WO2014009003A1 - Adapter für ein zentrifugengefäss - Google Patents
Adapter für ein zentrifugengefäss Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2014009003A1 WO2014009003A1 PCT/EP2013/002011 EP2013002011W WO2014009003A1 WO 2014009003 A1 WO2014009003 A1 WO 2014009003A1 EP 2013002011 W EP2013002011 W EP 2013002011W WO 2014009003 A1 WO2014009003 A1 WO 2014009003A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- adapter
- region
- side wall
- adapter according
- centrifuge
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B04—CENTRIFUGAL APPARATUS OR MACHINES FOR CARRYING-OUT PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES
- B04B—CENTRIFUGES
- B04B5/00—Other centrifuges
- B04B5/04—Radial chamber apparatus for separating predominantly liquid mixtures, e.g. butyrometers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B04—CENTRIFUGAL APPARATUS OR MACHINES FOR CARRYING-OUT PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES
- B04B—CENTRIFUGES
- B04B5/00—Other centrifuges
- B04B5/04—Radial chamber apparatus for separating predominantly liquid mixtures, e.g. butyrometers
- B04B5/0407—Radial chamber apparatus for separating predominantly liquid mixtures, e.g. butyrometers for liquids contained in receptacles
- B04B5/0414—Radial chamber apparatus for separating predominantly liquid mixtures, e.g. butyrometers for liquids contained in receptacles comprising test tubes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B04—CENTRIFUGAL APPARATUS OR MACHINES FOR CARRYING-OUT PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES
- B04B—CENTRIFUGES
- B04B5/00—Other centrifuges
- B04B5/02—Centrifuges consisting of a plurality of separate bowls rotating round an axis situated between the bowls
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B04—CENTRIFUGAL APPARATUS OR MACHINES FOR CARRYING-OUT PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES
- B04B—CENTRIFUGES
- B04B5/00—Other centrifuges
- B04B5/04—Radial chamber apparatus for separating predominantly liquid mixtures, e.g. butyrometers
- B04B5/0407—Radial chamber apparatus for separating predominantly liquid mixtures, e.g. butyrometers for liquids contained in receptacles
- B04B2005/0435—Radial chamber apparatus for separating predominantly liquid mixtures, e.g. butyrometers for liquids contained in receptacles with adapters for centrifuge tubes or bags
Definitions
- the invention relates to an adapter for a centrifuge vessel.
- Centrifuge vessels such as centrifuge bottles, are specialized containers having a vessel body and a closable or non-closable opening for use in a centrifuge for receiving and separating samples.
- a centrifuge mixtures are separated using high acceleration forces.
- a mixture to be separated is placed in a centrifuge vessel and then driven in rotation so that separation processes take place by centrifugal forces within the centrifuge vessel.
- individual liquids can be separated from one another or particles from a liquid. Due to the high acceleration values, enormous forces act on the centrifuge vessel and its contents, so that centrifuge vessels have to be mechanically particularly stable or have to be stabilized.
- centrifuge tubes there are several embodiments for centrifuge tubes, so that adapters are used to adapt the different geometries of the centrifuge tubes to a centrifuge holder.
- the centrifuge tubes are received by the adapter, and the adapter is mounted on the holder of a centrifuge rotor, which is rotationally driven during a centrifuging operation.
- centrifuge tubes used for sample collection As a result, however, the centrifuge tubes lose stability - often to the point that they can no longer support themselves. This problem also occurs with sample bags, such as those used for centrifuging blood. In the case of such centrifuge tubes, adapters also serve to support and retain the vessels.
- centrifuge tubes are used in order to be able to centrifuge more efficiently.
- Each centrifugation is associated with a predetermined amount of time, so that as large as possible centrifuge tubes are used to save time and money.
- All- Due to the prevailing high acceleration forces during centrifuging tremendous forces are released, which act both on the centrifuge vessel and on the adapter. It may happen that the centrifuge vessel and the adapter are deformed so that they can be separated from each other only poorly or not at all. Also, this can result in an increased risk of injury when removing the centrifuge vessel, that the centrifuge vessel and the adapter have firmly deformed into each other and can not be easily separated. Finally, there is a risk that the deformed centrifuge vessel can not be used again, which in turn increases the cost of centrifuging. Because of these risks, it is common to limit centrifugal vessels of larger volume in acceleration, but this reduces the separation efficiency.
- the invention relates to an adapter for a centrifuge vessel with a one-piece shell-like base body which delimits a cavity for receiving the centrifuge vessel and has a bottom area and a side wall area adjoining the latter, the upper edge of which defines the opening edge of the cavity. wherein there is at least one expansion joint in the sidewall region which, by applying a force, allows the sidewall region to be expanded from an initial position to an expanded position such that the length of the opening edge in the expanded position is increased compared to the initial position.
- the adapter is formed of a plastic such that the side wall area automatically returns to the starting position when the force is lost.
- a provision in the starting position is also understood to mean a provision in which the outside diameter of the adapter base body is in the reset position from the original outside diameter at the same position by up to ⁇ 10%, preferably at most ⁇ 5%, in particular not more than ⁇ 2%. and more preferably at most ⁇ 1%.
- the inventive design of the adapter allows in a very simple manner, on the one hand, the easy removal of a centrifuge vessel by by applying a force of the opening edge of the cavity, which receives the centrifuge vessel, is widened. This is possible only by that in the sidewall region of the adapter, an expansion joint is provided and the adapter itself is made of a plastic, which, since it can be restored to the starting position, has elastic properties.
- the combination of these features makes it possible to increase the longitudinal extent of the opening edge without having to provide any folding or opening devices on the adapter. In addition, no closing or holding devices are required, which would have to fix the adapter in the starting position in which the opening edge is not expanded.
- a provision from the expanded to the starting position is due solely to the adapter due to its (one-piece) shape and its material inherent restoring force.
- This also has the advantage that the centrifuge vessel in the adapter can be securely held and stabilized at any time, since the adapter is in the unexpanded starting position, as long as the opening edge is not selectively expanded by applying a force.
- the length of the opening edge in the starting position is expediently chosen so that the cavity bounding the upper edge of the side wall portion in the starting position fits tightly against the centrifuge vessel.
- the elastic properties of the adapter allow adaptation of the adapter both to the centrifuge vessel in its interior and to a holding device such as a centrifugal (swing) cup or the like, even under the action of high centrifugal forces of, for example, 5,000 to 10,000 times the C number. which receives the adapter and serves for attachment to the centrifuge rotor.
- the holding device also stabilizes the outer circumference of the adapter during the centrifuging process and prevents so that the adapter expands too much. Because of its elastic properties, the adapter can adapt but with its outer circumference to the contact surface of the holding device and be supported there.
- adapter and centrifuge tube have a longer life. Because of the good support and large and / or thin-walled centrifuge tubes, for example, with a receiving volume of up to 3000 milliliters, can be used at high rotational speeds. Throughput and separation efficiency are improved.
- an expansion joint should be understood to mean any type of material recess in the sidewall area which allows a movement of partial sections of the sidewall regions relative to one another.
- the expansion joint is preferably designed as a recess passing through the wall thickness, in particular as a slot. It can also form several recesses together an expansion joint.
- the expansion joint is a recess which, in particular in the form of a straight slot, extends from the upper edge of the side wall region in the direction of the bottom region. The expansion joint thus separates the side wall region into two sections, which can be pulled apart starting from the upper edge delimiting the cavity, thereby increasing the length of the opening edge.
- the length of the opening edge is measured along the inner edge of the side wall region adjoining directly to the cavity, the shortest distance between the end points of the inner edge separated by the expansion joint being taken into account in the expanded state. In the starting position these two end points are closer together than in the expanded position.
- the expansion joint extends from the opening edge in the direction of the bottom region of the adapter downwards so far that the partial sections of the side wall region can be sufficiently far removed from one another to be able to remove the centrifuge vessel from the adapter in a comfortable manner.
- the expansion joint extends into the edge of the bottom portion of the adapter.
- the expansion joint comprises a notch extending from the top edge into an upper sidewall region of the adapter.
- at least one recess is present, which extends laterally adjacent to the notch and opposite to this in the direction of the bottom area so that between the notch and recess a land area is formed.
- this web area can be set up in the horizontal direction and thus increase the opening edge.
- the recess may be formed arcuate, wherein "arcuate" not only rounded, but which should also include angled forms. The arcuate recess will preferably be arranged below the notch, that the latter sits approximately in the middle above the arc.
- a slot-like recess running in the direction of the bottom region can adjoin the arcuate recess, which leads to a substantially fork-shaped or ⁇ '-shaped expansion joint. This additionally facilitates the widening of the side wall area and thus simplifies the removal of the centrifuge vessel from the adapter.
- an arcuate recess may be present laterally adjacent to the notch depending on a recess.
- These recesses may be parallel or at an angle with respect to each other and / or with respect to the notch.
- the recesses are again preferably slot-like, but other shapes are possible as long as sufficient stability of the adapter is maintained.
- the indentations themselves may be of any shape, such as a slot or wedge shape. The length depends on how strong the widening of the opening edge should be.
- expansion joints in the sidewall region of the adapter may be sufficient to achieve the purpose of the invention, it is preferable to provide more than one expansion joint, as this facilitates handling of the adapter.
- two to four expansion joints, preferably uniformly distributed, are provided in the circumferential direction of the sidewall area.
- the expansion joints can be the same or different.
- Bottom area and side wall area of the adapter are arranged at an angle to each other.
- a rounded transition region is present between them.
- the curvature of the transition region can contribute to increasing the restoring force with which the side wall region springs back from the position widened against the curvature to the starting position.
- due to the curvature of the side wall portion in the circumferential direction of the cup-shaped adapter base body in this area voltage builds up when a side wall segment is pulled outwardly and thereby flattened against this curvature.
- To stiffen the adapter and also to increase the springback properties may be formed on the outside of the main body reinforcing ribs. Preferably, these extend from the side wall area over the transition area to the bottom area.
- the ribs are the reduced contact surface of the adapter on the holding device that receives the adapter.
- the ribs can easily adapt to the contact surface of the holding device and can easily be detached again from this.
- the reinforcing ribs are also made of elastically deformable material as part of the one-piece adapter base body, they can provide mechanical damping and thus absorb further forces during centrifugation.
- the ribs specify an outer geometry of the adapter. For example, the shape of the centrifuge vessel - and thus the shape of the receiving cavity of the adapter - may be different than the outer shape of the adapter.
- the centrifuge holder may have a square basic shape that is replicated by the reinforcing ribs.
- reinforcing ribs can be increasingly arranged in corner regions of the receiving body.
- the base body For easy removal of the adapter and to this particularly easy to widen, is expediently provided at an upper edge region of the base body at least one handle projection, for example in the form of a pin.
- a handle projection for example in the form of a pin.
- the grip projection may be integrally formed with the main body or attached thereto as a separate part. The former is preferred.
- the adapter body is suitably made of a flexurally elastic and in particular of an elastomeric plastic.
- This may in principle be any suitable plastic which has the necessary rigidity to receive in the starting position a cavity arranged in the centrifuge vessel and to keep stable, while at the same time sufficiently flexible mechanically to be deformed for removal of the vessel in the expanded position and to spring back to the starting position after elimination of this expansion force.
- the exact mechanical properties such as dimensional stability and elasticity, depend inter alia on the dimensions of the adapter and the type and size of the centrifuge vessel to be accommodated.
- Self-supporting centrifuge tubes require less support and support through the adapter than centrifuge tubes of low wall thickness, which do not carry themselves, such as blood bags.
- plastics that have sufficient resistance to chemicals in the event that they come into contact with leaking samples.
- temperature-resistant plastics that can be used both in cooled centrifuges and at elevated outside temperatures.
- injection-moldable plastics are used, since this method is particularly suitable for the production of the one-piece adapter base body. If the entire adapter is integrally formed, which is preferred, this overall expedient consists of injection-moldable plastic and is produced by injection molding.
- Elastomeric plastics are to be understood here as meaning all elastically deformable plastics, namely both homopolymers and copolymers as well as polymer blends, with or without fillers, such as minerals or fibers.
- the term is intended to include in particular thermoplastic elastomers. Concrete examples of suitable and preferred plastics are polyolefins, in particular polypropylenes, or polyamides. It is also possible to use blends or copolymers of these plastics.
- FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of an adapter with a centrifuge vessel and a centrifuge genhalterung.
- Fig. 2 shows the embodiment of the adapter of Figure 1 in perspective view.
- FIG. 3 shows the adapter of FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 during the release of the centrifuge vessel from the adapter after a centrifuging operation
- FIG. 4 shows a second embodiment of an adapter in a perspective view.
- Fig. 5 shows a third embodiment of an adapter in perspective view
- Fig. 6 shows a fourth embodiment of an adapter in a perspective view.
- Fig. 1 shows an embodiment of an adapter 10 with a centrifuge vessel 30 received therein.
- the centrifuge vessel 30 is formed as a bottle with a vessel body 31 and a closure body 32 in the form of a screw cap.
- the adapter 10 and the centrifuge vessel 30 are received in a centrifuge holder 60 which is mountable to the rotor of a centrifuge so that the centrifuge holder 60, the adapter 10 and the centrifuge vessel 30 are accelerated together in the centrifuge and inside the sealed centrifuge vessel 30 Content can be centrifuged.
- the centrifuging may serve to separate two or more different liquids in the centrifuge vessel 30 or to separate a liquid containing solid particles.
- Fig. 2 shows the adapter 10 of Fig.
- the adapter 10 has a shell-shaped or cup-shaped body with a bottom region 12 and a side wall region 13, which are connected to one another via a curved transition region 123.
- Floor and side wall area bound a cavity 11, which serves to receive the centrifuge vessel 30.
- the composite body has four expansion joints in the form of slot-shaped recesses 14 which extend from an edge of the bottom region 12 via the transition region 123 and the side wall region 13 to an upper edge 15 of the side wall region 13 of the adapter 10.
- the upper edge 15 is the upper end of the side wall portion 13 and the inner edge of the upper edge portion 18.
- the four recesses 14 of the side wall portion 13 is divided into four sections or segments 16 which communicate with each other via the bottom portion 12.
- the segments 16 can be pulled outwardly, whereby the length of the opening edge, which is defined by the upper edge 15, and thus at the same time the opening cross-section of the cavity 1 1, increases.
- the adapter reinforcing ribs 19 are formed. They extend from the upper edge area 18 starting from the side wall area 13 along over the transition region 123 down into the bottom portion 12 and stiffen the adapter. In addition, they facilitate the manufacture of the adapter by injection molding, improve the adaptability of the adapter to the contact surface of the centrifuge holder 60 and facilitate the detachment of the adapter from the same.
- the adapter 10 is integrally formed and made of an elastomeric plastic material such as polypropylene or polyamide, preferably fiber-reinforced polyamide, for example by injection molding.
- the plastic material is flexurally elastic so that the four segments 16 are movable relative to one another to receive the centrifuge vessel 30 (see FIG. 1) prior to the centrifuging operation and to dispense it after the centrifuging operation.
- the movement of the segments 16 relative to each other takes place, as described, expediently using the pin-shaped projections 17.
- the pin-shaped projections 17 are used to remove the adapter 10 from the centrifuge holder 60. This may be a centrifugal cup a swing bucket rotor. By the pin-shaped projections 17, the adapter 10 can be removed together with the vessel 30 from the cup.
- Fig. 3 shows the adapter 10 of Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 with a recorded centrifuge vessel 30 after a centrifugation.
- a segment 16 of the adapter 10 to the outside elastic be deformed, so that between the centrifuge vessel 30 and the adapter 10, a free space 20 is formed.
- the pin-shaped projection 17 is pulled by the user with a finger to the outside. In this case, the opening cross-section of the cavity 1 1 increases, and its opening edge is extended.
- the sidewall portion 13 of the bent-away segment 16 detaches from the wall of the centrifuge vessel 30, and the centrifuge vessel can be easily removed from the adapter 10.
- the adapter returns automatically from the expanded position shown in FIG. 3 to the initial position shown in FIG. This is caused on the one hand by the inherent resilience of the elastically deformable plastic spring and on the other hand by the shape of the adapter.
- the curved formation of the side wall portion 13 in the circumferential direction and the transition region 123 and the bending of the reinforcing ribs 19, against which must be applied when bending out of the sector 16 force a provision of the segment 16 in the starting position, in which the inner wall surfaces of the adapter abut the outer wall of the centrifuge vessel and support this.
- Fig. 4 shows a further embodiment of an adapter according to the invention. It differs from the adapter of Fig. 1 to 3 mainly in the formation of the expansion joint 14.
- This is here forked or Y-shaped and consists of an arcuate recess portion 141, to which a slot-like recess 142 connects in the apex region of the arc.
- the arcuate part 141 surrounds a tongue-shaped notch 140 which, starting from the upper edge 15, extends into the side wall section 13 of the adapter base body.
- the adapters shown in Figs. 5 and 6 function.
- Other embodiments of an adapter are conceivable, such as adapters for different sizes and geometries of centrifuge tubes, as well as adapters for different types of centrifuges and their centrifuge mounts. Typical centrifuge vessels have, for example, a volume of 100 to 3000 milliliters.
Landscapes
- Centrifugal Separators (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US14/413,284 US20150141233A1 (en) | 2012-07-09 | 2013-07-08 | Adapter For A Centrifuge Vessel |
JP2015520846A JP6088647B2 (ja) | 2012-07-09 | 2013-07-08 | 遠心機容器用アダプタ |
GB1500625.7A GB2518323B (en) | 2012-07-09 | 2013-07-08 | Adapter for a centrifuge vessel |
CN201380046245.1A CN104602820B (zh) | 2012-07-09 | 2013-07-08 | 用于离心分离机器皿的适配器 |
HK15107469.0A HK1206675A1 (en) | 2012-07-09 | 2015-08-04 | Adapter for a centrifuge vessel |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102012013641.2 | 2012-07-09 | ||
DE102012013641.2A DE102012013641A1 (de) | 2012-07-09 | 2012-07-09 | Adapter für ein Zentrifugengefäß |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2014009003A1 true WO2014009003A1 (de) | 2014-01-16 |
Family
ID=49000893
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2013/002011 WO2014009003A1 (de) | 2012-07-09 | 2013-07-08 | Adapter für ein zentrifugengefäss |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20150141233A1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP6088647B2 (de) |
CN (1) | CN104602820B (de) |
DE (1) | DE102012013641A1 (de) |
GB (1) | GB2518323B (de) |
HK (1) | HK1206675A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2014009003A1 (de) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2016000393A (ja) * | 2014-06-06 | 2016-01-07 | サーモ エレクトロン エルエーデー ゲーエムベーハー | 遠心分離機の試料容器用のアダプタ、アダプタ群及び遠心分離システム |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20170368560A1 (en) * | 2016-06-27 | 2017-12-28 | Flotek Chemistry, Llc | Centrifuge container adapter and related articles, systems, and methods |
DE102021117823A1 (de) | 2021-07-09 | 2023-01-12 | Lmb Technologie Gmbh | Zentrifugenadapter |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5562583A (en) * | 1995-09-07 | 1996-10-08 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Tube adapter for centrifuge shell type rotor |
US20040209755A1 (en) * | 2003-04-15 | 2004-10-21 | Moore Patrick Q. | Centrifuge adapter |
US20080237115A1 (en) * | 2007-03-26 | 2008-10-02 | Japan Medical Materials Corporation | Centrifugal separation-use device |
Family Cites Families (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JPH07276420A (ja) * | 1994-04-04 | 1995-10-24 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | インモールド転写成形方法および成形用金型 |
US6170698B1 (en) * | 1999-06-29 | 2001-01-09 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Adapter for dispensing stacked interfolded sheets from a rolled product dispenser |
US6629918B2 (en) * | 2001-05-21 | 2003-10-07 | Carlos G. Mesa | Centrifuge adapter |
DE102004062232B4 (de) * | 2004-12-23 | 2013-01-10 | Thermo Electron Led Gmbh | Rotor für Laborzentrifugen |
CN201235314Y (zh) * | 2007-12-05 | 2009-05-13 | 中国农业科学院北京畜牧兽医研究所 | 多功能系列离心管适配装置 |
CN102281949B (zh) * | 2008-12-23 | 2014-10-22 | 新彼奥医疗系统公司 | 用于执行凝集化验的装置和分析系统 |
US8147393B2 (en) * | 2009-01-19 | 2012-04-03 | Fiberlite Centrifuge, Llc | Composite centrifuge rotor |
JP2011158055A (ja) * | 2010-02-03 | 2011-08-18 | Pascal Engineering Corp | 位置決めピン |
WO2012134814A1 (en) * | 2011-04-01 | 2012-10-04 | Tyco Electronics Corporation | Fiber optic adapters and connector devices with mounting features and mounting systems and methods including same |
DE102012013642B4 (de) * | 2012-07-09 | 2020-12-24 | Thermo Electron Led Gmbh | Zentrifugengefäßeinheit |
JP6572009B2 (ja) * | 2015-06-19 | 2019-09-04 | 株式会社久保田製作所 | 遠心分離機のスイング型ロータ用バケット |
-
2012
- 2012-07-09 DE DE102012013641.2A patent/DE102012013641A1/de not_active Ceased
-
2013
- 2013-07-08 GB GB1500625.7A patent/GB2518323B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2013-07-08 JP JP2015520846A patent/JP6088647B2/ja active Active
- 2013-07-08 WO PCT/EP2013/002011 patent/WO2014009003A1/de active Application Filing
- 2013-07-08 US US14/413,284 patent/US20150141233A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2013-07-08 CN CN201380046245.1A patent/CN104602820B/zh active Active
-
2015
- 2015-08-04 HK HK15107469.0A patent/HK1206675A1/xx unknown
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5562583A (en) * | 1995-09-07 | 1996-10-08 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Tube adapter for centrifuge shell type rotor |
US20040209755A1 (en) * | 2003-04-15 | 2004-10-21 | Moore Patrick Q. | Centrifuge adapter |
US20080237115A1 (en) * | 2007-03-26 | 2008-10-02 | Japan Medical Materials Corporation | Centrifugal separation-use device |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2016000393A (ja) * | 2014-06-06 | 2016-01-07 | サーモ エレクトロン エルエーデー ゲーエムベーハー | 遠心分離機の試料容器用のアダプタ、アダプタ群及び遠心分離システム |
CN105289856A (zh) * | 2014-06-06 | 2016-02-03 | 热电子Led有限公司 | 用于离心机的样品容器的适配器、适配器组及离心分离系统 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2015521954A (ja) | 2015-08-03 |
GB2518323A (en) | 2015-03-18 |
GB201500625D0 (en) | 2015-03-04 |
HK1206675A1 (en) | 2016-01-15 |
CN104602820A (zh) | 2015-05-06 |
US20150141233A1 (en) | 2015-05-21 |
JP6088647B2 (ja) | 2017-03-01 |
CN104602820B (zh) | 2018-05-25 |
GB2518323B (en) | 2017-10-04 |
DE102012013641A1 (de) | 2014-01-09 |
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