Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K49/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
  • A61K49/06—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations
  • A61K49/18—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, microcapsules, liposomes
  • A61K49/1806—Suspensions, emulsions, colloids, dispersions
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K41/00—Medicinal preparations obtained by treating materials with wave energy or particle radiation ; Therapies using these preparations
  • A61K41/0052—Thermotherapy; Hyperthermia; Magnetic induction; Induction heating therapy
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K49/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
  • A61K49/06—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations
  • A61K49/18—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, microcapsules, liposomes
  • A61K49/1818—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, microcapsules, liposomes particles, e.g. uncoated or non-functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles
  • A61K49/1821—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, microcapsules, liposomes particles, e.g. uncoated or non-functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles
  • A61K49/1824—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, microcapsules, liposomes particles, e.g. uncoated or non-functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised nanoparticles
  • A61K49/1827—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, microcapsules, liposomes particles, e.g. uncoated or non-functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised nanoparticles having a (super)(para)magnetic core, being a solid MRI-active material, e.g. magnetite, or composed of a plurality of MRI-active, organic agents, e.g. Gd-chelates, or nuclei, e.g. Eu3+, encapsulated or entrapped in the core of the coated or functionalised nanoparticle
  • A61K49/1851—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, microcapsules, liposomes particles, e.g. uncoated or non-functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised nanoparticles having a (super)(para)magnetic core, being a solid MRI-active material, e.g. magnetite, or composed of a plurality of MRI-active, organic agents, e.g. Gd-chelates, or nuclei, e.g. Eu3+, encapsulated or entrapped in the core of the coated or functionalised nanoparticle having a (super)(para)magnetic core coated or functionalised with an organic macromolecular compound, i.e. oligomeric, polymeric, dendrimeric organic molecule
  • A61K49/1863—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, microcapsules, liposomes particles, e.g. uncoated or non-functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised microparticles or nanoparticles coated or functionalised nanoparticles having a (super)(para)magnetic core, being a solid MRI-active material, e.g. magnetite, or composed of a plurality of MRI-active, organic agents, e.g. Gd-chelates, or nuclei, e.g. Eu3+, encapsulated or entrapped in the core of the coated or functionalised nanoparticle having a (super)(para)magnetic core coated or functionalised with an organic macromolecular compound, i.e. oligomeric, polymeric, dendrimeric organic molecule the organic macromolecular compound being a polysaccharide or derivative thereof, e.g. chitosan, chitin, cellulose, pectin, starch
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
  • A61N2/00—Magnetotherapy
  • A61N2/002—Magnetotherapy in combination with another treatment
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents

Definitions

• the invention relates to the field of medical diagnostics in general and diagnostic methods and devices for locating tissue for surgical excision.
• Locating sentinel nodes during surgery is difficult.
• One method for locating the sentinel node is to inject a dark blue dye into the lymphatic system in the breast. The dye then disperses throughout the breast lymphatic system and the surgeon removes any colored nodes. This method is recognized as being error-prone.
• An improved method involves injecting a radioactive dye into the lymph nodes.
• the dye drains through the lymphatic system and the surgeon then uses a radiation detector to help locate the sentinel nodes.
• the use of radioisotopes presents a significant, and an expensive, logistical burden, because of the need to allocate the time and resources of a nuclear medicine radiologist in addition to the surgeon for what is otherwise a routine operation.
• many patients are reluctant to receive a radioactive injection. These factors can become a significant barrier to the use of radioisotopes to locate the sentinel nodes.
• a further improved method involved injecting suspensions of magnetic particles into the lymph nodes and waiting for the magnetic particles to drain though the lymphatic system. The particles are then detected using a magnetometer, which reveals the location of the lymph nodes. See US2011/0133730.
• Prior art solutions such as Sienna+®, have a very low osmolality of about 30 mOsm/kg.
• Sienna+® is an aqueous solution of maghemite nanoparticles coated in carboxydextran, having an iron concentration of about 25.5 to 29.5 mg/mL.
• the invention relates to a hypoosmotic suspension for medical injection.
• the composition includes about 13 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL of magnetic particles, and an osmolyte from either about 0.01 % w/v to about 0.6% w/v of an inorganic salt (e.g., sodium chloride) or about 0.5% w/v to about 1.5%w/v of a glycol.
• an inorganic salt e.g., sodium chloride
• Embodiments of the hypoosmotic suspensions can include one or more of the following features:
• the magnetic particles can be iron oxide particles, such as superparamagetic iron oxide particles (e.g., maghemite).
• the magnetic particles can be coated, such as with dextran (e.g. carboxydextran).
• the suspensions can have about 13 mg/mL of magnetic particles, about 28 mg/mL of magnetic particles, 56 mg/ml of magnetic particles, 100 mg/ml of magnetic particles, 140 mg/ml of magnetic particles or about 200 mg/mL of magnetic particles.
• the suspension can have an osmolality of about 80 mOsm/kg to about 160 mOsm/kg.
• the suspension can include an excipient.
• the inorganic salt can be present in the amount of about 0.01% w/v- 0.6% w/v , about 0.05% w/v- 0.3% w/v, about 0.1% w/v-0.3% w/v, less than about 0.6% w/v or about less than about 0.3% w/v.
• the invention also provides a method of locating a lymph node in a patient (e.g., a human).
• the method includes the steps of: providing a hypoosmotic suspension; injecting the hypoosmotic suspension into the patient; waiting until the magnetic particles become entrapped in a lymph node; and detecting the location of the lymph node by detecting the location of the magnetic particles.
• the method can include one or more of the following features:
• the method can include injecting 0.2 mL of hypoosmotic suspension, 0.4 mL of hypoosmotic suspension, or 0.8 mL of hypoosmotic suspension into the patient.
• the detecting can be performed using a magnetometer.
• the invention also provides a method of rapidly locating a lymph node in a patient (e.g., a human).
• the method can include the steps of: providing a hypoosmotic suspension comprising magnetic particles; injecting the hypoosmotic suspension into the patient; and detecting a lymph node within 10 minutes, or within as little as 5 minutes, of injection by detecting the location of the magnetic particles, the detecting sufficient to immediately begin a medical procedure on the lymph node based on the detecting.
• the invention also provides a method of treating a patient using magnetic hyperthermia, the method comprising the steps of: providing the hypoosmotic suspension; injecting the hypoosmotic suspension into the patient; and exposing the patient to an alternating magnetic field.
• the invention relates in part to the discovery of compositions useful for rapid detection of lymph nodes in patients.
• These compositions include suspensions of magnetic particles in a hypoosmotic solution.
• the osmolality of the hypoosmotic solutions facilitates rapid drainage or transport of the magnetic particles through the lymphatic system after injection, thereby reducing downtime between initial injection and lymph node detection.
• Lymph nodes adjacent the injection site can be detected robustly in as little as 5 to 15 minutes after initial injection, which is at least 50 % faster than current methods, thereby permitting more efficient pre-operative examination.
• the hypoosmotic solutions of the invention are versatile solvents and can be used with a wider range of excipients than isotonic or hypertonic solutions.
• rapid movement to the lymph nodes may reduce residual marking, or tattooing, at the site of injection.
• Hypoosmotic solutions within the meaning of the invention are aqueous solutions having an osmolality of about 80 mOsm to about 160 mOsm.
• Isotonic solutions have an osmolaltiy of around 300 mOsm, and Hyperosmotic solutions have an osmolaltiy of greater than 350 mOsm.
• an inorganic salt e.g., sodium chloride
• a glycol e.g., propylene glycol
• Inorganic salt solutions e.g., sodium chloride having about 0.01% w/v to about 0.6% w/v of a salt yield suitable
• hypoosomotic solutions for use with the invention.
• Glycol solutions e.g., propylene glycol having about 0.5% w/v to about 1.5 % w/v of a glycol yield suitable hypoosomotic solutions for use with the invention.
• Hypoosmotic solutions can be made using suitable inorganic salts including, for example, monovalent and divalent salts such as sodium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, ammonium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bisulfate, sodium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, calcium chloride, magnesium sulfate, potassium acetate, and sodium acetate.
• monovalent and divalent salts such as sodium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, ammonium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bisulfate, sodium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, calcium chloride, magnesium sulfate, potassium acetate, and sodium acetate.
• Hypoosmotic solutions can be made using suitable glycols including, for example, short chain, linear or branched alkyl glycols, such as propylene glycol.
• the magnetic particles can be composed of a suitable magnetic material and one or more coatings.
• the magnetic particles contain an iron oxide such as magnetite and/or maghemite.
• the magnetic core can be surrounded by a biocompatible coating to reduce toxicity, prevent agglomeration of the particles, or to modify residence time in the body.
• Suitable coatings include, for example, dextran, carboxydextran, other sugars, albumin, polyethylene glycol (PEG), biocompatible polymers, pegylated starch, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyethyleneimine (PEI), polyglucose sorbitol carboxymethylether and chitosan.
• coating materials include metals such as gold, pegylated colloidal gold nanoparticles, silver, carbon, silica, silicones, aminosilanes and ceramics.
• metals such as gold, pegylated colloidal gold nanoparticles, silver, carbon, silica, silicones, aminosilanes and ceramics.
• the magnetic cores of the particles should be below a certain diameter, typically in the range 3-25 nm, depending on the material and structure.
• Magnetic particles can also be functionalized to allow them to localize in particular tissue or cell types, for example cancerous cells, or to target particular biological systems in order to deliver therapies to those areas. Functionalization is achieved by attaching or coating with biovectors comprising, for example, antibodies, enzymes or proteins.
• iron oxide is used as the magnetic core because of its low toxicity, but other materials that can form a superparamagnetic core also are acceptable.
• the core material should be capable of being magnetically ordered. It may be a metal, such as cobalt, iron, or nickel, a metal alloy, rare earth and transition metal alloy, M-type or spinel ferrite containing aluminium, barium, bismuth, cerium, chromium, cobalt, copper, dysprosium, erbium, europium, gadolinium, holmium, iron, lanthanum, lutetium, manganese, molybdenum, neodymium, nickel, niobium, palladium, platinum, praseodymium, promethium, samarium, strontium, terbium, thulium, titanium, vanadium, ytterbium, and yttrium or a mixture thereof.
• the core can also be formed by oxidising a combination of an iron(II) salt and another metal salt.
• the metal salts which are beneficial include salts of aluminium, barium, bismuth, cerium, chromium, cobalt, copper, dysprosium, erbium, europium, gadolinium, holmium, iron, lanthanum, lutetium, manganese, molybdenum, neodymium, nickel, niobium, palladium, platinum, praseodymium, promethium, samarium, strontium, terbium, thulium, titanium, vanadium, ytterbium, and yttrium.
• the osmolality of the hypoosmotic solutions have the further advantage of permitting combination with a wide range of excipients, resulting in diverse formulation options.
• Suitable excipients that can be used with the hypoosmotic solutions of the invention include, for example:
• co-solvents such as ethanol, propylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, PEG 400,
• oils such as lipids, liquid paraffin, sesame oil, PEG vegetable oil, and combinations thereof; surfactants such as polyoxylene fatty acid esters, polyoxyl 40 castor oil, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80, and combinations thereof;
• liposomes such as lecithin, egg lecithin, phosphatidyl glycerol, phospholipid, egg phospholipid, and combinations thereof;
• amino acids or amino acid mixtures such as Aminosyn® II, Travasol®, and
• the amount of inorganic salt and/or glycol can be adjusted such that the total osmolality of the hypoosmotic solution is between about 80 mOsm and about 160 mOsm.
• compositions of the invention can be used to detect lymph nodes in humans or any other mammal, such as pigs.
• a hypoosmotic solution comprising magnetic particles can be injected into a breast cancer patient. Magnetic particles in the solution are then detected using a magnetometer such as SentiMag® (Endomagnetics; Cambridge, U.K.) to reveal the location of the sentinel lymph nodes in the patient.
• SentiMag® Endomagnetics; Cambridge, U.K.
• a further application of the hypoosmotic solution is in magnetic hyperthermia where the solution is administered to the body for the purpose of heating tissue.
• the concentration of nanoparticles is between 20 and 200 mg/ml and more preferably between 100 and 140 mg/ml.
• hypoosmotic compositions of the invention can be supplied ready-to-use as part of a kit comprising a container, such as vial or syringe, and instructions for administering the compositions.
• Pig mammaries were used as an in vivo lymph node model. An investigation was performed to assess the effects of concentration and volume of carboxydextran coated maghemite nanoparticle solution on the bio-distribution of superparamagnetic iron oxide particles in pigs, following an injection of the solution directly into the 3 inguinal papillar.
• the maghemite core had a diameter of about 5 nm, and the carboxydextran coating increased particle diameter to about 60-70 nm.
• the aim of this study was to assess the bio-distribution of the superparamagnetic iron oxide particles in pig lymph nodes following injections of the maghemite nanoparticle solution prepared with 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9% w/v sodium chloride. The influence of tonicity upon lymph node bio-distribution of the particles was evaluated through use of a SentiMag® magnetic probe.
• Carboxydextran coated maghemite nanoparticle solutions were prepared in water. NaCl was added to the maghemite solution to the appropriate concentration. For example, a 0.3 % salt magnetic particle suspension was created by adding 0.3 mg of NaCl to a prediluted maghemite nanoparticle solution. Sienna+® (-26 mg/mL maghemite, 0.4 mL dose; system g) served as the control.
• a hypoosmotic ⁇ 0.6 % NaCl solution and more preferably ⁇ 0.3 % NaCl solution provides the same rapid transport to the lymph nodes as an isotonic (e.g. 0.6 % NaCl) or even a hypotonic (e.g. 0.9 % NaCl) solution but without requiring such a large amount of salt to be included in the solution.
• a more hypotonic solution containing 0.05% w/v NaCl showed no significant improvement over Sienna+®.
• the "trigger-point" for tonicity benefit is therefore somewhere between about 80 mOsm and about 156 mOsm.
• a 0.05 % to 0.3 % NaCl solution or preferably a 0.1 % to 0.3 % NaCl solution, or more preferably a 0.2 % to 0.3 % NaCl solution exhibits both rapid uptake and versatility as an excipient.
• system 6 (Sienna + 0.3% NaCl - CONTROL) resulted in the fastest delivery to the lymph gland. Salt therefore appears to be the best potentiator for delivery. 0.5% polyethylene glycol (system 5) also appears to be efficacious, resulting in rapid delivery to the lymph gland within 5-15 minutes of injection. Accordingly, in some embodiments, glycols can be used as a solute to create a hypoosomotic solution comprising magnetic particles.
• the method of administration of the solution will depend on the particular site in the body at which it is being administered.
• the injection may be interstitial, sub-cutaneous, intradermal or intramuscular.
• the solution may be administered by any of these injection methods or via a catheter or infusion into a region of tissue, a body cavity, or vessel.
• each intervening value between the upper and lower limits of that range or list of values is individually contemplated and is encompassed within the invention as if each value were specifically enumerated herein.
• smaller ranges between and including the upper and lower limits of a given range are contemplated and encompassed within the invention.
• the listing of exemplary values or ranges is not a disclaimer of other values or ranges between and including the upper and lower limits of a given range.

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• 2014
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