem in ensuring measurement accuracy.
- the water-soluble resin layer 14 when the water-soluble resin layer 14 is overcoated, it is performed not at room temperature but at a high temperature of about 100 ° C. (100 ⁇ 10 ° C.), and tension is applied to the optical fiber core wire 1. Cool to room temperature. As a result, an overcoat product of the optical fiber cable in which the optical fiber core wire 1 remains distorted can be obtained. If the water-soluble resin layer 14 is removed in the subsequent process, the optical fiber core wire 1 is installed at the center of the optical fiber cable with a predetermined strain, and this is shown at a constant interval d as shown in FIG. Fix it.
- the distortion generated in the optical fiber core wire 1 is compared with the case where the processing is not performed at a high temperature.
- the amount of distortion is reduced by a predetermined amount, and there is an effect that the life of such an optical fiber cable 71 can be extended.
- the fluid in the well well may contain a substance called proppant that is typically treated as sand.
- proppant that is typically treated as sand.
- FIG. 14A is a model diagram showing an example of the outermost layer of the multilayer armored cable 5 after the expansion portion 15 is formed in the outermost layer (third layer) before the strand, and FIG. It is a figure which shows a part of the spiral multilayer armored cable 5 after the strand which twisted the wire.
- the expansion part 15 reduces the motion speed of the fluid containing the proppant, the proppant reduces the wear loss of the optical fiber cable 72 which is a problem when performing measurement using the optical fiber cable. can do.
- Embodiment 4 FIG.
- the FIMT constituting the multilayer armored cable described in the first embodiment is usually manufactured by welding.
- pinhole defects in optical fiber cables that were not detected by quality inspection at the time of manufacture are found through detecting leakage signals (partly rapidly changing signals) in measuring temperature distribution in demonstration tests, etc. There is.
- a pinhole defect may occur when the optical fiber cable is mounted on site.
- a separator 16 is provided between the FIMT 4 and the optical fiber core wire 1 in the radial direction of the optical fiber cable.
- This separator 16 is pre-injected with resin at the time of optical fiber cable manufacture (until FIMT molding), and is installed at a predetermined interval Lp (for example, about 10 m) in the longitudinal direction of the optical fiber cable as shown in the figure.
- Lp for example, about 10 m
- a hole is made in the FIMT to inject resin, and similarly installed at a predetermined interval Lp, so that it has a function of a block that isolates pressure, and is installed in the optical fiber cable.
- Embodiment 5 In the optical fiber cable described above, since the entire cable has a so-called passive structure, it merely propagates light, and the cable itself generates signal light or transmits an optical signal to a destination. It does not have a so-called active function such as changing the transmission path. Therefore, in the present embodiment, it will be described below that the temperature and strain characteristics of the object to be measured can be grasped non-passively by installing a heating wire for heating in the optical fiber cable.
- FIG. 16 shows a schematic diagram of a cross-sectional structure of the main part of the heating wire of the present embodiment.
- one heating wire 17 is provided in the outermost layer 5c of the armored cable layer constituting the multilayer armored cable 5 (the heating wire 17 is not limited to one and may be provided in a plurality of locations).
- the heating wire 17 is composed of a conductive wire (for example, a copper wire) 18 in the central portion and an insulating layer 19 in the outer peripheral portion surrounding it.
- a current to the conductive wire 18, the entire optical fiber cable 74 provided with a heating wire having a function of heating such a wire is converted into uniform heating (for example, heating) per unit length.
- the temperature can be increased by about 5 ° C. as compared to the case of not.
- the temperature and strain characteristics of the object to be measured can be examined by observing the temperature drop process and deformation state of the optical fiber cable.
- the present invention is not limited to the contents shown in each of the above embodiments, and each embodiment can be freely combined, or each embodiment can be appropriately modified or omitted within the scope of the invention. It is.
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Abstract
Description
被測定体中または被測定体に沿って当該被測定体とともに変形するよう敷設された光ファイバケーブルに入射された光が、前記光ファイバケーブル内で散乱された散乱波からブリルアン周波数シフトあるいはレイリー周波数シフトにより前記被測定体の圧力、温度、歪の分布を計測するための光ファイバケーブルであって、前記被測定体の圧力を計測する光ファイバ芯線と、前記被測定体の温度を計測する多層アーマードケーブルから構成され、前記光ファイバ芯線と前記多層アーマードケーブル間に環状の空隙層を形成するとともに、前記光ファイバ芯線と前記多層アーマードケーブルを固定する固定材を前記光ファイバケーブルの軸方向に間隔をおいて設けたことを特徴とするものである。
圧力を計測する光ファイバケーブルの光ファイバ芯線の最外層部に、所望の厚さの水溶性樹脂層を環状に被覆し、前記光ファイバケーブルのアーマード層をアーマード化した後、前記水溶性樹脂層を除去する工程と、前記水溶性樹脂層を除去した後、前記光ファイバ芯線と前記アーマード層を固定材により固定化する工程と、を含むものである。
被測定体中または被測定体に沿って当該被測定体とともに変形するよう敷設された光ファイバケーブルに入射された光が、前記光ファイバケーブル内で散乱された散乱波からブリルアン周波数シフトあるいはレイリー周波数シフトにより前記被測定体の圧力、温度、歪の分布を計測するための光ファイバケーブルであって、前記被測定体の圧力を計測する光ファイバ芯線と、前記被測定体の温度を計測する多層アーマードケーブルから構成され、前記光ファイバ芯線と前記多層アーマードケーブル間に環状の空隙層が形成されるよう、前記光ファイバ芯線と前記多層アーマードケーブルを固定する固定材を前記光ファイバケーブルの軸方向に間隔をおいて設けた光ファイバケーブルを用いて、この光ファイバケーブル内で散乱された散乱波のブリルアン周波数シフト及びレイリー周波数シフトから、物質の圧力、温度、歪の分布を解析して求めるブリルアン散乱・レイリー散乱のハイブリッド型後方散乱測定機により、被測定体の圧力、温度、歪の分布を一括して求めるものである。
また、この発明に係る光ファイバケーブルを用いた分布型測定システムは、
前記レイリー周波数シフトに代えてレイリー位相変化を用いた光ファイバケーブルを用いて、この光ファイバケーブル内で散乱された散乱波のブリルアン周波数シフト及びレイリー位相変化から物質の圧力、温度、歪の分布を解析して求めるブリルアン散乱の後方散乱測定機及びレイリー位相測定機により、被測定体の圧力、温度、歪の分布を一括して求めるものである。
実施の形態1.
図1は、本発明の実施の形態1による光ファイバのブリルアンとレイリー散乱の周波数情報を用いて、圧力、温度、歪を一括測定する分布型光ファイバシステム8の概要を示す図である。図において、アーマードケーブルを用いた光ファイバケーブル7は、多層アーマードワイヤに備えられ、温度センサなどのセンサ機能を持つ光ファイバであるFIMT4、光ファイバ芯線のセンサ機能を持つ部分である光ファイバ導波路11、などから構成され、これらケーブルはセメンチング等により地層と固定されている。これらのケーブルをまた、これらの光ファイバに光を入射し(ch1からはFIMT4に、またch2からは光ファイバ導波路11に光を入射)、前記2つの光ファイバの入射光と散乱光の周波数シフトを計測し解析するブリルアン散乱・レイリー散乱のハイブリッド型後方散乱測定機6(図1ではR&B測定系と表示)となどから構成される。このように構成された分布型光ファイバシステム8により、測定対象である坑井(例えば二酸化炭素注入井)の、圧力P、温度T、歪εの分布を精度よく一括測定することができる。
ここで、式(12)~(14)におけるΔφRは干渉原理による位相変化であり、式(11)以前のレイリー散乱に基づく入射光の周波数変化ΔνRとは異なる物理量であることに注意すべきである。
また、樹脂保護層のままで地中に埋設し、地中で樹脂を溶解しながら、セメンチングをおこなうことも可能である。
ところで、本光ファイバケーブルの製造においては、通常20℃程度の常温下で上述の水溶性樹脂層14をオーバーコートするが、油井などで実際に使用する際、油井の温度はこの常温に比べて100℃以上の高温(最大で300℃になる場合もある)になっており、光ファイバケーブル自体の温度は、この油井の温度に応じて、100℃以上の高温まで上昇する。この結果、光ファイバ芯線1には2000με程度の歪が生じ、場合によっては断線するおそれもあり、測定精度を確保する上で問題があった。
また、別のケースとして、油井の坑内の流体に、典型的には砂として扱われるプロパント(proppant)と呼ばれる物質が含まれている場合がある。このプロパントが含まれている流体中に光ファイバケーブルが実装された場合においては、この流体中の砂が金属ワイヤに含まれる鉄(Fe)を侵食するという問題点がある。特に、光ファイバケーブルが厳重に撚られて作られている場合には、光ファイバケーブルが断線することもある。
実施の形態1で述べた多層アーマードケーブルを構成するFIMTは、通常、溶接加工によって製造される。その製造時の品質検査でも検出されなかった光ファイバケーブルのピンホール欠陥が、実証試験での温度分布測定などにおいて、漏れ信号(一部の急激に変化する信号)を検出することなどを通じて見つかる場合がある。また、光ファイバケーブルの現場での実装時にピンホール欠陥が生ずる場合もありうる。FIMTに、もしこのようなピンホール欠陥があると、光ファイバケーブルの使用中に、ガスや水分を含んだ油性の液体がFIMT内に侵入し、被測定体の温度分布、歪分布、あるいは圧力分布の測定精度に影響を及ぼすだけでなく、測定自体ができなくなり、さらには、地下の油井内の高温、高圧の油等が地上に漏れ出て事故につながる恐れもある。この問題に対して、従来は光ファイバケーブルの外周に高分子樹脂の被覆を施すなどで対応していたが、処理時間がかさむとともに光ファイバケーブルを製造する上でコスト高の要因にもなっていた。
以上で説明した光ファイバケーブルでは、ケーブル全体がいわゆるパッシブな構造であることから、単に光を伝播するだけであり、ケーブル自らは、信号光を発生したり、目的場所に光信号を伝達するための伝送経路の変更といった、いわゆるアクティブな機能を持っていない。そこで、本実施の形態では光ファイバケーブル中に加熱のための加熱ワイヤを設置することにより、被測定物の温度、歪特性を非パッシブ的に把握することができることを以下説明する。
4 FIMT(Fiber in Metallic Tube)、
5 多層アーマードケーブル、
5a、5b、5c アーマードケーブル層、
6 ハイブリッド型後方散乱測定機(R&B測定系)、
7、71、72、73、74 光ファイバケーブル、
8 分布型光ファイバシステム、11 光ファイバ導波路、
12 第一被膜、13 第二被膜、14 水溶性樹脂層、
15 膨張部、16 隔離体、17 加熱ワイヤ、18 導電線、
19 絶縁層。
P 圧力、T 温度、ε 歪。
Claims (8)
- 被測定体中または被測定体に沿って当該被測定体とともに変形するよう敷設された光ファイバケーブルに入射された光が、前記光ファイバケーブル内で散乱された散乱波からブリルアン周波数シフトあるいはレイリー周波数シフトにより前記被測定体の圧力、温度、歪の分布を計測するための光ファイバケーブルであって、
前記被測定体の圧力を計測する光ファイバ芯線と、前記被測定体の温度を計測する多層アーマードケーブルから構成され、前記光ファイバ芯線と前記多層アーマードケーブル間に環状の空隙層が形成されるよう、前記光ファイバ芯線と前記多層アーマードケーブルを固定する固定材を前記光ファイバケーブルの軸方向に間隔をおいて設けたことを特徴とする光ファイバケーブル。 - 前記多層アーマードケーブルは、前記多層アーマードケーブルを構成する金属製ワイヤを飛び飛びの箇所で袋状に包みこむ膨張部、または電流を流す導電線を備え前記金属製ワイヤの一部を構成する加熱ワイヤのいずれか一方または両方を備えていることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の光ファイバケーブル。
- 前記光ファイバケーブルの径方向であって前記多層アーマードケーブルのFIMTと光ファイバ芯線との間に、光ファイバケーブルを長尺方向に所定の長さで区分する樹脂製の隔離体を設けることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の光ファイバケーブル。
- 前記レイリー周波数シフトに代えてレイリー位相変化を用いたことを特徴とする請求項1から3のいずれか1項に記載の光ファイバケーブル。
- 圧力を計測する光ファイバケーブルの光ファイバ芯線の最外層部に、所望の厚さの水溶性樹脂層を環状に被覆し、
前記光ファイバケーブルのアーマード層をアーマード化した後、
前記水溶性樹脂層を除去する工程と、
前記水溶性樹脂層を除去した後、前記光ファイバ芯線と前記アーマード層を固定材により固定化する工程と、
を含む光ファイバケーブルの製造方法。 - 前記水溶性樹脂層の被覆は、常温より高温の下で行うことを特徴とする請求項5に記載の光ファイバケーブルの製造方法。
- 請求項1に記載の光ファイバケーブルを用いて、
この光ファイバケーブル内で散乱された散乱波のブリルアン周波数シフト及びレイリー周波数シフトから、物質の圧力、温度、歪の分布を解析して求めるブリルアン散乱・レイリー散乱のハイブリッド型後方散乱測定機により、
被測定体の圧力、温度、歪の分布を一括して求める分布型測定システム。 - 請求項4に記載の光ファイバケーブルを用いて、
この光ファイバケーブル内で散乱された散乱波のブリルアン周波数シフト及びレイリー位相変化から物質の圧力、温度、歪の分布を解析して求めるブリルアン散乱の後方散乱測定機及びレイリー位相測定機により、
被測定体の圧力、温度、歪の分布を一括して求める分布型測定システム。
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JPWO2014181617A1 (ja) | 2017-02-23 |
JP5980419B2 (ja) | 2016-08-31 |
US9557196B2 (en) | 2017-01-31 |
CN105378437B (zh) | 2017-07-21 |
US20160116308A1 (en) | 2016-04-28 |
CN105378437A (zh) | 2016-03-02 |
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