WO2013137151A1 - グルコースの生産方法 - Google Patents
グルコースの生産方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013137151A1 WO2013137151A1 PCT/JP2013/056511 JP2013056511W WO2013137151A1 WO 2013137151 A1 WO2013137151 A1 WO 2013137151A1 JP 2013056511 W JP2013056511 W JP 2013056511W WO 2013137151 A1 WO2013137151 A1 WO 2013137151A1
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- C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
- C12N1/20—Bacteria; Culture media therefor
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- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
- C12N9/24—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2)
- C12N9/2402—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2) hydrolysing O- and S- glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
- C12N9/2405—Glucanases
- C12N9/2434—Glucanases acting on beta-1,4-glucosidic bonds
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- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
- C12P19/14—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals produced by the action of a carbohydrase (EC 3.2.x), e.g. by alpha-amylase, e.g. by cellulase, hemicellulase
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- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
- C12P19/20—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals produced by the action of an exo-1,4 alpha-glucosidase, e.g. dextrose
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing glucose by decomposing cellulose using a thermophilic anaerobic microorganism.
- Cellulosic biomass such as bagasse, rice straw, rice husk, mushroom waste, compost, and wood chips is attracting attention as energy and chemical industry raw materials that do not impose food production.
- a technique for efficiently saccharifying fermentation raw materials is highly desired.
- cellulosic biomass is more difficult to saccharify than starch. This is due to the fact that cellulose, which is the main constituent of cellulosic biomass, is a hardly degradable polymer polysaccharide having a firm crystal structure.
- Physical saccharification treatment includes physical saccharification such as ball mill, vibration mill, steaming explosion and pressurized hot water treatment, but physical treatment requires chemical energy and enzymatic saccharification. Often used in combination as a pretreatment. Some chemical saccharification treatments use alkalis and acids, but acid saccharification has been widely used for a long time. Acid saccharification includes concentrated sulfuric acid saccharification method and dilute sulfuric acid two-stage saccharification method, both of which use sulfuric acid, which requires waste treatment and reduction of environmental burden, and there is a limit to cost reduction and energy conversion efficiency It is said that.
- enzymatic saccharification Compared with acid saccharification, enzymatic saccharification has advantages such as less waste liquid collection and processing, reduced equipment costs such as chemical resistance equipment, and high yield of sugar without overdegradation. It is put into practical use by enzymatic saccharification of biomass that contains a large amount.
- cellulosic biomass has a complex structure in which cellulose has a crystalline structure and crystalline cellulose is surrounded by hemicellulose and lignin. Is extremely difficult.
- cellulose-degrading enzymes such as Trichoderma microorganism-derived enzymes or anaerobic microorganism-derived cellulosomes in a method of degrading cellulose using microorganism-derived cellulose-degrading enzymes
- the microorganisms are cultured and the enzymes are used.
- a two-stage operation is required, that is, a step of obtaining a culture solution containing the enzyme, and a step of performing a decomposition reaction by adding cellulose to the culture solution containing the enzyme.
- the present invention aims to provide a method for producing glucose by efficiently degrading cellulose without requiring a step of obtaining a culture solution containing an enzyme. To do.
- thermophilic anaerobic microorganisms produce saccharide-degrading enzymes such as cellulose-degrading enzymes, but they do not produce ⁇ -glucosidase or produce very low activity.
- Thermophilic anaerobic microorganisms that produce cellulose-degrading enzymes are known to have particularly slow glucose uptake, and prefer cellulo-oligosaccharides such as cellobiose, which are products of cellulolytic enzyme reactions, to grow as nutrient sources. Use.
- thermophilic anaerobic microorganism producing a cellulolytic enzyme when cultured in the presence of ⁇ -glucosidase, the produced cellooligosaccharide and cellobiose are rapidly converted to glucose.
- glucose assimilation performance has been confirmed. Usually, if glucose is present, it can be grown and consumes the glucose.
- thermophilic anaerobic microorganisms and ⁇ -glucosidase coexist, the growth of microorganisms is poor and cellulolytic enzyme production is reduced and cellulolytic degradation is reduced compared to the case where cellooligosaccharides such as cellobiose are used as a carbon source. Or you may stop.
- the inventors of the present invention cultured thermophilic anaerobic microorganisms in the presence of cellulose, and examined the conversion of cellooligosaccharide, which is a decomposition product of cellulose, to ⁇ -glucosidase in the medium with ⁇ -glucosidase.
- the cellulose degradation rate in clostridium thermocellum medium was unchanged in the absence of ⁇ -glucosidase, and it was assumed that the degradation was poor, but surprisingly, the cellulose concentration was higher than in the absence of ⁇ -glucosidase. It turns out that it can be decomposed.
- the present invention has been completed.
- thermophilic anaerobic microorganisms have proliferated using cellobiose and cellooligosaccharides produced by cellulase production and cellulose degradation from the beginning of the culture, and enzyme production accompanying the growth of bacterial cells has been performed as usual. Is considered. However, as the enzyme production increases due to an increase in cell concentration, and the number of cellulose-degrading enzymes increases, the rate of cellulose degradation increases, and the released cellooligosaccharides are rapidly degraded to glucose by the action of the coexisting ⁇ -glucosidase. Is done.
- thermophilic anaerobic microorganisms originally have a slow glucose assimilation performance, it can be interpreted that glucose that has already been converted cannot be successfully assimilated and glucose accumulates. That is, the present invention provides a time difference between the phenomenon in which cellooligosaccharide is converted to glucose by the presence of ⁇ -glucosidase when culturing cellulose and thermophilic anaerobic bacteria and the phenomenon in which the utilization rate of glucose is stagnant. It is used.
- the glucose utilization of thermophilic anaerobic microorganisms producing cellulolytic enzymes is slow, and if they are slow, it is expected to negatively affect microbial growth and enzyme production. It is a very easy-to-use sugar source, and it is difficult to think about the accumulation of glucose in the medium without the use of microorganisms as in the present invention. is there.
- the present invention is a method for producing glucose, characterized by allowing ⁇ -glucosidase to coexist when culturing a thermophilic anaerobic microorganism in the presence of cellulose.
- the microorganism is preferably an anaerobic microorganism, more preferably a thermophilic anaerobic microorganism capable of degrading cellulose and hemicellulose.
- the present invention also provides a method for producing glucose, characterized by culturing a thermophilic anaerobic microorganism in the presence of cellulosic biomass containing starch in the presence of ⁇ -glucosidase, ⁇ -amylase and glucoamylase. To do.
- the step of culturing a thermophilic anaerobic microorganism to obtain a culture solution and an enzyme solution containing a saccharide-degrading enzyme can be omitted.
- the culture condition can be set to a high temperature condition, so that the contamination of the microorganism is small and the medium containing glucose can be prevented from being spoiled.
- Example 1 it is a graph which shows the decomposition
- disassembly In Example 1, it is a graph which shows the decomposition
- decomposability it is a graph which shows the decomposition
- disassembly In Example 1, it is a graph which shows the decomposition
- Example 2 it is a graph which shows the decomposition
- disassembly In Example 2, it is a graph which shows the decomposition
- decomposability it is a graph which shows the decomposition
- disassembly In Example 2, it is a graph which shows the decomposition
- Example 3 it is a graph which shows the resolution
- Example 3 it is a graph which shows the resolution
- Example 4 it is a graph which shows the amount of glucose accumulation by hydrothermal pretreatment rice straw decomposition
- Example 6 it is a graph which shows the glucose production of cassava pulp at the time of adding a beta-glucosidase, alpha-amylase, and glucoamylase at the time of culture
- the glucose production method of the present invention is characterized by culturing a thermophilic anaerobic microorganism in the presence of cellulose and ⁇ -glucosidase.
- thermophilic anaerobic microorganism is an anaerobic microorganism having an optimum growth temperature of 50 ° C. or more and producing a carbohydrase that decomposes cellulose into cellooligosaccharide and / or monosaccharide. Sex microorganisms are desirable.
- thermophilic anaerobic microorganisms that produce saccharide-degrading enzymes grow by assimilating cellooligosaccharides produced by saccharide degradation, but are known to have weak assimilating properties with respect to glucose, which is a monosaccharide. .
- thermophilic anaerobic microorganism is a microorganism that produces a saccharide-degrading enzyme, more preferably a microorganism having a weak assimilation ability of glucose, and more preferably a microorganism having a slow glucose uptake rate.
- thermophilic anaerobic microorganism that produces a saccharide-degrading enzyme is referred to as a thermophilic anaerobic microorganism having a carbohydrate resolution.
- microorganisms include, for example, Clostridium thermocellum, Clostridium stercorarium, Clostridium thermolacticum, Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus, Saccharolyticus, Sylpter Bessi (Caldicellulosiruptor bescii), Caldicellulosiruptor obsidiansis, Thermoanaerobacter cellulolyticus, Anaerocellum chathermophila Thermotoga maritima, Thermotoga neapolitana, Fer Dobakuteriumu-Ripariumu (Fervidobacterium riparium), Fell Bido Corynebacterium chair Randy cam (Fervidobacterium islandicum), it can be
- thermophilic anaerobic microorganism having saccharide-degrading enzyme resolution is preferably a microorganism that produces cellulosome.
- An example of such a microorganism is Clostridium thermocellum.
- ⁇ -Glucosidase is an enzyme that breaks down the ⁇ -glycosidic bond of sugars.
- contamination of other microorganisms can be prevented during culture.
- ⁇ -glucosidase has a heat resistance with an optimum reaction temperature of 45 ° C. or higher and 70 ° C. or lower, preferably 50 ° C. or higher and 70 ° C. or lower. It is preferable to use an enzyme derived from a thermophilic microorganism.
- thermophilic microorganisms include Acidothermus genus, Caldicellulosiruptor genus, Clostridium genus, Geobacillus genus, Thermobifida genus, Thermoanaerobacter genus, Thermobispora genus, Thermomodesulfovibrio genus, Thermoomicrobium genus, Thermomonospora genus, Thermomosiga Genus, Treponema, Aciduliprofundum, Caldivirga, Desulfurococcus, Picrophilus, Pyrobaculum, Pyrococcus, Staphylothermus, Sulfolobus, Thermococcus, Thermofilum, Thermoplasma, Thermoproteera, Thermoproteera, Thermoprotepha Can be used.
- thermophilic anaerobic microorganism for example, an enzyme derived from Thermoanaerobacter brockii.
- thermophilic anaerobic microorganism for example, an enzyme derived from Thermoanaerobacter brockii.
- Thermoanaerobacter pseudethanolicus, Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus, and Thermoanaerobacter wiegelii can be used as well.
- Thermoanaerobacterium zylanolyticum (Thermoanaerobacterium xylanolyticum), Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum (Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum), Sulfobacillus acidophilus, Alicyclobacillus acidophila cillus ⁇ -glucosidase derived from acidocaldarius can also be used.
- ⁇ -glucosidase is not limited to the enzyme produced by the above-mentioned microorganism, and the enzyme produced by Escherichia coli or the like by genetic recombination or an enzyme in which a part of the amino acid sequence is modified may be used as described above. Any enzyme may be used as long as it has an activity of decomposing ⁇ -glycoside bonds within the optimum reaction temperature range.
- a chimeric ⁇ -glucosidase in which a cellulose binding domain (CBM) is fused to ⁇ -glucosidase can be used.
- CBM belonging to Carbohydrate-Binding Module family classification from Carbohydrate-Active enzymes Database (http://www.cazy.org/) should be used as CBM. it can.
- CBM belonging to family 3 is good in the module family classification table.
- ⁇ -glucosidase may be added after culturing a thermophilic anaerobic microorganism in a medium containing cellulose.
- ⁇ -glucosidase is added to the medium containing cellulose several hours after the start of cultivation of the thermophilic anaerobic microorganism.
- the culture temperature and the culture pH may be performed under conditions suitable for thermophilic anaerobic microorganisms.
- ⁇ -glucosidase may coexist in the medium from the beginning of the culture, or may be added to the medium during the culture.
- thermophilic anaerobic microorganism When a thermophilic anaerobic microorganism is cultured with ⁇ -glucosidase in a medium containing cellulose, the cellulose is decomposed into cellooligosaccharides such as cellobiose and monosaccharides by a saccharide-degrading enzyme produced by the microorganisms. Then, the cellooligosaccharide that is a decomposition product is decomposed into glucose by ⁇ -glucosidase.
- thermophilic anaerobic microorganisms use glucose as a carbon source because cellooligosaccharide, which is the main carbon source, decreases. However, it is considered that glucose is accumulated in the medium because the consumption rate of glucose is slow.
- cellobiose is an inhibitor of saccharide-degrading activity, but it is removed from the medium by ⁇ -glucosidase, so that saccharide-degrading activity is maintained without being inhibited. .
- Cellulose may be cellulosic biomass containing lignin such as bagasse, rice straw, rice husk, mushroom waste floor, compost, and wood chips in addition to paper.
- the cellulosic biomass containing lignin is preferably pretreated to remove lignin in advance. Such treatment may be performed, for example, by immersing cellulosic biomass containing lignin in ammonia or sodium hydroxide.
- saccharification may be performed by adding one or more selected from various proteinaceous blocking agents, polymer compounds and surfactants. Effective for increasing efficiency. Specifically, skim milk or casein as a proteinaceous blocking agent, and the surfactant is preferably a nonionic surfactant represented by Tween 20 or Tween 80.
- a thermophilic anaerobic microorganism is cultured in the presence of ⁇ -glucosidase by adding a protein blocking agent or the like, lignin and lignin-hemicellulose complex existing in the plant cell wall, lignin-inorganic complex, etc. other than cellulose and hemicellulose It is considered that nonspecific adsorption with a saccharide-degrading enzyme to a substance having a reactive group such as a hydrophobic group is suppressed.
- cellulosic biomass contains starch in addition to cellulose.
- starch for example, cassava pulp, sugar beet extract residue, other residue after potato starch extraction, and remaining residue after tapioca starch extraction.
- glucose is produced from such cellulosic biomass containing starch
- thermophilic anaerobic microorganisms are cultured under conditions where ⁇ -amylase and glucoamylase are present in addition to ⁇ -glucosidase.
- amylolytic enzymes generally ⁇ -amylase (EC 3.2.1.1), ⁇ -amylase (EC 3.2.1.2), glucoamylase (EC 3.2.1.3) and isoamylase ( EC 3.2.1.68) is known. Particularly important for starch degradation is the action of ⁇ -amylase and glucoamylase.
- ⁇ -Amylase is an enzyme that generates polysaccharides or oligosaccharides by randomly cleaving 1,4- ⁇ -bonds of starch and glycogen.
- Glucoamylase is required to convert the oligosaccharide having an ⁇ -glucoside bond into glucose.
- Glucoamylase is formally called glucan 1,4- ⁇ -glucosidase, 1,4- ⁇ -D-glucan glucohydrase, exo 1,4- ⁇ -glucosidase, ⁇ -amylase, lysosomal ⁇ -glucosidase or amyloglucosidase Is an alias.
- Glucoamylase breaks down the 1,4- ⁇ bond at the non-reducing end of the sugar chain to produce glucose. Those that also break 1,6- ⁇ bonds are also known.
- thermophilic anaerobic microorganism When a thermophilic anaerobic microorganism is cultured in a medium containing cellulosic biomass mixed with starch in the presence of ⁇ -glucosidase, amylase, and glucoamylase, starch is degraded by amylase and glucoamylase to become glucose. It is decomposed into cellooligosaccharides such as cellobiose and monosaccharides by saccharide-degrading enzymes produced by microorganisms. Then, the cellooligosaccharide that is a decomposition product is decomposed into glucose by ⁇ -glucosidase.
- thermophilic anaerobic microorganisms use glucose as a carbon source because cellooligosaccharide, which is the main carbon source, decreases. However, it is considered that glucose is accumulated in the medium because the glucose uptake rate is slow.
- amylase and glucoamylase it is preferable to select an amylase and a glucoamylase that meet the optimum growth temperature range of a thermophilic anaerobic microorganism having a carbohydrate resolution. That is, amylase and glucoamylase having heat resistance are preferred.
- amylase and glucoamylase having thermostability with a thermophilic anaerobic microorganism having a saccharide-decomposing ability with a temperature comparable to that of the amylase or glucoamylase as an optimum growth temperature, This is advantageous because contamination of seed microorganisms can be prevented.
- Amylase and glucoamylase are enzymes having heat resistance of 45 ° C. or higher and 70 ° C. or lower, preferably 50 ° C. or higher and 70 ° C. or lower, and enzymes derived from thermophilic microorganisms can be used.
- the amylase or glucoamylase having thermostability includes Bacillus genus, Acidothermus genus, Anaerocellum genus, Caldicellulosiruptor genus, Clostridium genus, Geobacillus genus, Thermobifida genus, Thermoanaerobacter genus, Thermobispora genus, Thermomodemosovi genus, Thermothemomostopho, Genus, Thermus genus, Tolumonas genus, Treponema genus, Aciduliprofundum genus, Caldivirga genus, Desulfurococcus genus, Picrophilus genus, Pseudomonas genus, Pyrobaculum genus, Pyrococcus genus, Staphylothermus genus, Sulfolobuscus genus, Streptococcus genus, Strepto
- thermophilic amylase or glucoamylase derived from thermophilic microorganisms include, for example, clostridium thermocellum, clostridium saccharolyticum, Clostridium phytofermentans, clostridium thermoamylo Liticam (Clostridium thermoamylolyticum), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens), Bacillus megaterium (Bacillus cereus), Bacillus licheniformis (Bacillus licheniformis) (Geobacillus thermodenitrificans), Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius, Geobacillus thermodenitrificans There are enzymes derived from Thermobaerolus (Gobacillus thermoleovorans) and Thermoanaerobacter brockii.
- Thermoanaerobacter pseudethanolicus can be used as well.
- Thermoanaerobacterium xylanolyticum can be used as well.
- Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum can be used as well.
- Sulfobacillus acidophilus can be used as well.
- Alicyclobacillus acidcaldarius Alicyclobacillus) acidocaldarius
- ⁇ -glucosidase derived from Anaerocellum thermophilum can also be used.
- amylase or glucoamylase having thermostability is derived from archaea such as Pyrococcus and Thermococcus, as well as Rhizopus oryzae, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Talaromyces emersonii, and Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium cellulolyticum, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas putid and Lactobacillus microorganisms that can produce thermostable amylase and glucoamylase even at room temperature.
- an enzyme produced by Escherichia coli or the like by genetic recombination or an enzyme in which a part of the amino acid sequence is modified is an enzyme having an activity of decomposing ⁇ -glycoside bond within the above-mentioned optimum reaction temperature range. I just need it.
- thermophilic anaerobic microorganisms consume cellulose
- an operation of adding cellulose and repeating the production of glucose may be performed to continuously produce glucose.
- cellulose consumed by thermophilic anaerobic microorganisms may be supplemented by semi-batch culture.
- the protein is selected from various protein blocking agents, polymer compounds and surfactants during the cultivation. Addition of one or more kinds to be cultured at an appropriate concentration is also effective in increasing saccharification efficiency.
- Specific examples of the protein blocking agent include skim milk, casein, bovine serum albumin, gelatin, and polypeptone. Among them, a protein blocking agent containing casein is excellent.
- the surfactant may be any of anionic, cationic, amphoteric, and nonionic surfactants, but is preferably a nonionic surfactant.
- a nonionic surfactant represented by Tween 20 or Tween 80 is preferred.
- glycols are preferable, and those having a polyethylene glycol (PEG) of 200 or more can be used.
- polyethylene glycol 4000 to 6000 is preferable.
- thermoanaerobic microorganism Thermoanaerobacter brochki ATCC 33075 (Thermoanaerobacter brockii) (Recombinant ⁇ -glucosidase (hereinafter referred to as CglT) based on ⁇ -glucosidase from American Type Culture Collection) was prepared.
- Genomic DNA from Thermoanaerobacter broccoli was extracted by the following procedure.
- Thermoanaerobacter block was cultured using a BM7CO-CB liquid medium containing 0.5% cellobiose, and then centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 5 minutes at 4 ° C. to collect the cells.
- 10% SDS sodium lauryl sulfate
- the proteinase K (1 mg / ml) solution was adjusted to 5 ⁇ g / ml. And reacted at 37 ° C. for 1 hour.
- cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-0.7M sodium chloride solution was added to a concentration of 1%, and the mixture was reacted at 65 ° C. for 10 minutes. Then, an equal volume of chloroform / isoamyl alcohol solution was added and stirred well. An aqueous layer was obtained by centrifugation at 1,000 rpm for 5 minutes.
- the composition of BM7CO-CB medium is 1.5 g / L potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 2.9 g / L dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, 2.1 g / L urea, 6.0 g / L yeast extract, carbonic acid 4 g / L sodium, 0.05 g / L cysteine hydrochloride, mineral solution (5 g MgCl 2 .6H 2 O, 0.75 g CaCl 2 .2H 2 O, 0.0065 g FeSO 4 .6H 2 O, Was dissolved in 4 ml of water) and prepared from 0.2 ml. Cellobiose was added to the medium as a carbon source so as to be 5 g / L. The pH of the final medium was adjusted to around 7.0.
- CglT uses the genomic DNA prepared above to synthesize oligonucleotide primers CglTF (shown in SEQ ID NO: 1: 5'-CGCGGATCCCGCAAAATTTCCAAGAGAT-3 ') and CglTR (shown in SEQ ID NO: 2: 5'-ATTGCTCCAGCTCTCTCATACATCATC-3')
- CglTF shown in SEQ ID NO: 1: 5'-CGCGGATCCCGCAAAATTTCCAAGAGAT-3 '
- CglTR shown in SEQ ID NO: 2: 5'-ATTGCTCCAGCTCTCTCATACATCATC-3'
- SEQ ID NO: 3 A double-stranded amplified DNA sequence having a length of about 1.4 kilobases was obtained by PCR.
- the amplified CglT gene sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 3.
- the designed oligonucleotide primers CglTF and CglTR are added with restriction enzyme sites BamHI and Bpu1102 for insertion into an E. coli expression vector.
- the ⁇ -glucosidase CglT gene sequence of Thermoanaerobacter broccoli ATCC 33075 is obtained through the National Biotechnology Information Center (NBIC) website (http://www.Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). (GenBank accession number; CAA91220.1).
- PCR 16s rRNA gene was amplified by ExTaq DNA polymerase (manufactured by Takara Bio Inc.). PCR was carried out under the conditions of 30 cycles of 98 ° C, 1 minute, 55 ° C, 1 minute, 72 ° C, 2 minutes.
- the PCR product was purified using a Qiagen PCR purification kit (Qiagen) after confirming the amplified band by 0.8% agarose gel electrophoresis.
- the purified PCR product was subjected to restriction enzyme treatment at 37 ° C. overnight using BamHI (manufactured by Takara Bio Inc.) and Bpu1102 (manufactured by Takara Bio Inc.).
- restriction enzyme-treated PCR product was again separated from the restriction enzyme degradation product by 0.8% agarose gel electrophoresis, and the target band was cut out from the gel and purified by a gel extraction kit (manufactured by Qiagen).
- a pET19b expression vector (manufactured by Merck) was also used. This vector is designed so that a 6-residue histidine tag is fused to the N-terminal side of the target protein to be expressed.
- the pET19b expression vector was similarly BamHI and Bpu1102, and was subjected to restriction enzyme treatment at 37 ° C. overnight. After the restriction enzyme treatment, alkaline phosphatase (manufactured by Takara Bio Inc.) was treated at 50 ° C. for 1 hour in order to dephosphorylate the restriction enzyme cleavage site. Phenol / chloroform extraction was repeated to inactivate alkaline phosphatase, followed by ethanol precipitation, and a restriction enzyme-treated pET19b expression vector was recovered.
- CglT expression vector In order to construct a CglT expression vector, the restriction enzyme-treated CglT gene and the pET19b expression vector were incubated at 16 ° C. overnight with T4 ligase (Takara Bio) and linked.
- T4 ligase Takara Bio
- the expression vector CglT-pET19 was transformed once into E. coli JM109, and cultured overnight at 37 ° C. in Luria-Bertani medium (LB medium) containing 50 ⁇ g / ml ampicillin sodium and 1.5% agar.
- the composition of the LB medium is shown below. Bactopeptone 1 g / L, sodium chloride 1 g / L, yeast extract 1 g / L, and the final pH of the medium were adjusted to around 7.0.
- a clone having the desired expression vector CglT-pET19 was selected from the grown colonies.
- an expression vector CglT-pET19 was extracted from an E. coli clone using a plasmid extraction kit (manufactured by Qiagen), and then BigDye (registered trademark) Terminator v3.1 (Applied Biosystems), PRISM (registered trademark) with the above primers.
- the DNA sequence was read with 3100 Genetic TM Analyzer (Applied Biosystems) or PRISM (registered trademark) 3700 DNA Analyzer (Applied Biosystems).
- E. coli BL21 having the expression vector CglT-pET19 was cultured at 37 ° C. for 4 hours in LB medium containing ampicillin sodium, and then 1 mM of isopropyl-D-thiogalactopyranoside was added. Incubation was further performed for 12 hours.
- Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) having CglT-pET19 was collected by centrifugation (8,000 rpm, 4 ° C., 10 minutes). The collected cells are once frozen overnight at ⁇ 80 ° C., suspended in a lysis buffer (50 mM phosphate buffer, 300 mM sodium chloride, 10 mM imidazole, pH 8.0), and then ultrasonicated in ice. Crushed by a crusher. The obtained lysate turbid solution was centrifuged to separate a transparent lysate and precipitated unbroken cells, and then only the lysate was collected and filtered through a 0.45 ⁇ m filter.
- a lysis buffer 50 mM phosphate buffer, 300 mM sodium chloride, 10 mM imidazole, pH 8.0
- the obtained lysate turbid solution was centrifuged to separate a transparent lysate and precipitated unbroken cells, and then only the lysate was collected and filtered through
- the lysate was passed through a nickel agarose gel column (Ni-NTA agarose gel; manufactured by Qiagen) to obtain Histag-fused CglT. Further, the eluted CglT was purified through a desalting column (Bio-Rad). The protein amount of the Histag-fused CglT was measured with a BCA / protein measurement kit (manufactured by Thermo Scientific) after dilution with distilled water as necessary. A protein calibration curve was prepared using bovine serum albumin.
- amino acid sequence of CglT is shown in SEQ ID NO: 4.
- ⁇ -Glucosidase activity was measured by Wood, WA., Kellog, S.T., 1988. Methods Enzymology. The activity (unit) was calculated by measuring the amount of p-nitrophenol liberated by enzymatic reaction using p-nitrophenol galactopyranoside as a substrate described in 160, “New York: Academic Press”. The amount of 1 ⁇ mol p-nitrophenol produced per minute was defined as 1 unit (U) of enzyme activity.
- Clostridium thermocellum JK-S14 strain (NITE P-627) was cultured at 60 ° C. for 4 days in BM7CO-CL medium containing 10 g / L of microcrystalline cellulose.
- the remaining amount of cellulose in the culture solution was measured by sampling 0.5 ml of the well-suspended culture solution over time during the culture period, and a part of the sample was placed in a 0.45 ⁇ m filter cup that had been weighed in advance. added.
- the filter cup was centrifuged (13,000 rpm, 5 minutes, 4 ° C.) to separate the culture solution and residual cellulose.
- the filter cup containing the cellulose residue was dried at 70 ° C. for 2 days, the weight of the filter cup was measured again, and the remaining cellulose residual amount was calculated by subtracting from the weight of the empty filter cup.
- Cellobiose and glucose concentrations in the culture solution are measured using the above culture solution sampled and centrifuged in a filter cup, and cellobiose and glucose in the culture solution are added to the Aminex HPX-87P and Aminex HPX-87H columns (BioRad).
- Aminex HPX-87P and Aminex HPX-87H columns BioRad
- the measured amount of glucose and amount of cellobiose was calculated as the total amount of glucose in terms of glucose and cellobiose based on the weight of cellulose used and made 100%.
- FIGS. 1 and 2 The results are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, respectively.
- the solid line represents the consumption of cellulose over time
- the black square mark ( ⁇ ) indicates the glucose content in the culture solution
- the black circle mark ( ⁇ ) indicates the cellobiose content in the culture solution.
- Cardicellulosyl butter saccharolyticus [Pre-culture of cardicellulosyl butter saccharolyticus] Cardis cellulosyl butter saccharolyticus ATCC 43494 (American Type Culture Collection) was cultured at 60 ° C. for 4 days in a BM7CO-CL medium containing 10 g / L of microcrystalline cellulose.
- the residual amount of cellulose in the culture solution was the same as in Example 1, except that a 0.45 ⁇ m filter that had been previously weighed by sampling 0.5 ml of the well-suspended culture solution over time. A portion of the sample was added to the cup. The filter cup was centrifuged (13,000 rpm, 5 minutes, 4 ° C.) to separate the culture solution and residual cellulose. The filter cup containing the cellulose residue was dried at 70 ° C. for 2 days, the weight of the filter cup was measured again, and the remaining cellulose residual amount was calculated by subtracting from the weight of the empty filter cup.
- Cellobiose and glucose concentrations in the culture solution were measured by using high-performance liquid chromatography (Prominence, manufactured by Shimadzu Corp.) using the culture solution sampled and centrifuged in a filter cup, as in Example 1. ).
- the measured amount of glucose and amount of cellobiose was calculated as the total amount of glucose in terms of glucose and cellobiose based on the weight of cellulose used and made 100%.
- the solid line represents the consumption of cellulose over time
- the black square mark ( ⁇ ) indicates the glucose content in the culture solution
- the black circle mark ( ⁇ ) indicates the cellobiose content in the culture solution.
- Preparation of the alkali digestion-treated cedar pulp was performed by adding a sodium hydroxide solution so that sodium hydroxide was 23% with respect to 1 g of cedar chips and reacting in a pressure vessel at 170 ° C. for 3 hours. Thereafter, it was thoroughly washed with water and bleached with chlorous acid (3.5% per pulp) at 60 ° C. for 30 minutes. Further, 1 g of cedar pulp was treated with 4% sodium hydroxide at 60 ° C. for 30 minutes and washed repeatedly with water until neutrality. In order to measure the total sugar components and amount of bleached cedar pulp, a hydrolyzed solution was prepared by sulfuric acid hydrolysis and then measured by high performance liquid chromatography.
- the BM7CO medium containing 5% (weight%) of ammonia-immersed rice straw or cedar bleached pulp was inoculated with clostridium thermocellum JK-S14 at the same time as ⁇ -glucosidase was added and cultured at 60 ° C. Sampling was performed over time to measure the weight of rice straw and the amount of glucose remaining in the culture solution.
- Fig. 5 shows the amount of rice straw remaining and the amount of glucose accumulated in the culture solution when ⁇ -glucosidase was added to BM7CO medium containing 5% ammonia-immersed rice straw by dry weight and cultured with clostridium thermocellum JK-S14. showed that.
- the solid line represents the remaining amount of rice straw in the culture solution over time, and the black squares ( ⁇ ) indicate the amount of glucose accumulated in the culture solution.
- FIG. 6 shows the amount of rice straw remaining and the amount of accumulated glucose when clostridium thermocellum JK-S14 is cultured by adding ⁇ -glucosidase to a BM7CO medium containing 5% cedar bleached pulp by dry weight.
- the solid line is a graph showing the remaining amount of rice straw in the culture solution over time. Black square marks ( ⁇ ) indicate the amount of glucose accumulated in the culture solution.
- the cellulose content of the ammonia-immersed rice straw is 60% cellulose per dry weight. Moreover, it is known from HPLC analysis after hydrolysis that 90% of the dry weight of cedar bleached pulp is cellulose. On the other hand, when the cellulose content in the remaining rice straw and bleached cedar pulp is measured, the final residue contains no cellulose, and considering the amount of free glucose and the consumption of clostridium thermocellum JK-S14, In addition, the cellulose contained in the bleached cedar pulp is 100% utilized.
- Non-patent Document 1 Non-patent Document 1
- hydrothermal pretreated rice straw is considered to be less saccharified than pretreatment using alkali.
- Preparation of hydrothermal pre-treated rice straw was performed by adding 3 times the amount of distilled water to 10 g of dry rice straw, placing it in a sealed container and reacting at 170 ° C. for 12 hours. Then, washing was repeated well until it became neutral with distilled water, and the water was squeezed into a hydrothermal pretreated rice straw sample.
- a hydrolyzate was prepared by sulfuric acid hydrolysis and then measured by high performance liquid chromatography.
- Casein (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) was used as the coating agent, Tween 20 (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) was used as the surfactant, and PEG 6000 (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) was used as the polymer compound.
- ⁇ -glucosidase was added during the cultivation of clostridium thermocellum JK-S14, and 0.025 g of casein, 0.05 g of Tween 20 or 0.06 of PEG 6000 per 1 g of hydrothermal pretreated rice straw. 025g was added and culture
- FIG. 7 shows a case where 10% (dry weight%) of hydrothermal pretreated rice straw is used for the medium, and ⁇ -glucosidase and a coating agent, surfactant or polymer compound are added during clostridium thermocellum culture. It is a graph which shows saccharification.
- black diamonds ( ⁇ ) indicate no addition
- black circles ( ⁇ ) indicate casein addition
- black triangles ( ⁇ ) indicate addition of PEG6000
- black squares ( ⁇ ) indicate hydrothermal pretreated rice when Tween 20 is added.
- the amount of glucose released from the straw was shown. It is known that the cellulose concentration of hydrothermal pretreated rice straw is about 40%. Therefore, the glucose concentration released when saccharified to 100% is about 4%.
- CBM-fused CglT A chimeric ⁇ -glucosidase (hereinafter referred to as CBM-fused CglT) was prepared by fusing CglT with CBM of the clostridium thermocellum JK-S14 (NITE BP-627) strain shown in SEQ ID NO: 5.
- CBM-CglT a type in which CBM is fused on the N-terminal side
- CglT-CBM a type in which CBM is fused on the C-terminal side
- oligonucleotide primers CBMF1 shown in SEQ ID NO: 6: 5'-CGCGGATCCGGTTGGCAATGCAACACCCG-3 '
- CBMFfusionN shown in SEQ ID NO: 7: 5'-ACGAAATCCTTGGCTGCGTCTGTGTCTGCGTCTGCGTCTGCGTCTGCGTCTGCGTCTGCGTCTGCGTCTGCGTCTGCGTC It was.
- Oligonucleotide primer CBMF1 was designed to give a BamHI restriction enzyme site, and CBMFusionN was designed to include a part of the N-terminal amino acid sequence of CglT.
- CBM gene fragment was amplified by PCR using genomic DNA of Clostridium thermocellum JK-S14 strain (NITE BP-627) as a template.
- the amplified CBM gene sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 8.
- Primer CglTFusion was designed with a part of the CBM C-terminal side partially overlapped.
- Each amplified CBM gene (including a gene encoding the N-terminal amino acid sequence of CglT on the 3 ′ side) and CglT gene (including a gene encoding the C-terminal amino acid sequence of CBM on the 5 ′ side) were used as templates.
- PCR reaction was performed using oligonucleotide primers CBMF1 and CglTR.
- a DNA fragment (SEQ ID NO: 11) of about 1.9 kb CBM-CglT was obtained by PCR reaction.
- oligonucleotide primers CglTF SEQ ID NO: 1
- CglTR-Fusion shown in SEQ ID NO: 12: 5′-
- CGGTGTTGCCATGCCAACATCTTCGATACCATCATC-3 ' was used.
- Oligonucleotide primer CglTR-Fusion (C) was designed in such a way that the N-terminal side of CBM partially overlapped.
- oligonucleotide primer CBM3F-Fusion (shown in SEQ ID NO: 13: 5'-GATGGATGTATCGAAGATGTGGCAATGCAACACGCG-3 ') and oligonucleotide primer CBM3R (shown in SEQ ID NO: 14: 5 '-ATTGCTCAGAGCATTCGGATCATCGACGGCGGTAT-3') was used.
- Oligonucleotide primer CBM3F-Fusion was designed such that the gene encoding the amino acid sequence on the C-terminal side of CglT was partially overlapped.
- Oligonucleotide primer CBM3R was designed to give a cleavage site for restriction enzyme Bpu1102.
- Each amplified CglT gene (including a gene encoding the C-terminal amino acid sequence of CBM on the 3 ′ side) and CBM gene (including a gene encoding the N-terminal amino acid sequence of CglT on the 5 ′ side) were used as templates.
- PCR reaction was performed using oligonucleotide primers CglTF and CBM3F-Fusion (C).
- One fusion gene obtained by PCR was cleaved with restriction enzymes BamHI and Bpu1102, respectively, purified, inserted between the BamHI and Bpu1102 restriction enzyme sites of pET19b, and a CBM fusion CglT expression plasmid was prepared.
- Two expression plasmids were introduced into E. coli BL21 for transformation, and expression strains were obtained respectively.
- each recombinant protein was expressed and purified. Since both of the purified proteins have a structure with a histidine tag on the N-terminal side, purification was performed on a nickel agarose column using SDS-PAGE until a single band was obtained in the same manner as the above-described recombinant CglT.
- ⁇ -glucosidase activity was measured by Wood, WA., Kellog, S.T., 1988. Activity (unit) by measuring the amount of p-nitrophenol released by enzymatic reaction using p-nitrophenol galactopyranoside as a substrate, as described in Methodsmin Enzymology.160, New York: Academic ⁇ Press. Was calculated. The amount of ⁇ mole p-nitrophenol produced per minute was defined as 1 unit (U) of enzyme activity. The results are shown in Table 1.
- CglT showed a very high activity of 25 U / mg protein, whereas for CBM-fused CglT, 4 U / mg protein in CBM-CglT and 2 U / mg protein and a dramatic ⁇ -glucosidase in CglT-CglT The activity decreased. This was considered to have influenced the enzyme catalyst part by the three-dimensional structure change by CBM fusion.
- the frozen raw cassava pulp was thawed with warm water at 30 ° C., and then dried after removing moisture with a dryer at 60 ° C.
- glucoamylase A recombinant glucoamylase (hereinafter referred to as CgA) based on the glucoamylase of Clostridium thermocellum JK-S14 strain was prepared.
- the genomic DNA of clostridium thermocellum JK-S14 was extracted in the same manner as the genomic DNA from Thermoanaerobacter brocci using BM7CO-CB liquid medium containing 0.5% cellobiose.
- CgA synthesized oligonucleotide primers CgAF shown in SEQ ID NO: 16: 5'-CGCGGATCCGGCGAACACATACTTT-3 '
- CgAR shown in SEQ ID NO: 17: 5'-AAAGAGGCGGGGTTTTTAGCGACCGCCA-3'
- SEQ ID NO: 18 A double-stranded amplified DNA sequence having a length of about 1.4 kilobases was obtained by PCR.
- the amplified CglT gene sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 18.
- the designed oligonucleotide primers CgAF and CgAR have restriction enzyme sites BamHI and SalI added for insertion into an E. coli expression vector.
- the glucoamylase CgA gene sequence of clostridium thermocellum can be obtained through the homepage of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NBIC) (http://www.Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) ( GenBank accession number; YP_001038201).
- PCR 16s rRNA gene was amplified by ExTaq DNA polymerase (manufactured by Takara Bio Inc.). PCR was carried out under conditions of 30 cycles of 98 ° C. for 1 minute, 55 ° C. for 1 minute, and 72 ° C. for 30 minutes.
- the PCR product was purified using a Qiagen PCR purification kit (Qiagen) after confirming the amplified band by 0.8% agarose gel electrophoresis.
- the purified PCR product was subjected to restriction enzyme treatment at 37 ° C. overnight using BamHI (Takara Bio) and SalI (Takara Bio).
- restriction enzyme-treated PCR product was again separated from the restriction enzyme degradation product by 0.8% agarose gel electrophoresis, and the target band was cut out from the gel and purified by a gel extraction kit (manufactured by Qiagen).
- a pET22b expression vector (manufactured by Merck) was also used. This vector is designed so that a 6-residue histidine tag is fused to the N-terminal side of the target protein to be expressed.
- the pET22b expression vector was similarly treated with BamHI and SalI and treated with restriction enzyme overnight at 37 ° C. After the restriction enzyme treatment, alkaline phosphatase (manufactured by Takara Bio Inc.) was treated at 50 ° C. for 1 hour in order to dephosphorylate the restriction enzyme cleavage site. Phenol / chloroform extraction was repeated to inactivate alkaline phosphatase, followed by ethanol precipitation, and a restriction enzyme-treated pET19b expression vector was recovered.
- CgA expression vector In order to construct a CgA expression vector, the restriction enzyme-treated CgA gene and the pET22b expression vector were incubated with T4 ligase (Takara Bio) overnight at 16 ° C. and linked.
- T4 ligase Takara Bio
- the expression vector CgA-pET22 was once transformed into E. coli JM109, and cultured overnight at 37 ° C. in Luria-Bertani medium (LB medium) containing 50 ⁇ g / ml ampicillin sodium and 1.5% agar.
- the composition of the LB medium is shown below. Bactopeptone 1 g / L, sodium chloride 1 g / L, yeast extract 1 g / L, and the final pH of the medium were adjusted to around 7.0.
- a clone having the desired expression vector CgA-pET22 was selected from the grown colonies.
- an expression vector CgA-pET22 was extracted from an E. coli clone using a plasmid extraction kit (Qiagen), and then BigDye (registered trademark) Terminator v3.1 (Applied Biosystems), PRISM (registered trademark) was used with the above primers. ) The DNA sequence was read by 3100 Genetic TM Analyzer (Applied Biosystems) or PRISM (registered trademark) 3700 DNA Analyzer (Applied Biosystems).
- Escherichia coli BL21 having the expression vector CgA-pET22 was cultured in ampicillin sodium-containing LB medium at 37 ° C. for 4 hours, and isopropyl-D-thiogalactopyranoside was added at a concentration of 1 mM. Culturing was performed for 12 hours.
- Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) having CgA-pET22 was collected by centrifugation (8,000 rpm, 4 ° C., 10 minutes). The collected cells are once frozen overnight at ⁇ 80 ° C., suspended in a lysis buffer (50 mM phosphate buffer, 300 mM sodium chloride, 10 mM imidazole, pH 8.0), and then ultrasonicated in ice. Crushed by a crusher. The obtained lysate turbid solution was centrifuged to separate a transparent lysate and precipitated unbroken cells, and then only the lysate was collected and filtered through a 0.45 ⁇ m filter.
- a lysis buffer 50 mM phosphate buffer, 300 mM sodium chloride, 10 mM imidazole, pH 8.0
- the obtained lysate turbid solution was centrifuged to separate a transparent lysate and precipitated unbroken cells, and then only the lysate was collected and filtered through
- the lysate was passed through a nickel agarose gel column (Ni-NTA agarose gel; manufactured by Qiagen) to obtain histag-fused CgA. Further, the eluted CgA was purified through a desalting column (manufactured by Bio-Rad). The protein amount of the Histag-fused CglT was measured with a BCA / protein measurement kit (manufactured by Thermo Scientific) after dilution with distilled water as necessary. A protein calibration curve was prepared using bovine serum albumin.
- amino acid sequence of CgA is shown in SEQ ID NO: 19.
- FIG. 8 shows that when clostridium thermocellum JK-S14 is cultured by adding ⁇ -glucosidase, ⁇ -amylase, and glucoamylase derived from the clostridium thermocellum JK-S14 to a BM7CO medium containing 5% cassava pulp by dry weight.
- 1 shows the amount of glucose accumulated in the culture solution.
- Black square marks ( ⁇ ) indicate the amount of glucose accumulated in the culture solution.
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Abstract
Description
化学的糖化処理は、アルカリ、酸を利用するものがあるが、古くより酸糖化がよく用いられている。酸糖化には濃硫酸糖化法と希硫酸二段糖化法とがあるが、何れも硫酸を用いるため、廃棄物処理や環境負荷の低減を必要とし、低コスト化及びエネルギー変換効率に限界があるといわれている。
すなわち、本発明は、セルロースと好熱嫌気性細菌を培養する際にβ-グルコシダーゼを存在させることで、セロオリゴ糖がグルコースへ変換する現象と、グルコースの利用速度が停滞していく現象の時間差を利用したものである。セルロース分解酵素を産生する好熱嫌気性微生物のグルコース資化性能が緩慢であるのと、もし緩慢であれば微生物増殖や酵素生産にネガティブに影響するという予見、さらに一般的にグルコースが微生物に対して非常に利用しやすい糖源で、本発明のようにグルコースを微生物が利用せずに培地中へ蓄積することが考え難いことから、これまでの知見や情報だけでは到底想到し得ない知見である。
特に、好熱嫌気性微生物を用いた場合には、培養条件を高い温度条件にできるため、微生物のコンタミネーションが少なく、グルコースを含む培地の腐敗を防止することができる。
本発明のグルコースの製造方法は、好熱嫌気性微生物をセルロース及びβ-グルコシダーゼの存在下で培養することを特徴とする。
CBMとして、カルボハイドレイト・アクティブエンザイムデータベース(Carbohydrate-Active enzymes Database:http://www.cazy.org/)から糖質結合モジュールファミリー分類(Carbohydrate-Binding Module family classification)に属するCBMを用いることができる。好ましくは、そのモジュールファミリー分類表の中でもファミリー3に属するCBMが良い。
タンパク性ブロッキング剤等を添加し、β-グルコシダーゼの存在下、好熱嫌気性微生物を培養すると、植物細胞壁に存在するリグニン及びリグニン-ヘミセルロース複合体、リグニン-無機物複合体等、セルロース及びヘミセルロース以外の疎水性基等の反応基を持つとされる物質への糖質分解酵素との非特異的吸着が抑制されると考えられる。
このような、デンプンを含有するセルロース系バイオマスからグルコースを生産する場合には、β-グルコシダーゼ以外に、α-アミラーゼ及びグルコアミラーゼが存在する条件下で、好熱嫌気性微生物を培養する。
また、サーモアナエロバクテリウム・ザイラノリティカム(Thermoanaerobacterium xylanolyticum)、サーモアナエロバクテリウム・サーモサッカロリティカム(Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum)、スルフォバチルス・アシドフィリス(Sulfobacillus acidophilus)、アリサイクロバチルス・アシドカルダリウス(Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius)、アナエロセルム・サーモフィルム(Anaerocellum thermophilum)由来のβ-グルコシダーゼも同じく利用できる。
また、遺伝子組み換えにより大腸菌等により生産される酵素又はアミノ酸配列の一部が改変された酵素であっても、上述の至適反応温度の範囲内でβ-グリコシド結合を分解する活性を有する酵素であればよい。
具体的には、タンパク性ブロッキング剤としてスキムミルク、カゼイン、牛血清アルブミン、ゼラチン、ポリペプトン等が挙げられ、中でもカゼインを含むタンパク性ブロッキング剤が優れている。また界面活性剤は、陰イオン系、陽イオン系、両性、非イオン性界面活性剤のいずれでもよいが、好ましくは非イオン性界面活性剤である。特に、Tween20や又はTween80に代表される非イオン性界面活性剤の使用が好ましい。また高分子化合物においてはグリコール類がよく、ポリエチレングリコール(PEG)200以上のものが利用できる。特にポリエチレングリコール4000~6000が好ましい。
タンパク性ブロッキング剤等を添加し、β-グルコシダーゼの存在下、好熱嫌気性微生物を培養すると、植物細胞壁が有するリグニン及びリグニン-ヘミセルロース複合体、リグニン-無機物複合体等、セルロース及びヘミセルロース以外の疎水性基等の反応基を持つとされる物質への糖質分解酵素との非特異的吸着が抑制されると考えられる。
好熱嫌気性微生物であるサーモアナエロバクター・ブロッキATCC33075(Thermoanaerobacter brockii)(アメリカンタイプカルチャーコレクションのβ-グルコシダーゼをもとにした組換えβ-グルコシダーゼ(以下、CglTという。)を作成した。
0.5%セロビオースを含むBM7CO-CB液体培地を用いてサーモアナエロバクター・ブロッキを培養後、4℃にて10,000回転で5分間、遠心分離して菌体を回収した。得られた菌体を溶菌させるために、10%SDS(ラウリル硫酸ナトリウム)を最終濃度が0.5%になるように添加するとともに、プロテナーゼK(1mg/ml)溶液が5μg/mlになるように加え、37℃で1時間反応させた。さらに10%臭化セチルトリメチルアンモニウム-0.7M塩化ナトリウム溶液を1%濃度になるように加え、65℃、10分間反応させた後、等量のクロロフォルム・イソアミルアルコール溶液を加えよく攪拌し、15,000回転、5分間遠心分離にて水層を得た。
クロストリジウム・サーモセラムJK-S14株(NITE P-627)を微結晶セルロース10g/Lを含むBM7CO-CL培地を用いて4日間、60℃にて培養を行った。
上記前培養したクロストリジウム・サーモセラムJK-S14株を用い、高濃度結晶性セルロース(100g/L)を含むBM7CO培地を使用の際、β-グルコシダーゼを添加しない場合、及びβ-グルコシダーゼ(CglT、10ユニット)を同時に添加した場合の培養液中のセルロース残存量、セロビオース生成量、グルコース生成量の経時的変化を測定した。
[カルディセルロシルブター・サッカロリティカスの前培養]
カルディセルロシルブター・サッカロリティカスATCC 43494(アメリカンタイプカルチャーコレクション)を微結晶セルロース10g/Lを含むBM7CO-CL培地を用いて4日間、60℃にて培養を行った。
上記前培養したカルディセルロシルブター・サッカロリティカスATCC 43494株を用い、高濃度結晶性セルロース(50g/L)を含むBM7CO培地を使用の際、β-グルコシダーゼを添加しない場合、及びβ-グルコシダーゼ(CglT、10ユニット)を同時に添加した場合の培養液中のセルロース残存量、セロビオース生成量、グルコース生成量の経時的変化を測定した。
また、この結果から、セルロースが分解した後、セルロースをさらに添加しても、グルコースの生産を繰り返して行うことが可能であることがわかる。
実施例1と同様に、クロストリジウム・サーモセラムJK-S14株培養時にβ-グルコシダーゼを添加すると共に、1gの水熱前処理稲わらあたり、カゼイン0.025g、Tween20を0.05g、又はPEG6000を0.025g添加し、培養を開始した。
図中の黒菱形印(◆)は添加なし、黒丸印(●)はカゼイン添加、黒三角印(▲)はPEG6000添加、黒四角印(■)はTween20を添加した際の水熱前処理稲わらからの遊離したグルコース量を示した。水熱前処理稲わらのセルロース濃度は約40%含まれていることが知られている。従って100%糖化した際の遊離してくるグルコース濃度は約4%である。
従って、クロストリジウム・サーモセラム培養時に同時にβ-グルコシダーゼ及び、コーティング剤、界面活性剤又は高分子化合物の添加することで、セルロースからのグルコース生産、培養液中への蓄積を飛躍的に高められることをも併せて明らかとなった。
CBM-CglTの作成にあたり、CBMの増幅にはオリゴヌクレオチドプライマーCBMF1(配列番号6に示す:5´-CGCGGATCCGGTTGGCAATGCAACACCG-3´)およびCBMFusionN(配列番号7に示す:5´-ACGAAATCTCTTGGAAATTTTGCATTCGGATCATCTGACGGCGG-3´)を用いた。
C末端側にCBMを融合させたタイプのCglT-CBMの作成において、CglT遺伝子の増幅にはオリゴヌクレオチドプライマーCglTF(配列番号1)及びCglTR-Fusion(C)(配列番号12に示す:5´-CGGTGTTGCATTGCCAACATCTTCGATACCATCATC-3´)を用いた。
及びCglT-CBMのβ-グルコシダーゼ活性を測定した。
クロストリジウム・サーモセラムJK-S14株のグルコアミラーゼをもとにした組換えグルコアミラーゼ(以下、CgAという)を作成した。クロストリジウム・サーモセラムJK-S14株のゲノムDNAは0.5%セロビオースを含むBM7CO-CB液体培地を用いて、前記サーモアナエロバクター・ブロッキからのゲノムDNAの手順と同様に抽出した。
Claims (15)
- セルロースの存在下、好熱嫌気性微生物を培養する際にβ-グルコシダーゼを共存させることを特徴とする、グルコースの生産方法。
- 前記好熱嫌気性微生物が糖質分解酵素を産生する、請求項1記載のグルコースの生産方法。
- 前記好熱嫌気性微生物がクロストリジウム属微生物又はカルディセルロシルブター属微生物である、請求項1記載のグルコースの生産方法。
- 前記好熱嫌気性微生物がクロストリジウム・サーモセラム又はカルディセルロシルブター・サッカロリティカスである、請求項1記載のグルコースの生産方法。
- 前記β-グルコシダーゼが50℃以上の耐熱性を有する、請求項1に記載のグルコースの生産方法。
- 前記β-グルコシダーゼが好熱性微生物由来である、請求項5記載のグルコースの生産方法。
- 前記好熱性由来のβ-グルコシダーゼが、サーモアナエロバクター属微生物由来である、請求項6記載のグルコースの生産方法。
- セルロースの存在下、好熱嫌気性微生物を培養する際に、β-グルコシダーゼと共に、界面活性剤又は高分子化合物、タンパク性ブロッキング剤の一種以上を加えることを特徴とする、請求項1記載のグルコースの生産方法
- 前記界面活性剤がツイーン、前記高分子化合物がポリエチレングリコール、タンパク性ブロッキング剤がカゼインを含むものである、請求項8記載のグルコースの生産方法
- 前記セルロースがセルロース系バイオマスである、請求項1記載のグルコースの生産方法。
- 前記セルロース系バイオマスがデンプンを含有するものであり、β-グルコシダーゼ、α-アミラーゼ及びグルコアミラーゼと共に、好熱嫌気性微生物を培養することを特徴とする、請求項1記載のグルコースの生産方法。
- 前記α-アミラーゼ及びグルコアミラーゼが50℃以上の耐熱性を有する、請求項11記載のグルコースの生産方法。
- 前記グルコアミラーゼがクロストリジウム属微生物由来である、請求項12記載のグルコースの生産方法。
- 請求項1記載のグルコースの生産方法において、セルロースとβ-グルコシダーゼと共に、微生物を培養し、好熱嫌気性微生物がセルロースを消費した後に、セルロース系バイオマスの添加を繰り返すことを特徴とする、グルコースの連続生産方法。
- 前記セルロース系バイオマスがデンプンを含有するものである、請求項14記載のグルコースの連続生産方法。
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JP2022168778A (ja) * | 2021-04-26 | 2022-11-08 | 国立研究開発法人国際農林水産業研究センター | β-グルコシダーゼを生産する好熱性微生物、そのスクリーニング方法及びβ-グルコシダーゼを生産する好熱性微生物を用いたセルロース系バイオマスの糖化方法、並びに好熱性微生物由来のβ-グルコシダーゼ及び該β-グルコシダーゼをコードする遺伝子 |
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CN118256574A (zh) * | 2024-01-26 | 2024-06-28 | 中国热带农业科学院热带作物品种资源研究所 | 一种木薯抗氧化活性多糖的制备方法及木薯多糖的应用 |
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Cited By (2)
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JP2022168778A (ja) * | 2021-04-26 | 2022-11-08 | 国立研究開発法人国際農林水産業研究センター | β-グルコシダーゼを生産する好熱性微生物、そのスクリーニング方法及びβ-グルコシダーゼを生産する好熱性微生物を用いたセルロース系バイオマスの糖化方法、並びに好熱性微生物由来のβ-グルコシダーゼ及び該β-グルコシダーゼをコードする遺伝子 |
JP7460978B2 (ja) | 2021-04-26 | 2024-04-03 | 国立研究開発法人国際農林水産業研究センター | β-グルコシダーゼを生産する微生物及び該β-グルコシダーゼを生産する微生物を用いたセルロース系バイオマスの糖化方法。 |
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BR112014022311A2 (pt) | 2017-08-22 |
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CN104583411A (zh) | 2015-04-29 |
PH12014502008A1 (en) | 2014-11-24 |
PH12014502008B1 (en) | 2014-11-24 |
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