WO2013146779A1 - ラマン散乱分光法による神経検出法 - Google Patents
ラマン散乱分光法による神経検出法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013146779A1 WO2013146779A1 PCT/JP2013/058775 JP2013058775W WO2013146779A1 WO 2013146779 A1 WO2013146779 A1 WO 2013146779A1 JP 2013058775 W JP2013058775 W JP 2013058775W WO 2013146779 A1 WO2013146779 A1 WO 2013146779A1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/0059—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons using light, e.g. diagnosis by transillumination, diascopy, fluorescence
- A61B5/0075—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons using light, e.g. diagnosis by transillumination, diascopy, fluorescence by spectroscopy, i.e. measuring spectra, e.g. Raman spectroscopy, infrared absorption spectroscopy
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/40—Detecting, measuring or recording for evaluating the nervous system
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/74—Details of notification to user or communication with user or patient ; user input means
- A61B5/742—Details of notification to user or communication with user or patient ; user input means using visual displays
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/65—Raman scattering
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for detecting a nerve using a Raman scattering spectrum from a living tissue.
- the present invention also relates to an apparatus for detecting a nerve using a Raman scattering spectrum.
- Preserving nerves during surgery plays an important role not only in preserving organ function but also in patient quality of life.
- staining techniques using pigments have been improved to determine the position of thin nerves, but staining itself is often harmful to humans and is difficult to use for intraoperative observation. Therefore, the main target of nerve preservation is only the thick nerve that can be observed by the operator's eyes and white light imaging with an image sensor, and there is no technique for determining the position of the thin nerve, and the position of the nerve is anatomical knowledge In other words, there are situations where you have to rely on the experience of the surgeon.
- myelinated nerves since there is a myelin sheath rich in lipids, it can still be detected by Raman scattering spectroscopy.
- the target of measurement of myelinated nerves is a Raman band derived from lipid (myelin), which is difficult to apply to unmyelinated nerves without myelin sheath, and comprehensive detection of nerves has not been realized.
- Raman spectroscopy is a form of vibrational spectroscopy that provides direct information on molecular vibrations specific to chemical bonds in the molecule.
- incident light and molecular vibration interact, and a specific energy change depending on the molecular vibration can be plotted as a spectrum, whereby a substance can be identified without staining.
- Substance detection methods, imaging methods, and apparatuses using such characteristics of Raman spectroscopy have been developed (Patent Documents 1 and 2).
- tissues such as diagnosis of cancer (Non-patent Document 1), atherosclerosis (Non-patent Document 2), oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (Non-patent Document 3), etc.
- the focus has been on diagnosis.
- Patent Document 3 discloses a method of imaging by distinguishing myocardial tissue, blood vessels, and collagen-rich regions.
- none of these non-patent and patent literatures attempted to comprehensively detect nerves.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus for detecting or detecting a nerve.
- a method for detecting a nerve comprising the following steps 1 to 4: Step 1: Step of irradiating the sample with excitation light Step 2: Step of detecting Raman scattered light from the sample; Step 3: calculating an intensity ratio of wave numbers within a specific range of Raman scattered light detected in Step 2, or extracting a feature of the intensity ratio and performing multivariate analysis and / or statistical analysis, Step 4: A method for detecting a nerve, comprising a step of specifically displaying a nerve including an unmyelinated nerve using the intensity ratio or multivariate analysis and / or statistical analysis result as an index.
- Item 2 A method for detecting a nerve, comprising a step of specifically displaying a nerve including an unmyelinated nerve using the intensity ratio or multivariate analysis and / or statistical analysis result as an index.
- the intensity ratio is, 2855Cm -1 or before and after the peak wavenumber range and 2933cm -1 or intensity ratio of the peak wavenumber range around them, or, 2887Cm -1 or before and after the peak wavenumber range thereof and 2933cm -1 or around the Item 2.
- the detection method according to Item 1 which is an intensity ratio in a peak wavenumber range.
- Item 3. Item 3.
- Item 4 The intensity ratio is the intensity ratio of 2855cm -1 and 2933cm -1, or the intensity ratio of 2887cm -1 and 2933cm -1, detection method according to any one of claim 1-3.
- Item 5. The detection method according to any one of Items 1 to 4, wherein the sample is a patient undergoing surgery or a tissue collected from the patient.
- Item 6. Item 6. The detection method according to any one of Items 1 to 5, wherein the nerve includes an unmyelinated nerve.
- Excitation light irradiation means for irradiating the sample with excitation light, Means for detecting Raman scattered light from the sample; A spectroscopic unit that splits the received Raman scattered light into spectral components of each wavelength / wave number; An intensity ratio calculating means for calculating an intensity ratio of specific wavelength / specific wave number of Raman scattered light, or an analyzing means for extracting features of the intensity ratio and performing multivariate analysis and / or statistical analysis; An apparatus for detecting nerves including unmyelinated nerves, comprising means for specifically displaying nerves including unmyelinated nerves using the intensity ratio or multivariate analysis and / or statistical analysis results as an index.
- the present invention provides an unstained optical nerve detection method and apparatus using Raman scattering spectroscopy, which is a light scattering phenomenon caused by molecular vibrations.
- the present invention provides a method for detecting unstained nerves including unmyelinated nerves, which has been impossible in the past.
- the present invention it is possible to specifically display nerves including unmyelinated nerves. Therefore, by using the detection method and apparatus of the present invention, it is possible to accurately grasp the presence or position of a nerve at the time of surgery, and it is possible to suppress a decrease in post-operative QOL due to a neurological disorder.
- Raman spectra of various nerves include intercostals (myelinated), vagus (unmyelinated), abdominal cavity (myelinated), abdominal cavity (non-myelinated), thigh (myelinated), cerebellar medulla (myelinated), cerebellar cortex (non-myelinated).
- Raman spectra of various tissues The Raman spectrum of a tissue exhibits a characteristic spectrum derived from the molecules constituting each tissue. Based on these differences, nerve tissue is differentiated. Tissues include intercostal nerve, vagus nerve, fibrous connective tissue, blood vessels (media), muscle tissue, and fat.
- A connective tissue and myelinated nerve
- B adipose tissue and myelinated nerve
- C muscle tissue and myelinated nerve
- D blood vessel and myelinated nerve
- E myelinated and unmyelinated nerve
- F Connected tissue and unmyelinated nerve
- B Adipose tissue and unmyelinated nerve
- C Muscle tissue and unmyelinated nerve
- D P-value when intensity ratio of blood vessel and unmyelinated nerve is calculated.
- the left axis is the denominator of intensity ratio
- the lower axis is the numerator of intensity ratio. Nerve detection by intensity ratio of nerve (including myelinated and unmyelinated) and other tissues.
- A Connective tissue and nerves (including myelinated and unmyelinated nerves), (B) Adipose tissue and nerves (including myelinated and unmyelinated nerves), (C) Muscle tissue and nerves (myelinated and (Including unmyelinated nerves), (D) blood vessels and nerves (including myelinated and unmyelinated nerves), (E) unmyelinated nerves and tissues (including connective tissue, adipose tissue, muscle tissue, blood vessels), (F ) Myelinated nerves and tissues (including connective tissue, adipose tissue, muscle tissue, blood vessels), (G) nerves (including myelinated and unmyelinated nerves) and tissues (connective tissue, adipose tissue, muscle tissue, blood vessels) P value when the intensity ratio is calculated.
- the left axis is the denominator of intensity ratio, and the lower axis is the numerator of intensity ratio.
- the present invention provides the following steps (1) to (4): Step 1: Step of irradiating the sample with excitation light Step 2: Step of detecting Raman scattered light from the sample; Step 3: calculating an intensity ratio of wave numbers within a specific range of the Raman scattered light detected in Step 2, or extracting features of the intensity ratio and performing multivariate analysis and / or statistical analysis, Step 4: Providing a nerve detection method characterized by including a step of specifically displaying nerves including unmyelinated nerves using the intensity ratio or multivariate analysis and / or statistical analysis results as an index. is there.
- Specific indication of nerves including unmyelinated nerves means that the presence of nerves is indicated by sound (warning sound, voice, etc.), light, vibration, heat, etc., and the nerve and surrounding tissues are sounded (warning) Sound, voice, etc.) and images are distinguished and displayed.
- Perineural tissue includes adipose tissue, fibrous connective tissue, muscle tissue, blood vessels, and the like.
- the sample is first irradiated with excitation light.
- the sample include animals having nerves, such as vertebrates, particularly mammals themselves or a part thereof, for example, organs and tissues extracted from a living body.
- mammals include humans, monkeys, horses, pigs, cows, sheep, dogs, cats, rats, mice and the like, preferably humans.
- the irradiation site in an animal having a nerve is not particularly limited as long as it is a site that may have a nerve, but a site where the nerve damage during surgery affects the patient's QOL is preferable, for example, the prostate Urinary organs such as bladder, digestive organs such as rectum, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, pancreas, liver, nervous system organs such as spinal cord and brain, retroperitoneum, head and neck, limbs, and surrounding tissues Etc.
- incontinence of urine, feces, etc. can occur due to disorders of the unmyelinated nerves (parasympathetic nerves), and therefore it is necessary to prevent neurological disorders particularly during surgery.
- the scope of application of the present invention includes nerve-sparing surgery for cancer removal, such as nerve-sparing prostatectomy, rectal cancer nerve-sparing surgery, various tissue transplantation operations for reconstructing tissue defects after resection of malignant tumors, etc.
- nerve-sparing surgery for cancer removal such as nerve-sparing prostatectomy, rectal cancer nerve-sparing surgery, various tissue transplantation operations for reconstructing tissue defects after resection of malignant tumors, etc.
- Microsurgery in surgery such as amputation finger (limb) re-adhesion, emergency trauma surgery, etc., helps identify nerves that were often overlooked, and neuroplasty (neural sutures, nerve transplantation) It is expected that this will lead to improvement of the treatment technology.
- neuroplasty neural sutures, nerve transplantation
- the nerve includes both myelinated nerves and unmyelinated nerves, and the present invention can detect both myelinated nerves and unmyelinated nerves.
- the nerve may be a nerve cell or a nerve bundle.
- the main subject of detection of the present invention is a nerve bundle, which may be a myelinated nerve or an unmyelinated nerve, and various myelinated and unmyelinated nerves. It may be mixed in proportion.
- the peripheral nerve can be displayed, but the central nerve can be displayed.
- the wavelength of the excitation light can theoretically be an electromagnetic wave having any wavelength, but is preferably 350 to 1064 nm, more preferably 400 to 800 nm, and even more preferably 500 to 700 nm.
- the light source included in the excitation irradiating means can be used without particular limitation as long as it is a means for emitting light normally used in Raman scattering spectroscopy.
- Preferred light sources include a 532 nm Nd: YAG laser, a 671 nm DSPP laser, and a 780 nm Ti: S laser.
- the excitation light may be irradiated directly onto the sample from the light source, but it is preferable to irradiate a specific position of the sample (for example, a position to be cut by surgery) with an optical fiber or the like.
- the Raman scattered light from the sample can be detected by means for detecting the Raman scattered light, such as a light receiving element.
- the means for detecting the Raman scattered light is not particularly limited as long as it can detect the Raman scattered light and convert it into an analyzable signal, and appropriately select a detection means known in the field. Can be used.
- a detection means known in the field can be used.
- the means for detecting the Raman scattered light for example, a light receiving element or an area sensor in which the light receiving elements are arranged on a matrix can be used as the detecting means.
- a light receiving element such as an avalanche photodiode or a photomultiplier tube, or a two-dimensional CCD camera or CMOS camera in which pixels are arranged in an array can be suitably used as a means for detecting Raman scattered light.
- the Raman scattered light from the sample is separated into excitation light and scattered light by a dichroic filter or the like prior to the detection (FIG. 1). Further, the separated Raman scattered light is spatially dispersed according to the wavelength / wave number of light by a spectroscope including a diffraction grating and a prism. The spectrally scattered Raman scattered light is converted into a signal representing a Raman spectrum by the detection means as described above and output to an analysis means such as a personal computer.
- the means for detecting Raman scattered light detects the intensity of light of each wavelength or wave number in the spectrum of Raman scattered light.
- the light intensity of each wavelength / wave number detected by the means for detecting Raman scattered light is detected, and the data is sent to an analysis means such as a computer for analysis.
- a step of calculating a specific wavelength / specific wave number or an intensity ratio of a wavelength range / wave number range or a feature of the specific wavelength / specific wave number or wavelength range / wave number range of the intensity ratio to extract multivariate analysis and / or statistics An analysis step, and a step of specifically displaying nerves including unmyelinated nerves using as an index the result of extracting the intensity ratio or the characteristics of the intensity ratio and performing multivariate analysis and / or statistical analysis.
- the analyzed signal is sent to a display means (e.g., a display, when displaying by sound, a sound or a warning sound when displayed by a speaker, a sound source chip (e.g., a sound source such as a CPU))
- a display means e.g., a display, when displaying by sound, a sound or a warning sound when displayed by a speaker, a sound source chip (e.g., a sound source such as a CPU)
- a display means e.g., a display, when displaying by sound, a sound or a warning sound when displayed by a speaker, a sound source chip (e.g., a sound source such as a CPU)
- the presence of nerves including unmyelinated nerves can be detected and the spatial information can be acquired and imaged as necessary.
- the position of an instrument such as a scalpel can be displayed on the display means, and surgery can be performed without damaging the nerve, or when there is a nerve, it can be
- the present invention is characterized by detecting the intensity of light in the wave number range of 0 to 4000 cm ⁇ 1 in Raman scattered light from a sample.
- the preferred wave number of measuring light intensity 2855cm -1, 2887cm -1, which is 2933cm -1.
- the intensity is compared mainly in the wave number or wave number range of the Raman scattered light, but the corresponding wavelength of the Raman scattered light can also be used.
- the intensity ratio for detecting a nerve may be specified as a specific wavelength / specific wave number or a wavelength range / wave number range where a significant difference (for example, P ⁇ 0.05) is obtained with respect to the intensity ratio as shown in FIGS. .
- a significant difference for example, P ⁇ 0.05
- the intensity ratio is as shown in FIG. the denominator (figure left) can detect nerve by specifying the particular wave number or wave number range of 2859 ⁇ 3024cm -1, 3068 ⁇ 3100cm -1.
- the intensity ratio molecule (lower axis in the figure)
- a specific wave number or wave number range of 2948 to 2999 cm ⁇ 1 or 3005 to 3022 cm ⁇ 1 can be designated as shown in FIG. The same applies when a specific wave number or a wave number range is specified for the numerator of the intensity ratio.
- a background removal method for example, since the Raman scattered light is superimposed on the autofluorescence from the tissue, it is preferable to acquire autofluorescence in advance and subtract the autofluorescence from the Raman scattering spectrum acquired from the sample.
- autofluorescence components can be obtained from non-patent literature (Lieber, C. A .; Mahadevan-Jansen, A., Automated Method for Subtraction of Fluorescence from Biological Raman Spectra. Appl. Spectrosc. 2003, As shown in FIG.
- the noise filtering method for example, median filter, singular value decomposition, moving average method, Kalman filter, Savitzky-Golay method and the like are preferably used.
- nerves can be detected from the shape of the Raman spectrum.
- multivariate analysis such as principal component analysis, least square method, local least square method, or statistical analysis such as Raman spectrum cross-correlation analysis can be used.
- the principal component analysis and the local least squares method are one of multivariate analyses, and are analysis methods that create a composite variable (called principal component) that summarizes it from multiple observed variables. Therefore, in the analysis of the Raman spectrum, it can be used for the purpose of extracting spectral features characterizing some components of the sample from a plurality of Raman spectra obtained from the measurement object.
- the principal component calculation principles are (1) standardize all variables, and (2) set the principal component axis so that the principal component variance is maximized to minimize information loss. Furthermore, the correlation between the principal components is set to 0, (3) the first principal component, the second principal component, and the third principal component are arranged in descending order of the variance of the determined principal components, and (4) the principal component axis.
- the weighting coefficient corresponding to is calculated using the least square method.
- the score (principal component score) of each Raman spectrum for the principal component spectrum thus obtained is calculated, and the nerve is detected based on this value.
- the principal component spectrum may be calculated using a plurality of Raman spectra acquired from the measurement target, or using a principal component spectrum calculated using a Raman spectrum acquired from a nerve tissue or other tissue measured in advance. Also good.
- nerve detection may be determined from one principal component score, or may be determined from a ratio of a plurality of scores.
- the principal component spectrum may be specified in advance by a user-defined function, and the principal component score may be calculated using a least square method which is a kind of multivariate analysis.
- a user-defined function is specified in advance, and the component of the sample is estimated by calculating the cross-correlation between the user-defined function and the measured Raman spectrum.
- the user-defined function a Raman spectrum obtained by multivariate analysis such as principal component analysis or local least square method may be used, or a Raman spectrum obtained from a sample may be used. Alternatively, an arbitrary Raman spectrum may be specified.
- the intensity ratio or multivariate analysis and / or statistical analysis results described above may be used to determine the presence or absence of nerves.
- the combination of two or more intensity ratios or multivariate analysis and / or statistical analysis results The presence or absence may be determined.
- the display means may determine that the intensity ratio of the Raman scattered light spectrum from the sample or the multivariate analysis and / or statistical analysis results in one or more of the predetermined ranges is a nerve. When the result of multivariate analysis and / or statistical analysis falls within a predetermined range, it may be determined as a nerve.
- the signal of the part determined as the nerve by the intensity ratio calculation means or the analysis means and the signal determined as the non-nerve are sent to a display device such as a display, a sound source, a light source, a vibration source, and the presence / absence of the nerve is displayed.
- the nerve can be displayed as an image on the display device. Display and imaging as nerves and other tissues can be performed by a personal computer or the like using software known in the art. For example, it can be displayed using MATLAB (Mathworks).
- the above-described series of steps of irradiation of the sample with the excitation light, detection of the Raman scattered light from the sample, conversion of the detected Raman scattered light into a Raman spectrum signal, and display / imaging of the Raman spectrum are as follows: For example, it can be performed using the method described in JP-A-2007-147357 or a commercially available Raman spectroscopic detection apparatus (for example, a Raman microscope manufactured by Nanophoton).
- the excitation light irradiation means and the Raman scattered light detection means of the apparatus of the present invention irradiate the vicinity (sample) of the excision / extraction site at the time of surgery with excitation light (preferably laser light). From the viewpoint of detecting Raman scattered light, it is preferable that both have a shape that allows irradiation of laser light and reception (detection) of Raman scattered light at the tip of an elongated arm such as an optical fiber.
- the present invention includes an excitation light irradiation means (including a light source) that irradiates a sample with excitation light, a spectroscope that separates Raman scattered light received from the sample into spectral components of each wavelength / wave number, and the sample Raman scattered light detection means for detecting Raman scattered light (particularly Raman scattered light dispersed at each wavelength / wave number by a spectroscope), a specific wavelength / specific wave number of Raman scattered light or an intensity ratio of wavelength range / wave number range
- Intensity ratio calculating means for calculating or means for extracting characteristics of intensity ratio of specific wavelength / specific wave number or wavelength range / wave number range and performing multivariate analysis and / or statistical analysis, nerves including unmyelinated nerves using the intensity ratio as an index
- the present invention relates to a device for detecting nerves including unmyelinated nerves, characterized in that it includes means for specifically displaying the image, and means for imaging if necessary.
- the Raman scattering spectroscopy may be a spectroscopy capable of acquiring a Raman spectrum, and examples thereof include spontaneous Raman scattering spectroscopy, time-resolved Raman scattering spectroscopy, and nonlinear Raman scattering spectroscopy.
- Nonlinear Raman scattering spectroscopy includes, for example, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy and stimulated Raman scattering spectroscopy.
- the Raman scattered light detection means receives information on the intensity of each position and wave number (wavelength) of the Raman scattered light reflected from the sample, and sends the signal to the analysis means.
- the Raman scattered light from the sample may be sent to the Raman scattered light detection means as it is, but it is easy to detect each wave number (wavelength) of the Raman spectrum and its intensity via the spectroscopic unit with the Raman scattered light detection means. preferable.
- Examples of the Raman scattered light detection means or the detector for detecting the Raman spectrum include a light receiving element such as a photomultiplier tube, a CCD camera such as a cooled CCD camera, a CMOS camera, a photodiode array, a photodiode, and a PMT. Is a CCD camera.
- intensity ratio calculating means such as a computer or means for extracting the characteristics of the intensity ratio
- the multivariate analysis and / or statistical analysis means Calculation of position intensity ratio or multivariate analysis and / or statistical analysis.
- the intensity ratio at each position of the sample is calculated or the characteristics of the intensity ratio are extracted and subjected to multivariate analysis and / or statistical analysis.
- Intensity ratio or multivariate analysis and / or statistical analysis signals are then sent to the display means, and the specific intensity ratio value or multivariate analysis and / or statistical analysis result part is displayed as a nerve or the presence of a nerve If necessary, the part other than the intensity ratio in the specific range is displayed as non-nervous so that the operator can recognize the presence of the nerve.
- the display include a display by an image such as a display, a display by sound or sound by a speaker, a sound source (including an electronic sound source such as a CPU), a display by light, heat, vibration, or the like. In the case of images, nerves and other tissues can be distinguished and displayed.
- nerves myelinated nerves + unmyelinated nerves
- nerves can be specifically detected, and preferably can be displayed separately in two types of nerves and other tissues. It is also possible to distinguish and display three types of nerves, unmyelinated nerves, and other tissues.
- the present invention enables visualization of nerves.
- Nerves are divided into peripheral nerves and central nerves.
- the central nerve functions as a reflex center by stimulation from the periphery, has a function to integrate, or has functions such as memory, emotion, and decision making.
- Peripheral nerves connect the central nervous system with organs and tissues to control movement, sensation, and autonomous functions.
- the central and peripheral nerves are roughly classified into myelinated nerves and unmyelinated nerves.
- the somatic nerve that controls the perception and movement of the body is a myelinated nerve.
- Autonomic nerves involved in autonomous control of internal organs and blood vessels are premyelinated autonomic nerves and postganglionic autonomic nerves are unmyelinated nerves.
- myelinated nerves nerve cells' axons are covered with a membrane composed mainly of lipids called the myelin sheath.
- myelin sheath a membrane composed mainly of lipids
- unmyelinated nerves differ from myelinated nerves in that there is no myelin sheath. Myelinated nerves could be detected by detecting myelin, which is a characteristic component, but unmyelinated nerves could not be detected.
- peripheral nerve In the peripheral nerve, several axons gather to form one nerve bundle.
- the nerve bundle is interspersed with myelinated nerves, unmyelinated nerves, microvessels, fibrous connective tissues (collagen, etc.), and the perineurium covers them.
- peripheral tissues such as adipose tissue, fibrous connective tissue (collagen, etc.), blood vessels, muscle tissue and the like. Since the present invention can specifically display the nerve bundle, it is possible to remove the perineural tissue without damaging the nerve.
- the percentage of myelinated and unmyelinated nerves in the nerve bundle varies greatly depending on the site. For example, in the intercostal nerve, sciatic nerve, and femoral nerve, almost myelinated nerves occupy, and in the vagus nerve, almost unmyelinated nerves occupy. Among nerve bundles near organs and tissues, there are some that are almost myelinated nerves, some that are almost unmyelinated nerves, and those that are a mixture of myelinated and unmyelinated nerves. Since the present invention can detect both myelinated nerves and unmyelinated nerves, it can be detected regardless of the proportion of myelinated and unmyelinated nerves in the nerve bundle.
- These nerve bundles start from the central nervous system such as the thoracic spinal cord, lumbar spine, and sacral spine, and travel to each organ and tissue while branching and joining.
- nerve-sparing surgery is performed with a neurovascular bundle that can be distinguished by the operator's eye as a landmark, but the surrounding peripheral peripheral nerves often cannot be preserved, and postoperative urinary restraint or erection A failure of ability has been reported. This is because peripheral nerves that cannot be captured by the operator's eyes and camera observation are not preserved.
- the nerves involved in erectile abilities that run around the prostate and urinary restraints include the autonomic nerves (unmyelinated nerves) such as the hypogastric nerve, pelvic nerve, and cavernous nerve, and somatic nerves such as the pudendal nerve and penile dorsal nerve (myelinated) Nerve). Therefore, measurement of only myelinated nerves is not sufficient, and measurement of both myelinated and unmyelinated nerves is necessary. These issues are also a problem in nerve-sparing surgery for rectal cancer and other parts.
- microsurgery is performed in which surgery is performed under a microscope in order to perform nerve sutures with a diameter of 1 mm or less.
- reattachment of amputated fingers breast reconstruction after mastectomy, reconstruction by tissue transplantation for facial nerve palsy, penile reconstruction by forearm flap, urethral reconstruction by appendix transplantation, etc.
- Example 1 A schematic diagram of an experimental apparatus and a schematic diagram of an experimental method are shown in FIG.
- Objective lens: UPLSAPO, Olympus, x60, NA 1.2
- FIG. 2 shows Raman spectra of various nerves
- FIG. 3 shows Raman spectra of nerves and other tissues.
- FIG. 4 shows an HE-stained image of the obtained human vagus nerve gastric branch.
- FIG. 5 shows Raman images of the unmyelinated nerve and surrounding tissue (fibrous connective tissue) according to the intensity ratio.
- Adipose tissue by using intensity ratio of 2855Cm -1 and 2872Cm -1 are unmyelinated nerve by using the intensity ratio of 2887Cm -1 and 2855Cm -1 is, by using the intensity ratio of 2937 -1 and 2855Cm -1
- Each of the fibrous connective tissues can be imaged.
- Fig. 6 shows Raman images of unmyelinated nerve and surrounding tissue (fibrous connective tissue) by cross-correlation analysis.
- the reference Raman spectrum used for the cross-correlation analysis the Raman spectrum previously obtained from unmyelinated nerves, adipose tissue, and fibrous connective tissue was used.
- Adipose tissue is cross-correlated with the reference Raman spectrum of adipose tissue
- non-myelinated nerve is cross-correlated with the reference Raman spectrum of unmyelinated nerve
- fibrotic connection is cross-correlated with the reference Raman spectrum of fibrous connective tissue.
- the tissue can be imaged.
- Fig. 7 shows nerves and nerve detection by principal component analysis.
- principal component analysis first, a Raman spectrum at each point in a two-dimensional space was acquired and used as analysis data. After that, the first principal component to the fourth principal component were obtained by principal component analysis, and a spatial map of each principal component score was displayed.
- the negative score map of the second principal component represents adipose tissue
- the negative score map of the third principal component represents fibrous connective tissue
- the negative score map of the fourth principal component represents unmyelinated nerves. Consistent with the spatial distribution.
- FIG. 8 shows a myelinated nerve (rat intercostal nerve)
- FIG. 9 shows a nonmyelinated nerve (rat vagus nerve)
- FIG. 10 shows a myelinated + nonmyelinated nerve (rat celiac plexus)
- FIG. Human periprostatic nerves are shown respectively.
- the score of each component was calculated according to the following formula.
- S i , S fat , S connect , S myel , S unmyel are the Raman spectrum of any point (x, y), the Raman spectrum of adipose tissue, the Raman spectrum of fibrous connective tissue, the Raman spectrum of myelinated nerves, respectively. Spectrum, Raman spectrum of unmyelinated nerve.
- Example 2 Discrimination by intensity ratio of nerves and surrounding tissues Obtained Raman spectra of myelinated nerve, unmyelinated nerve, connective tissue, adipose tissue, muscle tissue (striated muscle), blood vessel (media) It was investigated whether there was a significant difference in the intensity ratio in Raman shift.
- FIG. 12 and FIG. 13 show plots of P values against the intensity ratio of each Raman shift.
- P ⁇ 0.05 it can be said that there is a significant difference. Therefore, it can be said that there is a significant difference in the range of the white portion in FIGS. If it is the area of this white part, the tissue discrimination by the intensity ratio is possible. In this white area, the nerve can be specifically displayed in Step 3 and Step 4.
- 2855Cm -1 or before and after the peak wavenumber range thereof, 2933Cm -1 or before and after the peak wavenumber range thereof, the 2887cm -1 or before and after the peak wavenumber range its “peak wavenumber range around" is the white part of the area 2933Cm -1 range, 2855cm -1, which means that it is possible to change the wave number of 2933cm -1.
- Example 3 Raman spectrum by 671 nm excitation
- a Raman spectrum at an excitation light wavelength of 671 nm was measured (FIG. 14).
- the measurement results at the excitation light wavelength of 532 nm are shown in FIG.
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Abstract
Description
項1. 神経の検出方法であって、以下の工程1~工程4:
工程1:試料に励起光を照射する工程
工程2:試料からのラマン散乱光を検出する工程;
工程3:工程2により検出されたラマン散乱光の特定範囲内の波数の強度比を算出する、あるいは前記強度比の特徴を抽出し多変量解析及び/又は統計解析する工程、
工程4:前記強度比又は多変量解析及び/又は統計解析結果を指標として、無髄神経を含む神経を特異的に表示する工程
を含むことを特徴とする、神経の検出方法。
項2. 前記強度比が、2855cm-1又はその前後のピーク波数範囲と2933cm-1又はその前後のピーク波数範囲の強度比、あるいは、2887cm-1又はその前後のピーク波数範囲と2933cm-1又はその前後のピーク波数範囲の強度比である、項1に記載の検出方法。
項3. 前記強度比の分子と分母の組み合わせが以下の(i)~(iii)のいずれかである、項2に記載の検出方法:
(i) 分子が2855 cm-1のとき、分母は2859~3024cm-1、3068~3100cm-1の波数範囲のいずれかの波数
(ii) 分子が2887 cm-1のとき、分母は2899~3024cm-1の波数範囲のいずれかの波数、
(iii) 分子が2933 cm-1のとき、分母は2813~2912cm-1、2940~3021cm-1、3073~3089cm-1の波数範囲のいずれかの波数。
項4. 前記強度比が、2855cm-1と2933cm-1の強度比、あるいは2887cm-1と2933cm-1の強度比である、項1~3のいずれかに記載の検出方法。
項5. 試料が手術を受けている患者あるいは患者から採取した組織である、項1~4のいずれかに記載の検出方法。
項6. 神経が無髄神経を含む、項1~5のいずれかに記載の検出方法。
項7. 試料に励起光を照射する励起光照射手段、
試料からのラマン散乱光を検出する手段、
受光したラマン散乱光を各波長/波数のスペクトル成分に分光する分光部と、
ラマン散乱光の特定波長/特定波数の強度比を算出する強度比算出手段または前記強度比の特徴を抽出し多変量解析及び/又は統計解析する解析手段と、
前記強度比又は多変量解析及び/又は統計解析結果を指標として、無髄神経を含む神経を特異的に表示する手段
を含むことを特徴とする、無髄神経を含む神経の検出装置。
項8. 前記光源がレーザ光源である、項7に記載の検出装置。
項9. ラマンスペクトルを検出する検出器を備えている、項7又は8に記載の検出装置。
工程1:試料に励起光を照射する工程
工程2:試料からのラマン散乱光を検出する工程;
工程3:工程2により検出されたラマン散乱光の特定範囲内の波数の強度比を算出する、あるいは前記強度比の特徴を抽出し多変量解析及び/又は統計解析する工程、
工程4:前記強度比又は多変量解析及び/又は統計解析結果を指標として、無髄神経を含む神経を特異的に表示する工程
を含むことを特徴とする、神経の検出方法を提供するものである。
実験装置の概要図を図1に示す。
スリット走査型ラマン散乱顕微鏡:RAMAN-11, Nanophoton社
冷却CCDカメラ:Pixis 400BR, Princeton Instruments社, -70度, 1340x400 pixels
対物レンズ:UPLSAPO,Olympus社,x60, NA = 1.2
(1)組織試料
ラット組織
健常Wistarラットを麻酔薬過剰投与による安楽死後,各組織を取得した。
肋間神経を含む胸部組織,迷走神経を含む食道付近の組織,大腿神経およびその周囲組織,腹腔神経叢,小脳
種類:Wistarラット
年齢:Young-adult(8~10週齢)
ヒト組織
前立腺全摘除術を受けた患者の前立腺周囲組織を取得した。胃癌摘除術を受けた患者の迷走神経胃枝を含む組織を取得した。
取得した組織は,Frozen Section Compound(FSC22, Leica)に包埋し,ドライアイス-アセトンにより急速凍結した。測定時まで,-80度のディープフリーザーで保存した。
凍結組織を5μmの厚さで切片にし,スライドガラスとカバーガラスで挟み,計測を行った。
生体組織のラマンスペクトルには,自家蛍光が重畳する。そこで,自家蛍光の影響を除外するため,Nanophoton社製ラマン顕微鏡用ソフトウェアにより自家蛍光スペクトルを推定し,自家蛍光の影響を除算した。具体的には,modified least-squares fifth-order polynomial curve fitting (Lieber CA, Mahadevan-Jansen A (2003) Automated Method for Subtraction of Fluorescence from Biological Raman Spectra. Appl Spectrosc 57 (11):1363-1367)を適用し,これを10回繰り返すことで自家蛍光を推定した。
また,ラマンシフトが既知のエタノールのラマンスペクトルを用いて,分光器の波長較正を行った。
様々な神経のラマンスペクトルを図2に、神経、その他組織のラマンスペクトルを図3に示す。
有髄神経,無髄神経,結合組織,脂肪組織,筋組織(横紋筋),血管(中膜)のラマンスペクトルを取得し,各ラマンシフトにおける強度比に有意差があるかどうかを調査した。
上式によって計算した強度比を2種の組織(図の上に記述した“結合組織 vs 有髄神経”など))において複数点計測し,その2種の計測群に対してt検定による統計解析を行い,P値を算出した。
例)解析対象:有髄神経と脂肪組織
ω1:2850 cm-1, ω2:2933 cm-1に対して
強度比計算
図12、図13中,左軸2850 cm-1 (ω1),下軸2933 cm-1 (ω2)に対応する点にP値をプロット。
ω1やω2をずらして同様のこと(強度比計算,t検定)を繰り返す。
各ラマンシフトの強度比に対するP値をプロットしたものを図12、図13に示す。通常,P<0.05であれば有意差があると言える。故に,図12,13中において白い部分の範囲であれば有意差があると言える。この白い部分の領域であれば,強度比による組織鑑別が可能である。この白い部分の領域であれば、工程3,工程4で神経を特異的に表示することができる。本発明の好ましい実施形態では、2855cm-1又はその前後のピーク波数範囲と2933cm-1又はその前後のピーク波数範囲の強度比、あるいは、2887cm-1又はその前後のピーク波数範囲と2933cm-1又はその前後のピーク波数範囲の強度比を用いることができる。ここで、2855cm-1又はその前後のピーク波数範囲、2933cm-1又はその前後のピーク波数範囲、2887cm-1又はその前後のピーク波数範囲の「前後のピーク波数範囲」は、白い部分の領域の範囲で2933cm-1、2855cm-1、2933cm-1の波数を変更できることを意味する。
様々な波長においても神経検出が可能であることを示すために,励起光波長671nmにおけるラマンスペクトルを計測した(図14).参考として,励起光波長532nmでの計測結果を図15に示す。
Claims (9)
- 神経の検出方法であって、以下の工程1~工程4:
工程1:試料に励起光を照射する工程
工程2:試料からのラマン散乱光を検出する工程;
工程3:工程2により検出されたラマン散乱光の特定範囲内の波数の強度比を算出する、あるいは前記強度比の特徴を抽出し多変量解析及び/又は統計解析する工程、
工程4:前記強度比又は多変量解析及び/又は統計解析結果を指標として、無髄神経を含む神経を特異的に表示する工程
を含むことを特徴とする、神経の検出方法。 - 前記強度比が、2855cm-1又はその前後のピーク波数範囲と2933cm-1又はその前後のピーク波数範囲の強度比、あるいは、2887cm-1又はその前後のピーク波数範囲と2933cm-1又はその前後のピーク波数範囲の強度比である、請求項1に記載の検出方法。
- 前記強度比の分子と分母の組み合わせが以下の(i)~(iii)のいずれかである、請求項2に記載の検出方法:
(i) 分子が2855 cm-1のとき、分母は2859~3024cm-1、3068~3100cm-1の波数範囲のいずれかの波数
(ii) 分子が2887 cm-1のとき、分母は2899~3024cm-1の波数範囲のいずれかの波数、
(iii) 分子が2933 cm-1のとき、分母は2813~2912cm-1、2940~3021cm-1、3073~3089cm-1の波数範囲のいずれかの波数。 - 前記強度比が、2855cm-1と2933cm-1の強度比、あるいは2887cm-1と2933cm-1の強度比である、請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の検出方法。
- 試料が手術を受けている患者あるいは患者から採取した組織である、請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の検出方法。
- 神経が無髄神経を含む、請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の検出方法。
- 試料に励起光を照射する励起光照射手段、
試料からのラマン散乱光を検出する手段、
受光したラマン散乱光を各波長/波数のスペクトル成分に分光する分光部と、
ラマン散乱光の特定波長/特定波数の強度比を算出する強度比算出手段または前記強度比の特徴を抽出し多変量解析及び/又は統計解析する解析手段と、
前記強度比を指標として無髄神経を含む神経を特異的に表示する手段
を含むことを特徴とする、無髄神経を含む神経の検出装置。 - 前記光源がレーザ光源である、請求項7に記載の検出装置。
- ラマンスペクトルを検出する検出器を備えている、請求項7又は8に記載の検出装置。
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JP2014038044A (ja) * | 2012-08-17 | 2014-02-27 | Olympus Corp | 分光スペクトル解析方法 |
JP2014224724A (ja) * | 2013-05-15 | 2014-12-04 | 京都府公立大学法人 | ラマン散乱を用いた心臓組織の識別方法及び装置 |
WO2015128946A1 (ja) * | 2014-02-25 | 2015-09-03 | オリンパス株式会社 | 分光スペクトル解析方法 |
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