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  • C07D207/44—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D207/444—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having two doubly-bound oxygen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 5
  • C07D207/448—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having two doubly-bound oxygen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 5 with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms directly attached to other ring carbon atoms, e.g. maleimide
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  • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D213/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
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  • C07D277/62—Benzothiazoles
  • C07D277/64—Benzothiazoles with only hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached in position 2
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  • C07D413/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links

Definitions

• This invention relates to processes and reagents for making diaryliodonium salts, which are useful for the preparation of fiuorinated, iodrnated, astatinated and radiofiuorinated aromatic compounds.
• Diaryliodonium salts are useful as arylating agents for a large variety of organic and inorganic nucleophiles. They have also been applied in metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions (Ryan, J.H. and RJ. Stang, Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 5061-5064; Zhang, B.-X., et al, Heterocycles 2004, 64, 199-206; Kang, S.-K., et al, J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 4720-4724; Al-Qahtani, M.H. and V.W.
• Diaryliodonium salts are also useful for the synthesis of aryl fluorides, for example, in
• Aryl fluorides are structural moieties in natural products as well as a number of therapeutically important compounds, including
• Diaryliodonium salts are particularly useful for the nucleophilic fluorination of electron-rich arenes, a class of compounds that is inaccessible using conventional nucleophilic fluorination methods.
• each X is, independently, a ligand that is a conjugate base of an acid HX, wherein HX has a pKa of less than or equal to 12;
• Ar 1 is optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl, wherein Ar 1 does not have unprotected protic groups.
• the present application further provides a process of converting the compound of Formula I to a compound of Formula III:
• Ar 2 is an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl.
• the compound of Formula I can be isolated and then used to prepare the compound of Formula III or the two steps can be carried out in an efficient one-pot synthesis.
• This process allows the preparation of iodine (III) precursors of Formula I without the use of acidic conditions or the use of reagents that must be prepared in acidic media as in other synthetic procedures.
• Acidic conditions are not compatible with substrates featuring acid sensitive moieties or heteroatoms that are prone to protonation or oxidation.
• the current process allows the synthesis of a broad range of diaryliodonium salts, which were previously inaccessible.
• the process has been shown to be applicable to both electron-rich and electron-deficient arenes and is tolerant of molecules featuring acid sensitive moieties and protected L-amino acid groups.
• this process is also more economical in that less than 2 equivalents of the oxidation agent may be utilized to achieve the oxidation, unlike other processes which use a high excess of the oxidation agent.
• the present application also provides certain new compounds of Formulas I, II, III, and V.
• each X is, independently, a ligand that is a conjugate base of an acid HX, wherein HX has a pKa of less than or equal to 12;
• Ar 1 is optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl.
• Ar 1 does not have any iodo groups (e.g., Ar 1 -! has only the single iodo group).
• Ar 1 is optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl, wherein Ar 1 does not have unprotected protic groups.
• protic groups means groups having a hydrogen atom directly attached to an oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atom (non-limiting examples of these groups include alcohols, primary and secondary amines, carbamates, ureas, amides, sulfonic acids, thiols, hydrazines, hydrazides, and semicarbazides).
• the current process allows the synthesis of a broad range of diaryliodonium salts, including both electron-rich and electron-deficient arenes and is tolerant of molecules featuring acid sensitive moieties and protected L-amino acid groups.
• the process is believed to operate by the process shown in the example below. It is thought that the highly activated I(III) intermediate aryl- IF+, formed from two-electron oxidation of an aryl iodide by F-TEDA-BF 4 , is sufficientle Lewis acidic to remove a fluoride from BF 4 - to form the aryl-IF 2 trifluoroborane complex.
• Aryl-IF 2 reacts subsequently with TMS-X to give la and TMSF, while boron trifluoride is coordinated by the free amine of reduced Selectfluor to form the zwitterionic adduct, which is able to exchange fluoride with excess TMS-X (e.g., TMSOAc).
• TMS-X e.g., TMSOAc
• the aryl-IF 2 compound undergoes a fast ligand exchange process with X-.
• the premixed TMSOAc therefore
• the process is carried out in the absence of added acid (e.g., pro tic acid).
• added acid e.g., pro tic acid
• the process utilizes (l-chloromethyl-4-fluoro-l,4- diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) bis(tetrafluoroborate).
• the process utilizes (l -fluoro-4-methyl-l ,4- diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) bis(tetrafluoroborate).
• the process utilizes N-fluoropyridinium tetrafiuoroborate, wherein the pyridine ring is optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 groups independently selected from halo, cyano, nitro, Ci_ 6 alkyl, Ci_ 6 haloalkyl, C 2 _ 6 alkenyl, C 2 _ 6 alkynyl, C3_io cycloalkyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C2-10 he terocyclo alkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci-4- alkyl, Ce-io aryl, Ce-io aryl-Ci-4-alkyl, Ci-io heteroaryl, hydroxy, Ci-6 alkoxy, Ci-6 haloalkoxy, Ci_6 alkylthio, Ci_6 alkylsulfinyl, Ci_6 alkylsulfonyl, carbamyl
• Ci_6 alkylcarbonyloxy Ci_6 alkylcarbonylamino
• Ci_6 alkylsulfonylamino aminosulfonyl
• Ci_6 alkylamino sulfonyl di(Ci-6 alkyl)aminosulfonyl, aminosulfonylamino, Ci-6
• alkylaminosulfonylamino di(Ci-6 alkyl)aminosulfonylamino, aminocarbonylamino, Ci-6 alkylaminocarbonylamino, di(Ci_6 alkyl)aminocarbonylamino, and C3 0 cycloalkyl-Ci_4- alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C2 0 Ce-io aryl, Ce-io aryl-Ci-4-alkyl, Ci-io heteroaryl.
• the process utilizes N-fluoropyridinium tetrafluoroborate, wherein the pyridine ring is optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 groups independently selected halo groups.
• the process utilizes N-fluoropyridinium tetrafluoroborate, wherein the pyridine ring is optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 groups independently selected halo groups.
• the process utilizes N-fluoro-2,3,4,5,6-pentachloropyridinium tetrafluoroborate.
• the process utilizes less than 2 equivalents of (1-chloromethyl- 4-fluoro-l ,4-diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) bis(tetrafluoroborate), (l-fluoro-4-methyl-l ,4- diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) bis(tetrafluoroborate), or optionally substituted N- fluoropyridinium tetrafluoroborate for 1 equivalent of the compound of Formula Il.
• the process utilizes less than 1.5 equivalents of (l-chloromethyl-4-fluoro-l ,4- diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) bis(tetrafluoroborate), (1 -fiuoro-4-methyl- 1 ,4- diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) bis(tetrafluoroborate), or optionally substituted N- fluoropyridinium te
• each X is, independently, a ligand that is a conjugate base of an acid HX, wherein HX has a pKa of less than or equal to 5.
• X can be chosen from halide, aryl carboxylate, alkyl carboxylate, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphonite, azide, thiocyanate, cyanate, phenoxide, triflate, thiolates, and stabilized enolates.
• the tetravalent silicon moiety is (R ⁇ Si-X, (R 1 )2Si-(X)2, R ⁇ i- (X)3, and Si(X)4; wherein each R 1 is, independently, Ci-12 alkyl or aryl.
• the tetravalent silicon moiety is (R ⁇ Si-X, wherein each R 1 is, independently, Ci-n alkyl or aryl.
• each R 1 is, independently, Ci_i2 alkyl.
• each R 1 is, independently, Ci_4 alkyl.
• each R 1 is independently, methyl.
• (R ⁇ Si-X is (CH 3 ) 3 Si-X.
• protecting groups for various functional groups include, but are not limited to the protecting groups delineated in Wuts and Greene, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 4th ed., John Wiley & Sons: New Jersey, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
• protecting groups for amines include, but are not limited to, t-butoxycarbonyl (BOC), benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz), 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl (Troc), 2-(4- trifluoromethylphenylsulfonyl)ethoxycarbonyl (Tsc), 1-adamantyloxycarbonyl (Adoc), 2- adamantylcarbonyl (2-Adoc), 2,4-dimethylpent-3-yloxycarbonyl (Doc),
• cyclohexyloxycarbonyl (Hoc), l ,l-dimethyl-2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl (TcBOC), vinyl, 2-chloroethyl, 2-phenylsulfonylethyl, allyl, benzyl, 2-nitrobenzyl, 4-nitrobenzyl, diphenyl-4- pyridylmethyl, N' , ⁇ ' -dimethylhydrazinyl, methoxymethyl, t-butoxymethyl (Bum), benzyloxymethyl (BOM), or 2-tetrahydropyranyl (THP).
• Hoc cyclohexyloxycarbonyl
• TcBOC 2-chloroethyl
• 2-phenylsulfonylethyl allyl
• benzyl 2-nitrobenzyl
• 4-nitrobenzyl diphenyl-4- pyridylmethyl, N' , ⁇ ' -dimethylhydraziny
• Carboxylic acids can be protected as their alkyl, allyl, or benzyl esters, among other groups.
• Alcohols can be protected as esters, such as acetyl, benzoyl, or pivaloyl, or as ethers.
• ether protecting groups for alcohols include, but are not limited to alkyl, allyl, benzyl, methoxymethyl (MOM), t-butoxymethyl, tetrahydropyranyl (THP), p-methoxybenzyl (PMB), trityl, and methoxyethoxymethyl (MEM).
• the protecting groups are acid labile protecting groups.
• the protecting groups are base labile protecting groups.
• the protecting group are acid labile protecting groups, which can be easily be removed at the end of all synthetic steps under acidic deprotection conditions.
• the process utilizes 2 equivalents or more of the tetravalent silicon moiety for 1 equivalent of the compound of Formula II.
• the equivalents are per X group bound to the Si atom of the tetravalent silicon moiety (e.g., when 2 X groups are bound to the Si atom, then only 1 equivalent or more of the tetravalent silicon moiety are needed for 1 equivalent of the compound of Formula II).
• the process utilizes 2.5 equivalents to 3 equivalents of the tetravalent silicon moiety for 1 equivalent of the compound of Formula Il.
• the process utilizes 2 equivalents or more of (R ⁇ Si-X for 1 equivalent of the compound of Formula II.
• the process utilizes 2.5 equivalents to 3 equivalents of (R ⁇ Si-X for 1 equivalent of the compound of Formula II.
• each R 1 is independently selected from H, Ci-6 alkyl, CN, Ci-6 alkoxy, or C(0)Ci-6 alkyl;
• each R a is independently selected from H, Ci_6 alkyl, Ci_6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, aryl, C3_io cycloalkyl, C3_io C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -10
• C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C6-10 aryl, C6 10 heteroaryl, and Ci_io heteroaryl-Ci_4-alkyl are each optionally substituted by one or more independently selected R 2 groups;
• each R b is independently selected from Ci_6 alkyl, Ci_6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -10
• each R c is independently selected from a protecting group, Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, C6-io aryl, C6-10 aryl-Ci_4-alkyl, Ci_io heteroaryl, wherein said Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, aryl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -10 heterocyclo alkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, C6-io aryl, C6-10
• each R d is independently selected from a protecting group, Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3_io cycloalkyl, C3_io cycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, C6-io aryl, C6-10 aryl-Ci_4-alkyl, Ci_io heteroaryl, wherein said Ci_6 alkyl, Ci_6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, aryl, C3 0 cycloalkyl, C3 0 cycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C2-10 heterocycloalkyl, C2-10 heterocyclo alkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C6 io ary
• each R is independently selected from a protecting group, Ci_6 alkyl, Ci_6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3_io cycloalkyl, C3_io cycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C6-io aryl, Ce-io aryl-Ci-4-alkyl, Ci-io heteroaryl, wherein said Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, aryl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, C6-io ryl
• each R k , R s and R h is independently selected from a protecting group, Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C2-10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, C6-io ryl, Ce-io aryl-Ci-4-alkyl, CMO heteroaryl, wherein said Ci_6 alkyl, Ci_6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, aryl, C3_io cycloalkyl, C3 0 cycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci_4- alkyl, C6-
• R k and R a taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl ring, which is optionally substituted by one or more R 2 groups;
• R k and R b taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl ring, which is optionally substituted by one or more R 2 groups;
• R k and R s taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl ring, which is optionally substituted by one or more R 2 groups;
• each R al is independently selected from H, Ci_ 6 alkyl, Ci_ 6 haloalkyl, C 2 - 6 alkenyl, C 2 - 6 alkynyl, C3_io cycloalkyl, C3_io cycloalkyl-Ci- 4 -alkyl, C 2 - 10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 - 10
• Ci_io heteroaryl wherein said Ci_ 6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3- 1 0 cycloalkyl, C3- 1 0
• C 2 - 1 0 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci- 4 -alkyl, Ce-io aryl, Ce-io aryl-Ci- 4 -alkyl, Ci-io heteroaryl, and Ci_io heteroaryl-Ci_ 4 -alkyl are each optionally substituted by one or more independently selected R 3 groups;
• each R bl is independently selected from Ci_ 6 alkyl, Ci_ 6 haloalkyl, C 2 - 6 alkenyl, C 2 - 6 alkynyl, C3- 1 0 cycloalkyl, C3- 1 0 cycloalkyl-Ci- 4 -alkyl, C 2 - 1 0 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 - 1 0
• Ci-io aryl Ce-io aryl-Ci- 4 -alkyl, Ci-io heteroaryl, wherein said Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3- 1 0 cycloalkyl, C3- 1 0
• C 2 - 10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci_ 4 -alkyl, Ce-io aryl, Ce-io aryl-Ci- 4 -alkyl, Ci_io heteroaryl, and Ci-io heteroaryl-Ci- 4 -alkyl are each optionally substituted by one or more independently selected R 3 groups;
• each R cl is independently selected from a protecting group, Ci_ 6 alkyl, Ci_ 6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3- 1 0 cycloalkyl, C3- 1 0 cycloalkyl-Ci- 4 -alkyl, C 2 - 1 0 heterocycloalkyl, C2 io heterocycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, Ce-io aryl, Ce-io aryl-Ci-4-alkyl, Ci-io heteroaryl, wherein said Ci_ 6 alkyl, Ci_ 6 haloalkyl, C 2 - 6 alkenyl, C 2 - 6 alkynyl, C3_io cycloalkyl, C3_io cycloalkyl-Ci_ 4 -alkyl, C 2 - 10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci
• each R dl is independently selected from a protecting group, Ci- 6 alkyl, Ci- 6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3- 1 0 cycloalkyl, C3- 1 0 cycloalkyl-Ci- 4 -alkyl, C 2 - 1 0 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C6-io aryl, Ce-io aryl-Ci-4-alkyl, Ci-io heteroaryl, wherein said Ci_6 alkyl, Ci_6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3_io cycloalkyl, C3_io cycloalkyl-Ci_ 4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci_4-
• each R el is independently selected from a protecting group, Ci_6 alkyl, Ci_6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3_io cycloalkyl, C3_io cycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, C6-io aryl, Ce-io aryl-Ci-4-alkyl, Ci_io heteroaryl, wherein said Ci_6 alkyl, Ci_6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3_io cycloalkyl, C3_io cycloalkyl-Ci_ 4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, Ce-
• each R fl is independently selected from a protecting group, Ci_6 alkyl, Ci_6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3_io cycloalkyl, C3_io cycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C6-io aryl, Ce-io aryl-Ci-4-alkyl, Ci-io heteroaryl, wherein said Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl-Ci- 4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, Ce-io aryl, Ce
• each R kl , R ⁇ 1 and R 12 is independently selected from a protecting group, Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C2-10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C6-io aryl, Ce-io aryl-Ci-4-alkyl, Ci-io heteroaryl, wherein said Ci_6 alkyl, Ci_6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3 0 cycloalkyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, Ce-io aryl
• R kl and R al taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl ring, which is optionally substituted by one or more R groups;
• R kl and R bl taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl ring, which is optionally substituted by one or more R groups; or alternatively, R kl and R gl , taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl ring, which is optionally substituted by one or more R 3 groups;
• R ⁇ 1 and R hl taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl ring, which is optionally substituted by one or more R 3 groups;
• each R a2 is independently selected from H, Ci_ 6 alkyl, Ci_ 6 haloalkyl, C 2 - 6 alkenyl, C 2 - 6 alkynyl, C3_io cycloalkyl, C3_io cycloalkyl-Ci- 4 -alkyl, C 2 - 10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 - 10 Ce-io aryl, Ce-io aryl-Ci- 4 -alkyl, Ci-io heteroaryl, wherein said Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3- 1 0 cycloalkyl, C3- 1 0
• C 2 - 1 0 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci- 4 -alkyl, Ce-io aryl, Ce-io aryl-Ci- 4 -alkyl, Ci-io heteroaryl, and Ci_io heteroaryl-Ci_ 4 -alkyl are each optionally substituted by one or more independently selected R 4 groups;
• each R b2 is independently selected from Ci_ 6 alkyl, Ci_ 6 haloalkyl, C 2 - 6 alkenyl, C 2 - 6 alkynyl, C3_io cycloalkyl, C3_io cycloalkyl-Ci- 4 -alkyl, C 2 - 10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 - 10 Ce-io aryl, Ce-io aryl-Ci- 4 -alkyl, Ci-io heteroaryl, wherein said Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C 2 - 10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci_ 4 -alkyl, Ce-io aryl, Ce-io aryl-Ci- 4 -alky
• each R is independently selected from a protecting group, Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3- 1 0 cycloalkyl, C3- 1 0 cycloalkyl-Ci- 4 -alkyl, C 2 - 1 0 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci- 4 -alkyl, Ce-io aryl, Ce-io aryl-Ci- 4 -alkyl, Ci-io heteroaryl, wherein said Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl-Ci- 4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 o heterocycloaikyl-Ci_4-aikyl, Ce-io
• each R d2 is independently selected from a protecting group, Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3_io cycloalkyl, C3_io cycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, C6-io aryl, Ce-io aryl-Ci-4-alkyl, Ci_io heteroaryl, wherein said Ci_6 alkyl, Ci_6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3_io cycloalkyl, C3_io cycloalkyl-Ci_ 4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, Ce-io
• each R e2 is independently selected from a protecting group, Ci_6 alkyl, Ci_6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3_io cycloalkyl, C3_io cycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, C6-io aryl, Ce-io aryl-Ci-4-alkyl, Ci_io heteroaryl, wherein said Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl-Ci- 4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, Ce-io aryl,
• each R G is independently selected from a protecting group, Ci_6 alkyl, Ci_6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C6-io aryl, Ce-io aryl-Ci-4-alkyl, Ci-io heteroaryl, wherein said Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl-Ci- 4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, Ce-io aryl, Ce-io aryl
• each R k2 , R g2 and R h2 is independently selected from a protecting group, Ci_6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C2-10 heterocycloalkyl, C2 io heterocycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, Ce-io aryl, Ce-io aryl-Ci-4-alkyl, Ci-io heteroaryl, wherein said Ci_6 alkyl, Ci_6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3 0 cycloalkyl, C3_io cycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, Ce-
• R k2 and R b2 taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl ring, which is optionally substituted by one or more R 4 groups;
• R k2 and R g2 taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl ring, which is optionally substituted by one or more R 4 groups;
• R g2 and R h2 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl ring, which is optionally substituted by one or more R 4 groups;
• each R 4 is independently selected from halo, cyano, nitro, Ci_ 6 alkyl, Ci_ 6 haloalkyl, Ci-6 alkyl-NR 4a -Ci-6 alkylene, Ci_6 alkyl-O-Ci-6 alkylene, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3- 1 0 cycloalkyl, C3- 1 0 cycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci-4- alkyl, C6-10 aryl, C6-10 aryl-Ci-4-alkyl, Ci-10 heteroaryl, hydroxy, Ci-6 alkoxy, Ci-6 haloalkoxy, Ci_ 6 alkylthio, Ci_ 6 alkylsulfinyl, Ci_ 6 alkylsulfonyl, carbamyl, Ci_ 6 alkylcarbamyl, di(C
• each R 4a is independently selected from H and Ci_ 6 alkyl.
• each hydrogen atom in which is directly attached to a nitrogen atom, sulfur atom, or oxygen atom in any of the aforementioned groups e.g., heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, Ci_ 6 alkyl-NR 4a -Ci_ 6 alkylene, hydroxy, carbamyl, carboxy, amino, Ci_ 6 alkylamino, Ci_ 6 alkylsulfonylamino, aminosulfonyl, Ci_ 6 alkylaminosulfonyl, aminosulfonylamino, Ci_ 6 alkylaminosulfonylamino, di(Ci_ 6 alkyl)aminosulfonylamino, aminocarbonylamino, Ci_ 6 alkylaminocarbonylamino, and di(Ci- 6 alkyl)aminocarbonylamino) is replaced by a protecting group.
• a protecting group e.g., heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, Ci_ 6 alkyl-NR
• Starting materials of Formula II can be obtained by reacting the aryl or heteroaryl substrate with a N-iodosuccinamide (NIS) in an appropriate solvent such as dry acetonitrile to give a compound of Formula II.
• NIS N-iodosuccinamide
• Protecting groups can added if necessary as described in Wuts and Greene, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 4th ed., John Wiley & Sons: New Jersey, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
• amine groups can be protected by reacting di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (BOC anhydride in the presence of a tertiary amine (e.g, 4-dimethylpyridine and triethylamine) to form a BOC (tert-butylcarbonyl) protected amine.
• BOC anhydride di-tert-butyl dicarbonate
• a tertiary amine e.g, 4-dimethylpyridine and triethylamine
• the present application provides a process of converting the compound of Formula I to a compound of Formula III:
• Ar 2 is an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl.
• the conversion of the compound of Formula I to a compound of Formula III is done in the same pot as the reaction of the compound of Formula II to form the compound of Formula I.
• the converting comprises reacting the compound of Formula I with a compound of Formula IV:
• M is a borate, stannane, silane, or zinc moiety.
• M is Sn(R x ) 3 , Si(R y ) 3 , B(OR z ) 2 , or B(X 2 ) 3 M ; wherein:
• each R z is, independently, OH or Ci_6 alkoxy
• each X 2 is, independently, halo
• M 2 is a counterion.
• the zinc moiety is an zinc halide (Zn-halo).
• the arylzinc halide is zinc chloride.
• the compound of Formula IV is Ar 2 BF 3 M 2 .
• the compound of Formula IV is Ar 2
• the process is carried out in the presence of a catalyst.
• the catalyst is trimethylsilyl trifluoroacetate.
• organoboranes are relatively straightforward to handle and are quite reactive toward I(III) compounds.
• organoboranes themselves are limited by the inherent characteristics of the in situ hydroboration reaction used to create them. They also suffer from high sensitivity to air and poor functional-group compatibility in some cases.
• aryltrifluoroborates are stable, crystalline compounds that have been shown to overcome these limitations.
• Organotrifluoroborates can be easily prepared from inexpensive materials. They are stable to air and moisture, features that allow shipping and storage of these reagents for long periods of time without noticeable degradation. Their versatility and stability has made them excellent reagents in many organic reactions. Further,
• aryltrifluoroborates a unique opportunity to preserve the carbon-boron bond during the oxidation of remote functionality within the same molecule.
• Organoboron compounds are generally incompatible with oxidants, which readily cleave the labile carbon-boron bond.
• Organotrifluoroborates can be utilized to overcome this limitation in an important way; since the organometallic reagent needs to be stable to excess Selectfluor reagent that is present in one-pot synthetic approach. The oxidative strength of Selectfluor reagent is well tolerated by aryltrifluoroborates; they are unffected by residual Selectfluor.
• each R 1 is independently selected from H, Ci_6 alkyl, CN, Ci_6 alkoxy, or C(0)Ci_6 alkyl;
• each R a is independently selected from H, Ci_6 alkyl, Ci_6 haloalkyl, C 2 _6 alkenyl, C 2 _6 alkynyl, aryl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C 2- io heterocycloalkyl, C 2- io
• Ci-io aryl Ce-io aryl-Ci-4-alkyl, Ci-io heteroaryl, wherein said Ci-6 alkyl, Ci_6 haloalkyl, C 2 _6 alkenyl, C 2 _6 alkynyl, C3_io cycloalkyl, C3_io
• C 2 _io heterocycloalkyl, C 2 _io heterocycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, Ce-io aryl, Ce-io aryl-Ci-4-alkyl, Ci_io heteroaryl, and Ci_io heteroaryl-Ci_4-alkyl are each optionally substituted by one or more independently selected R groups;
• each R b is independently selected from Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C 2- io heterocycloalkyl, C 2- io
• Ci_io heteroaryl wherein said Ci_6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, aryl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl-Ci-4- alkyl, C 2 _io heterocycloalkyl, C 2 _io Ce-io aryl, Ce-io aryl-Ci-4-alkyl, Ci-io heteroaryl, and Ci_io are each optionally substituted by one or more independently selected R groups;
• each R c is independently selected from a protecting group, Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C 2 _6 alkenyl, C 2 _6 alkynyl, C3_io cycloalkyl, C3_io cycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C 2 _io heterocycloalkyl, C 2 _io heterocycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, Ce-io aryl, Ce-io aryl-Ci-4-alkyl, Ci_io heteroaryl, wherein said Ci_6 alkyl, Ci_6 haloalkyl, C 2 _6 alkenyl, C 2 _6 alkynyl, aryl, C3 0 cycloalkyl, C3 0 cycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C 2- io heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci-4-alky
• each R e is independently selected from a protecting group, Ci_6 alkyl, Ci_6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3_io cycloalkyl, C3_io cycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, Ce-io aryl, Ce-io aryl-Ci-4-alkyl, Ci-io heteroaryl, wherein said Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, aryl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, Ce-io ary
• each R is independently selected from a protecting group, Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, Ce-io aryl, Ce-io aryl-Ci-4-alkyl, Ci_io heteroaryl, wherein said Ci_6 alkyl, Ci_6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, aryl, C3 0 cycloalkyl, C3 0 cycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, C6-io ryl, Ce
• each R k , R s and R h is independently selected from a protecting group, Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3 0 cycloalkyl, C3 0 cycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C6-io ryl, Ce-io aryl-Ci-4-alkyl, Ci-io heteroaryl, wherein said Ci_6 alkyl, Ci_6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, aryl, C3_io cycloalkyl, C3 0 cycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci_4- al
• R k and R a taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl ring, which is optionally substituted by one or more R 2 groups;
• R k and R b taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl ring, which is optionally substituted by one or more R 2 groups; or alternatively, R k and R s , taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl ring, which is optionally substituted by one or more R 2 groups;
• R s and R h taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl ring, which is optionally substituted by one or more R 4 groups;
• each R al is independently selected from H, Ci_ 6 alkyl, Ci_ 6 haloalkyl, C 2 - 6 alkenyl, C 2 - 6 alkynyl, C3_io cycloalkyl, C3_io cycloalkyl-Ci- 4 -alkyl, C 2 - 10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 - 10 Ce-io aryl, Ce-io aryl-Ci- 4 -alkyl, Ci-io heteroaryl, wherein said Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3- 1 0 cycloalkyl, C3- 1 0
• C 2 - 1 0 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci- 4 -alkyl, Ce-io aryl, Ce-io aryl-Ci- 4 -alkyl, Ci-io heteroaryl, and Ci_io heteroaryl-Ci_ 4 -alkyl are each optionally substituted by one or more independently selected R 3 groups;
• each R bl is independently selected from Ci_ 6 alkyl, Ci_ 6 haloalkyl, C 2 - 6 alkenyl, C 2 - 6 alkynyl, C3_io cycloalkyl, C3_io cycloalkyl-Ci- 4 -alkyl, C 2 - 10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 - 10 Ce-io aryl, Ce-io aryl-Ci- 4 -alkyl, Ci-io heteroaryl, wherein said Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C 2 - 10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci_ 4 -alkyl, Ce-io aryl, Ce-io aryl-Ci- 4 -alky
• each R is independently selected from a protecting group, Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3- 1 0 cycloalkyl, C3- 1 0 cycloalkyl-Ci- 4 -alkyl, C 2 - 1 0 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci- 4 -alkyl, C6-io aryl, Ce-io aryl-Ci- 4 -alkyl, Ci-io heteroaryl, wherein said Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl-Ci- 4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 o heterocycloaikyl-Ci_4-aikyl, Ce-i
• each R dl is independently selected from a protecting group, Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3_io cycloalkyl, C3_io cycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, C6-io aryl, Ce-io aryl-Ci-4-alkyl, Ci_io heteroaryl, wherein said Ci_6 alkyl, Ci_6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3_io cycloalkyl, C3_io cycloalkyl-Ci_ 4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, Ce-io
• each R el is independently selected from a protecting group, Ci_6 alkyl, Ci_6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3_io cycloalkyl, C3_io cycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, C6-io aryl, Ce-io aryl-Ci-4-alkyl, Ci_io heteroaryl, wherein said Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl-Ci- 4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, Ce-io aryl,
• each R fl is independently selected from a protecting group, Ci_6 alkyl, Ci_6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C6-io aryl, Ce-io aryl-Ci-4-alkyl, Ci-io heteroaryl, wherein said Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl-Ci- 4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, Ce-io aryl, Ce-io
• each R kl , R gl and R 12 is independently selected from a protecting group, Ci_6 alkyl, Ci_6 haloalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C2-10 heterocycloalkyl, C2 io heterocycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, Ce-io aryl, Ce-io aryl-Ci-4-alkyl, Ci-io heteroaryl, wherein said Ci_6 alkyl, Ci_6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3 0 cycloalkyl, C3_io cycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, Ce-i
• R kl and R bl taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl ring, which is optionally substituted by one or more R groups;
• R kl and R gl taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl ring, which is optionally substituted by one or more R 3 groups;
• R gl and R hl taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl ring, which is optionally substituted by one or more R 3 groups;
• each R a2 is independently selected from H, Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3_io cycloalkyl, C3_io cycloalkyl-Ci- 4 -alkyl, C 2 - 10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 - 10
• Ci_io heteroaryl wherein said Ci_ 6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3- 1 0 cycloalkyl, C3- 1 0
• C2-10 heterocycloalkyl, C2 io heterocycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, Ce-io aryl, Ce-io aryl-Ci-4-alkyl, Ci-io heteroaryl, and Ci_io heteroaryl-Ci_ 4 -alkyl are each optionally substituted by one or more independently selected R 4 groups;
• each R b2 is independently selected from Ci_ 6 alkyl, Ci_ 6 haloalkyl, C 2 - 6 alkenyl, C 2 - 6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C2-10 heterocycloalkyl, C2-10
• Ci-io aryl, Ce-io aryl-Ci- 4 -alkyl, Ci-io heteroaryl wherein said Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3- 1 0 cycloalkyl, C3- 1 0 cycloalkyl-Ci- 4 -alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C6-10 aryl, C6-10 Ci-10 heteroaryl, and Ci_io heteroaryl-Ci_4-alkyl are each optionally substituted by one or more independently selected R 4 groups;
• each R is independently selected from a protecting group, Ci- 6 alkyl, Ci- 6 haloalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C2-10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, C6-io aryl, C6-10 aryl-Ci_4-alkyl, Ci_io heteroaryl, wherein said Ci_ 6 alkyl, Ci_ 6 haloalkyl, C 2 - 6 alkenyl, C 2 - 6 alkynyl, C3_io cycloalkyl, C3_io cycloalkyl-Ci_ 4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, C6-10 aryl, C6-10
• each R d2 is independently selected from a protecting group, Ci- 6 alkyl, Ci- 6 haloalkyl, C 2 - 6 alkenyl, C 2 - 6 alkynyl, C3_io cycloalkyl, C3_io cycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, C6-io aryl, C6-10 aryl-Ci_4-alkyl, Ci_io heteroaryl, wherein said Ci_ 6 alkyl, Ci_ 6 haloalkyl, C 2 - 6 alkenyl, C 2 - 6 alkynyl, C3_io cycloalkyl, C3_io cycloalkyl-Ci_ 4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci-4-alky
• each R e2 is independently selected from a protecting group, Ci_ 6 alkyl, Ci_ 6 haloalkyl, C 2 - 6 alkenyl, C 2 - 6 alkynyl, C3_io cycloalkyl, C3_io cycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C6-io aryl, C6-10 aryl-Ci-4-alkyl, Ci-10 heteroaryl, wherein said Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3- 1 0 cycloalkyl, C3- 1 0 cycloalkyl-Ci- 4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C6-10
• each R is independently selected from a protecting group, Ci_ 6 alkyl, Ci_ 6 haloalkyl, C 2 - 6 alkenyl, C 2 - 6 alkynyl, C3_io cycloalkyl, C3_io cycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C6-io aryl, C6-10 aryl-Ci-4-alkyl, Ci-10 heteroaryl, wherein said Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl-Ci- 4-alkyl, C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, C6-10 aryl, C6-10 aryl-
• each R k2 , R ⁇ 2 and R 12 is independently selected from a protecting group, Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C3-10 C 2 -10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci-4-alkyl, C6-io aryl, C6-10 aryl-Ci-4-alkyl, Ci-10 heteroaryl, wherein said Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3- 1 0 cycloalkyl, C3_io cycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, C 2 - 10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, C6- 10 aryl, C6- 10 Ci_io hetero
• R k2 and R a2 taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl ring, which is optionally substituted by one or more R 4 groups;
• R k2 and R b2 taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl ring, which is optionally substituted by one or more R 4 groups;
• R k2 and R g2 taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl ring, which is optionally substituted by one or more R 4 groups;
• R g2 and R h2 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl ring, which is optionally substituted by one or more R 4 groups;
• each R 4 is independently selected from halo, cyano, nitro, Ci_ 6 alkyl, Ci_ 6 haloalkyl, Ci-6 alkyl-NR 4a -Ci-6 alkylene, Ci_6 alkyl-O-Ci-6 alkylene, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C 2 -6 alkynyl, C3- 1 0 cycloalkyl, C3 0 cycloalkyl-Ci_4-alkyl, C 2 - 10 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -io heterocycloalkyl-Ci_4- alkyl, C6- 1 0 aryl, C6- 1 0 aryl-Ci-4-alkyl, Ci- 1 0 heteroaryl, hydroxy, Ci-6 alkoxy, Ci-6 haloalkoxy, Ci-6 alkylthio, Ci-6 alkylsulfinyl, Ci-6 alkylsulfonyl, carbamyl, Ci-6 alkylcarba
• each R 4a is independently selected from H and Ci_ 6 alkyl
• each hydrogen atom in which is directly attached to a nitrogen atom, sulfur atom, or oxygen atom in any of the aforementioned groups e.g., heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, Ci_ 6 alkyl-NR 4a -Ci_ 6 alkylene, hydroxy, carbamyl, carboxy, amino, Ci_ 6 alkylamino, Ci_ 6 alkylsulfonylamino, aminosulfonyl, Ci- 6 alkylaminosulfonyl, amino sulfonylamino, Ci- 6 alkylaminosulfonylamino, di(Ci- 6 alkyl)aminosulfonylamino, aminocarbonylamino, C 1 -5 alkylaminocarbonylamino, and di(Ci_ 6 alkyl)aminocarbonylamino) is replaced by a protecting group.
• Ar is defined as in embodiment (a).
• q is 0 or 1 ;
• t is 0 or 1 ;
• R 15 and R 16 are each, independently, an acid labile protecting group
• R is selected from hydrogen and C(0) 2 R ;
• R 18 in each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen and t- butoxycarbonyl
• R 19 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, and t-butyl.
• R 15 and R 16 are each, independently, alkoxy
• R 17 is selected from hydrogen and C(0) 2 R 19 ;
• R in each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen and t- butoxycarbonyl
• R 19 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, and t-butyl.
• Ar 1 is:
• q is 0 or 1 ;
• t is 0 or 1 ;
• R 15 and R 16 are each, independently, an acid labile protecting group
• R 17 is selected from hydrogen and C(0) 2 R 19 ;
• R in each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen and t- butoxycarbonyl
• R 19 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, and t-butyl.
• Ar 1 is:
• q is 0 or 1 ;
• t is 0 or 1 ;
• R 15 and R 16 are each, independently, alkoxymethyl
• R 17 is selected from hydrogen and C(0) 2 R 19 ;
• R 18 in each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen and t- butoxycarbonyl
• R 19 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, and t-butyl.
• Ar 1 is:
• q is 0 or 1 ;
• t is 0 or 1 ;
• R 15 and R 16 are each, independently, selected from benzyloxymethyl, ethoxymethyl, methoxyethoxymethyl, and methoxymethyl;
• R 17 is selected from hydrogen and C(0) 2 R 19 ;
• R 18 in each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen and t- butoxycarbonyl
• R 19 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, and t-butyl.
• Ar 1 is:
• t is 0 or 1 ;
• R and R are each, independently alkoxymethyl;
• R 17 is selected from hydrogen and C(0) 2 R 19 ;
• R 18 in each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen and t- butoxycarbonyl
• R 19 is sseelleecctteedd ffrroomm h Yydrogen, methyl, and t-butyl.
• Ar 1 is:
• t is 0 or 1 ;
• R 15 and R 16 are each, independently, selected from benzyloxymethyl, ethoxymethyl, methoxyethoxymethyl, and methoxymethyl;
• R 17 is selected from hydrogen and C(0) 2 R 19 ;
• R 18 in each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen and t- butoxycarbonyl
• Ar 1 is:
• R 15 and R 16 are each, independently, an acid labile protecting group
• R 17 is selected from hydrogen and C(0) 2 R 19 ;
• R 18 in each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen and t- butoxycarbonyl
• Ar 1 is:
• R 13 and R 16 are each, independently, alkoxymethyl
• R 17 is selected from hydrogen and C(0)2R 19 ;
• R 18 in each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen and t- butoxycarbonyl
• R 19 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, and t-butyl.
• Ar 1 is:
• R 15 and R 16 are each, independently, selected from benzyloxymethyl, ethoxymethyl, methoxyethoxymethyl, and methoxymethyl;
• R 17 is selected from hydrogen and C(0)2R 19 ;
• R 18 in each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen and t- butoxycarbonyl
• R 19 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, and t-butyl.
• Ar 1 is:
• R 15 is an acid labile protecting group
• R 17 is selected from hydrogen and C(0)2R 19 ;
• R 18 in each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen and t- butoxycarbonyl
• R 19 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, and t-butyl.
• Ar 1 is:
• R 15 is alkoxymethyl
• R 17 is selected from hydrogen and C(0)2R 19 ;
• R 18 in each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen and t- butoxycarbonyl
• R 19 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, and t-butyl.
• R 15 and R 16 are alkoxy.
• R 15 and R 16 are ethoxymethyl.
• R 15 is ethoxymethyl
• the exceptionally mild oxidation protocol is compatible with a wide range of acid labile hydroxyl protecting groups.
• the hydroxyl protecting groups may be easily cleaved under mild conditions, to provide, for example, radiotracer compounds.
• crystallinity of the final product is desired; thus, lipophilic embodiments of R 15 and R 16 are generally to be avoided.
• Ar2 is defined as in embodiment (a).
• Ar 2 is aryl substituted by 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5 Ci_6 alkoxy groups.
• Ar 2 is aryl substituted by 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5 methoxy groups.
• Ar is aryl substituted by 1 or 2 Ci-6 alkoxy groups.
• Ar 2 is aryl substituted by 1 or 2 methoxy groups.
• Ar 2 is aryl substituted by 1 Ci-6 alkoxy group.
• Ar 2 is aryl substituted by 1 methoxy group.
• Ar 2 is phenyl substituted by 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 Ci-6 alkoxy groups.
• Ar 2 is phenyl substituted by 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 methoxy groups.
• Ar 2 is phenyl substituted by 1 or 2 Ci_6 alkoxy groups.
• Ar is phenyl substituted by 1 or 2 methoxy groups.
• Ar is phenyl substituted by 1 Ci-6 alkoxy group.
• Ar 2 is phenyl substituted by 1 methoxy group.
• Ar 2 is p-methoxyphenyl.
• Ar is 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl.
• Ar is Formula (1):
• R 1 is hydrogen or a substituent having a Hammett ⁇ ⁇ value of less than zero
• each m, n, and p are independently an integer from 0 to 10;
• each R 8 and R 9 are independently chosen from H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;
• L is a linker
• Z is a solid support.
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of: -(Ci-Cio)alkyl, -(Ci-Cio)haloalkyl, (C 2 -Cio)alkenyl, (C 2 -Ci 0 )alkynyl, -O-(Ci-Ci 0 )alkyl, -C(0)-0-(C Cio)alkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl.
• R 1 can be -0-(Ci-Cio)alkyl (e.g., OCH 3 ).
• R 2 is -0-(Ci-Cio)alkyl (e.g., OCH 3 ).
• a compound of Formula (1) can be chosen from:
• R 1 is methoxy
• one or more of R 2 -R 7 is (L) p -Z.
• L and Z can be covalently or noncovalently bound to one another.
• Ar 2 is any of the cyclophanes in US 2011/0190505, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
• Ar 1 is defined as in embodiment (a); and Ar 2 is one of the specific embodiments above.
• the process further comprises subjecting the compound of Formula III to ion-exchange in order to form a compound of Formula V:
• Y is a counterion that is different than X.
• Y is a weakly coordinating anion (i.e., an anion that coordinates only weakly with iodine).
• Y can be the conjugate base of a strong acid, for example, any anion for which the pKa of the conjugate acid (H-Y) is less than about 1.
• Y can be triflate, mesylate, nonaflate, hexaflate, toluene sulfonate (tosylate), nitrophenyl sulfonate (nosylate), bromophenyl sulfonate (brosylate), perfluoroalkyl sulfonate (e.g., perfluoro C 2 - 10 alkyl sulfonate), tetraphenylb orate, hexafluorophosphate,
• the ion-exchange comprises treating the compound of Formula III with an aqueous solution of hexaflurophosphate ion, wherein Y is PF 6 -.
• the ion-exchange comprises treating the compound of Formula III with an aqueous solution of sodium hexaflurophosphate ion, wherein Y is PF 6 -.
• the present application further provides a process of forming a compound of Formula
• each X is, independently, a ligand, wherein HX, the conjugate acid of X, has a pK a of less than or equal to 5 ;
• Ar 1 is optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl, wherein Ar 1 does not have unprotected protic groups;
• Ar 2 is an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl
• each R 1 is, independently, Ci_4 alkyl
• M 2 is a cation.
• steps (a) and (b) are carried out in a single pot.
• the present application provides compounds of Formula II and processes utilizing compounds of Formula II (e.g., a process of making a compound of Formula I, III, V, or VI), wherein the compounds of Formula II are selected from any of the following:
• each X is acetate.
• the compound of Formula II is selected from the group consisting of compounds 109-113. In one preferred embodiment, the compound of Formula II is the compound 109. In another preferred embodiment, the compound of Formula II is the compound 113.
• the present application provides a compound of Formula I or a process utilizing a compound of Formula I (e.g., a process of making a compound of Formula III, V or VI starting from a compound of Formula I; or a process of making a compound of Formula I), wherein the compound of Formula I is selected from any of the following:
• each X is acetate.
• the compound of Formula I is selected from the group consisting of compounds 118-122.
• the compound of Formula I is selected from the group consisting of compounds 177-182.
• the compound of Formula I is compound 178.
• the compound of Formula I is selected from the group consisting of compounds 205-210.
• the compound of Formula I is selected from the group consisting of compounds 216, 222 and 226.
• the present application provides a compound of Formula III or a process involving a compound of Formula III (e.g., a process of making a compound of Formula III or a process of making a compound of Formula Vor VI):
• Ar is an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl, wherein Ar does not have unprotected protic groups; and P 1 , P 2 , P 3 , P 4 , P 5 , and P 6 are each, independently, protecting groups; and Ar 2 and X are defined above. In some embodiments, each X is acetate. In some embodiments, Ar 2 is p-methoxyphenyl.
• the compound of Formula III is selected from compounds 231 -233. In other preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula III is selected from compounds 290-295. In other preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula III is selected from compounds 318-323. In one preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula III is compound 291. In another preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula III is compound 329. In another preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula III is compound 335. In another preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula III is compound 339.
• the present invention provides the compound of Formula V corresponding to compounds 227-329, wherein X is replaced by Y.
• Y is PF 6 - or trifiate.
• the present application provides any of the individual compounds 1-339 disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the present invention provides any process described herein utilizing any of compounds 1-339. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of Formula VI derived from compounds 227-339.
• the compounds of Formula III or V can be used to make fluorinated compounds, including 18 F labeled compounds as described in in US 2011/0313170 and US 2012/0004417, which are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
• the method includes reacting in a polar solvent a compound MW, wherein M is a counter ion and W is as defined in Formula VI and a compound of Formula V:
• W is as defined above.
• the polar solvent can then be removed from the reaction mixture.
• the remaining mixture can then be combined with a nonpolar solvent and heated to produce a compound of Formula VI.
• the method can include heating a mixture comprising a nonpolar solvent, a compound MW, and a compound of Formula V.
• the nonpolar solution of the reaction mixture of MW and a compound of Formula V can be filtered prior to heating.
• the filtration step can remove any insoluble material (e.g., insoluble salts) that remain in the reaction mixture.
• the solvent can be removed from the filtrate prior to heating (i.e., the residue can be heated neat).
• the nonpolar solution of the reaction mixture of MW and a compound of Formula V can be filtered prior to heating, the nonpolar solvent can be removed (e.g. , by evaporation), and the heating of the sample can be performed in a different solvent.
• contaminant salts are removed from the solution of the reaction mixture of MW and a compound of Formula V in the polar or nonpolar solution by chromatography.
• the contaminant salts can be removed by size exclusion, gel filtration, reverse phase, or other chromatographic method prior to heating.
• Substituted aryls and heteroaryls which are prepared using the methods described herein can have a W moiety which includes any moiety in which the pKa of H-W (i.e., the conjugate acid of X) is less than about 12.
• W is a radioactive isotope (e.g.,
• W can be chosen from halide, aryl carboxylate, alkyl carboxylate, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphonite, azide, thiocyanate, cyanate, phenoxide, triflate, trifluoroethoxide, thiolates, and stabilized enolates.
• W can be fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, trifluoro acetate, benzoate, and acetate.
• X is fluoride.
• Y can be any suitable leaving group.
• Y is a weakly coordinating anion (i.e., an anion that coordinates only weakly with iodine).
• Y can be the conjugate base of a strong acid, for example, any anion for which the pKa of the conjugate acid (H-Y) is less than about 1.
• Y can be triflate, mesylate, nonaflate, hexaflate, toluene sulfonate (tosylate), nitrophenyl sulfonate (nosylate), bromophenyl sulfonate (brosylate), perfluoro alkyl sulfonate (e.g., perfluoro C2 alkyl sulfonate), tetraphenylborate, hexafluorophosphate, trifluoro acetate, perfluoroalkylcarboxylate, tetrafiuoroborate, perchlorate, hexafluorostibate, hexachlorostibate, chloride, bromide, or iodide.
• perfluoro alkyl sulfonate e.g., perfluoro C2 alkyl sulfonate
• tetraphenylborate hexafluor
• a slightly more basic leaving group such as acetate or benzoate may be used.
• the counter ion M can be any suitable cation for the desired W.
• M can be chosen from an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal and transition metal salts such as, for example, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and zinc salts.
• Metal cations may also be complexed to cryptands or crown ethers to enhance their solubility and to labilize the W moiety.
• M can also include organic salts made from quaternized amines derived from, for example, ⁇ , ⁇ ' dibenzylethylenediamine,
• M can be a lithium, sodium, potassium, or cesium with cryptands or crown ethers, a tetrasubstituted ammonium cation, or phosphonium cation.
• fluoride source When W is fluoride, the choice of fluoride source is also readily within the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art.
• a variety of fluoride sources can be used in the preparation of the fluorinated aryl and heteroaryl compounds as provided herein, including but not limited to NaF, KF, CsF, tetrabutylammonium fluoride, and tetramethylammonium fluoride.
• the choice of fluoride source will depend on the functionality present on the compound of Formula V.
• a compound of Formula III for the preparation of a compound of Formula VI, wherein Ar 1 and Ar 2 are independently, optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl; X is a ligand that is a conjugate base of an acid HX, wherein HX has a pKa of less than or equal to 5; and W is selected from the group consisting of fluorine, iodine and radioactive isotopes thereof, and astatine. In one embodiment, W is selected from F, 18 F, I, 123 I and 131 I. In another embodiment, the compound of Formula III is selected from the group consisting of compounds 227-339. In another embodiment, the compound of Formula III is selected from the group consisting of compounds 231-233, 318- 323, 329, 335 and 339.
• the methods can be used to prepare radiolabeled fluorinated aryl and heteroaryl ring systems (e.g., PET radiotracers).
• the method can include reacting in a polar solvent a compound MF and a compound of Formula V. The polar solvent can then be removed from the reaction mixture. The remaining mixture can then be combined with a nonpolar solvent and heated to produce a compound of Formula VII.
• the method can include heating a mixture comprising a nonpolar solvent, a compound MF, and a compound of Formula V.
• the nonpolar solution of the reaction mixture of MF and a compound of Formula V can be filtered prior to heating.
• the filtration step can remove any insoluble material (e.g., insoluble salts) that remain in the reaction mixture.
• the solvent can be removed from the filtrate prior to heating (i.e., the residue can be heated neat).
• the nonpolar solution of the reaction mixture of MF and a compound of Formula V can be filtered prior to heating, the nonpolar solvent can be removed (e.g., by evaporation), and the heating of the sample can be performed in a different solvent.
• contaminant salts are removed from the nonpolar solution of the reaction mixture of MF and a compound of Formula V by chromatography.
• the contaminant salts can be removed by size exclusion, gel filtration, reverse phase, or other chromatographic method prior to heating.
• substituted means that a hydrogen atom is removed and replaced by a substituent. It is to be understood that substitution at a given atom is limited by valency.
• C n - m indicates a range which includes the endpoints, wherein n and m are integers and indicate the number of carbons. Examples include C 1 -4, Ci_ 6 , and the like.
• n-membered where n is an integer typically describes the number of ring- forming atoms in a moiety where the number of ring-forming atoms is n.
• piperidinyl is an example of a 6-membered heterocycloalkyl ring
• pyrazolyl is an example of a 5-membered heteroaryl ring
• pyridyl is an example of a 6-membered heteroaryl ring
• 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene is an example of a 10-membered cycloalkyl group.
• C n - m alkyl refers to a saturated hydrocarbon group that may be straight-chain or branched, having n to m carbons.
• the alkyl group contains from 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
• alkyl moieties include, but are not limited to, chemical groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, and isopropyl.
• C n - m alkoxy refers to a group of formula -O-alkyl, wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbons.
• Example alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, and propoxy (e.g., n-propoxy and isopropoxy).
• the alkyl group has 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
• alkylene refers to a divalent alkyl linking group.
• alkylene groups include, but are not limited to, ethan-l,2-diyl, propan-l,3-diyl, propan- 1 ,2-diyl, butan-l ,4-diyl, butan-1 ,3- diyl, butan-l ,2-diyl, 2-methyl -propan- 1,3-diyl, and the like.
• C n - m alkenyl refers to an alkyl group having one or more double carbon-carbon bonds and having n to m carbons.
• the alkenyl moiety contains 2 to 6 or to 2 to 4 carbon atoms.
• Example alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, «-propenyl, isopropenyl, «-butenyl, sec-butenyl, and the like.
• C n - m alkynyl refers to an alkyl group having one or more triple carbon-carbon bonds and having n to m carbons.
• Example alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, propyn-l-yl, propyn-2-yl, and the like.
• the alkynyl moiety contains 2 to 6 or 2 to 4 carbon atoms.
• C n - m alkylamino refers to a group of formula -NH( alkyl), wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• di-C n -m-alkylamino refers to a group of formula -N(alkyl)2, wherein the two alkyl groups each has, independently, n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, each alkyl group independently has 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• C n - m alkoxycarbonyl refers to a group of formula -C(0)0- alkyl, wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• C n - m alkylcarbonyl refers to a group of formula -C(O)- alkyl, wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• C n - m alkylcarbonylamino refers to a group of formula -NHC(0)-alkyl, wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• C n - m alkylsulfonylamino refers to a group of formula -NHS(0) 2 -alkyl, wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• aminosulfonyl employed alone or in combination with other terms, refers to a group of formula -S(0) 2 NH 2 .
• C n - m alkylaminosulfonyl refers to a group of formula -S(0) 2 NH(alkyl), wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• di(C n - m alkyl)aminosulfonyl refers to a group of formula
• each alkyl group independently has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, each alkyl group has, independently, 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• the term “aminosulfonylamino” refers to a group of formula -NHS(0) 2 NH 2 .
• the term “C n - m alkylaminosulfonylamino” refers to a group of formula - NHS(0) 2 NH( alkyl), wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms.
• the alkyl group has 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• di(C n - m alkyl) aminosulfonylamino refers to a group of formula -NHS(0) 2 N(alkyl) 2 , wherein each alkyl group independently has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, each alkyl group has, independently, 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• aminocarbonylamino refers to a group of formula
• C n - m alkylaminocarbonylamino refers to a group of formula -NHC(0)NH(alkyl), wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• di(C n - m alkyl)aminocarbonylamino refers to a group of formula - NHC(0)N(alkyl) 2 , wherein each alkyl group independently has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, each alkyl group has, independently, 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• C n - m alkylcarbamyl refers to a group of formula -C(O)- NH( alkyl), wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• the term "di(C n -m-alkyl)carbamyl” refers to a group of formula - C(0)N(alkyl)2, wherein the two alkyl groups each has, independently, n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, each alkyl group independently has 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• C n - m alkylthio refers to a group of formula -S-alkyl, wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• C n - m alkylsulfinyl refers to a group of formula -S(0)-alkyl, wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• C n - m alkylsulfonyl refers to a group of formula -S(0)2- alkyl, wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• amino refers to a group of formula -NI3 ⁇ 4.
• Ci_6 alkyl-0-Ci_6 alkylene refers to a group of formula -Ci_ 6 alkylene-0-Ci_6 alkyl.
• Ci_6 alkyl-NR 4a -Ci_6 alkylene refers to a group of formula - Ci-6 alkylene-NR 4a -Ci- 6 alkyl.
• aryl refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., having 2, 3 or 4 fused rings) aromatic hydrocarbon, such as, but not limited to, phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, and the like.
• aryl is C6-10 aryl.
• the aryl group is a naphthalene ring or phenyl ring.
• the aryl group is phenyl.
• arylalkyl refers to a group of formula -alkylene-aryl. In some embodiments, arylalkyl is C6-10 aryl-Ci-3 alkyl. In some embodiments, arylalkyl is C6-10 aryl- Ci-4 alkyl. In some embodiments, arylalkyl is benzyl.
• carboxylate refers to a group of formula -C(0)NH 2 .
• carbonyl employed alone or in combination with other terms, refers to a -C(O)- group.
• carboxy refers to a group of formula -C(0)OH.
• cycloalkyl refers to a non-aromatic cyclic hydrocarbon moiety, which may optionally contain one or more alkenylene groups as part of the ring structure.
• Cycloalkyl groups can include mono- or polycyclic (e.g., having 2, 3 or 4 fused, bridged or spiro rings) ring systems.
• moieties that have one or more aromatic rings fused (i.e., having a bond in common with) to the cycloalkyl ring, for example, benzo derivatives of cyclopentane, cyclopentene, cyclohexane, and the like.
• cycloalkyl is C3_i2 cycloalkyl, which is monocyclic or bicyclic.
• Examplary cycloalkyl groups include 1 ,2 ,3 ,4-tetrahydro -naphthalene, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptatrienyl, norbornyl, norpinyl, norcarnyl, adamantyl, and the like.
• the cycloalkyl group is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl.
• cycloalkylalkyl refers to a group of formula -alkylene- cycloalkyl.
• cycloalkylalkyl is C3_i2 cycloalkyl-Ci_3 alkyl, wherein the cycloalkyl portion is monocyclic or bicyclic.
• cycloalkylalkyl is C3_i2 cycloalkyl-Ci-4 alkyl, wherein the cycloalkyl portion is monocyclic or bicyclic.
• C n - m haloalkoxy refers to a group of formula -O-haloalkyl having n to m carbon atoms.
• An example haloalkoxy group is OCF 3 .
• the haloalkoxy group is fluorinated only.
• the alkyl group has 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• halo refers to a halogen atom selected from F, CI, I or Br.
• C n - m halo alkyl refers to an alkyl group having from one halogen atom to 2s+l halogen atoms which may be the same or different, where "s" is the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group, wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms.
• the haloalkyl group is fluorinated only.
• the haloalkyl group is fiuoromethyl
• the haloalkyl group is
• the alkyl group has 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• heteroaryl refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., having 2, 3 or 4 fused rings) aromatic hydrocarbon moiety, having one or more heteroatom ring members selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen.
• heteroaryl is 5- to 10-membered Ci_g heteroaryl, which is monocyclic or bicyclic and which has 1 , 2, 3, or 4 heteroatom ring members independently selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen.
• Example heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, pyridazine, pyrrole, pyrazole, azolyl, oxazole, thiazole, imidazole, furan, thiophene, quinoline, isoquinoline, indole, benzothiophene, benzofuran, benzisoxazole, imidazo[l,2-b]thiazole, purine, or the like.
• a five-membered ring heteroaryl is a heteroaryl with a ring having five ring atoms wherein one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) ring atoms are independently selected from N, O, and S.
• Exemplary five-membered ring heteroaryls are thienyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, 1 ,2,3-triazolyl, tetrazolyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1 ,2,4-triazolyl, 1 ,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1 ,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-triazolyl, 1 ,3,4-triazolyl, 1 ,3,4-triazolyl, 1 ,3,4-triazolyl, 1 ,3,4
• a six-membered ring heteroaryl is a heteroaryl with a ring having six ring atoms wherein one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) ring atoms are independently selected from N, O, and S.
• Exemplary six-membered ring heteroaryls are pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl and pyridazinyl.
• heteroarylalkyl refers to a group of formula -alkylene -heteroaryl.
• heteroarylalkyl is Ci-ci heteroaryl-Ci-3 alkyl, wherein the heteroaryl portion is monocyclic or bicyclic and has 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatom ring members
• heteroarylalkyl is Ci_ 9 heteroaryl-Ci_4 alkyl, wherein the heteroaryl portion is monocyclic or bicyclic and has 1 , 2, 3, or 4 heteroatom ring members independently selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen.
• heterocycloalkyl refers to non-aromatic ring system, which may optionally contain one or more alkenylene or alkynylene groups as part of the ring structure, and which has at least one heteroatom ring member independently selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen.
• heterocycloalkyl groups contains more than one heteroatom, the heteroatoms may be the same or different.
• Heterocycloalkyl groups can include mono- or polycyclic (e.g., having 2, 3 or 4 fused, bridged, or spiro rings) ring systems, including spiro systems.
• heterocycloalkyl moieties that have one or more aromatic rings fused (i.e., having a bond in common with) to the non-aromatic ring, for example, 1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydro -quinoline and the like.
• heterocycloalkyl is 5- to 10-membered C 2 - 9 heterocycloalkyl, which is monocyclic or bicyclic and which has 1 , 2, 3, or 4 heteroatom ring members independently selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen.
• heterocycloalkyl groups include 1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydro- quinoline, azetidine, azepane, pyrrolidine, piperidine, piperazine, morpholine,
• heterocycloalkylalkyl refers to a group of formula -alkylene- heterocycloalkyl.
• heterocycloalkylalkyl is C 2 - 9 heterocycloalkyl-Ci_3 alkyl, wherein the heterocycloalkyl portion is monocyclic or bicyclic and has 1 , 2, 3, or 4 heteroatom ring members independently selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen.
• heterocycloalkylalkyl is C 2 - 9 heterocycloalkyl-Ci_4 alkyl, wherein the heterocycloalkyl portion is monocyclic or bicyclic and has 1 , 2, 3, or 4 heteroatom ring members independently selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen.
• the compounds described herein can be asymmetric (e.g., having one or more stereocenters). All stereoisomers, such as enantiomers and diastereomers, are intended unless otherwise indicated.
• An example method includes fractional recrystallization using a chiral resolving acid which is an optically active, salt-forming organic acid.
• Suitable resolving agents for fractional recrystallization methods are, for example, optically active acids, such as the D and L forms of tartaric acid, diacetyltartaric acid, dibenzoyltartaric acid, mandelic acid, malic acid, lactic acid or the various optically active camphorsulfonic acids such as ⁇ -camphorsulfonic acid.
• resolving agents suitable for fractional crystallization methods include stereoisomerically pure forms of ⁇ -methylbenzylamine (e.g., S and R forms, or diastereomerically pure forms), 2-phenylglycinol, norephedrine, ephedrine, N- methylephedrine, cyclohexylethylamine, 1 ,2-diaminocyclohexane, and the like.
• Resolution of racemic mixtures can also be carried out by elution on a column packed with an optically active resolving agent (e.g. , dinitrobenzoylphenylglycine).
• Suitable elution solvent composition can be determined by one skilled in the art.
• Compounds of the invention also include tautomeric forms. Tautomeric forms result from the swapping of a single bond with an adjacent double bond together with the concomitant migration of a proton. Tautomeric forms include prototropic tautomers which are isomeric protonation states having the same empirical formula and total charge.
• Example prototropic tautomers include ketone - enol pairs, amide - imidic acid pairs, lactam - lactim pairs, amide - imidic acid pairs, enamine - imine pairs, and annular forms where a proton can occupy two or more positions of a heterocyclic system, for example, 1H- and 3H-imidazole, 1H-, 2H- and 4H- 1,2,4-triazole, 1H- and 2H- isoindole, and 1H- and 2H-pyrazole.
• Tautomeric forms can be in equilibrium or sterically locked into one form by appropriate substitution.
• Compounds of the invention can also include all isotopes of atoms occurring in the intermediates or final compounds.
• Isotopes include those atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
• isotopes of hydrogen include tritium and deuterium.
• compound as used herein is meant to include all stereoisomers, geometric isomers, tautomers, and isotopes of the structures depicted. Compounds herein identified by name or structure as one particular tautomeric form are intended to include other tautomeric forms unless otherwise specified.
• N-iodosuccinamide (NIS) (4.95 g, 22 mmol) in dry acetonitrile (50 mL) was added 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine (3.32 mL, 20 mmol) and trifluoro acetic acid ( 3.85 mL, 50 mmol) with stirring.
• the mixture was stirred at room temperature in a 250 mL round bottom flask for two hours.
• the acetonitrile was removed and the remaining solid was taken up in water.
• the water solution was treated with saturated sodium bisulfite aqueous solution until the purple color disappeared.
• the purified, BOC- protected 2-(2-iodo-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine was dissolved in 30 mL of an acetonitrile solution containing BOC anhydride (4.36 g, 20 mmol), DMAP (195 mg, 1.6 mmol), and triethylamine (2.78 mL, 20 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 20 h.
• the product was dissolved in 40 mL of an acetonitrile solution containing BOC anhydride (7.17 g, 32.9 mmol), 4-dimethylpyridine (320 mg, 2.63 mmol), triethylamine (4.57 mL, 32.9 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 20 h.
• the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo, diluted with 40 mL ethyl acetate, and washed with saturated NH4CI solution, water, and brine.
• dichloromethane was removed in vacuo to yield a pale yellow oil.
• Pentane (8 mL) was added to the oil and mixture was placed in an ultrasonic bath and sonicated until the salt solidified until. The pentane was decanted away and the remaining light yellow solid was dried under dynamic vacuum for overnight to yield 381 mg (0.61 mmol, 61 %) 2-(Diacetoxyiodo)-l-[2- [(di-teri-butoxycarbonyl)amino]ethyl]-4,5-dimethoxybenzene.
• the reaction solution was placed in a 100 mL Schlenk flask, sealed and removed from the glove box. Acetonitrile was removed by vacuum transfer and the remaining yellow oil was treated with 3 aliquotes (5 mL) of dichloromethane and the aliquots were decanted off of the colorless precipitated salts that remained in the flask.
• Pentane (8 mL) was added to the oil and mixture was placed in an ultrasonic bath and sonicated until the salt solidified until. The pentane was decanted away and the remaining light yellow solid was dried under dynamic vacuum for overnight to yield 246 mg (0.36 mmol, 36 %) 2- (Diacetoxyiodo)-l-[(25)-2-[(di-tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl]-4,5- dimethoxybenzene.
• Dichloromethane was removed in vacuo to yield a pale yellow oil.
• the oil was dissolved in 2 mL dry acetonitrile and poured into a 4 mL aqueous solution of sodium hexafluorophosphate (587 mg, 3.5 mmol) precipitating the diaryliodonium hexafluorophosphate salt.
• the mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (3 x 5 mL) and the combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate, and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure.
• the vial was capped and the sealed container was shielded from ambient light with aluminum foil. Colorless needles formed at the solution interface; these were collected after 20 h. The needles were subjected to a second round of recrystallization using the identical conditions (dichloromethane (2 mL), pentane (18 mL) layering, 20 h in dark) to yield colorless needles of [2-[2-[(di-tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]ethyl]-4,5- dimethoxyphenyl]-(4'-methoxyphenyl)iodonium triflate (180 mg, 0.24 mmol). The crystals were dried under vacuum and stored in a - 40 ° C freezer under N 2 .
• the salt was dissolved in a mixture of dichloromethane (3 mL) and ethyl acetate (3 mL). This solution was transferred to a 50 mL borosilicate glass Schlenk tube. Pentane (20 mL) was carefully layered on top of the previous dichloromethane solution. The tube was capped and the sealed container was shielded from ambient light with aluminum foil.
• acetate salts were subject to ion exchange to either the hexafluorophosphate or triflate salts.
• the acetate salt was dissolved in minimum amount of acetonitrile/water (9: 1 by volume) solution and slowly passed down an Amberlite IRA-400 ion exchange column (triflate or
• hexafluorophosphates counterion The column was prepared for ion exchange by treating the commercially obtained Amberlite IRA-400 (CI) resin with saturated sodium triflate or sodium hexafluorophosphate solution and washing with 10 column volumes of distilled water.) The triflate or hexafluorophosphates salts were collected and dried under dynamic vacuum for 20 h and submitted to recrystallization by layering in mixed solvent systems (dichloromethane and pentane or dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and pentane).
• Example 18 (5-(4-((3R, 4/?)-4-(ethoxycarbonyl)-l-oxo-2-propyl-l,2,3,4- tetrahydroisoquinolin-3-yl)phenoxy)-2-fluorophenyl)(4-methoxyphenyl)iodonium hexafluorophosphate
• the initial ion exchange yielded a light brown oil.
• the oil was dissolved in 3 mL of a
• the crude filtered product was dissolved in CH 2 CI 2 to remove it from the filter and the solvent was evaporated.
• the colorless solid was recrystallized from CH 2 Ci 2 /heptanes to give a colorless, crystalline solid. (14.6 mg, 50%).
• 3,4-dimethoxy-L-phenylalanine (100.0 g, 0.44 mol) was added to 1.3 L of methanol and the solution was cooled to 0 °C with an ice-water bath. Thionyl chloride (48 mL , 0.66 mol) was added slowly to the chilled solution. The ice bath was removed and the reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 10 hours. The solution was allowed to cool to room temperature and the methanol was removed by rotary evaporation. The oily residue was dissolved in 250 mL of deionized water, and the resulting solution was brought to pH 12 with saturated aqueous sodium carbonate. The aqueous solution was extracted with
• Trifluoroacetic acid 39 mL, 0.502 mmol was added to a stirred solution of (5)-3- (3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-l-methoxy-l -oxopropan-2-amine (60.0 g, 0.251 mol) in 2 L of acetonitrile.
• N-iodosuccinimide (56.5 g, 0.251 mol) was added in portions over 20 minutes to the stirred reaction mixture, and the 3 L flask round bottom flask was shielded with aluminum foil. After 18 hours, the acetonitrile was removed and the remaining solid was dissolved in deionized water. This solution was treated with saturated aqueous sodium bisulfite until the purple color disappeared.
• the aqueous layer was brought to pH 2 by the careful addition of NaHCC>3, saturated with sodium chloride, and extracted (4 X lOOmL) with ethyl acetate.
• the ethyl acetate layers were combined, dried over sodium sulfate, and the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation to yield the product as a colorless amorphous solid.
• the aqueous layer was removed and the organic layer was extracted with deionized water (3 x 25 mL).
• the aqueous layer was neutralized to pH 6 by addition of solid sodium bicarbonate.
• THF 150 mL was added to the aqueous layer and the solution was stirred vigorously to avoid bilayer formation of the solvents.
• An additional 50 mL aliquot of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate was added to the reaction mixture, followed by a 1 M solution of Boc-anhydride in THF (12.88 g of Boc-anhydride in 60 mL of THF). The mixture was allowed to stir for 2 hours before the THF layer was removed and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 50 mL).
• N-i-butoxycarbonyl-2-(2-iodo-4,5- dihydroxyphenyl)ethanamine (5.0 g, 13.2 mmol) was dissolved in 35 mL of dry, distilled THF. The solution was chilled to 0 °C and diisopropylethylamine (5.8 mL, 33.0 mmol) was added by syringe, and the reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 5 minutes. Ethoxymethyl chloride (3.1 mL, 33.0 mmol) was added dropwise by syringe. After the addition of EOMC1 was completed, the cooling bath was removed and the solution was allowed to warm to room temperature. The reaction mixture was then heated to reflux and allowed to stir for 18 hours.
• reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and the mixture was quenched with a 50 mL aliquot of ice- water.
• the THF was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 40 mL). The organic fractions were combined and were extracted (3 x 50 mL) with an aqueous solution containing 10% potassium carbonate.
• N-( butoxycarbonyl)-2-(2-iodo-4,5-bis(ethoxymethoxy)phenyl)ethanamine (4.5 g, 9.1 mmol) was dissolved in 90 mL of acetonitrile.
• Silica gel was deactivated in the following manner: A 5% triethylamine/hexanes solution was prepared and silica gel was added until a viscous slurry was obtained. The silica gel was then filtered by vacuum filtration and washed with hexanes.
• the aqueous layer was passed through activated carbon, passed through a 0.2 ⁇ PTFE membrane filter, and neutralized to pH 7 with 3 M NaOH.
• a colorless precipitate formed upon neutralization.
• the precipitate was filtered by vacuum and dissolved in 160 mL of boiling acetic acid. After the solution cooled to room temperature over 1.5 hours, large, pale yellow crystals formed. The crystals were filtered by vacuum and washed with small portions of ice-cold acetic acid and ice-cold ethanol. The colorless solid was transferred to a tared round bottom flask and dried under dynamic high vacuum overnight to yield 4-iodo-L- phenylalanine in 45% yield.
• methyl (5)-2-(di-tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-(4- iodophenyl)propanoate (6.4 g, 12.6 mmol) was dissolved in 63 mL of dry, distilled acetonitrile in a polyethylene container. To the same container was added trimethylsilyl acetate (4.2 g, 31.4 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred.
• the dichloromethane was removed under reduced pressure to afford a yellow oil, which was treated with 40 mL of pentanes and sonicated until the salt solidified.
• the pentane was decanted off and the colorless solid was placed under high dynamic vacuum for 5 hours. The colorless solid was then carried forward to the next step without further purification.
• Example 41 N-(3-iodobenzyl)maleimide DIAD (12 mmol, 2.43 g, 2.40 mL, 1.2 eq.) was added over the course of one hour to a solution of 3-iodobenzyl alcohol (10 mmol, 2.34 g, 1.0 eq.), PPh 3 (11 mmol, 2.88 g, 1.1 eq.), and maleimide (11 mmol, 1.07 g, 1.1 eq.) in 100 mL of THF.
• the combined organic layers were washed with water (50 mL) and the obtained water layer was extracted (50 mLx2) with CH 2 CH 2 again.
• the combined organic extracts were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation.
• This compound was dissolved in 1 mL acetonitrile/water (9: 1 by volume) solution and slowly passed down an Amberlite IRA-400 ion exchange column (triflate counterion). After removal of the solvents under reduced pressure, the purified iodonium triflate product (1.06 g, 47%) was obtained by washing the colorless residue with EtOAc to remove any organic impurities.

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