Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C59/00—Compounds having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms and containing any of the groups OH, O—metal, —CHO, keto, ether, groups, groups, or groups
  • C07C59/40—Unsaturated compounds
  • C07C59/42—Unsaturated compounds containing hydroxy or O-metal groups
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
  • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
  • A61K31/20—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having a carboxyl group bound to a chain of seven or more carbon atoms, e.g. stearic, palmitic, arachidic acids
  • A61K31/202—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having a carboxyl group bound to a chain of seven or more carbon atoms, e.g. stearic, palmitic, arachidic acids having three or more double bonds, e.g. linolenic
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
  • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P21/00—Drugs for disorders of the muscular or neuromuscular system
  • A61P21/02—Muscle relaxants, e.g. for tetanus or cramps
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system

Definitions

• ALS Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
• the present invention provides, in part, a method for treating amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
• the method includes administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, II, III or IV:
• R a is a protecting group or -T1-Q1 ;
• the present invention also provides a method for treating ALS, wherein treating ALS comprises prolonging or increasing the survival of the subject suffering from ALS.
• the present invention also provides a method for treating ALS, wherein treating ALS comprises reducing cell death or increasing cell survival of a cell from the subject suffering from ALS.
• the cell is a motor neuron or an astrocyte.
• the present invention also provides a method for treating ALS, further comprising administering at least one second active therapeutic agent.
• Preferred second active therapeutic agents are selected from the group consisting of riluzole, talampanel (8-methyl- 7H-l,3-dioxolo(2,3)benzodiazepine), Tamoxifen, TCH346, Vitamin E, Celecoxib, Creatine, Copaxone, NP001, ozanezumab, Gilenya, SODlRx, MCl-186 and combinations thereof.
• Preferred routes of administration include intranasal, intracerebroventricular (ICV), and intrathecal administration.
• the present invention also provides a pharmaceutical pack or kit comprising one or more containers filled with a compound of Formula I, II, III, or IV, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate, solvate, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof in a form suitable for administration.
• Figure 1 is a graph depicting the cell viability of NSC34 cells after 24 hours treatment with increasing concentrations of H2O2 (0 - 800 ⁇ ) and 10 ng/ml TNFoc.
• Figure 2 is a graph depicting the cell viability of NSC34 cells after 24 hours treatment with 100 nM NPD1 and increasing concentrations of H2O2 (0 - 800 ⁇ ) and 10 ng/ml TNFoc.
• Figure 3 is a graph summarizing the cell viability and cell apoptosis of NSC34 cells after 24 hours of treatment with either TNFoc + H 2 0 2 alone or with 100 nM NPD1.
• the set of columns on the left show the percentage of viable cells for each treatment, with vehicle control set to 100%.
• the set of columns on the right show the percentage of cell apoptosis.
• Figure 4 is a graph depicting the cell viability of C8-D1A cells after 24 hours treatment with varying concentrations of NPD1 (0, 50 and 100 nM) and increasing concentrations of H2O2 (0 - 800 ⁇ ) and 10 ng/ml TNFoc. Cell viability was determined by spectrophotometric reading at 450 nM wavelength.
• Figure 5 is a graph summarizing the percentage of surviving C8-D1A cells after 24 hours treatment with varying concentrations of NPD1 (0, 50 and 100 nM) and increasing concentrations of H 2 0 2 (0 - 800 ⁇ ) and 10 ng/ml TNFoc.
• the present invention provides DHA analogs or their pharmaceutical
• R4 and R5 are each independently H, halo, unsubstituted or substituted Ci-C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C3-C1 0 carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 3-, 4-, 5- or 6-member rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S,
• R b and R c are each independently a protecting group or -T1-Q1, or R b and R c , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member rings and 1-4 additional heteroatoms selected from N, O and S;
• Ti is a bond or unsubstituted or substituted Ci-C 6 alkyl linker
• Qi is H, hydroxyl, halogen, unsubstituted or substituted Ci-C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted Ci-C 6 alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted 2-6 membered heteroalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C3-C1 0 carbocycle, or unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle comprising one or two 3-, 4-, 5- or 6-member rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.
• Embodiments of the invention include one or more features below.
• the compound used for treating ALS is of Formula III:
• Rj is -C(0)OR a .
• R a is H.
• R a is a protecting group
• each of R 4 and R5 is H.
• R 4 and R5 is substituted or unsubstituted straight chain Ci-C 6 or branched C3-C6 alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl and n-hexyl.
• each of R 2 and R 3 is H.
• R 2 and R 3 are a protecting group.
• the compound used for treating ALS is 10,17S-dihydroxy-docosa- 4Z,7Z,llE,13E,15Z,19Z-hexaenoic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, solvate, hydrate or prodrug thereof.
• the compound used for treating ALS is 10R,17S-dihydroxy-docosa- 4Z,7Z,llE,13E,15Z,19Z-hexaenoic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, solvate, hydrate or prodrug thereof.
• the compound used for treating ALS is an isolated compound, e.g., substantially separated from other compounds or isomers that are present in a cellular environment.
• the isolated compound used for treating ALS has a purity of at least 75%, 85%, 90, 92.5%, 95%, 97.5%, 99%, 99.5%, or 99.9% by weight.
• the isolated compound used for treating ALS is contaminated with at most 25%, 15%, 10%, 7.5%, 5%, 1%, 0.5%, or 0.1% by weight of other isomers of the compound.
• the isolated compound used for treating ALS is 10,17S-dihydroxy- docosa-4Z,7Z,l lE,13E,15Z,19Z-hexaenoic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, solvate, hydrate or prodrug thereof.
• the isolated compound used for treating ALS is 10R,17S-dihydroxy- docosa-4Z,7Z,l lE,13E,15Z,19Z-hexaenoic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, solvate, hydrate or prodrug thereof.
• the isolated compound used for treating ALS is 10R,17S-dihydroxy- docosa-4Z,7Z,l lE,13E,15Z,19Z-hexaenoic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, solvate, hydrate or prodrug thereof, and is contaminated with at most 25%, 15%, 10%, 7.5%, 5%, 1%, 0.5%, or 0.1% by weight of the 10S,17S-enantiomer.
• the compound used for treating ALS is an R/S racemate at C-10 carbon atom of the compound.
• the compound used for treating ALS is an R/S racemate at C-17 carbon atom of the compound.
• alkenyl includes unsaturated aliphatic groups analogous in length and possible substitution to the alkyls described above, but that contain at least one double bond.
• alkenyl includes straight chain alkenyl groups (e.g.
• branched alkenyl groups cycloalkenyl (e.g., alicyclic) groups (e.g., cyclopropenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, cyclooctenyl), alkyl or alkenyl substituted cycloalkenyl groups, and cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl substituted alkenyl groups.
• a straight chain or branched alkenyl group has six or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone (e.g. , C 2 -C 6 for straight chain, C3-C6 for branched chain).
• cycloalkenyl groups may have from five to eight carbon atoms in their ring structure, and in one embodiment, cycloalkenyl groups have five or six carbons in the ring structure.
• the term "C 2 -C6" includes alkenyl groups containing two to six carbon atoms.
• C3-C6 includes alkenyl groups containing three to six carbon atoms.
• Heteroalkenyl includes alkenyl groups, as defined herein, having an oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur or phosphorous atom replacing one or more hydrocarbon backbone carbons.
• substituted alkenyl refers to alkenyl moieties having substituents replacing one or more hydrogen atoms on one or more hydrocarbon backbone carbon atoms.
• substituents can include, for example, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, amino (including alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino), acylamino (including al
• alkynyl includes unsaturated aliphatic groups analogous in length and possible substitution to the alkyls described above, but which contain at least one triple bond.
• alkynyl includes straight chain alkynyl groups (e.g. , ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, heptynyl, octynyl, nonynyl, decynyl), branched alkynyl groups, and cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl substituted alkynyl groups.
• a straight chain or branched alkynyl group has six or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone (e.g. , C 2 -C 6 for straight chain, C3-C6 for branched chain).
• C 2 -C6 includes alkynyl groups containing two to six carbon atoms.
• C3-C6 includes alkynyl groups containing three to six carbon atoms.
• Heteroalkynyl includes alkynyl groups, as defined herein, having an oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur or phosphorous atom replacing one or more hydrocarbon backbone carbons.
• substituted alkynyl refers to alkynyl moieties having substituents replacing one or more hydrogen atoms on one or more hydrocarbon backbone carbon atoms.
• substituents can include, for example, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, amino (including alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonyla
• Aryl includes groups with aromaticity, including “conjugated”, or multicyclic, systems with at least one aromatic ring. Examples include phenyl, benzyl, etc.
• Heteroaryl groups are aryl groups, as defined above, having from one to four heteroatoms in the ring structure, and may also be referred to as “aryl heterocycles” or “heteroaromatics".
• heteroaryl is intended to include a stable 5-, 6- , or 7-membered monocyclic or 7-, 8-, 9-, 10-, 11- or 12-membered bicyclic aromatic heterocyclic ring which consists of carbon atoms and one or more heteroatoms, e.g. , 1 or 1-2 or 1-3 or 1-4 or 1-5 or 1-6 heteroatoms, independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
• the nitrogen atom may be substituted or unsubstituted (i. e. , N or NR wherein R is H or other substituents, as defined).
• carbocycle or “carbocyclic ring” is intended to include any stable monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic ring having the specified number of carbons, any of which may be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic.
• a C3-C14 carbocycle is intended to include a monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic ring having 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 , 12, 13 or 14 carbon atoms.
• Examples of carbocycles include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl,
• heterocycles include, but are not limited to, morpholine, pyrrolidine, tetrahydrothiophene, piperidine, piperazine and tetrahydrofuran.
• heterocyclic groups include, but are not limited to, acridinyl, azocinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoxazolinyl, benzthiazolyl, benztriazolyl, benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl,
• dihydrofuro[2,3- ?]tetrahydrofuran furanyl, furazanyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, lH-indazolyl, indolenyl, indolinyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, 3H-indolyl, isatinoyl, isobenzofuranyl, isochromanyl, isoindazolyl, isoindolinyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, morpholinyl, naphthyridinyl,
• any variable e.g. , Ri
• its definition at each occurrence is independent of its definition at every other occurrence.
• the group may optionally be substituted with up to two Ri moieties and Ri at each occurrence is selected independently from the definition of Ri.
• substituents and/or variables are permissible, but only if such combinations result in stable compounds.
• hydroxy or "hydroxyl” includes groups with an - ⁇ or -O " .
• Aroyl includes moieties with an aryl or heteroaromatic moiety bound to a carbonyl group. Examples of aroyl groups include phenylcarboxy, naphthyl carboxy, etc.
• Alkoxy alkyl include alkyl groups, as described above, wherein oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atoms replace one or more hydrocarbon backbone carbon atoms.
• alkoxy or "alkoxyl” includes substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups covalently linked to an oxygen atom.
• alkoxy groups or alkoxyl radicals include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, isopropyloxy, propoxy, butoxy and pentoxy groups.
• substituted alkoxy groups include halogenated alkoxy groups.
• the alkoxy groups can be substituted with groups such as alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy,
• aryloxycarbonyloxy carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl,
• halogen substituted alkoxy groups include aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, amino (including alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate, sulfates, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moieties.
• ether or "alkoxy” includes compounds or moieties which contain an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms or heteroatoms.
• alkoxy alky 1 refers to an alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group covalently bonded to an oxygen atom which is covalently bonded to an alkyl group.
• thioalkyl includes compounds or moieties which contain an alkyl group connected with a sulfur atom.
• the thioalkyl groups can be substituted with groups such as alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, carboxyacid, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, amino (including alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino,
• arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate, sulfates, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro,
• thioether includes moieties which contain a sulfur atom bonded to two carbon atoms or heteroatoms.
• thioethers include, but are not limited to alkthioalkyls, alkthioalkenyls and alkthioalkynyls.
• alkthioalkyls include moieties with an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group bonded to a sulfur atom which is bonded to an alkyl group.
• alkthioalkenyls refers to moieties wherein an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group is bonded to a sulfur atom which is covalently bonded to an alkenyl group; and alkthioalkynyls” refers to moieties wherein an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group is bonded to a sulfur atom which is covalently bonded to an alkynyl group.
• amine or “amino” includes moieties where a nitrogen atom is covalently bonded to at least one carbon or heteroatom.
• Alkylamino includes groups of compounds wherein nitrogen is bound to at least one alkyl group. Examples of alkylamino groups include benzylamino, methylamino, ethylamino, phenethylamino, etc.
• amide or "aminocarboxy” includes compounds or moieties that contain a nitrogen atom that is bound to the carbon of a carbonyl or a thiocarbonyl group.
• alkaminocarboxy groups that include alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl groups bound to an amino group which is bound to the carbon of a carbonyl or thiocarbonyl group.
• arylaminocarboxy groups that include aryl or heteroaryl moieties bound to an amino group that is bound to the carbon of a carbonyl or thiocarbonyl group.
• alkylaminocarboxy alkenylaminocarboxy
• alkynylaminocarboxy and
• arylaminocarboxy include moieties wherein alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl and aryl moieties, respectively, are bound to a nitrogen atom which is in turn bound to the carbon of a carbonyl group.
• Amides can be substituted with substituents such as straight chain alkyl, branched alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocycle. Substituents on amide groups may be further substituted.
• R, R' , and R" can each independently be H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycle, aryl, or heteroaryl ect.
• Amidines can be substituted with substituents such as straight chain alkyl, branched alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocycle. Substituents on amide groups may be further substituted.
• nitrogen-containing compounds are also considered, when allowed by valency and structure, to cover both the compound as shown and its N-hydroxy (i.e. , N-OH) and N-alkoxy (i.e. , N-OR, wherein R is substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkenyl, Ci-C 6 alkynyl, 3-14-membered carbocycle or 3-14- membered heterocycle) derivatives.
• N-OH N-hydroxy
• N-alkoxy i.e. , N-OR, wherein R is substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkenyl, Ci-C 6 alkynyl, 3-14-membered carbocycle or 3-14- membered heterocycle
• a crystal polymorphism may be present for the compounds represented by the formula. It is noted that any crystal form, crystal form mixture, or anhydride or hydrate thereof is included in the scope of the present invention. Furthermore, so-called metabolite which is produced by degradation of the present compound in vivo is included in the scope of the present invention.
• enantiomers or sometimes optical isomers.
• a mixture containing equal amounts of individual enantiomeric forms of opposite chirality is termed a “racemic mixture”.
• Chiral isomer means a compound with at least one chiral center. Compounds with more than one chiral center may exist either as an individual diastereomer or as a mixture of diastereomers, termed "diastereomeric mixture". When one chiral center is present, a stereoisomer may be characterized by the absolute configuration (R or S) of that chiral center. Absolute configuration refers to the arrangement in space of the substituents attached to the chiral center. The substituents attached to the chiral center under
• Gaometric isomer means the diastereomers that owe their existence to hindered rotation about double bonds. These configurations are differentiated in their names by the prefixes cis and trans, or Z and E, which indicate that the groups are on the same or opposite side of the double bond in the molecule according to the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules.
• atropic isomers are a type of stereoisomer in which the atoms of two isomers are arranged differently in space. Atropic isomers owe their existence to a restricted rotation caused by hindrance of rotation of large groups about a central bond. Such atropic isomers typically exist as a mixture, however as a result of recent advances in chromatography techniques; it has been possible to separate mixtures of two atropic isomers in select cases.
• Common tautomeric pairs are: ketone-enol, amide-nitrile, lactam-lactim, amide- imidic acid tautomerism in heterocyclic rings (e.g. , in nucleobases such as guanine, thymine and cytosine), amine-enamine and enamine-enamine.
• crystal polymorphs means crystal structures in which a compound (or a salt or solvate thereof) can crystallize in different crystal packing arrangements, all of which have the same elemental composition. Different crystal forms usually have different X-ray diffraction patterns, infrared spectral, melting points, density hardness, crystal shape, optical and electrical properties, stability and solubility. Recrystallization solvent, rate of crystallization, storage temperature, and other factors may cause one crystal form to dominate. Crystal polymorphs of the compounds can be prepared by crystallization under different conditions.
• the compounds of the present invention can exist in either hydrated or unhydrated (the anhydrous) form or as solvates with other solvent molecules.
• hydrates include monohydrates, dihydrates, etc.
• solvates include ethanol solvates, acetone solvates, etc.
• Solvate means solvent addition forms that contain either stoichiometric or non stoichiometric amounts of solvent. Some compounds have a tendency to trap a fixed molar ratio of solvent molecules in the crystalline solid state, thus forming a solvate. If the solvent is water the solvate formed is a hydrate; and if the solvent is alcohol, the solvate formed is an alcoholate. Hydrates are formed by the combination of one or more molecules of water with one molecule of the substance in which the water retains its molecular state as H 2 0.
• bioisostere refers to a compound resulting from the exchange of an atom or of a group of atoms with another, broadly similar, atom or group of atoms.
• the objective of a bioisosteric replacement is to create a new compound with similar biological properties to the parent compound.
• the bioisosteric replacement may be physicochemically or topologically based.
• Examples of carboxylic acid bioisosteres include, but are not limited to, acyl sulfonimides, tetrazoles, sulfonates and phosphonates. See, e.g. , Patani and LaVoie, Chem. Rev. 96, 3147-3176, 1996.
• the present invention is intended to include all isotopes of atoms occurring in the present compounds.
• Isotopes include those atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
• isotopes of hydrogen include tritium and deuterium
• isotopes of carbon include C-13 and C-14.
• Protecting group means that a particular functional moiety, e.g. , O, S, or N, is temporarily blocked so that a reaction can be carried out selectively at another reactive site in a multifunctional compound.
• a protecting group reacts selectively in good yield to give a protected substrate that is stable to the projected reactions; the protecting group must be selectively removed in good yield by readily available, preferably nontoxic reagents that do not attack the other functional groups; the protecting group forms an easily separable derivative (more preferably without the generation of new stereogenic centers); and the protecting group has a minimum of additional functionality to avoid further sites of reaction.
• oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen and carbon protecting groups may be utilized.
• the present disclosure provides methods for the synthesis of the compounds of Formula I - IV.
• the present invention provides methods for prolonging or increasing the survival of a subject suffering from, or diagnosed with, ALS by administering to a subject in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, polymorph or solvate thereof.
• the present invention further provides the use of a compound described herein, or a
• the present invention also provides a method for reducing or inhibiting cell death by contacting a cell with a compound of Formula I, II, III, or IV, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate, solvate, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof.
• the present invention also provides a method for increasing cell survival or cell viability by contacting a cell with a compound of Formula I, II, III, or IV, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate, solvate, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof.
• the cell is a motor neuron or an astrocyte.
• ALS Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
• Charcot's disease and Lou Gehrig's disease is a fatal disease resulting from the degeneration of motor neurones and corticospinal tracts.
• ALS With an incidence at present of 2.5/100,000 and, constantly on the increase, a prevalence of 6-10/100,000, ALS affects 90,000 people in the developed countries, for the most part adults who are still young (between 50 and 60).
• the disease is accompanied by progressive paralysis, leading to the total loss of motor and respiratory functions and then to death with a delay of two to eight years after the appearance of the first symptoms (three years on average).
• the cardinal feature of ALS is the loss of spinal motor neurons, which causes the muscles under their control to weaken and waste away leading to paralysis.
• one of the key characteristics is the progressive loss of muscle strength.
• Symptoms of weakness and muscle atrophy usually begin asymmetrically and distally in one limb, and then spread within the neuroaxis to involve contiguous groups of motor neurons. Symptoms can begin either in bulbar or limb muscles. Clinical signs of both lower and upper motor neuron involvement are required for a definitive diagnosis of ALS. ALS diagnosis is based on the El Escorial criteria revised mainly on clinical and electrophysiological findings in four body regions (Brooks et al., Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. Other Motor Neuron Disord. , 1: 293-299, 2000). Respiration is usually affected late in limb onset patients, but occasionally can be an early manifestation in patients with bulbar onset symptoms.
• the most typical feature of this progressive lethal disease is the degeneration of cortical, bulbar and spinal motor neurons, except for the neurons that control the bladder, and the oculomotor neurons. This leads to muscle weakness, fasciculations, muscle atrophy, speech and swallowing disabilities, progressive paralysis, and death caused by respiratory failure.
• Clinical signs of ALS are known in the art.
• the term "clinical sign" as used herein refers to an objective indication of some medical fact or characteristic of ALS that can be objectively measured or quantified.
• a clincal sign may be detected by a physician during a physical examination or by a clinical scientist by means of an in vitro examination of a sample from a patient.
• a clinical sign of ALS may also be a symptom of ALS, wherein the symptom of ALS can be objectively measured.
• Other clinical signs of ALS may include changes in expression or levels of particular biomarkers that are known to be involved in ALS pathology.
• microglial cells of the pro-inflammatory type are upregulated in ALS, and correlations between increased Ml activity and ALS disease severity have been established. Thus, measured reduction of Ml activity indicates the alleviation of a clinical sign of ALS.
• the disease was first described in 1869 by the French neurobiologist and physician Jean-Martin Charcot who linked the symptoms of ALS to a group of nerves specifically affected by the disease; the motor neurons that originate in the spinal cord.
• the name of the disease reflects the different tissue compartments that are severely affected.
• "amyotrophic” refers to the atrophy of muscle fibers and loss of muscle mass
• “lateral” refers to the nerve tracks that run down both sides of the spinal cord, where many neurons affected by ALS are found
• sclerosis refers to the scar tissue that remains following degeneration of the nerves.
• ALS adenosine sarcoma
• SOD1 TAR DNA binding protein
• TARDBP TAR DNA binding protein
• ALS has both familial (5-10%) and sporadic forms (90-95%).
• the physio- pathological origin of the sporadic forms of ALS remains unknown.
• the motor neurons degeneration could result from an alteration in the metabolism of glutamate leading to an increase in the concentration of this excitatory amino acid in the motor cortex and the spinal cord, which is commonly referred to as excitotoxicity.
• excitotoxicity The possibility of inflammatory components has likewise been put forward on the basis of either increased microglial activity, or the presence of auto-antibody against the voltage- sensitive calcium channels in certain patients. Another possibility is misfolding of proteins with secondary pathological gain-of-function.
• environmental factors such as exposure to certain viruses, or to aluminium is likewise possible.
• ALS includes all of the classifications of ALS known in the art, including, but not limited to classical ALS (typically affecting both lower and upper motor neurons), Primary Lateral Sclerosis (PLS, typically affecting only the upper motor neurons), Progressive Bulbar Palsy (PBP or Bulbar Onset, a version of ALS that typically begins with difficulties swallowing, chewing and speaking), Progressive Muscular Atrophy (PMA, typically affecting only the lower motor neurons) and familial ALS (a genetic version of ALS).
• the term "ALS” does not include neurodegenerative disorders such as multiple sclerosis, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease or Alzheimer's disease. Thus, the methods of the present invention do not comprise the treatment of multiple sclerosis, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease or Alzheimer's disease.
• a "subject in need thereof is a subject having ALS, or a subject having an increased risk of developing ALS relative to the population at large.
• a subject in need thereof has ALS.
• a "subject” includes a mammal.
• the mammal can be e.g. , any mammal, e.g. , a human, primate, bird, mouse, rat, fowl, dog, cat, cow, horse, goat, camel, sheep or a pig.
• the mammal is a human.
• candidate compound refers to a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, polymorph or solvate thereof.
• monotherapy refers to the administration of a single active or therapeutic compound to a subject in need thereof.
• monotherapy will involve administration of a therapeutically effective amount of an active compound.
• ALS monotherapy with one of the compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof to a subject in need of treatment of ALS.
• Monotherapy may be contrasted with combination therapy, in which a combination of multiple active compounds is administered, preferably with each component of the combination present in a therapeutically effective amount.
• monotherapy with a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, polymorph or solvate thereof is more effective than combination therapy in inducing a desired biological effect.
• treating or “treat” describes the management and care of a patient for the purpose of combating a disease, condition, or disorder and includes the administration of a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, polymorph or solvate thereof, to alleviate the symptoms or
• a compound of the present invention can also be used to prevent a disease, condition or disorder.
• the term "preventing” or “prevent” as used herein includes either preventing the onset of a clinically evident disease progression altogether or preventing or slowing the onset of a preclinically evident stage of a disease in individuals at risk. This includes prophylactic treatment of those at risk of developing a disease.
• symptom is defined as an indication of disease, illness, injury, or that something is not right in the body. Symptoms are felt or noticed by the individual experiencing the symptom, but may not easily be noticed by others. Others are defined as non-health-care professionals.
• signs are also defined as an indication that something is not right in the body. But signs are defined as things that can be seen by a doctor, nurse, or other health care professional.
• Combination therapy is intended to embrace administration of these therapeutic agents in a sequential manner, wherein each therapeutic agent is administered at a different time, as well as administration of these therapeutic agents, or at least two of the therapeutic agents, in a substantially simultaneous manner.
• Substantially simultaneous administration can be accomplished, for example, by administering to the subject a single capsule having a fixed ratio of each therapeutic agent or in multiple, single capsules for each of the therapeutic agents.
• Sequential or substantially simultaneous administration of each therapeutic agent can be effected by any appropriate route including, but not limited to, oral routes, intravenous routes, intramuscular routes, and direct absorption through mucous membrane tissues.
• the therapeutic agents can be administered by the same route or by different routes.
• a first therapeutic agent of the combination selected may be administered by intravenous injection while the other therapeutic agents of the combination may be administered orally.
• all therapeutic agents may be administered orally or all therapeutic agents may be administered by intravenous injection.
• the sequence in which the therapeutic agents are administered is not narrowly critical.
• a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof, may be administered in combination with a second active therapeutic agent.
• Second active therapeutic agents include but are not limited to neurotrophic growth factors, anti-oxidants (e.g., coenzyme Q10, manganoporphyrin, AEOL 10150, KNS-760704 [(6R)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-N6-propyl-2,6-benzothiazole-diamine dihydrochloride, RPPX], Edaravone (3-methyl- l-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one, MCI- 186)), anti- inflammatory agents (e.g.,TNF-oc, Celastrol), histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (e.g., Valproic acid (VP A), TCH346 (Dibenzo(b,f)oxepin-10-ylmethyl-methylprop-2-yny
• Additional second active therapeutic agents which can be used in combination with the compounds of the present invention include, but are not limited to, riluzole, talampanel (8-methyl-7H-l,3-dioxolo(2,3)benzodiazepine), Tamoxifen, TCH346, Vitamin E, Celecoxib, Creatine, Copaxone, NP001, ozanezumab, Gilenya, SODlRx, MCl-186 or combinations thereof.
• the trophic growth factors used in the context of the invention are essentially classed under three families: the neurotrophin family, the neurokine family and the TGF beta family.
• Growth factors include, but are not limited to, insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), nerve growth factor (NGF), glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGFi 6 5, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), transforming growth factors (TGF-oc, TGF- ⁇ ), neurotrophin 3 (NT3), neurotrophin 4/5 (NT4/5), brain- derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), erythropoietin (EPO), thrombopoietin (TPO), granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), or combinations thereof.
• compositions comprising a compound of Formulae I - IV in combination with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier, for use in the treatment, amelioration, or prevention of ALS.
• a "pharmaceutical composition” is a formulation containing the compounds of the present invention in a form suitable for administration to a subject.
• the phrase "pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to those compounds, materials, compositions, carriers, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
• “Pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” means an excipient that is useful in preparing a pharmaceutical composition that is generally safe, non-toxic and neither biologically nor otherwise undesirable, and includes excipient that is acceptable for veterinary use as well as human pharmaceutical use.
• a “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” as used in the specification and claims includes both one and more than one such excipient.
• a pharmaceutical composition of the invention is formulated to be compatible with its intended route of administration.
• routes include oral, pulmonary, rectal, parenteral, intradermal, transdermal, topical, transmucosal, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, inhalational, buccal, sublingual, intrapleural, intracerebro ventricular (ICV), intrathecal, intranasal, and the like.
• Solutions or suspensions used for the appropriate delivery can include the following components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol, polysorbate, tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS), or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates, and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose.
• the pH can be adjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide.
• Dosage unit form refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the mammalian subjects to be treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier.
• the specification for the dosage unit forms of the invention are dictated by and directly dependent on (a) the unique characteristics of the compound and the particular therapeutic or prophylactic effect to be achieved, and (b) the limitations inherent in the art of compounding such an active compound for the treatment of sensitivity in individuals.
• Dosage and administration are adjusted to provide sufficient levels of the active agent(s) or to maintain the desired effect.
• Factors which may be taken into account include the severity of the disease state, general health of the subject, age, weight, and gender of the subject, diet, time and frequency of administration, drug combination(s), reaction sensitivities, and tolerance/response to therapy.
• Long-acting pharmaceutical compositions may be administered every 3 to 4 days, every week, or once every two weeks depending on half-life and clearance rate of the particular formulation.
• compositions containing active compounds of the present invention may be manufactured in a manner that is generally known, e.g. , by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping, or lyophilizing processes.
• Pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in a conventional manner using one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers comprising excipients and/or auxiliaries that facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations that can be used pharmaceutically. Of course, the appropriate formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen.
• compositions suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion.
• suitable carriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, Cremophor ELTM (BASF, Parsippany, N.J.) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS).
• the composition must be sterile and should be fluid to the extent that easy syringeability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi.
• the carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof.
• the proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants.
• Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be achieved by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like.
• isotonic agents for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as manitol, sorbitol, sodium chloride in the composition.
• Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent which delays absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
• Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the active compound in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization.
• dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle that contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above.
• methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze-drying that yields a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
• Oral compositions generally include an inert diluent or an edible pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. They can be enclosed in gelatin capsules or compressed into tablets. For the purpose of oral therapeutic administration, the active compound can be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of tablets, troches, or capsules. Oral compositions can also be prepared using a fluid carrier for use as a mouthwash, wherein the compound in the fluid carrier is applied orally and swished and expectorated or swallowed. Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents, and/or adjuvant materials can be included as part of the composition.
• the tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain any of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or Sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring.
• a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin
• an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch
• a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or Sterotes
• a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide
• Systemic administration can also be by transmucosal or transdermal means.
• penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation.
• penetrants are generally known in the art, and include, for example, for transmucosal administration, detergents, bile salts, and fusidic acid derivatives.
• Transmucosal administration can be accomplished through the use of nasal sprays or suppositories.
• the active compounds are formulated into ointments, salves, gels, or creams as generally known in the art.
• Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, poly anhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Methods for preparation of such formulations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The materials can also be obtained commercially from Alza Corporation and Nova Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Liposomal suspensions (including liposomes targeted to infected cells with monoclonal antibodies to viral antigens) can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These can be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,811.
• the pharmaceutical composition is in bulk or in unit dosage form.
• the unit dosage form is any of a variety of forms, including, for example, a solution, a capsule, an IV bag, a tablet, a single pump on an aerosol inhaler or a vial.
• the quantity of active ingredient (e.g. , a formulation of the disclosed compound or salt, hydrate, solvate or isomer thereof) in a unit dose of composition is an effective amount and is varied according to the particular treatment involved.
• active ingredient e.g. , a formulation of the disclosed compound or salt, hydrate, solvate or isomer thereof
• the dosage will also depend on the route of administration.
• routes including but not limited to, oral, pulmonary, rectal, parenteral, intradermal, transdermal, topical, transmucosal, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, inhalational, buccal, sublingual, intrapleural, intracerebroventricular (ICV), intrathecal, intranasal, and the like.
• Dosage unit form refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subject to be treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier.
• the specification for the dosage unit forms of the invention are dictated by and directly dependent on the unique characteristics of the active compound and the particular therapeutic effect to be achieved.
• Dosage forms for the topical or transdermal administration of a compound of this invention include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches and inhalants.
• the active compound is mixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and with any preservatives, buffers or propellants that are required.
• such conventional non-toxic salts include, but are not limited to, those derived from inorganic and organic acids selected from 2-acetoxybenzoic, 2-hydroxyethane sulfonic, acetic, ascorbic, benzene sulfonic, benzoic, bicarbonic, carbonic, citric, edetic, ethane disulfonic, 1,2-ethane sulfonic, fumaric, glucoheptonic, gluconic, glutamic, glycolic, glycollyarsanilic, hexylresorcinic, hydrabamic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, hydroiodic, hydroxymaleic, hydroxy naphthoic, isethionic, lactic, lactobionic, lauryl sulfonic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methane sulfonic, napsylic, nitric, oxalic, pamoic, pantothenic, phenylacetic, phosphoric,
• the present invention also encompasses salts formed when an acidic proton present in the parent compound either is replaced by a metal ion, e.g. , an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth ion, or an aluminum ion; or coordinates with an organic base such as ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, N-methylglucamine, and the like.
• a metal ion e.g. , an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth ion, or an aluminum ion
• organic base such as ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, N-methylglucamine, and the like.
• the compounds of the present invention can also be prepared as prodrugs, for example, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs.
• prodrug and “prodrug” are used interchangeably herein and refer to any compound which releases an active parent drug in vivo. Since prodrugs are known to enhance numerous desirable qualities of
• Prodrugs include compounds of the present invention wherein a hydroxy, amino, sulfhydryl, carboxy or carbonyl group is bonded to any group that may be cleaved in vivo to form a free hydroxyl, free amino, free sulfhydryl, free carboxy or free carbonyl group, respectively.
• prodrugs include, but are not limited to, esters (e.g. , acetate, dialkylaminoacetates, formates, phosphates, sulfates and benzoate derivatives) and carbamates (e.g. , ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylaminocarbonyl) of hydroxy functional groups, esters (e.g. , ethyl esters, morpholinoethanol esters) of carboxyl functional groups, N-acyl derivatives (e.g.
• the compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters or prodrugs thereof are administered orally, nasally, transdermally, pulmonary, inhalationally, buccally, sublingually, intraperintoneally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intravenously, rectally, intrapleurally, intrathecally and parenterally.
• the compound is administered orally.
• One skilled in the art will recognize the advantages of certain routes of administration.
• the compounds described herein, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are used in pharmaceutical preparations in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include inert solid fillers or diluents and sterile aqueous or organic solutions.
• the compounds will be present in such pharmaceutical compositions in amounts sufficient to provide the desired dosage amount in the range described herein.
• H 2 0 2 is commonly used in experiments to simulate oxidate stress. Furthemore, in ALS models, increases in TNF-alpha have been reported, indicating that TNF-alpha as a relevant stressor. Accordingly, in this in vitro assay, TNF- alpha and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 0 2 ) were used as stressors to induce cell death to model ALS.
• Day 1 Cells were plated into 96 well plates at a confluency of 60%. Cells were maintained in growth medium consisting of Dulbecco's Modified Essential Medium (DMEM, LifeTechnologies Inc.) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Hyclone) and incubated in a tissue culture incubator at 37° C, 95% 0 2 and 5% C0 2 .
• DMEM Dulbecco's Modified Essential Medium
• Hyclone 10% fetal bovine serum
• Day 2 The growth medium was changed to 200 ⁇ /well DMEM without fetal bovine serum. Additional agents, such as varying concentrations of H 2 0 2 (Sigma Aldrich Inc.), TNFalpha, and a vehicle control or any of the compounds disclosed herein, e.g., NPD1 (Anida Pharma Inc.) were added to the growth medium. The cells were incubated overnight for 24 hours in a tissue culture incubator at 37° C, 95% 0 2 and 5% C0 2.
• Figure 3 and Table 4 shows the comparison of the percentage of viable cells and apoptosed cells when NCS34 cells were treated with or without NPDl in addition to oxidative and inflammation stressors, H 2 0 2 and TNFa.
• astrocytes play a role in the progression of ALS. Astrocytes are trophically critical for any kind of neuron and interaction between neurons and astrocytes are essential for the health of the former. It is known in the art that trophic factors released from astrocytes could be beneficial in ALS. In addition, it is also well known that astrocytes are the main contributors to glutamate reuptake. Since increased concentration of glutamate is known to cause excitotoxicity resulting in
• NPDl activity was analyzed in C8-D1A cells, a mouse astrocyte cell line
• Example 4 In vivo models of ALS
• SOD1 mutations may include G37R, G85R, G86R, D90A, G93A, H46R/H48Q,
• TARDBP (TDP-43) mutations may include A315T, G348C, M337V or a combination thereof. ALS2 knockout mice or loss of function mutations may be preferred.
• NPDl can be administered via intranasal, intracerebro ventricular (ICV), and intrathecal administration.
• ICV intracerebro ventricular
• Other therapeutic agents known in the art can also be administered simultaneously, prior to or after NPDl
• NPDl can be administered at dosages based on the results from the toxicity assays described above.
• the dosage can be 0.1-20 mg/kg, more preferably 1-10 mg/kg, and administered at regular intervals over a predetermined time period.
• Control animals and NPDl -treated animals are monitored for ALS symptoms, such as twitching, cramping, stiffness of muscles, muscle atrophy, paralysis, difficulty eating or breathing and death. Further analysis of motor neuron or astrocyte survival after treatment with NPDl can also be performed in the animals using methods known in the art.

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