Classifications

• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H21/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties
  • D21H21/14—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties characterised by function or properties in or on the paper
  • D21H21/32—Bleaching agents
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H11/00—Pulp or paper, comprising cellulose or lignocellulose fibres of natural origin only
  • D21H11/12—Pulp from non-woody plants or crops, e.g. cotton, flax, straw, bagasse
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • D21C3/00—Pulping cellulose-containing materials
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • D21C5/00—Other processes for obtaining cellulose, e.g. cooking cotton linters ; Processes characterised by the choice of cellulose-containing starting materials
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • D21C9/00—After-treatment of cellulose pulp, e.g. of wood pulp, or cotton linters ; Treatment of dilute or dewatered pulp or process improvement taking place after obtaining the raw cellulosic material and not provided for elsewhere
  • D21C9/10—Bleaching ; Apparatus therefor
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
  • D21H17/63—Inorganic compounds
  • D21H17/64—Alkaline compounds
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H27/00—Special paper not otherwise provided for, e.g. made by multi-step processes
  • D21H27/10—Packing paper

Definitions

• Wood fiber has been used in the manufacture of paper and packaging since the mid 1800's. Although wood fiber continues to offer valued performance characteristics, its poor environmental profile had led to the search for alternative fibers to at least partially replace the wood fiber.
• Various non-wood fibers have been suggested, including sugar cane, bagasse, wheat and rice straws, bamboo, cotton stalks, banana leaves, fig leaves, reed, amur grass, and kenaf.
• the principles of the present invention provide for systems and methods that may be used as a partial replacement to wood pulp or wood pulp fiber in manufacturing articles, such as paper and packaging.
• One system and method may include pre-processing fruit byproduct to create brighter fruit by-product and fiber than is currently available as a starting point for processing the fruit fiber for use in manufacturing paper and packaging.
• Another system and method may include processing the fruit fiber derived from the fruit by-product to create brighter fiber than is currently possible for use in a variety of paper products.
• An article may be produced inclusive of two naturally produced fibers, where one of the fibers, such as fruit fiber, may include filaments extending therefrom.
• the principles of the present invention provide a method of manufacturing a feedstock for producing paper fiber from fruit of a plant.
• the method may include providing a by-product source inclusive of fiber from the edible fruit after a process for removing a majority of the edible fruit is used to produce a food.
• One or more treatment processes to brighten the fruit by-product may be performed.
• the feedstock may be produced from the brightened fruit by-product.
• the principles of the present invention provide a method of manufacturing a fiber for use in manufacturing products.
• the method may include providing a feedstock including fiber derived from edible fruit of a plant, applying an agent that degrades pectin to the feedstock to form a feedstock mixture, agitating the feedstock mixture, removing solution including the fiber from the feedstock mixture, and isolating the fiber from the solution.
• the principles of the present invention provide a system for manufacturing a fiber for use in manufacturing products.
• the system may include an input structure configured to receive a feedstock including fiber derived from edible fruit of a plant.
• a reactor tank may be in fluid communication with the input structure.
• An input conduit may be in fluid communication with the reactor tank, and be configured to flow an agent that causes pectin in the feedstock to degrade.
• the reactor tank may be configured to receive the feedstock from the input structure and to receive the agent from the input conduit so as to mix the agent with the feedstock to form a feedstock mixture inclusive of agent and feedstock.
• the reactor tank may further be configured to agitate the feedstock mixture.
• An output conduit may be in fluid communication with the reactor tank, and be configured to remove solution inclusive of agent and fiber from the feedstock mixture. Means for isolating the fiber from the solution may be in fluid communication with the output conduit.
• the principles of the present invention may provide an article including a first fiber derived from a first natural source and a second fiber derived from a fruit.
• the principles of the present invention provides a method of manufacturing an article may include combining a first and second fiber to form a fiber mixture, where the first and second fibers are obtained from discrete materials, and where at least one of the fibers is derived from an edible fruit of a plant.
• the article may be formed from the fiber mixture.
• FIG. 1 is a flow diagram of an illustrative process for pre-treating wet fruit pulp byproduct and treating fruit fiber for use in paperboard manufacturing;
• FIG. 2 is a flow diagram of a more detailed illustrative process for pre-treating wet fruit pulp by-product and treating fruit fiber for use in paperboard manufacturing;
• FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an illustrative system for use in extracting and processing fruit fiber to produce brightened fiber for use in paper and packaging products;
• FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of an illustrative process for extracting fruit fiber from fruit by-product
• FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of an illustrative process for combining fruit fiber with wood fiber to form an article from the fiber mixture
• FIG. 6 is a graph of illustrative data showing an uptake of water by citrus pellets at room temperature over time, expressed as the ratio of liquid to solid;
• FIG. 7 is a graph of illustrative data showing physical properties (e.g., breaking length, tear index, and resistance to bending) of paper (handsheets) made using various citrus pulp blends;
• FIG. 8 is a graph of illustrative data showing additional physical properties (e.g., porosity, tensile index, TEA, and tensile index) of paper (handsheets) made using various citrus pulp blends;
• additional physical properties e.g., porosity, tensile index, TEA, and tensile index
• FIG. 9 is a graph of illustrative data showing influence of the addition of a neutralizing agent on drainage time of refined citrus pulp
• FIG. 10 is a graph demonstrating characteristics of fibers from citrus prepared by the methods herein.
• FIG 1 1 is a graph demonstrating characteristics of fibers prepared from hardwood. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
• the principles of the present invention are directed to a method for processing fruit by-product to produce fiber obtained from the fruit by-product.
• the method may include digesting the fiber by-product to release or extract the fibrous material from pectin and/or the ultrastructure of the fruit by-product.
• the fruit fiber is useful as a substitute for wood fiber in articles such as paper materials, including as packaging paper, where replacement in various amounts nevertheless preserves the desired performance characteristics.
• the principles of the present invention are also directed to articles, such as paper, including packaging paper containing fruit fiber extracted from fruit by-product, i.e., wood fiber-reduced paper or packaging paper, and methods for making the same.
• the principles of the present invention are directed to a purified fruit fiber that includes filaments extending axially therefrom.
• the refined and/or neutralized fruit by-product can be treated further (e.g., dried, brightened, further refined, filtered, and screened) to provide a fruit fiber that can be used for different papers and/or packaging processing.
• Fruit by-product may be any components of an edible fruit of a plant that remains after processing the edible fruit to produce food for human or animal consumption.
• fruit by-product includes but is not limited to internal membranous tissue within the fruit. This tissue includes, but is not limited to albedo, endocarp, segment membranes and the like, of citrus, as is known in the art.
• Fruit "byproduct” includes pulp and other subfractions, such as peel (exocarp), seeds and the like.
• pulp includes sub-fractions of citrus, such as albedo (mesocarp), segment (endocarp), and segment membranes.
• fiber is used to refer to extracted fibrous material from fruit by-product, as opposed to “by-product” or “pulp,” which refers to the fiber and other structural and chemical compositions (e.g., pectin) in edible fruit.
• the process 100 may start by providing fruit by-product 102, such as wet fruit by-product, into a pre -treatment of fruit by-product process 104.
• the process 104 may be used to prepare a feedstock 106 by washing, removing molasses, and removing non-fibrous matter (e.g., leaves, seeds, solids with sugars, and other components and plant parts, such as wood, stalks, and leaves), and/or applying a brightening agent to the fruit by-product 102.
• non-fibrous matter e.g., leaves, seeds, solids with sugars, and other components and plant parts, such as wood, stalks, and leaves
• the fruit by-product may be a better feedstock than currently available, which is generally cattle feed pellets with molasses.
• the feedstock may be provided from the process 104 in a variety of forms, including a slurry, pellets without binding material, cellulose feedstock with about 1% to about 10% fiber, or in some embodiments about 2% to about 5% fiber, or otherwise.
• the feedstock 106 may be provided to a fruit fiber extraction and processing process 108.
• the process 108 may extract or otherwise isolate fruit fiber from the fruit pulp.
• the process 108 in addition to extracting fruit fiber from the fruit pulp, may also brighten the fruit fiber, as further described herein with regard to FIG. 3, so as to be brighter and more usable for different types of paper, such as product packaging and writing paper.
• Output from the process 108 may be partially dried fruit fiber 1 10.
• the partially dried fruit fiber 110 may be in the form of wet lap.
• the fruit by-product 102 provided to the pre-treatment process 104 may vary amongst different fruits, but contain an adequate amount of pulp and fiber for use as a wood fiber replacement.
• the fruit by-product may be wet by-product, never dried by-product or pulp (fresh-never dried by-product or pulp), dry by-product or pulp, or pelleted by-product or pulp.
• the fruit by-product 102 may contain residual peel, rags/sacks, and seeds, as described further herein.
• the fruit by-product is a citrus by-product and is in the form of citrus pellets, which, as understood in the art, is commonly used as animal feed.
• Pelleted fruit by-product may be produced in varying ways using a variety of fruit source materials that may impact the content and characteristics of the pellet, as understood by one skilled in the art.
• specific processing procedures vary from one production source to another and may vary with in the same source throughout the season.
• the basic procedure for producing fruit pellets generally includes grinding or chopping fruit and then dehydrating the fruit residue.
• the fruit residue is either dehydrated or pressed and molasses is produced from the press liquor.
• a portion of the molasses is sometimes added back to the fruit pulp during a drying process to bind the pulp by-product.
• the finer particles of the dried pulp are often removed and either sold as citrus meal or pelleted and added back to the pulp.
• dry fruit pellets containing peel, rags and seeds may be tested for moisture content using a drying oven and scale.
• Moisture content may range, for example, between about 7% and about 18%.
• the fruit pellets used in subsequent treatments may be stored in tanks, bags, vats, and/or drums.
• any edible fruit grown from a plant may be suitable for use with the principles of the present invention.
• the fruit by-product 102 may include by-product from a single fruit variety or multiple fruit varieties.
• citrus fruit varieties suitable for use in producing fiber for use in producing paper may include, but are not limited to, any fruit from the Citrus genus, such as oranges, sweet oranges, Clementines, kumquats, limes, leeche limes, satsumas, mandarins, tangerines, citrons, pummelos, lemons, rough lemons, grapefruits, tangerines and tangelos, or hybrids thereof.
• the citrus fruit may be early season, mid-season, or late-season citrus fruit.
• the pectin content of fruit may vary based on season, where ripe fruit may contain less pectin than unripe fruit. It should be understood that non-citrus fruits (e.g., apples) may alternatively or additionally be utilized. Thus, in one embodiment, the principles of the present invention provide for a method for isolating and processing non-citrus fruit by-product to obtain non- citrus fruit pulp or fiber. These materials are also useful in the production of paper and packaging papers, where they may also serve as a substitute for wood fiber. These non-citrus fruits include, for example, apple, mango and papaya. The fiber and pectin content of these non-citrus fruits would be understood by one of skill in the art to vary.
• the fruit by-product may include citrus by-product from oranges.
• mid-season fruits e.g. Pineapple and Sunstar varieties
• late- season fruits e.g. Valencia
• the fruit by-product may include all fruit by-product or a specific fraction of the fruit by-product, where fractions may include, but are not limited to, peels, rags, sacs, and seeds.
• peels and rags/sacks are used as a fruit fiber source.
• albedo, endocarp, segment membranes and/or vesicle membranes are used as fiber sources individually or in combination.
• the solid fruit concentration of the fruit by-product may vary.
• the fruit by-product is a wet fruit by-product having a solid fruit concentration of from about 4% to about 30%. In another embodiment, the solid fruit concentration of the wet fruit byproduct is about 8% to about 20%.
• the fruit by-product is a dry fruit by-product having a solid fruit concentration of from about 80% to about 95%. In a specific embodiment, the dry fruit by-product has a solid fruit concentration in a range from about 84% to about 95%.
• the fruit by-product may vary based on type of fruit, density of fruit byproduct, concentration of fruit by-product, wetness of fruit by-product, and so on.
• the fruit by-product may optionally be pre-treated prior to digestion in order to prepare the material for subsequent treatment steps.
• the pre- treatment process 104 may involve a single step or multiple steps, where multiple steps may be the same or different.
• the pre-treatment process 104 may include adding lime to the fruit by-product to dewater the fruit by-product 102 at step 202.
• the fruit by-product 102 which may or may not have had lime added thereto, may be dried.
• the drying process may include partially or fully drying the fruit by-product 102, with or without lime.
• the fruit by-product 102 may be processed as a wet stream at step 206.
• single or multi-stage washing processes may be performed at step 208.
• washing processes 208 may vary, for example, in temperature or number of washes.
• the water may be cold, ambient (23-27°C) or hot (50-60°C).
• Hot water has been shown to remove more soluble components on a relative basis than an equivalent amount of ambient water (e.g., 1% to 5% more).
• Fresh water washing or a multistage, countercurrent scheme may be employed. Multistage washing has been shown to remove more soluble materials than a single washing (e.g., l%-4% more).
• the number of washing steps may range from two to five or more.
• the washing step(s) may occur at a fruit juicing plant or at an offsite-processing location.
• Washing may occur with or without stirring/agitation (i.e., in a quiescent environment).
• the washing process at step 208 may remove from about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 1 1%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40% or about 50% of the soluble materials.
• untreated pellets are transferred to a suitable vessel and washed with multiple (e.g., 9) times its weight (10% solids) in ambient (23-27°C) water to both swell the pellets and remove water soluble materials for a minimum of about 10 minutes to about 15 minutes. pH may be monitored during the multistage pH neutral water washing of the pulp to determine when the pulp has been sufficiently rinsed.
• a bleaching step (not shown) may be included.
• the bleaching step may use bleach or any other chemical or non-chemical process, as understood in the art.
• the bleaching pre-treatment is a peroxide, alkaline peroxide, or oxygen-alkali treatment.
• the bleaching pre -treatment step is involves treatment with hydrogen peroxide.
• the pre-treatment step may reduce a water retention value (WRV) of the fruit by-product.
• WRV can be measured, for example, by centrifugally separating water retained in pulp from free water in and between fruit fibers.
• the pre-treatment process 104 may decrease the chemical load (i.e., the presence of soluble materials, such as sugars or acids) of the material prior to digestion.
• the chemical load may vary depending upon the type of fruit by-product and/or the processing conditions used to generate the fruit by-product.
• Pretreatment to remove soluble materials may be particularly useful where molasses has been added to a fruit pellet during processing. Pellets to which molasses has been added may have far greater levels of soluble material (e.g., 40%- 50% or so of the total weight of the dry pellet).
• the amount of pectin may vary by fruit type or by season, as cell wall disassembly during ripening is the main process leading to fruit softening.
• the digestion/extraction process is performed to remove the pectin (viewed here primarily as a byproduct product) in order to isolate the desired material, i.e., the fruit fibers.
• temperatures may be elevated (e.g., 70°C to 160°C) to accelerate solubilization of inter-lamellar material.
• pH can drop to below neutral in the alkaline treated pulp.
• Monitoring pH during this stage may be performed so that refortifying the liquor with additional alkali to maintain higher target pH can be achieved.
• Alkali treatment can be applied for short periods of 15 and up to 120 minutes at target temperature and pH. Total heating time is determined by the temperature ramp rate controlled by the thermal load capacity of the equipment used in heating and by whether direct or indirect heating is employed.
• Extracted fruit pulp 218 from any of the treatments 210, 212, 214, and 216 may flow along two optional pathways, a bleached pathway 220 and/or unbleached pathway 222. If the extracted pulp 218 flows along the bleached pathway 220, multi pre-treatment and bleaching stages 224 may be performed on the extracted pulp 218 to further clean and increase brightness of the extracted pulp 218, as further described with regard to FIG. 3. If the extracted pulp 218 flows along the unbleached pathway 222, then a charge neutralization stage 226 may be used to neutralize charges of the extracted pulp 218. In one embodiment, the bleached pulp may also pass through the charge neutralization stage 226, which is described below.
• Both oxidative and reductive bleaching chemistries may be employed in the high brightness development of citrus pulp. Oxidative approaches have proved most effective in both laboratory and pilot plant processes.
• the bleaching may involve a single or multiple steps.
• the bleaching agent may be, for example, chlorine dioxide.
• the method involves a multi-step bleaching protocol as follows:
• the process 400 may start at step 402, where a feedstock including fiber derived from edible fruit of a plant may be provided.
• the edible fruit may be a citrus or non-citrus fruit, as provided hereinabove.
• an agent that degrades pectin may be applied to the feedstock to form a feedstock mixture.
• the agent may be applied to the feedstock in a treatment or reaction tank, as understood in the art.
• the feedstock mixture may be agitated to cause the agent to be more effective in degrading the pectin at step 406.
• the process 500 may start at step 502, where first and second fibers may be combined to form a fiber mixture.
• the first fiber is a wood fiber and a second fiber may be a fruit fiber.
• the fibers may be combined in any manner that provides for manufacturing of paper with the two types of fibers (i.e., wood fiber and fruit fiber).
• fruit fibers that are substantially similar in shade or brightness to wood fiber may be selected and combined with the wood fiber.
• Such similarly shaded fruit fiber may be increased in brightness using the system and processes shown in FIG. 3, for example.
• an article may be formed from the fiber mixture.
• the article may be any paper article, as understood in the art.
• the principles of the present invention further relate to a method for processing fruit by-product to provide fruit fiber for use in the preparation of an article comprising the fruit fiber.
• the article includes fiber from multiple fiber sources, such as from wood and from fruit, as previously described herein.
• the article may be paper and/or packaging materials.
• the method may include production of storage or transport forms of fruit fiber, such as dried, bagged, bailed, compressed fiber, wet lap, or dry lap, as well as the production of paper therefrom.
• the method involves processing fruit by-product to provide a fruit fiber storage or transport form, including (i) providing a fruit by-product ; (ii) digesting the fruit by-product; (iii) isolating the fiber from the digest solution; and (iv) dewatering the isolated fiber.
• the fruit fiber storage form may be a dried, bagged, bailed, compressed fiber, wet lap, or dry lap.
• the fiber in forms has generally undergone some compaction, drying, or consolidation, but has not been dried. These forms are feasible for short distance transportation and if the fiber is to be used immediately at user end (e.g., paper mill). Dry lap would normally be expected to have far less moisture, i.e., about 20 % or less.
• the CSF is 450.
• the wood and citrus fibers may then be blended at about a 90: 10 ratio, respectively. Freeness testing may be assessed.
• the desired CSF may vary. In one embodiment, the CSF ranges from about 300 to about 500 CSF. It is possible to adjust the CSF of the wood fiber component in order to impact the CSF of the blended fiber, for example.
• the blended fiber may then be pumped to the headbox of the pilot paper machine.
• the blended fiber may then be drained, pressed, and dried. A starch surface size may be applied and further dried before being wound up on a core.
• a wide variety of methods are known for the manufacture of paper, as would be understood to one of skill in the art.
• Citrus fiber may be useful in a variety of paper bleached and unbleached applications including, for example, corrugated packaging, labels, cups, plates, and liquid packaging.
• the principles of the present invention provide for wood- fiber reduced packaging paper.
• the principles of the present invention include a paperboard carton including fruit fiber, such as citrus fiber extracted from a citrus by-product stream.
• the paperboard carton may be a beverage carton, for example.
• non-citrus fruit fiber may be blended with wood fiber (e.g., softwood and hardwood/softwood blends) to create a blended pulp useful in paper, including but not limited to, packaging paper.
• the blended pulp is about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 1 1%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15% or about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 95% or about 99% non-citrus fiber.
• Washed pulp was transferred to the same indirect-heated, axial bleaching tower as in the previous stage.
• the pre-treated citrus pulp was heated to 50°C.
• a 50% sodium hydroxide solution was added to achieve a pH of 10.5, having a final solids concentration of 10% (on dry pulp).
• the pulp slurry was diluted to 5% solids and pumped to and treated as above, through the decanter.
• Washed pulp was transferred to the same indirect-heated, axial bleaching tower as in the previous stage.
• the pre-treated citrus pulp was heated to 60°C.
• a chlorine dioxide solution (at 10 g/liter) was added to achieve a 2% application rate having a final solids concentration of 10% (on dry pulp).
• the pulp slurry was diluted to 5% solids and pumped to and treated as above, through the decanter.
• the pulp was stored at the decanter discharge solids in poly lined drums under refrigerated conditions.
• the citrus pulp was removed from storage and diluted with room temperature water to 3% solids in an agitated tank. The pulp was sampled for streaming potential charge. Aluminum sulfate (alum) was added to the pulp at a rate of 65 lb./ton to neutralize the charge to about -0 mV. Drainage improvements upon alum neutralization were dramatic, as shown in FIG. 9.
• Citrus fiber prepared as described herein was compared with hardwood fiber. As shown in FIGS. 10 and 1 1, citrus fiber showed notable differences in length distribution of the fibers. For instance, the majority of citrus fibers were between 0.20-0.35 mm, while the majority of hardwood fibers were longer. Thus, citrus fibers prepared by the methods disclosed herein have distinct distribution of lengths as compared to length distribution of hardwood fibers.

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• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
• Preparation Of Fruits And Vegetables (AREA)
• Paper (AREA)
• Coloring Foods And Improving Nutritive Qualities (AREA)
• Polysaccharides And Polysaccharide Derivatives (AREA)
• Wrappers (AREA)

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