Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L27/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L27/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
  • C08L27/12—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment containing fluorine atoms
  • C08L27/18—Homopolymers or copolymers or tetrafluoroethene
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F214/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen
  • C08F214/18—Monomers containing fluorine
  • C08F214/26—Tetrafluoroethene
  • C08F214/262—Tetrafluoroethene with fluorinated vinyl ethers

Definitions

• Fluoropolymers i.e. polymers having a fluorinated backbone
• a frequently used method for producing fluoropolymers involves aqueous emulsion
• emulsifier free polymerization has further been disclosed in WO 02/88206 and WO 02/88203.
• WO 02/88207 teaches an emulsifier free polymerization using certain chain transfer agents to minimize formation of water soluble fluorinated compounds.
• emulsifier free polymerization is further disclosed in RU 2158274 for making an elastomeric copolymer of hexafluoropropylene and vinylidene fluoride.
• emulsifier free polymerizations have some disadvantages such as e.g., large particle sizes.
• the aqueous emulsion polymerization process in the presence of fluorinated emulsifiers is still a desirable process to produce fluoropolymers because it can yield stable fluoropolymer particle dispersions in high yield and in a more environmental friendly way than for example polymerizations conducted in an organic solvent.
• the emulsion polymerization process is carried out using a perfluoroalkanoic acid or salt thereof as an emulsifier.
• non-polymerizable emulsifiers are typically used as they provide a wide variety of desirable properties such as high speed of polymerization, good copolymerization properties of fluorinated olefins with comonomers, small particle sizes of the resulting dispersion can be achieved, good polymerization yields (i.e. a high amount of solids can be produced), good dispersion stability, etc., however, environmental concerns have been raised with these emulsifiers.
• aqueous polymerization method using a fluorinated emulsifier, which does not require removal of the fluorinated emulsifier post polymerization, and wherein the resulting aqueous emulsion is substantially free of the fluorinated emulsifier.
• method of making a highly fluorinated polymer comprising:
• X 2 C CX(CF 2 ) m (CH 2 ) n [0-(CX 2 ) p ] q -[0-(CX 2 ) r ] s -[0-(CX 2 -CX 2 )] t -[(0) w -(CX 2 ) u ] v -[CH 2 ] z -Y
• X is independently selected from H, F, or CF 3 ;
• Y is COOM or S0 3 M;
• m is 0 - 5, n is 0 - 5, p is at least 1, q is 0 - 5, r is 0 - 5, s is 0 - 5, t is 0-5, u is 0-5, v is 0-5, w is 0 or 1, and z is 0 - 5; wherein at least one of m, n, q, s, t, u, v, and z is at least 1 ; and M is H
• the polymerizable fluorinated emulsifier is selected from the group consisting of:
• CF 2 CF-(CF 2 ) m -0-(CF 2 ) p -[0-(CF 2 ) r ] s -Y (II)
• CF 2 CF-(CF 2 ) m -0-(CF 2 ) p -[0-(CF(CF 3 )-CF 2 )] t -[0-CF(CF 3 )] v -Y (III);
• X is independently selected from H, F, or CF 3 ; where Y is COOM or S0 3 M, m is an integer selected from 0-5, p is at least 1, r is an integer selected from 0-5, s is an integer selected from 1-5, t is an integer selected from 1-5, v is an integer selected from 1-5, and M is H, an alkali metal, or NH 4 .
• a and/or B includes, (A and B) and (A or B).
• At least one includes all numbers of one and greater (e.g., at least 2, at least 4, at least 6, at least 8, at least 10, at least 25, at least 50, at least 100, etc.).
• the goal of the present disclosure is to prepare a highly fluorinated polymer dispersion wherein the dispersion is stabilized and is substantially free of fluorinated emulsifier.
• an acid-functionalized monomer (herein referred to as a polymerizable fluorinated emulsifier) is used, not to impart different properties onto the resulting final fluoropolymer, but to stabilize the fluoropolymer dispersion.
• a polymerizable fluorinated emulsifier an acid-functionalized monomer
• these acid-functionalized monomers are able to stabilize the polymerization, yet not impact the properties of the resulting fluoropolymer.
• the acid-functionalized monomers are polymerized into the fluoropolymer, there may be no need for removal of them from the aqueous dispersion and/or the waste water.
• the resulting highly fluorinated polymer may be post-fluorinated to improve the overall end-use properties of the polymer (e.g., thermal degradation, discoloration, blistering, etc.).
• the present disclosure is directed toward an aqueous emulsion polymerization that comprises perfluorinated monomers and a polymerizable fluorinated emulsifier. It has been found that emulsifiers of Formula (I) are effective in stabilizing the aqueous emulsion polymerization of fluoropolymers.
• polymerizable fluorinated emulsifiers of the present disclosure are those that correspond to formula (I):
• X 2 C CX(CF 2 ) m (CH 2 ) n [0-(CX 2 ) p ] q -[0-(CX 2 ) r ] s -[0-(CX 2 -CX 2 )] t -[(0) w -(CX 2 ) u ] v -[CH 2 ] z -Y
• X is independently selected from H, F, or CF 3
• Y is COOM or S0 3 M
• the polymerizable fluorinated emulsifier comprises at least 1 fluorine atom.
• M is H, an alkali metal (e.g., Na, Ca, etc.), or NH 4 .
• Subscript m is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4; 0-3, or even 0-2.
• Subscript n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4; 0-3, or even 0-2.
• Subscript p is at least 1, 2, 3, 4, or even 5; and no more than 20, 10, 8, or even 6.
• Subscript q is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4; 0-3, or even 0-2.
• Subscript r is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4; 0-3, or even 0-2.
• Subscript s is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4; 0-3, or even 0-2.
• Subscript t is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4; 0-3, or even 0-2.
• Subscript u is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4; 0-3, or even 0-2.
• Subscript v is 0- 6, 0-5, 0-4; 0-3, or even 0-2.
• Subscript w is 0 or 1.
• Subscript z is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4; 0-3, or even 0-2. At least one of m, n, q, s, t, u, v, and z is at least 1.
• the polymerizable fluorinated emulsifiers disclosed herein may be in their acid form or may be a salt, including for example, sodium, potassium, and ammonium salts.
• the polymerizable emulsifier used in the present disclosure is fluorinated, therefore, the polymerizable emulsifier, must include at least 1 fluorine atom. Because the resulting polymers of the present disclosure are highly fluorinated, it is desirable that at least 50%, 75%, 90%, 95% or even 99% of the carbon-hydrogen bonds of the polymerizable fluorinated emulsifier be replaced by carbon- fluorine bonds. In one embodiment, the polymerizable emulsifier of the present disclosure is perfluorinated (or fully fluorinated).
• the polymerizable fluorinated emulsifier is selected from the group consisting of (i) fluorinated vinyl ethers, (ii) fluorinated allyl ethers, and (iii) fluorinated olefins.
• Fluorinated vinyl ethers include those of formulas:
• CF 2 CF-0-(CF 2 ) p -0-(CF 2 ) r -Y
• CF 2 CF-0-(CF 2 ) p -[0-CF[CF 3 ]-CF 2 ] t -0-CF(CF 3 )-Y
• CF 2 CF-0-(CF 2 ) p -0-CHF-CF 2 -Y
• CF 2 CF-0-(CF 2 ) p -0-CHF-Y
• CF 2 CF-0-(CF 2 ) p -CH 2 -Y and
• CF 2 CF-0-(CH 2 ) p -(CF 2 ) r -CH 2 -Y
• Y is COOM or S0 3 M.
• M is H, an alkali metal, or NH 4 .
• Subscript r is an integer selected from at least 0 or 1 and at most 6, 5, 4, 3, or even 2.
• Subscript t is an integer selected from at least 0 or 1 and at most 6, 5, 4, 3, or even 2.
• Subscript p is an integer selected from at least 1 and at most 6, 5, 4, 3, or even 2.
• CF 2 CF-0-(CH 2 )-(CF 2 ) 2 CH 2 -COOM
• CF 2 CF-0-(CF 2 ) 4 -S0 3 M, and combinations thereof where M is H, an alkali metal, or NH 4 .
• Fluorinated allyl ethers include those of formulas:
• CF 2 CF-(CF 2 ) m -0-(CF 2 ) p -0-(CF 2 ) r -Y
• CF 2 CF-(CF 2 ) m -0-(CF 2 ) p -[0-CF[CF 3 ]-CF 2 ] t -0-CF(CF 3 )-Y
• CF 2 CF-(CF 2 ) m -0-(CF 2 ) p -CH 2 -Y and
• Y is COOM or SO 3 M.
• M is H, an alkali metal, or NH 4 .
• Subscript m is an integer selected from at least 1 and at most 6, 5, 4, 3, or even 2.
• Subscript r is an integer selected from at least 0 or 1 and at most 6, 5, 4, 3, or even 2.
• Subscript t is an integer selected from at least 0 or 1 and at most 6, 5, 4, 3, or even 2.
• Subscript p is an integer selected from at least 1 and at most 6, 5, 4, 3, or even 2.
• CF 2 CFCF 2 -0-(CF 2 ) 2 -CH 2 -COOM
• CF 2 CFCF 2 -0-(CF 2 ) 2 -0-CHF-COOM
• M is H, an alkali metal, or NH 4 .
• Fluorinated olefins include those of formula:
• CF 2 CF-(CF 2 ) m -Y
• X is independently selected from H, F, or CF 3 and Y is COOM or S0 3 M.
• M is H, an alkali metal, or NH 4 .
• Subscript m is an integer selected from at least 1 and at most 6, 5, 4, 3, or even 2.
• at least one of X in the fluorinated olefin is a H.
• at least one of X in the fluorinated olefin contains a F atom.
• the polymerizable fluorinated emulsifier is selected from the group consisting of:
• CF 2 CF-(CF 2 ) m -0-(CF 2 ) p -[0-(CF 2 ) r ] s -Y (II)
• X is independently selected from H, F, or CF 3 ; where Y is COOM or S0 3 M, m is an integer selected from 0-5, except in the case of Formula (IV) where m is an integer selected from 1-5, p is at least 1, r is an integer selected from 0-5, s is an integer selected from 1-5, t is an integer selected from 1-5, v is an integer selected from 1-5, and M is H, an alkali metal, or NH .
• the polymerizable fluorinated emulsifiers of the present disclosure have non- telogenic activity meaning that less than 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 1%, or even none of the carbon bonds are to hydrogen. In other words, the polymerizable fluorinated emulsifier does not act like a chain transfer agent and consequently does not reduce the molecular weight of the resulting polymer.
• the polymerizable fluorinated emulsifiers of the present disclosure are polymerized into the polymer backbone and do not terminate the polymerization.
• the polymerizable fluorinated emulsifiers mentioned above are used in the aqueous emulsion polymerization of one or more perfluorinated monomers.
• the amount of polymerizable fluorinated emulsifier used may vary depending on desired properties such as amount of solids, particle size, etc. Generally, the amount of polymerizable fluorinated emulsifier is kept to a level, which is sufficient to stabilize the fluoropolymer dispersion. Typically, the amount of polymerizable fluorinated emulsifier will be at least 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, or even 500 ppm (parts per million) and based on the total amount of perfluorinated monomer used.
• the resulting fluoropolymer may be difficult to coagulate and/or work-up and may also impact the properties of the final polymer, for example, thermal stability or discoloration.
• the amount of polymerizable fluorinated emulsifier will be at most 750, 1000, 2000, 4000, 5000, or even 10000 ppm based on the total amount of perfluorinated monomer used.
• the polymerization of the present disclosure is an aqueous emulsion polymerization, meaning that polymerization occurs in polymer particles dispersed in water which are electronically stabilized by an emulsifier.
• Aqueous emulsion polymerization can be carried out continuously in which, for example, monomers, water, optionally further emulsifiers, buffers and catalysts are fed continuously to a stirred reactor under optimum pressure and temperature conditions while the resulting emulsion is removed continuously.
• An alternative technique is batch or semibatch (semi-continuous) polymerization characterized by feeding the ingredients into a stirred reactor and allowing them to react at a set temperature for a specified length of time or by charging ingredients into the reactor and feeding the monomers into the reactor to maintain a constant pressure until a desired amount of polymer is formed.
• the polymerization can be carried out in a standard or conventional vessel used for emulsion polymerization of gaseous fluorinated monomers.
• the polymerizable fluorinated emulsifier is added continuously during the polymerization.
• higher solids can be achieved.
• the stabilizing polar groups are covered by growing polymer chains and thus, are unable to contribute to the colloidal stability, it may be important to constantly have stabilizing polar groups at the polymer surface and thus, the polymerizable fluorinated emulsifier may be added continuously during polymerization.
• a certain monomer may be added in the form of an aqueous emulsion.
• perfluorinated co-monomers that are liquid under the polymerization conditions may be advantageously added in the form of an aqueous emulsion.
• the emulsion of such co-monomers is preferably prepared using the polymerizable fluorinated emulsifier. If a portion of the polymerizable fluorinated emulsifier is batch-charged prior to polymerization start, it is optional to use "doped" polymerizable fluorinated emulsifiers.
• the doped polymerizable fluorinated emulsifier are microemulsions with fluorinated, low telogenic, inert liquids with boiling points higher than 100 °C.
• liquids include: (i) fluorinated cyclic hydrocarbons, such as octafluoronaphthalene, octafluorotoluene, hexafluorobenzene, perfluoroperhydrophenantrene (C 14 F 24 ), perfluoroperhydrofluorene (C 13 F 22 ), perfluoro decalin (CioFig), perfluoro methyl decalin (CnF 2 o), perfluoro butyl decalin (Ci 4 F 2 6), perfluorodimethylcyclohexane (C 8 F 16 ), perfluoromethylcyclohexane (C 7 F 14 ), perfluorodimethylcyclobutane (C 6 F 12 ); (ii) fluorin
• the aqueous emulsion polymerization may be carried out at temperatures between 10 to 100°C, or even 30°C to 80°C and the pressure is typically between 2 and 50 bar, or even 5 to 30 bar.
• the reaction temperature may be varied during the polymerization to influence the molecular weight distribution, i.e., to obtain a broad molecular weight distribution or to obtain a bimodal or multimodal molecular weight distribution.
• the aqueous emulsion polymerization is typically initiated by an initiator including any of the initiators known for initiating a free radical polymerization of fluorinated monomers.
• the initiators of the polymerization system are selected such that the polymer endgroups are the same as the polymerizable fluorinated emulsifier; e. g. KM11O 4 generates COO " endgroups, while APS/bisulfite systems partially generate SO 3 " endgroups.
• Suitable initiators include peroxides and azo compounds and redox based initiators.
• peroxide initiators include, hydrogen peroxide, sodium or barium peroxide, diacylperoxides such as diacetylperoxide, disuccinoyl peroxide, dipropionylperoxide, dibutyrylperoxide,
• dibenzoylperoxide dibenzoylperoxide, benzoylacetylperoxide, diglutaric acid peroxide and dilaurylperoxide, and further per- acids and salts thereof such as e.g. ammonium, sodium or potassium salts.
• per-acids include peracetic acid. Esters of the peracid can be used as well and examples thereof include tert- butylperoxyacetate and tert-butylperoxypivalate.
• inorganic initiators include for example ammonium- alkali- or earth alkali salts of persulfates, permanganic or manganic acid.
• a persulfate initiator e.g.
• ammonium persulfate can be used on its own or may be used in combination with a reducing agent.
• Suitable reducing agents include bisulfites such as for example ammonium bisulfite or sodium metabisulfite, thiosulfates such as for example ammonium, potassium or sodium thiosulfate, hydrazines, azodicarboxylates and azodicarboxyldiamide (ADA).
• Further reducing agents that may be used include sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate (sold for example under the trade designation
• RONGALIT fluoroalkyl sulfinates as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,285,002 (Grootaert) .
• the reducing agent typically reduces the half-life time of the persulfate initiator.
• a metal salt catalyst such as for example copper, iron or silver salts may be added.
• the amount of initiator may be between 0.01% by weight and 1% by weight based on the fluoropolymer solids to be produced. In one embodiment, the amount of initiator is between 0.05 and 0.5% by weight. In another embodiment, the amount may be between 0.05 and 0.3% by weight.
• the full amount of initiator may be added at the start of the polymerization or the initiator can be added to the polymerization in a continuous way during the polymerization. Preferably the initiator is added until a conversion of monomer to polymer of 70% to 80% is achieved. One can also add part of the initiator at the start and the remainder in one or separate additional portions during the polymerization.
• the aqueous emulsion polymerization system may further comprise other materials, such as buffers and, if desired, complex-formers or chain-transfer agents.
• chain transfer agents include dimethyl ether, methyl t-butyl ether, alkanes having 1 to 5 carbon atoms such as ethane, propane and n-pentane, halogenated hydrocarbons such as CCI 4 , CHCI 3 and CH 2 CI 2 ;
• hydrofluorocarbon compounds such as CH 2 F-CF 3 (R134a); alcohols; esters; and the like.
• TFE tetrafluoroethylene
• CTFE chlorotrifluoroethylene
• HFP hexafluoropropylene
• PV4S perfluorinated alkyl vinyl monomers
• PV4S perfluoro-5-oxa-hept-6-ene sulphonic acid
• R f represents a perfluorinated aliphatic group that may contain no, one or more oxygen atoms and up to 10, 8, 6 or even 4 carbon atoms.
• the resulting fluoropolymers of the present disclosure are highly fluorinated.
• "highly fluorinated” means that the repeating monomer units of the resulting polymer are perfluorinated (i.e., do not comprise any carbon-hydrogen bonds), however the fluoropolymer may comprise some carbon-hydrogen bonds, which originate from the fluorinated polymerizable emulsifier used, the initiator system employed, and/or the chain transfer agent, if used.
• the resulting highly fluorinated polymer may be a fluoroplastic, amorphous fluoropolymer, or a PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene).
• exemplary polymers that would benefit from the methods as disclosed herein include: copolymers of TFE and HFP (FEP polymers); perfluoroalkoxy copolymers (PFA polymers); amorphous perfluorinated polymers, such as those available under the trade designation "TEFLON AF"; melt processable fluoropolymers available under the trade designation "HYFLON MFA” by Solvay S.A., Ixelles, Belgium; PTFE micropowders (i.e., PTFE having a low molecular weight, e.g., less than 5 million grams/mole); and PTFE fine powders (i.e., those having a molecular weight, e.g., greater than 5 million grams/mole).
• the polymerization of the present disclosure is substantially free of a non- polymerizable fluorinated emulsifier (e.g. perfluoroalkanoic acids, fluorinated ethers and alkoxy ethers).
• a non-polymerizable fluorinated emulsifier e.g. perfluoroalkanoic acids, fluorinated ethers and alkoxy ethers.
• less than 25 ppm, 10 ppm, 1 ppm, or even 0.1 ppm of a non-polymerizable fluorinated emulsifier is in the final latex.
• the aqueous emulsion polymerization described herein results in a dispersion of the highly fluorinated polymer particles in water (also known as a latex).
• the amount of solids of the fluoropolymer in the dispersion directly resulting from the polymerization will vary between 3 % by weight and about 40% by weight depending on the polymerization conditions. A typical range is between 5 and 30% by weight.
• the particle size (z-average particle size) of the fluoropolymer is typically between 50 nm and 350 nm with a typical particle size being between 100 nm and about 300 nm.
• the resulting latex has a low amount (in other words, less than 100 ppm, 50 ppm, 25 ppm, 10 ppm, or even 1 ppm of the polymerizable fluorinated emulsifier is in the final latex) or is substantially free of the polymerizable fluorinated emulsifier.
• the resulting latex may be upconcentrated to increase the solid content.
• Non-ionic surfactants e.g., those sold under the trade designations of "TRITON” and “GENAPOL”
• TTON trade designations of "TRITON” and "GENAPOL”
• TRITON trade designations of "TRITON” and "GENAPOL”
• the fluoropolymer particles may be isolated from the dispersion by coagulation and dried.
• coagulation methods include chemical and physical methods, for example, using an electrolyte or inorganic salt (such as HC1, H 2 SO 4 , HNO 3 , H 3 PO 4 , Na 2 S0 4 , MgCl 2 , ammonium carbonate, etc.), using freeze-thaw cycles, applying high sheer, and/or applying ultrasonics.
• the process described herein may be used to generate seed polymer particles, which can be used to initiate a subsequent polymerization.
• small particles of fluoropolymer could be prepared using the polymerizable fluorinated emulsifier disclosed herein. These seed particles typically have a z-average diameter of between 50 to 100 nm (nanometers). Such seed particles may be produced in a separate aqueous emulsion polymerization and may be used in an amount of 5 to 50% by weight based on the weight of water in the aqueous emulsion polymerization.
• a seed particle in one embodiment may result in a core-shell particle, with the core of the particle comprising a different composition than the shell or outer surface of the particle.
• the shell comprises a fluoropolymer having a low melting point (for example less than 150 °C) or is amorphous.
• a core-shell particle would enable a core-shell particle to be made without the addition of additional emulsifier, including the polymerizable fluorinated emulsifier disclosed herein or another non-telogenic or even telogenic emulsifier.
• the process described herein may be used to generate a fully polymerized polymer particle, wherein no further polymerization is conducted on the polymer particles.
• the polymerizable fluorinated emulsifiers of the present disclosure comprise at least one ionic group. During polymerization, these polymerizable fluorinated emulsifiers are incorporated into the resulting polymer and some of these groups may be accessible for quantitation and thermal instability.
• the ionic groups can be detected by techniques as is known in the art, including Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,085,083(Schreyer) or by titration.
• FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared
• the ionic groups may lead to cracking, blistering, or corrosion at high processing temperatures (e.g., greater than 350°C) and/or result in higher metal contents in articles made from the high fluorinated polymers of the present disclosure. Therefore, depending on the requirements of the application in which the resulting highly fluorinated polymer is to be used, the highly fluorinated polymer of the present disclosure may be post- fluorinated so as to convert any thermally unstable groups from the polymer as well as from any residual polymerizable fluorinated emulsifier into stable CF 3 end groups.
• the coagulated fluoropolymer is subjected to an atmosphere containing fluorine (typically diluted down to 5-20% in a carrier gas, such as nitrogen) to convert unstable end groups, if present in unsuitable amounts, to stable fluorinated end groups (such as to -CF 3 groups).
• fluorine typically diluted down to 5-20% in a carrier gas, such as nitrogen
• stable fluorinated end groups such as to -CF 3 groups.
• the mixture is heated at a temperature below the melting range of the polymer, for example 50 to 250°C or even 100-180°C.
• the fluorination is continued until at least 90 - 95% of all polar groups are removed.
• the fluoropolymer will be post fluorinated such that the amount of polar end groups in the fluoropolymer other than CF 3 is less than 80 per million carbon atoms, less than 40 per million carbon atoms, or even less than 20 ppm per million carbon atoms.
• the post- fluorination of the dried polymer may be conducted on agglomerates, melt-pellets, or even films.
• Post-fluorination of agglomerates is beneficial compared to melt-pellets since there is no abrasion from the reactors enabling low metal-contents and the fluorination times are shorter.
• Post- fluorinated agglomerates can be melt-pelletized later on.
• melt- flow index MFI
• the metal ion content of the resulting polymer may be low. For example, less than 500 ppb (parts per billion), or even less than 100 ppb of metal ions such as Na, Ca, Al, Fe, Cr, Ni, and W.
• the metal ion content can be determined by combustion and induction coupled plasma (ICP) analysis.
• the polymerizable fluorinated emulsifier is used to stabilize the growing polymer during polymerization. Yet, a low level of polymerizable fluorinated emulsifier is used along with post-fluorination, so that the resulting properties of the final highly fluorinated polymer are substantially the same as those which were polymerized with a non-polymerizable fluorinated emulsifier.
• the melting point of the highly fluorinated polymer made as disclosed herein with a polymerizable fluorinated emulsifier should be substantially the same, (i.e., less than 5°C, 4°C, 3°C, or even 2 °C difference) than the same polymer made with a non-polymerizable non- telogenic fluorinated emulsifier (e.g., perfluoroalkanoic acids and their salts or fluorinated ethoxylated carboxylic acids and their salts).
• a non-polymerizable non- telogenic fluorinated emulsifier e.g., perfluoroalkanoic acids and their salts or fluorinated ethoxylated carboxylic acids and their salts.
• the resulting dried highly fluorinated polymer made by the processes disclosed herein is substantially free of a non-polymerizable fluorinated emulsifier.
• the highly fluorinated polymer comprises less than 10 ppm, 5 ppm, 1 ppm, 0.5 ppm, 0.1 ppm, 50 ppb (parts per billion) 10 ppb or even no non-polymerizable fluorinated emulsifier.
• the amount of non-polymerizable fluorinated emulsifiers in the polymer can be determined by volatizing or extracting the emulsifiers from the highly fluorinated polymer using techniques known in the art.
• the MFI of the fluoropolymers was measured at a temperature of 372°C following a method similar to that described in DIN EN ISO 1133 with a support weight of 5.0 kg.
• the MFI was obtained with a standardized extrusion die of 2.095 mm diameter and a length of 8.0 mm.
• the latex particle size determination was conducted by means of dynamic light scattering (Malvern Zetasizer 1000 HAS, Malvern, UK) following a method similar to that described in ISO/DIS 13321. The reported average particle size is the z-average. Prior to the measurements, the latexes as yielded from the polymerisations were diluted with 0.001 mol/L KCl-solution, and the measurement temperature was 20°C in all cases.
• the amount of carbonyl content was conducted by the integrated absorbance ratio a FTIR spectrum of the fluoropolymer using a Fa Nicolet DX510 FTIR spectrometer using OMNIC software (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) using techniques as described in EP Pat. No. 222945 (Buckmaster et al.), U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,687,708 (Betzar) and 4,675,380 (Buckmaster et al.).
• COOVCOF carbonyl content
• the amount of perfluoro (n-propyl vinyl) ether (PPVE) interpolymerized in the resulting polymer was calculated from the ratio of the PPVE absorbance at 993 cm “1 to a reference peak at 2365 cm “1 using FTIR. The ratio of these two peaks multiplied by 0.95 gives the % (m/m) PPVE. The remainder of the resulting polymer was interpolymerized TFE.
• PPVE perfluoro (n-propyl vinyl) ether
• the content of the polymerizable fluorinated emulsifier in the latex sample was determined by headspace gas chromatography with a mass spectrometer detection.
• a fused silica capillary column having an inner diameter of 0.32 mm coated with a 1% vinyl/ 5% phenyl/ 94% dimethyl polysiloxane (1.8 ⁇ film thickness) was used. The results are reported as the methyl ester form.
• the polymerization experiment was performed in a 40-L kettle equipped with an impeller agitator and a baffle. The kettle was evacuated and then charged with 30 L of deionized water and set to 63°C. Into the oxygen free kettle, 210 g (30%) of a non-polymerizable fluorinated emulsifier ( [CF 3 -0-(CF 2 ) 3 - 0-CHF-CF 2 -C(0)0 " NH 4+ , prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,671, 1 12 Hintzer, et al.) was added under stirring. The kettle was pressurized with TFE up to 13 bar, after which, 0.1 bar of ethane (a chain transfer agent) and 190 g of PPVE were added. The polymerization was started with 1.3 g APS
• This process yielded a latex having a solid content of 21% by wt and an average particle size of 81 nm.
• the measured composition of the resulting polymer was 4.3 wt% PPVE and 95.7 wt% TFE.
• This process yielded a latex having a solid content of 9.6% by weight, and an average particle size of 75 nm.
• the amount of polymerizable fluorinated emulsifier in the latex was determined following the polymerizable fluorinated emulsifier determination method above.
• the latex was found to comprise 2 ⁇ g/g of the polymerizable fluorinated emulsifier.
• the measured composition of the resulting polymer was 4.1 wt% PPVE and 95.9 wt% TFE.
• the polymer was coagulated by the addition of HC1 , washed and then dried.
• This process yielded a latex having a solid content of 12% by weight, and an average particle size of 80 nm.
• the measured composition of the resulting polymer was 3.9 wt% PPVE and 6.1 wt% TFE.

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