WO2014090877A1 - Iso(thio)cyanates (hétéro)aromatiques en tant qu'additifs navettes redox pour cellules galvaniques - Google Patents

Iso(thio)cyanates (hétéro)aromatiques en tant qu'additifs navettes redox pour cellules galvaniques Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014090877A1
WO2014090877A1 PCT/EP2013/076234 EP2013076234W WO2014090877A1 WO 2014090877 A1 WO2014090877 A1 WO 2014090877A1 EP 2013076234 W EP2013076234 W EP 2013076234W WO 2014090877 A1 WO2014090877 A1 WO 2014090877A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
alkyl
atoms
redox
aqueous electrolyte
lithium
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Application number
PCT/EP2013/076234
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Ulrich Wietelmann
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Rockwood Lithium GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Publication date
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Publication of WO2014090877A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014090877A1/fr

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/4235—Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a non-aqueous electrolyte of a galvanic cell containing a redox-active additive and galvanic cells containing these redox-active additives.
  • BMS electronic battery management system
  • RSA redox shuttle additives
  • the battery assembly of several single cells can be simplified in case of success, since the electronic single cell monitoring (the so-called battery management) can be largely replaced by an addition in the electrolyte.
  • the redox-active additive thus provides intrinsic protection against uncontrollable charge states.
  • Existing investigations are predominantly limited to battery cells with relatively low terminal voltage, ie cells with charging end potentials ⁇ approx. Li / Li + , for example those with LiFePO 4 as the cathode material.
  • aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds have been tested for their use as redox shuttle additives (JRDahn et al., J. Electrochem. Soc 153 (2) A445-9 (2006)).
  • 3M has been offering the compound 1 (2,5-di-tert-butyl-1,4-dimethoxybenzene, "DDB") developed by J. Dahn (A. Xiao, 29 th Intl. Batt. Sem Exhib. March 12-15, Ft. Lauderdale, FLO, 2012).
  • DDB 2,5-di-tert-butyl-1,4-dimethoxybenzene
  • DBB 1 has an oxidation potential of about 3.9 V and therefore, as mentioned above, is limited to the use of the cathode material lithium iron phosphate (JRDahn, J. E. Electrochem, Soc., 156 (4) A309-12 (2009)). Disadvantage of the compound 1 is furthermore the low solubility in common battery electrolytes. By introducing glycol ether moieties as in 2 (2,5-di-tert-butyl-1,4-ib / s (2-methoxyethoxy) benzene, "DBBB”), solubility increases significantly (to 0.4 M im Compared to ⁇ 0.008M for 1_).
  • DBBB 2,5-di-tert-butyl-1,4-ib / s (2-methoxyethoxy) benzene
  • Cyclic 1,3-benzodioxanes are slightly more resistant to oxidation than the noncyclic ones.
  • E ox 4.1 V is given (K. Amine, J.
  • Aromatic organophosphorus compounds such as tetraethyl-2,5-diterf-butyl-1,4-phenylenediphosphate 5 (US201 1 / 0294018A1):
  • organic isocyanates as additives for non-aqueous electrolytes.
  • phenyl isocyanate by adding 0.5-10% by weight of phenyl isocyanate, the increase of water and HF in LiPF 6 -based electrolytes is avoided, resulting in improved chemical and electrochemical stability.
  • the organic isocyanate is added to a nonaqueous electrolyte for an electrochemical cell comprising at least one fluorine-containing conductive salt in an amount effective to reduce the water content of the electrolyte (DE10042149A1).
  • R 2 and R 3 may be the same or different and may be positioned at any position of the carbons 2, 2 ', 3, 3' on the benzyl ring and may be hydrogen atoms, halogen atoms, isocyanate groups, ether groups, ester groups or alkyl groups are known (US 6,905,762 B1).
  • SEI solid electrolyte interface
  • the molar masses preferably have ⁇ 300 g / mol and can be prepared with little expense
  • the object is achieved by a non-aqueous electrolyte of a galvanic cell containing a redox-active additive, wherein the additive of a structure of the general formulas A or B
  • Y N or C
  • X 1 , X 2 independently of one another O, S or Se
  • Y N or C
  • the aromatic redox-active additive contains two NCX groups and all substituents R 1 to R 4 are not H, ie the aromatic or heteroaromatic ring is completely substituted.
  • R 1 to R 4 are not H, ie the aromatic or heteroaromatic ring is completely substituted.
  • X 1 , X 2 independently of one another O, S or Se
  • the additives according to the invention can be reversibly oxidized and reduced. This is in contrast to the known aromatic iso (thio) cyanate compounds, which are not stable to decomposition, but which decompose irreversibly when an electrochemical potential is applied outside its stability range.
  • Fig. 1 Cyclic voltammogram of 0.1 mol / LG in 1 M LiPF 6 / EC-DMC (1: 1 by weight) on a glassy carbon electrode. Potential feed rate: 100 mV / s
  • Fig. 2 Cyclic voltammogram of 0.1 mol / LH in 1 M LiPF 6 / EC-DMC (1: 1 by weight) on a glassy carbon electrode, potential feed rate: 10 mV / s
  • Fig. 3 Galvanostatic overload test of a LiFePO 4 / Li cell with 0.1 MW in 1 M LiPF 6 / EC-DMC (1: 1 by weight). Flow rate: C / 5. 100% each
  • Fig. 4 Galvanostatic overload test of a LiMn 2 O 4 / Li cell with 0.1 MW in 1 M
  • Fig. 6 DSC test (RADEX) of LiPF 6 -electrolyte solution without inventive
  • Fig. 7 Cyclic voltammogram of 0.01 mol / LF in 1 M LiPF 6 / EC-DMC (1: 1 by weight) on a glassy carbon electrode, potential feed rate: 100 mV / s.
  • compound G can be reversibly oxidized and reduced with a first oxidation potential of 4.5 V
  • the non-inventive compound H is irreversibly oxidized at 4.5 V as well.
  • the redox-active additives according to the invention can be used as overcharge protection in all galvanic cells which use non-aqueous electrolytes.
  • These are in particular all types of lithium batteries, namely lithium-ion batteries, lithium-metal or alloy-anode lithium batteries and lithium batteries with conversion cathode materials.
  • the electrolyte in a galvanic cell containing a redox-active additive according to the invention can be present in gelatinous or preferably in liquid form.
  • organic, aprotic solvents carbonic acid esters (dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate), cyclic ethers such as tetrahydropyran or tetrahydrofuran, polyethers such as 1, 2-dimethoxyethane or diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, furthermore nitriles such as acetonitrile, adiponitrile , Malononitrile, glutaronitrile and lactones such as ⁇ -butyrolactone), ionic liquids (eg imidazolium salts) and lithium secondary salts (eg LiPF 6 , lithium fluoroalkyl phosphates, LiBF, imide salts (eg LiPF 6 , lithium fluoroalkyl phosphat
  • Lithium fluorochelatophosphates eg Li (C 2 O 4 ) 2 PF 2
  • lithium halides LiCl, LiBr, Lil
  • further stabilizing eg SEI-forming additives
  • vinylene carbonate eg vinylene carbonate
  • polar polymers eg polyethylene oxide, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene fluoride
  • Preferred cathode materials include lithiated metal insert cathode materials, preferably layered materials such as UCO 2, LiNiO 2, Li (Ni, Mn, Co) O 2 , LiNio , 8oCoo, i5Alo, osO20 spinel structured materials such as LiMn 2 O 4 and LiNio .5 Mni. 5 O 4 or those with olivine structure such as LiFePO 4 and LiMnPO 4 .
  • Metallinsertions as electrolytic manganese dioxide (MnO2) or vanadium oxide (V2O3) or conversion cathode materials such as metal fluorides (for example, NiF 2, CoF 2, FeF 2, FeF 3) or Metalloxyfluoride (for example, BiO x F 3- 2x, FEOF) are used ,
  • metal fluorides for example, NiF 2, CoF 2, FeF 2, FeF 3
  • Metalloxyfluoride for example, BiO x F 3- 2x, FEOF
  • the anode material is graphite, Lithiumtitanspinell, (in part) are lithiated transition metal nitrides (eg Li 2 6Coo, 4 N, LiCuO, 4 N) of lithium metal, lithium alloys or conversion anode materials such as finely divided magnesium hydride.
  • lithiated transition metal nitrides eg Li 2 6Coo, 4 N, LiCuO, 4 N
  • lithium metal lithium alloys
  • conversion anode materials such as finely divided magnesium hydride.
  • the concentration of the redox-active additive according to the invention in the electrolyte is at least 0.01 mol / l, preferably at least 0.05 mol / l and particularly preferably at least 0.1 mol / l.
  • a redox-active additive according to the invention depends on the electrodes installed in the galvanic element, in particular on the redox potential of the cathode material used.
  • the oxidation potential of the additive according to the invention is generally higher than that of the cathode material. It is at least 0.1 V, preferably at least 0.2 V and at most 0.8 V, preferably at most 0.6 V above that of the cathode material used.
  • Example 1 Preparation of the additive 1, 4-diisocyanato-2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzene F according to the invention
  • Compound F can be prepared in a one-pot synthesis from commercially available 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (e.g., Aldrich Best. No. 523755). It has a molecular weight of only 246 g / mol and can be prepared as follows:
  • IR (ATR) (cm "1 ): 3004, 2926, 2870, 2278, 1720, 1510, 1450, 1384, 1356, 1222, 1024, 854, 764
  • the electrochemical stability and the reversibility of the oxidation step were determined by cyclic voltammetry.
  • the first oxidation step of the substance starts at about 4.2 V vs. Li / Li + .
  • a corresponding reductive peak is observed, and the subsequent cycles are nearly congruent, ie the oxidation / reduction is highly reversible.
  • the electrochemical stability and the reversibility of the oxidation step were determined by cyclic voltammetry. To this end, 0.01 M of 1,4-diisocyanato-2, 3,5,6-tetramethylbenzene in 1 M LiPF 6 / EC-DMC (1: 1 by weight) was added to a glassy carbon electrode (having a surface area of 0.196 cm 2 ) a potential feed rate of 100 mV / s examined. The first oxidation step of the substance starts at approx. 4.5 V vs. Li / Li + . During the backward scan, a corresponding reductive peak is observed, ie the oxidation / reduction is reversible (see Fig. 7).
  • the electrolyte solution according to the invention from Example 3 shows decomposition phenomena only at higher temperatures, i. the additive F stabilizes the electrolyte solution.

Abstract

L'invention concerne un électrolyte non aqueux d'une cellule galvanique qui contient un additif ayant une activité redox. Cet additif possède une structure de formule générale A ou B, où X = O, S ou Se; Y = N ou C; Z = O, S ou NR (R = alkyle contenant 1 à 8 atomes de C); R1, R2, R3 sont indépendamment les uns des autres NCS, NCO, alkyle (1 à 8 atomes de C), perfluoroalkyle (CnF2n+1 avec n = 1 à 8), aryle, F ou Cl, CN, OR (R = alkyle contenant 1 à 8 atomes de C, peut également contenir d'autres groupes alcoxy), NR2 (R = alkyle contenant 1 à 8 atomes de C); R4 = H, NCS, NCO, alkyle (1 à 8 atomes de C), perfluoroalkyle (CnF2n+1 avec n = 1 à 8), aryle, F ou Cl, CN, OR (R = alkyle contenant 1 à 8 atomes de C, peut également contenir d'autres groupes alcoxy), NR2 (R = alkyle contenant 1 à 8 atomes de C); uniquement pour Y = C, R5 = H, NCS, NCO, alkyle (1 à 8 atomes de C), perfluoroalkyle (CnF2n+1 avec n = 1 à 8), aryle, F ou Cl, CN, OR (R = alkyle contenant 1 à 8 atomes de C, peut également contenir d'autres groupes alcoxy), NR2 (R = alkyle contenant 1 à 8 atomes de C), et l'additif comprenant au moins un groupe isocyanate ou/et isothiocyanate ou/et isosélénocyanate. L'invention concerne en outre des cellules galvaniques contenant ces additifs ayant une activité redox.
PCT/EP2013/076234 2012-12-12 2013-12-11 Iso(thio)cyanates (hétéro)aromatiques en tant qu'additifs navettes redox pour cellules galvaniques WO2014090877A1 (fr)

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CN110183356A (zh) * 2019-05-20 2019-08-30 江苏蓝丰生物化工股份有限公司 取代类对苯二异氰酸酯的制备方法及非腈极性有机溶剂在其制备中的应用

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DE102014109237A1 (de) * 2014-07-02 2016-01-07 Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) Gmbh Lithium-Ionen-Batterie mit reduzierter Gasentwicklung
CN105036091A (zh) * 2015-09-18 2015-11-11 花垣县强桦矿业有限责任公司 一种从电解锰压滤渣中回收硒的方法
DE102015218189A1 (de) * 2015-09-22 2017-03-23 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Lithium-Ionen-Zelle
CN109585919B (zh) * 2018-11-06 2020-08-28 欣旺达电子股份有限公司 锂离子电池及其电解液

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN110183356A (zh) * 2019-05-20 2019-08-30 江苏蓝丰生物化工股份有限公司 取代类对苯二异氰酸酯的制备方法及非腈极性有机溶剂在其制备中的应用

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