WO2013171031A1 - Optoelektronisches bauelement und verfahren zum herstellen eines optoelektronischen bauelements - Google Patents
Optoelektronisches bauelement und verfahren zum herstellen eines optoelektronischen bauelements Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013171031A1 WO2013171031A1 PCT/EP2013/058309 EP2013058309W WO2013171031A1 WO 2013171031 A1 WO2013171031 A1 WO 2013171031A1 EP 2013058309 W EP2013058309 W EP 2013058309W WO 2013171031 A1 WO2013171031 A1 WO 2013171031A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
- H10K50/19—Tandem OLEDs
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
- H10K50/17—Carrier injection layers
- H10K50/171—Electron injection layers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
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- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/06—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing organic luminescent materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10S428/917—Electroluminescent
Definitions
- An Optoelectronic Device for example an Organic
- OLED Light Emitting Diode
- a white organic light emitting diode (White
- Organic Light Emitting Diode, WOLED), a solar cell, etc. on an organic basis is usually characterized by its mechanical flexibility and moderate
- an organic-based optoelectronic device can potentially be manufactured inexpensively because of the possibility of large-scale manufacturing methods (e.g., roll-to-roll manufacturing processes).
- a WOLED consists e.g. of an anode and a cathode with a functional layer system in between.
- functional layer system consists of one or more emitter layer (s) in which the light is generated, one or more charge carrier pair generation layer structure of each two or more charge generating layers (CGL)
- Electron block layers also referred to as
- the charge carrier pair generation layer structure conventionally consists, in the simplest form, of a hole-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer and a second electron-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer, which are in direct connection with one another, so that a pn junction is clearly formed. In the pn junction, a space charge region is formed in which electrons of the hole-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer migrate into the first electron-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer, the second electron-conducting layer
- Charge pair generation layer an n-doped
- Charge pair generation layer is. By applying a voltage to the pn junction in the reverse direction, electrons and holes are generated in the space charge zone that migrate into the emitter layers and by recombination
- electromagnetic radiation e.g., light
- An OLED can be manufactured with good efficiency and lifetime by conductivity doping by using a p-i-n (p-doped - intrinsic - n-doped) transition analogous to the conventional inorganic LED.
- the charge carriers from the p-doped or n-doped layers are specifically injected into the intrinsic layer in which the excitons, i. Electron-hole pairs are formed.
- stacking By stacking one or more intrinsic layers (stacking) can be achieved in the OLED with virtually the same efficiency and identical luminance significantly longer lifetimes compared to an OLED with only one intrinsic layer. With the same current density, twice or even three times the luminance can be achieved.
- charge carrier pair generation layers consisting of a heavily doped pn junction are needed.
- the hole-conducting and electron-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer can each consist of one or more organic and / or inorganic substances.
- the respective matrix is usually used in the production of the charge carrier pair generation layer one or more organic or inorganic substances (dopants)
- This doping may be electrons (n-doped, dopants e.g.
- Metals with low work function eg Na, Ca, Cs, Li, Mg or compounds thereof eg CS2CO3, CS3PO4, or organic dopants of the company NOVALED, eg NDN-1, NDN-26) or holes (p-type dopant, eg transition metal oxides eg MoO x , W0 X , V0 X , organic compounds such as Cu (I) FBz, F4-TCNQ, or organic dopants of the company NOVALED, eg NDP-2, NDP-9) as charge carriers in the matrix.
- NOVALED eg NDN-1, NDN-26
- p-type dopant eg transition metal oxides eg MoO x , W0 X , V0 X
- organic compounds such as Cu (I) FBz, F4-TCNQ
- organic dopants of the company NOVALED eg NDP-2, NDP-9 as charge carriers in the matrix.
- an organic substance regardless of the respective state of aggregation, can be present in chemically uniform form
- an inorganic substance may be one in a chemically uniform form, regardless of the particular state of matter
- an organic-inorganic substance can be a
- the term "substance” encompasses all substances mentioned above, for example an organic substance, an inorganic substance, and / or a hybrid substance.
- a mixture of substances may be understood as meaning components of two or more different substances whose
- components are very finely divided.
- Potential of the substance or the substance mixture of the layer is formed energetically denser at the conduction band than at the valence band and when more than half of the free
- movable charge carriers are electrons.
- hole-conducting layer of an electronic component to be understood a layer in which the chemical potential of the substance or the substance mixture of the layer is formed energetically denser at the valence band than at the conduction band and at more than half of the freely movable
- Electrons are.
- Charge pair generation layer becomes multiple
- the dopants are generally very reactive and can be uncontrolled during layer production and become inactive. This reduces the effective doping and increases the processing overhead and the number of error sources in the production of the carrier-generating layers.
- the use of different materials for the matrix and doping for the hole-conducting and electron-conducting are generally very reactive and can be uncontrolled during layer production and become inactive. This reduces the effective doping and increases the processing overhead and the number of error sources in the production of the carrier-generating layers.
- Charge pair generation layer increases the necessary number of substance source. This results in a high
- Cost of providing and maintaining this Substance sources eg energy consumption of the substance sources for evaporation, platinum boats in evaporation plants, etc.).
- Optoelectronic device and a method for its preparation provided in which only one source of substance is required for producing the electron-conducting charge carrier pair-generation layer.
- Only one source of substance is required for producing the electron-conducting charge carrier pair-generation layer.
- Optoelectronic device and a method for its preparation provided in which only one source of substance is required for producing the electron-conducting charge carrier pair-generation layer.
- an inorganic substance may be one in a chemically uniform form, regardless of the particular state of matter
- an organic-inorganic substance can be understood as meaning a compound present in chemically uniform form, characterized by characteristic physical and chemical properties, regardless of the respective state of matter, with compounds which contain carbon and are free of carbon.
- the term "substance” encompasses all of the abovementioned substances, for example an organic substance, an inorganic substance, and / or a hybrid substance
- a substance mixture may be understood to mean components of two or more different substances whose
- components are very finely divided.
- Optoelectronic component comprising: a first organic functional layer structure; a second organic functional layer structure; and a carrier pair generation layer structure between the first organic functional layer structure and the second organic functional layer structure, the carrier pair generation layer structure comprising: a hole-conducting carrier generation circuit; a first electron-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer and a second electron-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer, wherein the second electron-conducting
- Charge pair generation layer is formed of a single substance, and wherein the hole-conductive carrier pair generation layer is arranged as a hole transport layer of the second organic functional layer structure.
- the hole-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer is formed as a hole transport layer as part of the second organic functional layer structure and in physical contact with the first electron-conducting
- charge carrier pairs can be generated.
- LochtransportSchicht have a substance or be formed from the group of substances:
- DMFL-NPB ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (naphthalen-1-yl) - ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (phenyl) -9,9-dimethyl-fluorene
- DPFL-TPD ( ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (3-methylphenyl) - ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (phenyl) -9,9-diphenyl-fluorene);
- the hole transport layer or the hole-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer may be formed from a mixture of matrix and p-type dopant.
- Hole transport layer or the hole-conducting Charge pair generation layer to be a substance
- NPB ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (naphthalen-1-yl) -N, N'-bis (phenyl) benzidine
- DMFL-NPB ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (naphthalen-1-yl) - ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (phenyl) -9,9-dimethyl-fluorene
- DPFL-TPD ( ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (3-methylphenyl) -N, '-bis (phenyl) -9,9-dipheny1-fluorene);
- DPFL-NPB ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (naphthalen-1-yl) - ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (phenyl) -9,9-diphenyl-fluorene
- hole conductive charge carrier pair generation layer or Hole transport layer may be a substance selected from the group of substances consisting of HAT-CN, CufD FBZ, MoO x, W0 X, V0 X, ReO X / F4-TCNQ, NDP-2, NDP-9, Bi (III) pFBz, F16CuPc.
- the material of the hole-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer may be intrinsic
- Hole conductor be such, whose valence band is approximately equal to the conduction band of the substance of the first electron-conducting
- Charge pair generation layer is.
- Charge pair generation layer have a layer thickness in a range of about 1 nm to about 500 nm.
- the first electron-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer may be an intrinsic hole-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer. In one embodiment, the first electron-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer may be an intrinsic electron-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer.
- the material of the hole-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer may be intrinsic
- Charge pair generation layer is.
- the fabric may be the first one
- electron-conducting carrier pair-generating layer is selected to be a material from the group of substances consisting of HAT-CN, Cu (I) pFBz, oO x, W0 X, V0 X, ReO x, F4-TC Q, NDP-2, NDP -9, Bi (III) pFBz, F16CuPc.
- the first electron-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer can give you a layer thickness in a range of about 1 nm to about 500 nm.
- the material of the second electron-carrier charge carrier generation layer may be an intrinsic electron conductor whose valence band is approximately equal to the conduction band of the substance of the first electron-carrier charge carrier generation layer,
- the substance of the second electron-carrier charge carrier generation layer may be a substance selected from the group consisting of: NDN-26, gAg, Cs 2 C0 3 , CS 3 PO 4, Na, Ca, K, Mg, Cs, Li, LiF.
- electron-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer have a layer thickness in a range of about hr 1 nm to about 500 nm.
- Component further comprise an intermediate layer, the
- Charge pair generation layer is arranged.
- the intermediate layer may have a layer thickness in a range of about 2 nm to about 10 nm.
- the intermediate layer may comprise a phthalocyanine derivative, for example a metal phthalocyanine derivative, for example an etalioxid phthalocyanine derivative.
- the intermediate layer may be a vanadium oxide phthalocyanine (VOPc), titanium oxide phthalocyanine (TiOPc), copper phthalocyanine (CuPc), unsubstituted
- Phthalocyanine i ⁇ Pc Phthalocyanine i ⁇ Pc
- cobalt phthalocyanine CoPc
- aluminum phthalocyanine AlPc
- nickel phthalocyanine NiPc
- Phthalocyanine (FePc), zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) or manganese phthalocyanine (MnPC).
- the device further comprises a hole transport layer disposed on or above the hole-conducting carrier generation layer; and an electron transport layer, wherein the electron-conductive charge carrier pair generation layer is on or above the electron transport layer
- Component further comprising: a first electrode; wherein the first organic functional layer structure is disposed on or above the first electrode; and a second
- Electrode wherein the second electrode is on or over the second organic functional layer structure
- the layer structure, the carrier pair generation layer structure, the second organic functional layer structure, and the second electrode are in a range of about 5 nm to about 5000 nm.
- Component be set up as an organic light emitting diode.
- a method for producing an optoelectronic component is provided.
- the method may include forming a first organic functional layer structure; Forming a charge carrier pair generation layer pattern on or over the first organic functional layer structure;
- the hole-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer or layer can be used.
- Lochtransport stands have an intrinsically hole-conducting substance or are formed therefrom, wherein the hole-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer or
- hole conductive charge carrier pair generation layer have a substance or be formed from the group of
- NPB ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (naphthalen-1-yl) - ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (phenyl) benzidine
- beta-NPB N N'-bis (naphthalen-2-yl) - ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (phenyl) benzidine); TPD ( ⁇ , ⁇ 'bis (3-methylphenyl) -, ⁇ ' - bis (phenyl) benzidine); spiro TPD ( ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (3-methylphenyl) - ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (phenyl) benzidine); Spiro-PB ( ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (naphthalen-1-yl) - ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (phenyl) spiro); DMFL-TPD ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (3-methylphenyl) - ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (phenyl) -9,9-dimethy1-fluorene);
- DPFL-NPB ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (naphthalen-l-yl) - ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (phenyl) -9,9-diphenyl-fluorene
- hole-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer are formed from a mixture of matrix and p-type dopant.
- Matrix of the hole-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer to use a substance selected from the group of substances consisting of:
- NPB ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (naphthalen-1-yl) -N, N'-bis (phenyl) benzidine
- Beta-NPB ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (naphthalen-2-yl) - ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (phenyl) benzidine
- TPD ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (3-rethylphenyl) - ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (phenyl) -benzidine
- Spiro TPD N, N'-bis (3-methylphenyl) -N, 1 -bis (phenyl) benzidine
- DPFL-TPD ( ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (3-methylphenyl) - ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (phenyl) -9,9-dipheny1-fluorene);
- DPFL-NPB N, N'-bis (naphthalen-1-yl) - ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (phenyl) -9,9-diphenyl-fluorene
- Dopant of the hole-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer a substance selected from the group of
- hole conductive charge carrier pair generation layer having a film thickness in a range of about 1 nm to about 500 nm.
- the substance of the first electron-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer may include or be formed from an intrinsically electron-conducting substance.
- the substance of the first intrinsically electron-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer may comprise or be formed from the group of substances: HAT-CN, Cu (I) pFBz, MoO x , W0 x , V0 x / ReO x, F4-TCNQ, NDP-2, NDP-9, Bi (III) FBZ, F16CuPc.
- Conduction band of the substance or mixture of the first electron-conducting charge carrier pair-generation layer energetically approximately equal to the valence band of the substance or substance mixture of the physically in contact
- Charge pair generation layer may be formed.
- the material of the second electron-carrier charge carrier generation layer may be a substance selected from the group consisting of: NDN-26, MgAg, Cs 2 C0 3 , Cs 3 P0 4 , Na, Ca, K, Mg , Cs, Li, LiF.
- Electronically conductive charge carrier pair E ification layer are formed with a layer thickness in a range of about hr 1 nm to about 500 nm.
- the thickness of the pn junction depends on the combination of the substance or mixtures of the charge carrier pair generation layers. For example, a thin one
- Space charge zone based on the thickness of the hole-conducting and electron-conducting charge carrier pair-generation layers, is provided in various embodiments and can be achieved, for example, by the use of HAT-CN and NDN-26 or HAT-CN and MgAg.
- the method may further comprise
- the intermediate layer prevents, for example, the
- the intermediate layer may be an abreaction of the second electron-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer with the first electron-conducting layer
- Charge carrier pair generation layer i. the intermediate layer forms a reaction barrier. Furthermore, the interlayer may interfere with the interface roughness between the second electron-carrier charge carrier generation device.
- An electron-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer inorganic, an intermediate layer may not be necessary.
- the intermediate layer may consist of a mainly organic or inorganic substance or mixture of substances, wherein in the intermediate layer of an organic material or
- the glass transition temperature is much smaller than the operating temperature of the optoelectronic
- the fabric can also be made from one
- Hybrid consist of mainly organic and mainly inorganic molecular regions.
- the molecular region is a chemically similar and contiguous portion of the molecule, of which a plurality or the substance of the
- the charge carrier line through the intermediate layer can be direct or indirect.
- the substance or the mixture of substances of the intermediate layer can, in the case of an indirect charge carrier line, be an electrical charge
- the intermediate layer may be formed with a layer thickness in a range of about 2 nm to about 10 nm.
- the intermediate layer may comprise a metal phthalocyanine derivative or a metal oxide phthalocyanine derivative.
- the intermediate layer may comprise a vanadium oxide phthalocyanine, titanium oxide phthalocyanine, copper phthalocyanine.
- the method may further comprise
- the method may further comprise
- the first electrode, the first organic functional layer structure, the Charge pair generation layer structure, the second organic functional layer structure, and the second electrode are formed with a total layer thickness in a range of about 5 nm to about 2000 nm.
- electron-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer are formed on the first organic functional layer structure; and the conductivity of the
- Electronically conducting charge carrier pair generation layer can be increased.
- the first electron-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer may be on the second
- the second electron-carrier charge carrier pair generation layer may be located on the first
- organic functional layer structure are formed, wherein the conductivity of the electron-conducting
- Charge carrier pair generation layer is increased; and / or the first electron-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer on the second electron-conducting layer
- the single-carrier charge carrier generation layer may be formed in a lower conductivity, lower reactivity state on or over a layer. This condition is referred to as inactive e.g.
- Charge pair generation layer can be made by conventional chemical and physical methods
- PVD Physical vapor deposition
- CVD Chemical Vapor Deposition
- MBE Molecular Beam Epitaxy
- the inactive carrier pair generation layer can be chemically activated by supplying energy (for example by means of ring-opening reactions).
- energy for example by means of ring-opening reactions.
- the temperature change can take place by means of a temperature increase.
- the temperature increase may be carried out to a temperature of about 150 ° C.
- Component be produced as an organic light emitting diode, embodiments of the invention are illustrated in the figures and are explained in more detail below.
- Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view of a functional
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a charge carrier pair.
- a carrier pair generation layer structure according to a first implementation
- FIG. 5 shows a measured temperature / voltage stability of a
- a carrier pair generation layer structure according to the first implementation
- Figure 6 shows several current-voltage characteristics of a
- FIG. 7 shows a measured temperature / voltage stability of a
- An optoelectronic component may be in different
- Embodiments as a. light-emitting device for example as an organic light-emitting diode
- OLED Organic light emitting diode
- OLED Organic light emitting diode
- the Optoelectronic device can be used in different
- Embodiments be part of an integrated circuit. Furthermore, a plurality of light-emitting
- the optoelectronic component can also be designed as a solar cell.
- the various exemplary embodiments are described below with reference to an OLED, these exemplary embodiments can however also be applied without difficulty to the other, above-mentioned, optoelectronic components.
- FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of an optoelectronic component 100 according to various exemplary embodiments.
- the optoelectronic component 100 in the form of a
- the light-emitting component may have a substrate 102.
- the substrate 102 may serve as a support for electronic elements or layers, such as light-emitting elements.
- the substrate 102 may include or be formed from glass, quartz, and / or a semiconductor material, or any other suitable material.
- the substrate 102 may be a
- the plastic may be one or more polyolefins (eg, high or low density polyethylene (PE) or
- the plastic may be polyvinyl chloride (PVG), polystyrene (PS), polyester and / or polycarbonate (PC),
- the substrate 102 may include one or more of the above materials.
- the substrate 102 may be translucent or even transparent.
- the term "translucent” or “translucent layer” can be understood in various embodiments that a layer is permeable to light,
- the light generated by the light-emitting component for example one or more
- Wavelength ranges for example, for light in one
- Wavelength range of the visible light for example at least in a partial region of the wavelength range from 380 nm to 780 nm.
- the term "translucent layer” in various embodiments is to be understood to mean that substantially all of them are in one
- Quantity of light is also coupled out of the structure (for example, layer), wherein a portion of the light can be scattered in this case
- transparent or “transparent layer” can be understood in various embodiments that a layer is transparent to light
- Wavelength range from 380 nm to 780 nm), where (in a structure such as a layer) is coupled light coupled 'substantially without scattering or light conversion and from the structure (for example, Layer ⁇ ,
- transparent in various
- Embodiments as a special case of "translucent" to look at.
- the optically translucent layer structure at least in a partial region of the wavelength range of the desired monochrome light or for the limited
- Emission spectrum is translucent.
- the organic light emitting diode 100 or even the light emitting devices according to the above or hereinafter described
- Embodiments may be configured as a so-called top and bottom emitter.
- Egg top and bottom emitters can also be referred to as an optically transparent component, for example a transparent organic light-emitting diode.
- the substrate 102 may be in different
- Embodiments optionally a barrier layer (not shown) may be arranged.
- the barrier layer may comprise or consist of one or more of the following materials: alumina, zinc oxide, zirconia, titania, hafnia, tantalum, lanthia, silica,
- Indium zinc oxide aluminum-doped zinc oxide, as well
- Barrier layer in various embodiments have a layer thickness in a range of about 0.1 nm (one atomic layer) to about 5000 nm, for example a
- Layer thickness in a range of about 10 nm to about 200 nm, for example, a layer thickness of about 40 nm.
- An electrically active region 104 of the light-emitting component 100 may be arranged on or above the barrier layer.
- the electrically active region 104 can be understood as the region of the light-emitting component 100 in which an electric current for operating the optoelectronic component, for example the light-emitting component
- Component 100 flows. In different
- the electrically active region 104 may comprise a first electrode 106, a second electrode 108 and a functional layer system 110, as shown in FIG.
- the first electrode 106 on or over the barrier layer (or, if the barrier layer is not is present, on or above the substrate 102), the first electrode 106 ⁇ for example in the form of a first
- Electrode layer 106) may be applied.
- the first electrode 106 (also referred to below as the lower electrode 106) may be formed of or be made of an electrically conductive material, such as a metal or a conductive conductive oxide (TCO) or a layer stack of multiple layers of the same metal or different metals and / or the same TCO or different TCOs.
- Transparent conductive oxides are transparent, conductive materials, for example metal oxides, such as zinc oxide, tin oxide, cadmium oxide, titanium oxide, indium oxide, or indium tin oxide (ITO).
- binary metal oxygen compounds such as ZnO, Sn ⁇ 2 , or 1 ⁇ 03 also include ternary metal oxygen compounds, such as AlZnO,
- TCOs do not necessarily correspond to one
- the first stoichiometric composition may also be p-doped or n-doped.
- the first stoichiometric composition may also be p-doped or n-doped.
- the first stoichiometric composition may also be p-doped or n-doped.
- Electrode 106 have a metal, for example, Ag, Pt, Au, Mg, Al, Ba, In, Ag, Au, Mg, Ca, Sm or Li, and
- Electrode 106 may be formed by a stack of layers of a combination of a layer of a metal on a layer of a TCO, or vice versa.
- An example is one
- ITO indium-tin-oxide
- ITO-Ag-ITO multilayers Silver layer deposited on an indium-tin-oxide (ITO) layer (Ag on ITO) or ITO-Ag-ITO multilayers.
- ITO indium-tin-oxide
- Electrode 106 may provide one or more of the following materials, as an alternative or in addition to the materials mentioned above: networks of metallic nanowires and particles, such as Ag; Networks off
- the first electrode 106 may be electrically conductive polymers or transition metal oxides or electrically
- Electrode 106 and the substrate 102 translucent or
- Electrode 106 is formed of a metal, the first electrode 106, for example, have a layer thickness of less than or equal to about 25 nm, for example a
- the first electrode 106 may have a layer thickness of greater than or equal to about 10 nm, for example, a layer thickness of greater than or equal to about 15 nm
- the first electrode 106 a the first electrode 106 a
- Layer thickness in a range of about 10 nm to about 25 nm for example, a layer thickness in a range of about 10 nm to about 18 nm, for example, a layer thickness in a range of about 15 nm to about 18 nm.
- the first electrode 106 may have a layer thickness, for example
- the first electrode 106 is made of, for example, a network of metallic nanowires, for example of Ag, which may be combined with conductive polymers, a network of carbon nanotubes, which may be combined with conductive polymers, or of graphene Layers and composites is formed, the first electrode 106, for example, a
- Layer thickness in a range of about 1 nm to about 500 nm for example, a layer thickness in a range of about 10 nm to about 400 nm,
- the first electrode 106 can be used as the anode, ie as
- hole-injecting electrode may be formed or as
- Cathode that is as an electron-injecting electrode.
- the first electrode 106 may be a first electrical
- a first electrical potential ⁇ provided by a power source ⁇ not shown for example, a power source or a voltage source
- the first electrical potential may be applied to the substrate 102, and may then be indirectly applied to the first electrode 106.
- the first electrical potential may be, for example, the ground potential or another predetermined reference potential.
- the organic electroluminescent layer structure 110 may include a plurality of organic functional layer structures 112, 116. In various embodiments, however, the organic electroluminescent layer structure 110 may also be more than two organic functional ones
- the first organic functional layer structure 112 may be disposed on or above the first electrode 106.
- Layer structure 116 may be disposed on or above the first organic functional layer structure 112.
- a charge carrier pair generation layer structure 114 may be disposed between the first organic functional layer structure 112 and the second organic functional layer structure 116.
- Layer structures may be provided a respective charge carrier pair generation layer structure.
- each of the organic functional layer structures 112, 116 may each have one or more emitter layers, for example with fluorescent and / or
- Hole conduction layers (not shown in Fig.l) (also referred to as hole transport layer (s)). In various embodiments may alternatively or additionally a or multiple electron conduction layers (also referred to as electron transport layer (s)).
- Embodiments of the emitter layer (s) may include organic or organometallic compounds such as derivatives of polyfluorene, polythiophene and polyphenylene (e.g., 2- or 2-, 5-substituted poly-p-phenylenevinylene) as well as metal complexes, for example
- organic or organometallic compounds such as derivatives of polyfluorene, polythiophene and polyphenylene (e.g., 2- or 2-, 5-substituted poly-p-phenylenevinylene) as well as metal complexes, for example
- Iridium complexes such as blue phosphorescent FIrPic
- Such non-polymeric emitters can be deposited by means of thermal evaporation, for example. Furthermore, it is possible to use polymer emitters which can be deposited in particular by means of a wet-chemical method, for example a spin-coating method (also referred to as spin coating).
- the emitter materials may be suitably embedded in a matrix material.
- Emitter materials are also provided in other embodiments.
- light-emitting device 100 may be selected such that light-emitting device 100 White light emitted.
- the emitter layer (s) may include several emitter materials of different colors (for example blue and yellow or blue, green and red)
- the emitter layer (s) may also be composed of several sublayers, such as a blue fluorescent emitter layer or blue phosphorescent emitter layer, a green phosphorescent emitter layer, and a red phosphorescent emitter layer. By mixing the different colors, the emission of light can result in a white color impression. Alternatively, it can also be provided in the beam path through this
- Layers generated primary emission to arrange a converter material that at least partially absorbs the primary radiation and emits a secondary radiation of different wavelength, so that from a (not yet white)
- the emitter materials may also be selected from various organic functional layer structures such that the individual emitter materials emit light of different colors (for example blue, green or red or any other color combinations, for example any other complementary color combinations), but that, for example, the total light, the is emitted from all organic functional layer structures and is emitted to the outside of the OLED, a light of predetermined color, such as white light, is.
- colors for example blue, green or red or any other color combinations, for example any other complementary color combinations
- the organic functional layer structures 112, 116 may generally be one or more electroluminescent
- electroluminescent layers may or may not be organic polymers, organic oligomers, organic monomers,
- electroluminescent layered structure 110 one or more have electroluminescent layers that is or are designed as a hole transport layer, so that, for example in the case of an OLED an effective
- the organic functional layer structures 112, 116 may include one or more functional layers referred to as
- Electron transport layer is executed or are, so that, for example, in an OLED an effective
- Electron injection into an electroluminescent layer or an electroluminescent region is made possible.
- a material for the hole transport layer can be any material for the hole transport layer.
- the one or more electroluminescent layers may or may not be referred to as
- electroluminescent layer As shown in FIG. 2 can be in different
- D FL-NPB ( ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (naphthalen-1-yl) -N, N'-bis (phenyl) -9, -dimethyl-fluorene);
- DPFL-TPD N, N'-bis (3-methylphenyl) - ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (phenyl) -9,9-diphenyl-fluorene
- DPFL-NPB ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (naphthalen-1-yl) - ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (phenyl) -9,9-diphenyl-fluorene
- the Lochinj edictions slaughter 202 may have a layer thickness
- nm to about 1000 nm in a range of about 10 nm to about 1000 nm, for example, in a range of about 30 nm to about 300 nm, for example, in a range of about 50 nm to about 200 nm.
- a first hole transport layer 204 applied, for example
- the first hole transport layer 204th may contain or consist of one or more of the following materials:
- DMFL-NPB ( ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (naphthalen-l-yl) -N, N' -bis (phenyl) - 9,9-dimethy1 - f luoren);
- DPFL-TPD ( ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (3-methylphenyl) - ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (phenyl) -9,9-diphenyl-fluorene);
- the first hole transport layer 204 may have a layer thickness in a range of about 5 nm to about 50 nm, for example in a range of about 10 nm to about 30 nm, for example about 20 nm.
- a first emitter layer 206 may be applied, for example deposited.
- the emitter materials that may be provided for the first emitter layer 206, for example, are described above.
- the first emitter layer 206 may have a layer thickness on iron in a range of about 5 nm to about 50 nm, for example in a range of about 10 nm to about 30 nm, for example in a range of about 15 nm to about 25 nm , for example about 20 nm.
- a first electron transport layer 208 can be arranged on or above the first emitter layer 206,
- Electron transport layer 208 one or more of
- the first electron transport layer 208 may be a
- Layer thickness in a range of about 5 nm to about 50 nm, for example in a range of about 10 nm to about 30 nm, for example in a range of about 15 nm to about 25 nm, for example about 20 nm.
- the (optional) hole injection layer 202 is the (optional) first one
- a charge carrier generation layer structure (CGL) 114 is arranged, which will be described in more detail below.
- the second organic functional layer structure 116 is arranged.
- the second organic functional layer structure 116 may be a second one in various embodiments
- Hole transport layer 210 is disposed on or above the carrier generation layer structure 114.
- the second hole transport layer 210 may be in physical contact with the surface of the carrier generation layer structure 114, in other words, they share a common interface.
- the second hole transport layer 210 or hole-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer 210 may include or consist of one or more of the following materials:
- NPB ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (naphthalen-1-yl) - ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (phenyl) benzidine
- DMFL-NPB ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (naphthalen-1-yl) - ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (phenyl) -9,9-dimethyl-fluorene
- DPFL-TPD ( ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (3-methylphenyl) - ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (phenyl) -9, -diphenyl-fluorene);
- DPFL-NPB ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (naphthalen-1-yl) - ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (phenyl) -9,9-diphenyl-fluorene
- the second hole transport layer 210 may have a layer thickness in a range of about 5 nm to about 50 nm, for example in a range of about 15 nm to about 40 nm, for example in a range of about 20 nm to about 30 nm.
- the second emitter layer 212 may have the same emitter materials as the first one
- Emitter layer 212 may be configured such that they
- Electromagnetic radiation such as visible light, of the same wavelength (s) emitted as the first
- the second emitter layer 212 may be configured to emit electromagnetic radiation, such as visible light, others
- Wavelength (s) emitted as the first emitter layer 206 may be materials as described above.
- Layer structure 116 may include a second electron transport layer 214, which may be disposed on or over the second emitter layer 212, for example, deposited.
- Electron transport layer 214 one or more of
- the second electron transport layer 214 may be a
- Layer thickness in a range of about 10 nm to about 50 nm, for example in a range of about 15 nm to about 40 nm, for example in a range of about 20 nm to about 30 nm.
- Electron injection layer 216 applied, for example deposited.
- Electron injection layer 216 comprise or consist of one or more of the following materials:
- NDN-26 ( MgAg, Cs 2 C0 3 , Cs 3 P0 4 , Na, Ca, K, Mg, Cs, Li,
- Naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride or its imides Naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride or its imides
- Perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride or its imides fabrics based on siloles with a
- the electroni ⁇ tion layer 216 may have a layer thickness in a range of about 5 nm to about 200 nm, for example in a range of about 20 nm to about 50 nm, for example about 30 nm.
- the (optional) second hole transport rail 210, the second emitter layer 212, the (optional) second electron transport layer 214, and the (optional) electron injection layer 216 form the second organic functional layer structure 116.
- the organic electroluminescent layer structure 110 (ie.
- Electron transport layer (s), etc. ) have a layer thickness of at most about 1.5 ⁇ , for example, a layer thickness of at most about 1, 2 ⁇ , for example, a layer thickness of at most about 1 ⁇ , for example one
- the organic electroluminescent layer structure 110 for example, a stack of
- each OLED has light emitting diodes (OLEDs).
- a layer thickness may have a maximum of about 1.5 ⁇ , for example, a layer thickness of at most about 1.2 ⁇ , for example, a layer thickness of at most about 1 ⁇ , for example, a layer thickness of at most about 800 nm, for example, a layer thickness of about 500 nm
- the organic electroluminescent layer structure 110 may comprise, for example, a stack of two, three, or four directly stacked OLEDs, in which case, for example, the organic electroluminescent one
- Layer structure 110 may have a layer thickness of at most about 3 ⁇ ,
- the light emitting device 100 may generally include further organic functional layers, for example, disposed on or over the one or more
- Layer structure 110 or optionally on or over the one or more other organic compound
- the second electrode layer 108 for example in the form of a second electrode layer 108, as described above.
- the second electrode layer 108 for example in the form of a second electrode layer 108, as described above.
- Electrode 108 have the same materials or be formed therefrom as the first electrode 106, wherein in
- Electrode 108 (for example, in the case of a metallic second electrode 108), for example, a layer thickness of less than or equal to about 2000 nm, for example, a layer thickness of less than or equal to about IOOOOnm, for example, a layer thickness of less than or equal to about 500 nm, for example, a layer thickness of less than or equal to approximately 250 nm, for example a layer thickness of less than or equal to approximately 200 nm, for example a layer thickness of less than or equal to approximately 100 nm, for example a layer thickness of less than or equal to approximately 50 nm, for example a layer thickness of less than or equal to approximately 45 nm, for example a
- a layer thickness of less than or equal to approximately 35 nm for example a layer thickness of less than or equal to approximately 30 nm, for example a layer thickness of less than or equal to approximately 25 nm, for example a layer thickness of less than or equal to approximately 20 nm,
- the second electrode 108 may generally be formed or be similar to the first electrode 106, or different.
- the second electrode 108 in various embodiments, may be formed of one or more of the materials and with the respective layer thickness, as described above in connection with the first electrode 106. In different
- Embodiments are the first electrode 106 and the second electrode 108 are both translucent or transparent. Thus, the shown in Fig.l
- light-emitting device 100 as a top and bottom emitter (in other words, as a transparent light-emitting
- Component 100 to be set up.
- the second electrode 108 can be used as anode, ie as
- hole-injecting electrode may be formed or as
- Cathode that is as an electron-injecting electrode.
- the second electrode 108 may have a second electrical connection to which a second electrical connection
- the second electric potential may have a value such that the difference from the first electric potential has a value in a range of about 1.5V to about 20V, for example, a value in a range of about 2.5V to about 15V, for example, a value in a range of about 3V to about 12V.
- On or above the second electrode 108 and thus on or above the electrically active region 104 may optionally be an encapsulation 118, for example in the form of a
- Barrier thin film / thin film encapsulation 118 may be formed or be.
- a “barrier thin film” or a “barrier thin film” 118 can be understood, for example, as a layer or layer structure which is suitable for providing a barrier to chemical contaminants or atmospheric substances, in particular to water (moisture) and Oxygen, form.
- the barrier film 118 is formed to be resistant to OLED damaging materials such as Water, oxygen or solvents can not or at most be penetrated to very small proportions.
- the barrier skin layer 118 may be implemented as a single layer (in other words, as
- the barrier skin layer 118 may comprise a plurality of sub-layers formed on one another.
- the barrier skin layer 118 may comprise a plurality of sub-layers formed on one another.
- Barrier layer 118 as a stack of layers (stack)
- the barrier skin layer 118 or one or more sublayers of the barrier skin layer 118 may be formed by, for example, a suitable deposition process, e.g. by means of a
- Atomic Layer Deposition e.g. plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) or plasmaless
- PECVD plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition
- plasmaless vapor deposition process plasmaless
- PLCVD Chemical Vapor Deposition
- ALD atomic layer deposition process
- Barrier layer 118 which has multiple sublayers, all sublayers by an atomic layer deposition process be formed.
- a layer sequence comprising only ALD layers can also be referred to as "nanolaminate”.
- Barrier thin film 118 having a plurality of sub-layers, one or more sub-layers of the barrier film 118 by means of a different deposition method than one
- Atomic layer deposition processes are deposited
- the barrier film 118 may, in one embodiment, have a film thickness of about 0.1 nm (one atomic layer) to about 1000 nm, for example, a film thickness of about 10 nm to about 100 nm according to a
- Embodiment for example, about 40 nm according to an embodiment.
- all partial layers may have the same layer thickness. According to another embodiment in which the barrier thin-film layer 118 has a plurality of partial layers, all partial layers may have the same layer thickness. According to another embodiment in which the barrier thin-film layer 118 has a plurality of partial layers, all partial layers may have the same layer thickness. According to another embodiment in which the barrier thin-film layer 118 has a plurality of partial layers, all partial layers may have the same layer thickness. According to another
- Barrier thin layer 118 have different layer thicknesses. In other words, at least one of
- Partial layers have a different layer thickness than one or more other of the sub-layers.
- the barrier thin-film layer 118 or the individual partial layers of the barrier thin-film layer 118 may, according to one embodiment, be formed as a translucent or transparent layer.
- the barrier film 118 (or the individual sublayers of the barrier film 118) may be made of a translucent or transparent material (or combination of materials that is translucent or transparent).
- Barrier film 118 comprising or consisting of any of the following materials; Alumina, zinc oxide, zirconia, titania, hafnia, tantalum oxide
- Silicon oxynitride indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, aluminum doped zinc oxide, and mixtures and alloys
- Layer stack having a plurality of sublayers one or more of the sublayers of the barrier film 118 comprise one or more high refractive index materials, in other words one or more high refractive index materials, for example, having a refractive index of at least 2.
- an adhesive and / or a protective varnish 120 may be provided on or above the encapsulation 118, by means of which, for example, a cover 122 (for example a glass cover 122) is fastened, for example glued, to encapsulation 118.
- a cover 122 for example a glass cover 122
- translucent layer of adhesive and / or protective varnish 120 have a layer thickness of greater than 1 ⁇
- a layer thickness of several ⁇ For example, a layer thickness of several ⁇ .
- the adhesive may include or may be a lamination adhesive.
- Adhesive layer can be embedded in various embodiments still light scattering particles, which contribute to a further improvement of the color angle distortion and the
- Exemplary embodiments may be provided as light-scattering particles, for example, dielectric scattering particles such as, for example, metal oxides, such as silicon oxide (S1O2), zinc oxide (ZnO), zirconium oxide (ZrO2), indium-tin oxide (1T0). or indium zinc oxide (IZO), gallium oxide (Ga 2 O a ) alumina, or titanium oxide.
- dielectric scattering particles such as, for example, metal oxides, such as silicon oxide (S1O2), zinc oxide (ZnO), zirconium oxide (ZrO2), indium-tin oxide (1T0). or indium zinc oxide (IZO), gallium oxide (Ga 2 O a ) alumina, or titanium oxide.
- Other particles may also be suitable, provided that they have a refractive index which is different from the effective refractive index of the matrix of the translucent layer structure, for example air bubbles, acrylate or glass hollow spheres.
- metallic nanoparticles, metals such as gold, silver
- an electrically insulating layer is disposed between the second electrode 108 and the layer of adhesive and / or resist 120.
- SiN for example, with a layer thickness in a range of about 300 ran to about 1.5 ⁇ ,
- a layer thickness in a range of about 500 nm to about 1 ⁇ to protect electrically unstable materials, for example during a
- Embodiments can be completely dispensed with an adhesive 120, for example in embodiments in which the cover 122, for example made of glass, by means of, for example, plasma spraying on encapsulation 118th
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the structure of a carrier generation layer 114 according to various
- the carrier generation layer structure 114 may include a second electron-carrier charge-carrier generation layer 302 and a first electron-carrier charge-generation layer 306, the second one
- the first electron-transporting carrier generation layer 306 may be disposed on or above the second electron-carrier charge-carrier generation layer 302, and optionally between these two layers 302, 306, an intermediate layer 304 may be provided. On or above the first electron-conducting
- Carrier generation layer 306 may be the second
- Hole transport layer 210 may be or be, wherein the hole transport layer 210 as a hole-conducting
- Carrier generation layer 210 may be configured by generating and separating charge carrier pairs at the common interface of first electron-transporting carrier-generation layer 306 and hole-transporting layer 210.
- Electron-conductive charge carrier pair generation layer 306 and the second electron-carrier charge pair generation layer 302 may lead to a formation of a space charge zone (a so-called pn junction).
- the charge carrier generation layer structure 114 may be sandwiched around the intermediate layer 304 (also referred to as an "interlayer") between the
- Charge pair generation layers 302, 306 are extended to allow for partial layer interdiffusion between the carrier pair generation layers 302, 306
- the intermediate layer 304 is inserted.
- an interlayer 304 may not be necessary because interlayer diffusion is not significant.
- the second electron-carrier charge carrier generation layer 302 may be composed of a single substance (for this reason, the electron-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer 302 may also be referred to as undoped second
- the material constituting the second electron-conductive carrier-pair generation layer 302 may form a high electron conductivity (for example, an electron conductivity in a
- the order of magnitude is better than about 10 S / m, for example, better than about 10 6 S / m, for example
- the material of the electron-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer 302 may have a low work function (eg, a work function of less than or equal to about 3 eV) and a low absorption of visible light.
- the substance of the second electron-carrier charge-carrier pair generation layer 302 may be any substance that satisfies these conditions, for example NDN-26, MgAg, Cs 2 C0 3 , CS 3 PO 4, Na, Ca, K, Mg , Cs, Li, LiF.
- the second electron-carrier charge carrier generation layer 302 may have a layer thickness in a range of about 1 nra to about 500 nm, for example in a range of about 3 nm to about 100 nm, for example in a range of about 10 nm to about 90 nm, for example in a range of about 20 nm to about 80 nm, for example in a range of about 30 nm to about 70 nm, for example in a range of about 40 nm to about 60 nm, for example a layer thickness of about 50 nm.
- Electron-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer 306 of several substances so for example a mixture of substances, or also be composed of a single substance (for this reason, the first electron-conducting
- Carrier pair generation layer 306 may also be referred to as undoped first electron conductive carrier pair generation layer 306).
- electron-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer 306 forms, that is, for example, the substance constituting the first electron-conductive charge carrier pair generation layer 306 may have a high conductivity (for example, FIG Conductivity on the order of, for example
- S / m for example, better about 10 S / m.
- Charge pair generation layer 306 is a high
- Work function such as a work function in a
- Range of about 5.0 eV to about 5.5 eV and a low absorption of visible light In
- the substance of the first electron-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer 306 may be any material or material that fulfills these conditions, for example HAT-CN.
- electron-conductive charge carrier pair generation layer 306 have a layer thickness in a range from about 1 nm to about 500 nm, for example in a range from about 3 nm to about 100 nm, for example in one
- Range from about 10 nm to about 90 nm for example, in a range of about 20 nm to about 80 nm, for example, in a range of about 30 nm to about 70 nm, for example, in a range of about 40 nm to about 60 nm, for example, a layer thickness of about 50 nm.
- the first electron-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer 306 may comprise, in various embodiments, a high-conductivity iron or mixture of materials and a conduction band (Lowest Unoccupied Molecule Orbital, LUMO) that is approximately equal in energy
- Charge pair generation layer 302 is formed.
- the substance or mixture of the first electron-carrier charge carrier generation layer 306 has a LUMO that is approximately at the same level as the HOMO of the material or
- the charge carrier pair is at the common
- Emitter layer 212 of the second organic functional layer structure 116 is transported and wherein the
- the hole transport layer 210 may additionally be configured as a hole-conducting carrier pair generation layer 210.
- the intermediate layer 304 may have a layer thickness in a range of about 1 nm to about 200 nm,
- Intermediate layer 304 may be direct or indirect.
- the substance or mixture of the intermediate layer 304 may be an electrical insulator in an indirect charge carrier line.
- the HOMO of the electrically insulating substance of the intermediate layer 304 may be higher than the LUMO of the directly adjacent first electron-conducting charge carrier pair.
- Suitable materials for the intermediate layer 304 are
- Phthalocyanine derivatives for example vanadium oxide phthalocyanine (VOPc), titanium oxide phthalocyanine (TiOPc),
- CuPc Copper phthalocyanine
- H 2 PC unsubstituted phthalocyanine
- CoPc cobalt phthalocyanine
- AlPc aluminum phthalocyanine
- NiPc nickel phthalocyanine
- FePc iron phthalocyanine
- ZnPc zinc phthalocyanine
- MnPC Manganese phthalocyanine
- the charge carrier pair generation layer structure 114 comprises the following layers: second electron-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer 302:
- NDN-26 with a layer thickness of approximately 10 nm
- VOPc with a layer thickness of about 6 nm; and first electron-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer 306:
- HAT-CN with a layer thickness of approximately 5 nm.
- Electron transport layer 208 NET-18 having a layer thickness of about 100 nm.
- the second hole transport layer 210 in this implementation HT-508 having a layer thickness of about 100 nm.
- the charge carrier pair generation layer structure 114 has the following layers: second electron-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer 302:
- MgAg with a layer thickness of about 3 nm
- first electron-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer 306 first electron-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer 306:
- HAT-CN with a layer thickness of approximately 15 nm.
- Electron transport layer 208 NET- 18 have with a layer thickness of about 50 nm. Further, the second
- Hole transport layer 210 in this implementation have NPB with a layer thickness of about 25 nm
- Fig. Shows a plurality of current-voltage characteristics of a
- Charge pair generation layer structure according to the first concrete implementation of the charge carrier pair generation layer structure 114 in a current-voltage diagram 400, in which the measured current density 402 depending on
- the applied voltage 404 is shown in a characteristic 406. It can be seen that the characteristic curve 406 has the form of a characteristic curve of a pn diode.
- FIG. 5 shows a measured temperature / voltage stability characteristic 502 of a charge carrier pair generation layer structure according to the first implementation in a temperature / voltage diagram 500, the measured
- Voltage 504 is shown as a function of time 506 at a predetermined temperature of approximately 85 ° C.
- the characteristic curve 606 has the form of a characteristic curve of a pn diode.
- FIG. 7 shows measured temperature / voltage stability characteristics 702 of a carrier pair generation layer structure 114 according to the second implementation in a temperature / voltage diagram 700, the measured voltage 706 being plotted as a function of time 704 at a temperature of approximately 75 ° C.
- Charge pair generation layer is formed of a single substance and thus without doped layers, in other words, no layer is realized with a dopant in a matrix.
- the first electron-conducting charge carrier pair-generation layer may also be formed from a single substance and thus without doped layers (alternatively, however, the first electron-conducting charge carrier pair generation layer may also be in the form of a matrix with a dopant
- the first electron-conducting charge carrier pair-generating layer and the second electron-conducting charge carrier pair-generating layer can be used here as pure organic
- a thin intermediate layer 304 (also referred to as interlayer 304) can optionally be inserted between the two layers.
- Charge pair generation layer always two separate sources for the matrix or for the dopant
Abstract
Description
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