WO2013172269A1 - 光検出器 - Google Patents
光検出器 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013172269A1 WO2013172269A1 PCT/JP2013/063182 JP2013063182W WO2013172269A1 WO 2013172269 A1 WO2013172269 A1 WO 2013172269A1 JP 2013063182 W JP2013063182 W JP 2013063182W WO 2013172269 A1 WO2013172269 A1 WO 2013172269A1
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
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- H01L31/02162—Coatings for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for filtering or shielding light, e.g. multicolour filters for photodetectors
- H01L31/02164—Coatings for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for filtering or shielding light, e.g. multicolour filters for photodetectors for shielding light, e.g. light blocking layers, cold shields for infrared detectors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/0248—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies
- H01L31/0352—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their shape or by the shapes, relative sizes or disposition of the semiconductor regions
- H01L31/035236—Superlattices; Multiple quantum well structures
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y20/00—Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0232—Optical elements or arrangements associated with the device
- H01L31/02327—Optical elements or arrangements associated with the device the optical elements being integrated or being directly associated to the device, e.g. back reflectors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/0248—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies
- H01L31/0352—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their shape or by the shapes, relative sizes or disposition of the semiconductor regions
- H01L31/035209—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their shape or by the shapes, relative sizes or disposition of the semiconductor regions comprising a quantum structures
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/08—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof in which radiation controls flow of current through the device, e.g. photoresistors
- H01L31/10—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof in which radiation controls flow of current through the device, e.g. photoresistors characterised by potential barriers, e.g. phototransistors
- H01L31/101—Devices sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/08—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof in which radiation controls flow of current through the device, e.g. photoresistors
- H01L31/10—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof in which radiation controls flow of current through the device, e.g. photoresistors characterised by potential barriers, e.g. phototransistors
- H01L31/101—Devices sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation
- H01L31/102—Devices sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation characterised by only one potential barrier
- H01L31/103—Devices sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation characterised by only one potential barrier the potential barrier being of the PN homojunction type
- H01L31/1035—Devices sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation characterised by only one potential barrier the potential barrier being of the PN homojunction type the devices comprising active layers formed only by AIIIBV compounds
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a photodetector.
- QWIP Quantum Well Infrared Light Sensor
- QDIP Quantum Dot Infrared Light Sensor
- QCD Quantum Cascade Light Sensor
- QWIP and QCD include a semiconductor stacked body having a periodic stacked structure such as a quantum well structure or a quantum cascade structure.
- this semiconductor stacked body current is generated by the electric field component only when incident light has an electric field component in the stacking direction of the semiconductor stacked body. Therefore, light having no electric field component in the stacking direction (stacking direction of the semiconductor stack) (The plane wave incident from the light source) does not have photosensitivity.
- a gold thin film is provided on the surface of the semiconductor stack, and holes having a diameter equal to or smaller than the wavelength of the light are periodically formed in the thin film.
- a formed photodetector is known (see Non-Patent Document 1).
- light is modulated so as to have an electric field component in the stacking direction of the semiconductor stacked body by the effect of surface plasmon resonance in the gold thin film.
- Patent Document 2 a photodetector that is processed so that the incident surface is inclined with respect to the stacking direction of the semiconductor stacked body is known (see Patent Document 2).
- light refracted and incident from the incident surface repeats total reflection within the chip, thereby modulating the light so as to have an electric field component in the stacking direction of the semiconductor stacked body.
- Non-Patent Document 2 In the first place, photodetectors using quantum wells have a characteristic that the wavelength band that can be detected is narrow, and as an attempt to realize a wider wavelength band, different barrier thicknesses and well widths and heights are used. It is known to form a structure having a structure (see Patent Document 3), and to stack quantum well layers having different compositions and extract signals from the respective layers (Non-Patent Document 2).
- JP 2000-156513 A JP 2012-69801 A JP 2001-524757 A
- Non-Patent Document 1 has a QWIP structure in which quantum wells having equal well widths are simply stacked as a quantum well structure.
- the photodetector is externally provided. It is necessary to apply a bias voltage, and the adverse effect of the dark current on the photosensitivity due to this cannot be ignored.
- the quantum well structure in which light absorption occurs is distributed from the surface layer to the deep layer of the semiconductor stacked body. If the electric field component in the stacking direction of the resulting semiconductor stacked body cannot be provided uniformly to these layers, the contribution of light absorption in the deep layer (portion far from the light incident side) is reduced.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a photodetector that can detect light that does not have an electric field component in the stacking direction of a semiconductor stacked body and that has a wide wavelength band with sensitivity.
- the photodetector of the present invention includes a structure including a first region and a second region periodically arranged with respect to the first region along a plane perpendicular to the predetermined direction.
- An optical element that generates an electric field component in a predetermined direction when light is incident along the direction, and is disposed on the other side of the optical element opposite to one side in the predetermined direction, and is generated by the optical element.
- a semiconductor stacked body having a quantum cascade structure that generates a current by an electric field component in a predetermined direction, the quantum cascade structure being higher than the first quantum upper level and the first quantum upper level.
- An active region having a low second quantum upper level and an injector region that transports electrons excited in the active region.
- the optical element provided in the photodetector generates an electric field component in a predetermined direction when light is incident along the predetermined direction.
- This electric field component electrons are excited in the active region in the quantum cascade structure of the semiconductor stacked body, and this electron is transported by the injector region, thereby generating a current in the quantum cascade structure.
- the active region has a first quantum upper level and a second quantum upper level lower than the first quantum upper level, it corresponds to the electron excitation energy to each quantum upper level.
- this photodetector can detect light that does not have an electric field component in the stacking direction of the semiconductor stacked body, and has a wide wavelength band with sensitivity.
- the semiconductor stacked body may have a plurality of quantum cascade structures stacked along a predetermined direction. In this case, since a larger current is generated in the semiconductor stacked body, the photosensitivity of the photodetector is further increased.
- the photodetector of the present invention further includes a first contact layer formed on the surface of one side of the semiconductor stacked body, and a second contact layer formed on the surface of the other side of the semiconductor stacked body. You may have.
- the photodetector of the present invention includes a first electrode electrically connected to the first contact layer, and a second electrode electrically connected to the second contact layer. Furthermore, you may provide. According to these, the current generated in the semiconductor stacked body can be detected efficiently.
- the photodetector of the present invention may further include a substrate on which the second contact layer, the semiconductor stacked body, the first contact layer, and the optical element are sequentially stacked from the other side. According to this, it is possible to stabilize each configuration of the photodetector.
- the first region may be made of a dielectric that transmits light along a predetermined direction and modulates the light, and surface plasmon is excited by the light. It may be made of metal. In any case, when light enters the optical element along a predetermined direction, an electric field component in a predetermined direction can be generated, so that a current can be generated in the quantum cascade structure of the semiconductor stacked body.
- the period of the arrangement of the second region with respect to the first region may be 0.5 to 500 ⁇ m. According to this, when light enters the optical element along a predetermined direction, an electric field component in the predetermined direction can be generated more efficiently.
- the light incident on the optical element included in the photodetector of the present invention may be infrared light.
- the photodetector of the present invention can be suitably used as an infrared photodetector.
- the optical element may generate an electric field component in a predetermined direction when light enters from one side, or the optical element includes a semiconductor laminate. An electric field component in a predetermined direction may be generated when light enters from the other side.
- a photodetector that can detect light that does not have an electric field component in the stacking direction of a semiconductor stacked body and that has a wide wavelength band with sensitivity.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line II-II in FIG. It is a top view of the optical element of the 1st Embodiment of this invention.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along line IV-IV in FIG. 3. It is a figure shown about the subband level structure in a quantum cascade structure. It is a top view of the modification of the optical element of the 1st Embodiment of this invention. It is a top view of the modification of the optical element of the 1st Embodiment of this invention. It is sectional drawing of the photodetector of the 2nd Embodiment of this invention.
- FIG. 13 is a sectional view taken along line XIII-XIII in FIG. 12. It is a top view of the photodetector of the 6th Embodiment of this invention.
- FIG. 14 is a sectional view taken along line XV-XV in FIG. 13. It is an electric field strength distribution by the FDTD method about the optical element of FIG. It is a graph which shows the photosensitivity spectrum according to the number of quantum upper levels. It is a graph which shows the integrated value of vertical electric field strength at the time of changing the number of steps of a quantum cascade structure.
- the light to be detected by the photodetector of this embodiment is infrared light (light having a wavelength of 1 to 1000 ⁇ m).
- the photodetector 1A includes a rectangular plate-like substrate 2 made of n-type InP and having a thickness of 300 to 500 ⁇ m, and includes contact layers 3 and 5 and a semiconductor laminate. 4, the electrodes 6 and 7, and the optical element 10 are laminated.
- This photodetector 1 ⁇ / b> A is a photodetector that utilizes light absorption of transition between quantum subbands in the semiconductor stacked body 4.
- a contact layer (second contact layer) 3 is provided on the entire surface 2 a of the substrate 2.
- a semiconductor laminate 4 is provided on the entire surface 3 a of the contact layer 3.
- a contact layer (first contact layer) 5 is provided on the entire surface 4 a of the semiconductor stacked body 4.
- An electrode (first electrode) 6 is formed in an annular shape so as to surround the optical element 10 in a peripheral region of the surface 5 a where the optical element 10 is not provided.
- another electrode (second electrode) 7 is provided on the entire surface 2 b opposite to the surface 2 a of the substrate 2.
- the semiconductor stacked body 4 has a quantum cascade structure designed according to the wavelength of light to be detected, and the active region 4b where light is absorbed and electrons are excited is positioned on the optical element 10 side.
- the injector region 4c responsible for transporting electrons in one direction is laminated so as to be located on the opposite side.
- the thickness of the quantum cascade structure is about 50 nm.
- semiconductor layers of different energy band gaps for example, InGaAs and InAlAs
- the InGaAs semiconductor layer in the active region 4b functions as a quantum well layer by being doped with an n-type impurity such as silicon
- the InAlAs semiconductor layer functions as a quantum barrier layer with the InGaAs semiconductor layer interposed therebetween.
- InGaAs semiconductor layers not doped with impurities and InAlAs semiconductor layers are alternately stacked.
- the number of stacked layers of InGaAs and InAlAs is, for example, 16 as the total of the active region 4b and the injector region 4c.
- the center wavelength of the absorbed light is determined by the structure of the active region 4b (details will be described later).
- the contact layers 3 and 5 are layers for electrically connecting the semiconductor laminate 4 and the electrodes 6 and 7 in order to detect a current generated in the semiconductor laminate 4 and are made of n-type InGaAs. .
- the thickness of the contact layer 3 is preferably 0.1 to 1 ⁇ m.
- the thickness of the contact layer 5 is as thin as possible so that the effect of the optical element 10 to be described later can easily reach the quantum cascade structure. Specifically, the thickness is preferably 5 to 100 nm.
- the electrodes 6 and 7 are ohmic electrodes made of Ti / Au.
- the optical element 10 generates an electric field component in a predetermined direction when light enters from one side in a predetermined direction (the side where the optical element 10 is provided).
- the optical element 10 includes a structure 11, and the structure 11 includes a first region R ⁇ b> 1 and a first region along a plane perpendicular to a predetermined direction.
- R1 has second regions R2 periodically arranged with a period d of 0.5 to 500 ⁇ m (less than the wavelength of incident light) depending on the wavelength of incident light.
- the structure 11 has a film body 13 provided with a plurality of through holes 12 penetrating from one side to the other side in a predetermined direction.
- the plurality of through holes 12 have a slit shape in plan view of the film body 13 as shown in FIG.
- the slit-shaped through holes 12 are arranged in a line in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the slit shape.
- Each through-hole 12 penetrates from one side in a predetermined direction to the other side (stacking direction of the semiconductor stacked body 4 in FIG. 2) as shown in FIG.
- the thickness of the film body 13 is preferably 10 nm to 2 ⁇ m.
- the first region R1 is a portion 13a between the through holes 12 in the film body 13, and is specifically made of gold.
- region R2 is the space S in the through-hole 12, and is specifically air. That is, when the photodetector 1 ⁇ / b> A is viewed in plan from the optical element 10 side (that is, in FIG. 1), a part of the contact layer 5 is viewed from the through hole 12.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a subband level structure in the quantum cascade structure of the photodetector 1A shown in FIG. 1 and FIG.
- One quantum cascade structure includes a unit laminated body 46 including a first barrier layer 171, an absorption well layer 141 used for absorption of incident light, and an extraction unit structure 48 that performs relaxation, transport, and the like of excited electrons. It corresponds to.
- the quantum cascade structure is a semiconductor stacked structure including n quantum well layers including a first well layer functioning as an absorption well layer, and n quantum barrier layers, where n is an integer of 4 or more. It is configured.
- the extraction structure 48 is configured by alternately stacking the second barrier layer to the nth barrier layer and the second well layer to the nth well layer, excluding the first barrier layer 171 and the absorption well layer 141. Yes.
- the active region 4b is formed by the first barrier layer 171, the absorption well layer 141, and the second barrier layer, and the structure after the second barrier layer corresponds to the injector region 4c.
- each of the unit stacked bodies 46 includes a first barrier layer 171, an absorption well layer 141 that is a first well layer, and an extraction structure 48 in order from the unit stacked body 46 a in the previous stage.
- a subband level structure which is an energy level structure with a quantum well structure, is formed in the unit laminate structure 46.
- the unit stacked body 46 has, in its subband level structure, a detection lower level (base level) L 1a and a detection upper level (upper excitation level) L 1b due to the absorption well layer 141. , Having a second level L 2 , a third level L 3 , a fourth level L 4 ,..., An nth level L n due to each well layer of the extraction structure 48 excluding the absorption well layer 141. is doing.
- the second level L 2 to the n-th level L n are levels generated as a result of quantum mechanical coupling caused by the second to n-th well layers, for example.
- the detection lower level L 1a and the upper level L 1b are levels related to light absorption by electronic excitation between subbands.
- the second level L 2 to the nth level L n constitute an extraction level structure (relaxation level structure) related to relaxation, transport, and extraction of electrons excited by light absorption.
- the lower detection level L 1a is, for example, a level corresponding to the ground level in the absorption well layer 141.
- the detection upper level L 1b is an energy level higher than the detection lower level L 1a , and is a level corresponding to the excitation level in the absorption well layer 141, for example.
- the second level L 2 to the n-th level L n are levels caused by the ground level in the second to n-th well layers, for example.
- the second level L 2 to the n-th level L n constituting the extraction level structure are usually the second level L 2 on the absorption well layer 141 side and the second level L 2 on the unit stack 46b side on the subsequent stage.
- the energy is set so as to decrease sequentially toward the n level L n . However, the energy order of these levels may be partially changed as long as electrons can be transported.
- the energy interval ⁇ E 12 between the detection upper level L 1b and the second level L 2 for extracting electrons is considered in consideration of the movement of electrons due to the resonant tunneling effect.
- the coupling between the levels is set to be sufficiently large.
- the magnitude of the coupling between the levels can be evaluated by the energy gap of anticrossing between the levels.
- the LO phonon energy E LO is 36 meV when the quantum well layer is made of GaAs, and 32 meV when InAs is used, which is substantially the same as the above 34 meV.
- the lower detection level L of the absorption well layer of the subsequent unit stack 46 b Transported and extracted to 1a at high speed.
- the first region R1 made of gold having free electrons and the second region R2 made of air have a period along a plane perpendicular to a predetermined direction in the structure 11. Since the optical elements 10 are arranged in order, when light enters the optical element 10 from one side in a predetermined direction (for example, when a plane wave enters from the stacking direction of the semiconductor stacked body 4), Surface plasmons are excited by surface plasmon resonance. At this time, an electric field component in a predetermined direction is generated.
- the structure 11 in the optical element 10 has a film body 13 provided with a plurality of through holes 12 penetrating from one side to the other side, and the first region R1 is a through hole in the film body 13.
- a portion 13 a between 12 and the second region R ⁇ b> 2 is a space S in the through hole 12.
- the electric field component in the predetermined direction generated by exciting the surface plasmon as described above is also the electric field component in the stacking direction of the semiconductor stacked body 4, the electric field component causes the quantum cascade of the semiconductor stacked body 4. Electrons are excited in the active region 4b formed on the outermost surface on the optical element 10 side in the structure, and the electrons are transported in one direction by the injector region 4c, thereby generating a current in the quantum cascade structure. This current is detected via the electrodes 6 and 7. That is, according to the photodetector 1A, it is possible to detect light having no electric field component in the stacking direction of the semiconductor stacked body 4. Since electrons are supplied from the electrode 6, the current continuity condition is satisfied.
- the operation in the quantum cascade structure will be described in detail as follows.
- the photodetector 1A the first well layer to the nth well layer and the first barrier layer to the nth barrier layer are alternately stacked in the quantum cascade structure.
- a lower detection level L 1a and an upper detection level L 1b related to electron excitation between subbands due to light absorption are provided in the absorption well layer 141.
- the extraction structure 48 the unit structure 46b of the next period
- An extraction level structure with second level L 2 to n level L n related to electron transport and extraction is provided. According to such a level structure, it is possible to suitably realize light detection operation by light absorption between subbands and extraction of a current generated by light absorption.
- the electrons excited to the detection upper level L 1b by the light absorption in the well layer 141 are moved and relaxed to the second level L 2 by the resonant tunneling effect, so that the electrons are accelerated.
- the energy interval between the second level L 2 and the third level L 3 in the extracted level structure of the second level L 2 to the nth level L n is determined by the condition E LO ⁇ ⁇ E 23 ⁇ 2 x E LO It is set to satisfy.
- electrons that have moved from the detection upper level L 1b to the second level L 2 due to the resonant tunneling effect move from the second level L 2 to the third and subsequent levels via LO phonon scattering. It will be pulled out at high speed. This suppresses the electrons excited to the upper level L 1b from being relaxed again to the lower level L 1a without being transported to the subsequent unit stacked body 46b, thereby improving the efficiency of the light detection operation. Can be improved.
- the energy interval between the third level L 3 and the fourth level L 4 is set as the condition ⁇ E 34 ⁇ E LO It is set to satisfy.
- the third, fourth, A plurality of levels including the levels L 3 and L 4 can function as a level to which electrons are extracted from the second level L 2 due to LO phonon scattering. Thereby, the transport of electrons in the extraction level structure can be stabilized and speeded up.
- a quantum cascade photodetector with improved photodetection sensitivity for incident light is preferably realized by efficiently causing carrier electrons excited by light absorption in the absorption well layer 141 to function as a forward current. can do.
- the absorption well layer 141 has two quantum upper levels having different electron excitation energies, it is possible to detect light of two types of wavelengths corresponding to the electron excitation energies to the respective quantum upper levels. . That is, it can be said that the wavelength band having sensitivity of the photodetector 1A is widened.
- the photodetector 1A further includes the contact layers 3 and 5, the semiconductor laminate 4, and the substrate 2 that supports the optical element 10, each configuration of the photodetector 1A is stabilized.
- Non-Patent Document 1 As a photodetector using surface plasmon resonance, the photodetector described in Non-Patent Document 1 is known, but the photodetector has a quantum well structure in which quantum wells with equal well widths are simply stacked. Since the QWIP structure is adopted, it is necessary to apply a bias voltage from the outside in order to operate it as a photodetector, and the adverse effect of the dark current on the photosensitivity cannot be ignored. On the other hand, in the photodetector 1A of the present embodiment, since the injector region 4c is designed to transport the electrons excited in the active region 4b in one direction, a bias voltage is externally applied to operate.
- the active region 4b is formed on one side with respect to the injector region 4c, that is, the outermost surface on the side where the optical element 10 is provided. Further, it can be strongly influenced by the electric field component in a predetermined direction generated by the optical element 10. Therefore, according to the photodetector 1A, it is possible to detect light having a finer intensity that does not have an electric field component in the stacking direction of the semiconductor stacked body with high sensitivity. For example, it becomes possible to detect weaker light as compared with a detector using PbS (Se) or HgCdTe, which is conventionally known as a mid-infrared light detector.
- the photodetector 1A of the present embodiment since a diffraction grating is formed on the surface of the light transmission layer, the degree of freedom in designing as a photodetector is low.
- the photodetector 1A of the present embodiment since the optical element 10 is formed separately from the contact layer 5, selection of a material that excites surface plasmons, formation of the optical element 10, and There is a wide selection of processing techniques. Therefore, the photodetector 1A of the present embodiment has a high degree of freedom in design according to the wavelength of incident light, desired light sensitivity, and the like.
- the quantum well structure in which light absorption occurs is distributed from the surface layer to the deep layer of the semiconductor stacked body. If the required electric field component in the stacking direction of the semiconductor stacked body cannot be provided uniformly to these layers, the contribution of light absorption in the deep layer (portion far from the light incident side) becomes small.
- the active region 4b having a quantum well layer in which light absorption occurs is present at a limited depth in the semiconductor stacked body 4, so that the optical element 10 acts. The generated electric field component in a predetermined direction can be efficiently captured, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency in the semiconductor stacked body 4 is increased.
- the optical detector 1A of the first embodiment can have the optical element 10 in another mode.
- the shape of the plurality of through holes 12 provided in the film body 13 may be a columnar shape, and the arrangement thereof may be a square lattice shape in plan view.
- the light that can excite the surface plasmon is limited to the light having the polarization in the direction in which the slit-shaped through holes are arranged, but the optical element 10 shown in FIG.
- the photodetector of this embodiment including the first region R1 and the second region R2 are periodically arranged in a two-dimensional direction, the polarization direction of incident light that can excite surface plasmons is It will increase to two types.
- the arrangement of the plurality of cylindrical through holes may be changed to a square lattice shape, and may be a triangular lattice shape as shown in FIG. According to this, the dependence on the polarization direction of the incident light is further reduced as compared with the square lattice arrangement.
- the photodetector 1B of the second embodiment shown in FIG. 8 is different from the photodetector 1A of the first embodiment in that the optical element is a dielectric having a large refractive index instead of the optical element 10 made of gold.
- the optical element 20 is composed of a body.
- This optical element 20 is an optical element for modulating light by transmitting light from one side to the other side in a predetermined direction.
- the first region R1 is made of a dielectric material having a high refractive index. Become.
- the difference between the refractive index of the first region (dielectric) R1 and the refractive index of the second region (air) R2 is preferably 2 or more, and more preferably 3 or more.
- germanium has a refractive index of 4.0 and air has a refractive index of 1.0. In this case, the difference in refractive index is 3.0.
- the thickness of the film body 13 in the optical element 20 is preferably 10 nm to 2 ⁇ m.
- the optical detector 1B configured as described above includes the optical element 20, when light enters the optical element 20 from one side in a predetermined direction (for example, the stacking direction of the semiconductor stacked body 4).
- the light is modulated by the difference in refractive index between the first region R1 and the second region R2 periodically arranged along the plane perpendicular to the predetermined direction in the structure 11. Then, the light is emitted from the other side in a predetermined direction. That is, light that does not have an electric field component in a predetermined direction can be efficiently modulated so as to have an electric field component in the predetermined direction.
- the difference between the refractive index of the first region R1 and the refractive index of the second region R2 is 2 or more, and the period d of the arrangement of the first region R1 and the second region R2 is 0.5. Since it is ⁇ 500 ⁇ m and is determined according to the wavelength of incident light, light modulation is performed more efficiently.
- both the first region R1 and the second region R2 are transmissive to incident light, and do not use surface plasmon resonance for light modulation. Therefore, there is an advantage that the photosensitivity that is a concern in the photodetector of the first embodiment does not decrease, and the material used is not limited to a metal having free electrons.
- the optical element 20 can be set to another aspect, similarly to the photodetector 1A of the first embodiment. That is, in the optical element 20, the shape of the plurality of through holes provided in the film body may be a cylindrical shape, and the arrangement thereof may be a square lattice shape or a triangular lattice shape in plan view. Further, the second region may be configured by embedding silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, aluminum oxide or the like in the through hole.
- the photodetector 1C of the third embodiment shown in FIG. 9 is different from the photodetector 1A of the first embodiment in that the contact layer 5 is provided on the entire surface 4a of the semiconductor stacked body 4. Instead, it is provided only directly under the electrode 6 and, accordingly, the optical element 10 is provided directly on the surface 4 a of the semiconductor stacked body 4. Further, instead of the optical element 10, the optical element 20 in the second embodiment may be applied. As will be apparent from the calculation results described later, the electric field component in the predetermined direction generated from the light incident on the optical element from one side in the predetermined direction appears most strongly near the other surface of the optical element. Therefore, the optical detector 1C of the present embodiment has higher photosensitivity than the photodetector 1A of the first embodiment because the optical element 10 and the semiconductor laminate 4 are in direct contact with each other.
- FIGS. 10 and 11 Another embodiment of the photodetector will be described as the fourth embodiment of the present invention.
- the photodetector 1D of the fourth embodiment shown in FIGS. 10 and 11 is different from the photodetector 1C of the third embodiment in that an optical element 10 is formed between the contact layer 5 and the electrode 6.
- An interposition member 10a made of a material (here, gold) is disposed, and the interposition member 10a enters a region between the inner side surface of the contact layer 5 and the optical element 10, and contacts the optical element 10.
- the point is that the layer 5 and the electrode 6 are electrically connected. According to this, even when the optical element 10 is directly provided on the surface 4a of the semiconductor stacked body 4, it is possible to suppress a decrease in photosensitivity due to a series resistance loss.
- the photodetector 1E of the fifth embodiment shown in FIGS. 12 and 13 is different from the photodetector 1A of the first embodiment in that a semi-insulating type InP substrate is used as the substrate 2c.
- the semiconductor laminate 4 has a smaller area than the entire surface 3a of the contact layer 3 and is provided in the center instead of the entire surface 3a of the contact layer 3, and the electrode 7 is provided on the surface of the contact layer 3.
- 3a is a point formed in an annular shape so as to surround the semiconductor stacked body 4 in a peripheral region where the semiconductor stacked body 4 is not provided.
- Such an electrode 7 is obtained by once laminating the contact layer 3, the semiconductor laminate 4, and the contact layer 5, and then etching away the contact layer 5 and the semiconductor laminate 4 to expose the surface 3 a of the contact layer 3. It can be formed.
- the semi-insulating type substrate 2c With small electromagnetic induction, it becomes easy to realize low noise, high speed, or an integrated circuit with an amplifier circuit or the like.
- the photodetector 1E since no electrode is provided on the surface opposite to the contact layer 3 of the substrate 2c, light is incident from the back side (the other side in a predetermined direction) of the photodetector 1E. The light can be detected. Thereby, since reflection and absorption of incident light by the optical element 10 can be avoided, it is possible to further increase the photosensitivity. Furthermore, since light can be easily incident with the photodetector 1E mounted on a package, submount, or integrated circuit by flip chip bonding, there is a merit that the possibility of development to an image sensor or the like is particularly widened. There is.
- an n-type InP substrate can also be used as the substrate.
- FIGS. 14 and 15 Another embodiment of the photodetector will be described as the sixth embodiment of the present invention.
- the difference between the photodetector 1F of the sixth embodiment shown in FIGS. 14 and 15 and the photodetector 1B of the second embodiment is that an optical element 30 having a different shape is used as the optical element.
- the semiconductor stacked body 4 has a plurality of quantum cascade structures stacked along a predetermined direction. Specifically, as illustrated in FIG. 5, the quantum cascade structure (that is, the unit stacked body 46) is stacked in multiple stages.
- the optical element 30 is parallel to each other on the same plane so that a plurality of rod-like bodies 33a (first regions R1) extending in a direction perpendicular to a predetermined direction form a stripe together with the space S (second region R2). Is arranged.
- the electric field component in the predetermined direction has the highest intensity in the portion near the surface layer of the optical element 30. As it becomes, it is attenuated. Since the semiconductor stacked body 4 has a multistage quantum cascade structure, photoexcited electrons are effectively generated even by an electric field component reaching a deep region. For this reason, it can be said that the photodetector of this embodiment has further improved photosensitivity.
- the present invention is not limited to the above embodiment.
- an example in which InAlAs and InGaAs are formed as the quantum cascade structure formed on the InP substrate is taken, but the quantum cascade structure may be formed on InGaAs and InGaAs and formed on the GaAs substrate.
- gold (Au) is shown as the material of the optical element 10, but other metals having low electrical resistance such as aluminum (Al) and silver (Ag) may be used.
- germanium (Ge) is shown as a dielectric material having a high refractive index, which is a material of the optical element 10, but the present invention is not limited to this.
- the metal constituting the ohmic electrodes 6 and 7 in each of the above embodiments is not limited to that shown here. In this way, the present invention can be applied within the range of variations of device shapes that are normally conceivable.
- the optical element 10 in the photodetector of 4th and 5th embodiment may replace with the optical element 10 in the photodetector of 4th and 5th embodiment, and may apply the optical element 20 in 2nd Embodiment, and comprises a 1st area
- materials dielectric constant and permeability by microfabrication technology as disclosed in literature (M. Choi et al., “A terahertz metamaterial with unnaturally high reflective index”, Nature, 470, 369 (2011)) You may use the material called the metamaterial which artificially manipulated.
- the optical element may generate an electric field component in the predetermined direction when light is incident from one side in the predetermined direction.
- the element may generate an electric field component in a predetermined direction when light is incident from the other side in the predetermined direction through the semiconductor stacked body. That is, the optical element of the present invention generates an electric field component in a predetermined direction when light enters along the predetermined direction.
- the dimension ratio (width ratio) in the direction in which they are periodically arranged is not particularly limited.
- the width of the first region R1 may be configured to be smaller than the width of the second region R2, and conversely, the width of the first region R1 may be configured to be greater than the width of the second region R2. Also good. It is possible to design freely according to each purpose.
- the electric field strength distribution in the vicinity of the light emitting side was calculated by simulation.
- the optical element 20 shown in FIG. 8 was targeted.
- the thickness of the optical element 20 and the constituent materials and dimensions of the first region R1 and the second region R2 are as follows.
- Optical element thickness: 0.5 ⁇ m Period d 1.5 ⁇ m
- the incident light is a plane wave having a wavelength of 5.2 ⁇ m and is incident from the lower side to the upper side in FIG. 16 (that is, in a predetermined direction).
- the polarization direction was the direction in which the slit shapes of the optical element 20 were arranged.
- FIG. 16 shows the intensity of the electric field component perpendicular to the surface formed by the first region R1 and the second region R2 in the optical element 20 (that is, the surface perpendicular to the predetermined direction).
- the incident light is a uniform plane wave, and its electric field component exists only in the lateral direction.
- an electric field component in a predetermined direction that was not included in the incident light is newly generated due to the periodic arrangement of the first region (germanium) and the second region (air).
- the region where the vertical electric field strength is strong is concentrated in a range close to the surface layer of the optical element 20, and thus, in the quantum cascade structure, the active region 4 b is as close to the surface layer of the semiconductor stacked body 4 as possible. It can be seen that higher photosensitivity can be obtained by forming the film closer.
- a photodetector equipped with an optical element made of germanium was actually fabricated, and a photosensitivity spectrum was created.
- the photosensitivity spectrum is shown in FIG.
- the material of the optical element is germanium, and the shape is a stripe (the shape of FIG. 3).
- the period was 1.5 ⁇ m and the width was 0.8 ⁇ m.
- the semiconductor structure was composed of an InGaAs well layer and an InAlAs barrier layer.
- the substrate was n-type InP.
- the photosensitivity peak is one, but the quantum upper level is provided with two quantum upper levels.
- two photosensitivity peaks corresponding to the electron excitation energy to each level were observed.
- FIG. 18 shows an example in which the integrated value of the vertical electric field strength generated in the entire semiconductor stacked body is calculated while changing the number of stages of the quantum cascade structure.
- the vertical electric field strength increases with the number of steps at least up to 50, and the vertical electric field strength tends to saturate at more steps. From this result, it can be seen that the number of stages of the quantum cascade structure is preferably several tens of stages.
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Abstract
Description
図1及び図2に示されるように、光検出器1Aは、n型のInPからなる厚さ300~500μmの矩形板状の基板2を備え、これにコンタクト層3,5と、半導体積層体4と、電極6,7と、光学素子10とが積層されている。この光検出器1Aは、半導体積層体4における量子サブバンド間遷移の光吸収を利用する光検出器である。
ELO≦ΔE23≦2×ELO
を満たすように設定されている。また、第3準位L3と第4準位L4とのエネルギー間隔ΔE34は、ELOよりも小さい下記の条件
ΔE34<ELO
を満たすように設定されている。
ELO≦ΔE23≦2×ELO
を満たすように設定している。このような構成では、共鳴トンネル効果によって検出上準位L1bから第2準位L2へと移動した電子は、LOフォノン散乱を介して第2準位L2から第3以降の準位へと高速で引き抜かれることとなる。これにより、上準位L1bに励起された電子が、後段の単位積層体46bへと輸送されずに再び下準位L1aに緩和してしまうことを抑制して、光検出動作の効率を向上することができる。
ΔE34<ELO
を満たすように設定している。このように、第3準位L3と第4準位L4とのエネルギー間隔をLOフォノンのエネルギーよりも小さく設定して、それらの準位を近接させる構成によれば、第3、第4準位L3、L4を含む複数の準位を、LOフォノン散乱による第2準位L2からの電子の引き抜き先の準位として機能させることができる。これにより、抽出準位構造における電子の輸送を安定化、高速化することができる。
本発明の第2の実施形態として、光検出器の他の形態について説明する。図8に示される第2の実施形態の光検出器1Bが第1の実施形態の光検出器1Aと異なる点は、光学素子として、金からなる光学素子10に替えて、屈折率の大きな誘電体からなる光学素子20を備えている点である。
本発明の第3の実施形態として、光検出器の他の形態について説明する。図9に示される第3の実施形態の光検出器1Cが第1の実施形態の光検出器1Aと異なる点は、コンタクト層5が、半導体積層体4の表面4aの全面に設けられていることに替えて、電極6の直下のみに設けられている点、及び、これに伴い光学素子10が半導体積層体4の表面4aに直接設けられている点である。また、光学素子10に替えて、第2の実施形態における光学素子20を適用してもよい。後述する計算結果から明らかなように、所定の方向の一方側から光学素子に入射した光から生じる所定の方向の電界成分が最も強く現れるのは、光学素子における他方側の表面付近である。従って、本実施形態の光検出器1Cは、光学素子10と半導体積層体4とが直接接しているために、第1の実施形態の光検出器1Aと比べて、光感度が高い。
本発明の第4の実施形態として、光検出器の他の形態について説明する。図10及び図11に示される第4の実施形態の光検出器1Dが第3の実施形態の光検出器1Cと異なる点は、コンタクト層5と電極6との間に、光学素子10を形成している材料(ここでは金)からなる介在部材10aが配置され、且つ当該介在部材10aが、コンタクト層5の内側の側面と光学素子10との間の領域に進入し、光学素子10とコンタクト層5及び電極6とを電気的に接続している点である。これによれば、光学素子10が半導体積層体4の表面4aに直接設けられている場合であっても、直列抵抗のロスによる光感度の低下を抑制することができる。
本発明の第5の実施形態として、光検出器の他の形態について説明する。図12及び図13に示される第5の実施形態の光検出器1Eが第1の実施形態の光検出器1Aと異なる点は、基板2cとして半絶縁性タイプのInP基板を使用している点、半導体積層体4がコンタクト層3の表面3aの全面よりも小さな面積をもち、コンタクト層3の表面3aの全面ではなく中央に設けられている点、及び、電極7が、コンタクト層3の表面3aのうち半導体積層体4が設けられていない周縁の領域に、半導体積層体4を囲むように環状に形成されている点である。このような電極7は、コンタクト層3、半導体積層体4、コンタクト層5を一旦積層した後で、コンタクト層5及び半導体積層体4をエッチング除去してコンタクト層3の表面3aを露出させることにより形成可能である。電磁誘導の小さな半絶縁性タイプの基板2cを用いることにより、低ノイズ化や高速化、又はアンプ回路等との集積回路が実現しやすくなる。
本発明の第6の実施形態として、光検出器の他の形態について説明する。図14及び図15に示される第6の実施形態の光検出器1Fが第2の実施形態の光検出器1Bと異なる点は、光学素子として、形状が異なる光学素子30を使用している点、及び、半導体積層体4が、所定の方向に沿って積層された複数の量子カスケード構造を有する点である。具体的には、図5に示されるように、量子カスケード構造(すなわち単位積層体46)が、多段に積層されている。
光学素子の厚さ…0.5μm
周期d=1.5μm
第1の領域…ゲルマニウム(屈折率4.0)、幅0.7μm
第2の領域…空気(屈折率1.0)、幅が0.8μm
Claims (11)
- 第1の領域、及び所定の方向に垂直な面に沿って前記第1の領域に対し周期的に配列された第2の領域を含む構造体を有し、前記所定の方向に沿って光が入射したときに前記所定の方向の電界成分を生じさせる光学素子と、
前記光学素子に対し前記所定の方向における一方の側とは反対側の他方の側に配置され、前記光学素子により生じさせられた前記所定の方向の電界成分によって電流を生じる量子カスケード構造を有する半導体積層体と、を備え、
前記量子カスケード構造は、
第1の量子上位準位、及び当該第1の量子上位準位よりも低い第2の量子上位準位を有するアクティブ領域と、
前記アクティブ領域で励起された電子を輸送するインジェクタ領域と、を含む、光検出器。 - 前記半導体積層体は、前記所定の方向に沿って積層された複数の前記量子カスケード構造を有する、請求項1記載の光検出器。
- 前記半導体積層体の前記一方の側の表面に形成された第1のコンタクト層と、
前記半導体積層体の前記他方の側の表面に形成された第2のコンタクト層と、を更に備える、請求項1又は2記載の光検出器。 - 前記第1のコンタクト層と電気的に接続された第1の電極と、
前記第2のコンタクト層と電気的に接続された第2の電極と、を更に備える、請求項3記載の光検出器。 - 前記第2のコンタクト層、前記半導体積層体、前記第1のコンタクト層及び前記光学素子が前記他方の側から順に積層された基板を更に備える、請求項3又は4記載の光検出器。
- 前記第1の領域は、前記所定の方向に沿って前記光を透過させて当該光を変調する誘電体からなる、請求項1~5のいずれか一項記載の光検出器。
- 前記第1の領域は、前記光により表面プラズモンが励起される金属からなる、請求項1~5のいずれか一項記載の光検出器。
- 前記第1の領域に対する前記第2の領域の配列の周期は、0.5~500μmである、請求項1~7のいずれか一項記載の光検出器。
- 前記光は、赤外線である、請求項1~8のいずれか一項記載の光検出器。
- 前記光学素子は、前記一方の側から光が入射したときに前記所定の方向の電界成分を生じさせる、請求項1~9のいずれか一項記載の光検出器。
- 前記光学素子は、前記半導体積層体を介して前記他方の側から光が入射したときに前記所定の方向の電界成分を生じさせる、請求項1~9のいずれか一項記載の光検出器。
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2014515596A JP5940656B2 (ja) | 2012-05-16 | 2013-05-10 | 光検出器 |
EP13789996.9A EP2853866A4 (en) | 2012-05-16 | 2013-05-10 | PHOTODETECTOR |
US14/390,842 US20150053922A1 (en) | 2012-05-16 | 2013-05-10 | Photodetector |
CN201380025424.7A CN104285135B (zh) | 2012-05-16 | 2013-05-10 | 光检测器 |
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JP2012287866 | 2012-12-28 | ||
JP2012-287866 | 2012-12-28 | ||
JPPCT/JP2013/056621 | 2013-03-11 | ||
PCT/JP2013/056621 WO2013172078A1 (ja) | 2012-05-16 | 2013-03-11 | 光学素子及び光検出器 |
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US (1) | US20150053922A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP2853866A4 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5940656B2 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN104285135B (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2013172269A1 (ja) |
Cited By (4)
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JP2014170925A (ja) * | 2013-02-05 | 2014-09-18 | Hamamatsu Photonics Kk | 光検出器 |
JP2017168594A (ja) * | 2016-03-15 | 2017-09-21 | 株式会社東芝 | 面発光量子カスケードレーザ |
US10447012B2 (en) | 2017-11-16 | 2019-10-15 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Surface-emitting quantum cascade laser |
US10714897B2 (en) | 2016-03-15 | 2020-07-14 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Distributed feedback semiconductor laser |
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JP2016178234A (ja) * | 2015-03-20 | 2016-10-06 | 株式会社東芝 | 半導体受光デバイス |
EP3261130B1 (en) * | 2016-06-20 | 2020-11-18 | ams AG | Photodetector device with integrated high-contrast grating polarizer |
US11258233B2 (en) | 2017-12-27 | 2022-02-22 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Quantum cascade laser |
CN108198895B (zh) * | 2017-12-28 | 2020-03-17 | 山西大同大学 | 红外探测器的量子点有源区结构、其制作方法及红外探测器 |
CN115763578A (zh) * | 2022-07-11 | 2023-03-07 | 中国科学院上海技术物理研究所 | 一种人工微结构集成InAs基红外光电探测器 |
CN117712215B (zh) * | 2023-12-12 | 2024-09-06 | 上海新微半导体有限公司 | 一种雪崩光电探测器及其制作方法 |
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- 2013-05-10 WO PCT/JP2013/063182 patent/WO2013172269A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2013-05-10 CN CN201380025424.7A patent/CN104285135B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JP2014170925A (ja) * | 2013-02-05 | 2014-09-18 | Hamamatsu Photonics Kk | 光検出器 |
JP2017168594A (ja) * | 2016-03-15 | 2017-09-21 | 株式会社東芝 | 面発光量子カスケードレーザ |
US9893493B2 (en) | 2016-03-15 | 2018-02-13 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Surface emitting quantum cascade laser |
US10714897B2 (en) | 2016-03-15 | 2020-07-14 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Distributed feedback semiconductor laser |
US10447012B2 (en) | 2017-11-16 | 2019-10-15 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Surface-emitting quantum cascade laser |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN104285135A (zh) | 2015-01-14 |
JPWO2013172269A1 (ja) | 2016-01-12 |
CN104285135B (zh) | 2016-08-17 |
EP2853866A4 (en) | 2016-01-20 |
EP2853866A1 (en) | 2015-04-01 |
US20150053922A1 (en) | 2015-02-26 |
JP5940656B2 (ja) | 2016-06-29 |
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