WO2013088846A1 - 電気デバイス用負極活物質 - Google Patents
電気デバイス用負極活物質 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013088846A1 WO2013088846A1 PCT/JP2012/077897 JP2012077897W WO2013088846A1 WO 2013088846 A1 WO2013088846 A1 WO 2013088846A1 JP 2012077897 W JP2012077897 W JP 2012077897W WO 2013088846 A1 WO2013088846 A1 WO 2013088846A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/387—Tin or alloys based on tin
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C13/00—Alloys based on tin
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C18/00—Alloys based on zinc
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C28/00—Alloys based on a metal not provided for in groups C22C5/00 - C22C27/00
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C30/00—Alloys containing less than 50% by weight of each constituent
- C22C30/04—Alloys containing less than 50% by weight of each constituent containing tin or lead
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C30/00—Alloys containing less than 50% by weight of each constituent
- C22C30/06—Alloys containing less than 50% by weight of each constituent containing zinc
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/42—Alloys based on zinc
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a secondary battery suitably used as a power source for driving a motor such as an electric vehicle (EV) and a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), and a negative electrode active material for an electric device represented by a capacitor. .
- a motor such as an electric vehicle (EV) and a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV)
- a negative electrode active material for an electric device represented by a capacitor such as an electric vehicle (EV) and a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV)
- a negative electrode active material for an electric device represented by a capacitor represented by a capacitor.
- a secondary battery as a power source for driving a motor for an automobile as described above is required to have a particularly high capacity and excellent cycle characteristics. Therefore, from such a viewpoint, lithium ion secondary batteries having high theoretical energy are attracting attention among various secondary batteries.
- Patent Document 1 As a proposal for improving the performance of such a lithium ion secondary battery, for example, in Patent Document 1, an electrode material and an electrode structure capable of obtaining a high-capacity battery with low resistance and high charge / discharge efficiency, and further, The proposal of the used secondary battery is made.
- an electrode composed of alloy particles in a solid state containing silicon as a main component, in which microcrystals or amorphous materials composed of elements other than silicon are dispersed in microcrystalline silicon or amorphous silicon.
- a material is disclosed.
- the present invention has been made in view of such problems of the conventional technology.
- the purpose is to improve the cycle life by suppressing the amorphous-crystal phase transition in a negative electrode active material for an electric device such as a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the object is to provide a negative electrode active material capable of obtaining a high capacity. And it is providing the negative electrode for electric devices and an electric device which applied such a negative electrode active material, and also a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the negative electrode active material for an electric device has a mass ratio of more than 23% and less than 64% silicon (Si), 4% or more and 58% or less tin (Sn), and more than 0 and 65%. Less than zinc (Zn) and the balance is an inevitable impurity alloy.
- FIG. 1 is a ternary composition diagram plotting the alloy components formed in the examples together with the composition range of the Si—Sn—Zn alloy constituting the negative electrode active material for electric devices of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a ternary composition diagram showing a preferred composition range of the Si—Sn—Zn alloy constituting the negative electrode active material for an electric device of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a ternary composition diagram showing a more preferable composition range of the Si—Sn—Zn alloy constituting the negative electrode active material for an electric device of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a ternary composition diagram showing a more preferable composition range of the Si—Sn—Zn-based alloy constituting the negative electrode active material for an electric device of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a ternary composition diagram plotting the alloy components formed in the examples together with the composition range of the Si—Sn—Zn alloy constituting the negative electrode active material for electric devices of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a ternary
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the influence of the anode active material alloy composition on the initial discharge capacity of the batteries obtained in the examples and comparative examples of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the relationship between the discharge capacity maintenance ratio at the 50th cycle and the negative electrode active material alloy composition of the batteries obtained in the examples and comparative examples of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing the relationship between the discharge capacity maintenance ratio at the 100th cycle and the negative electrode active material alloy composition of the batteries obtained in the examples and comparative examples of the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a lithium ion secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the negative electrode active material for an electric device will be described in detail by taking a negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery and a lithium ion secondary battery using the same as examples.
- “%” means mass percentage unless otherwise specified.
- the dimensional ratios in the drawings are exaggerated for convenience of explanation and may be different from the actual ratios.
- the negative electrode active material for an electrical device of the present invention comprises more than 23% and less than 64% silicon (Si), 4% or more and 58% or less tin (Sn), and more than 0 and less than 65% zinc (Zn). And the balance is an inevitable impurity alloy.
- This numerical range corresponds to the range indicated by the symbol X in FIG.
- this negative electrode active material is used for the negative electrode of an electric device, for example, a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the alloy contained in the negative electrode active material absorbs lithium ions when the battery is charged and releases lithium ions when discharged.
- the negative electrode active material for an electric device is a silicon-based active material, in which Sn as a first additive element and Zn as a second additive element are added.
- Sn as a first additive element
- Zn as a second additive element
- the discharge capacity at the first cycle may not be sufficiently secured.
- the tin content is less than 4%, a good discharge capacity retention rate at the 50th cycle cannot be obtained.
- the cycle durability is deteriorated, and the discharge capacity retention rate at the 100th cycle does not exceed 50%.
- reference numeral A in FIG. 2 represents 23% ⁇ Si ⁇ 64%, 4% ⁇ Sn ⁇ 34%, and 2% ⁇ Zn ⁇ 65%. It is desirable to be in the range shown. Furthermore, it is desirable that the range shown by the symbol B in FIG. 2 satisfy 23% ⁇ Si ⁇ 44%, 34% ⁇ Sn ⁇ 58%, and 0% ⁇ Zn ⁇ 43%. As a result, it is possible to obtain a discharge capacity maintenance rate of 92% or more in 50 cycles and over 55% in 100 cycles. From the standpoint of ensuring better cycle characteristics, the range shown by the symbol C in FIG.
- the range indicated by the symbol E in FIG. 4 satisfying 23% ⁇ Si ⁇ 58%, 4% ⁇ Sn ⁇ 24%, 38% ⁇ Zn ⁇ 61%, 23% ⁇ Si ⁇ 38%, 24% ⁇ Sn ⁇
- the negative electrode active material of the present invention cannot contain impurities derived from raw materials and manufacturing methods.
- the content of such inevitable impurities is preferably less than 0.5% by mass, and more preferably less than 0.1% by mass.
- the alloy contained in the negative electrode active material of the present embodiment is more than 23 and less than 64% by mass of silicon, 4 to 58% by mass of tin, and more than 0 and less than 65% by mass of zinc as described above. In which the balance is an inevitable impurity. Therefore, in other words, the above alloy is composed only of silicon exceeding 23 and less than 64% by mass, tin of 4 to 58% by mass, zinc exceeding 0 and less than 65% by mass, and inevitable impurities.
- the production method of the negative electrode active material of the present invention is not particularly limited, and can be produced using various conventionally known production methods. In short, since there is almost no difference in alloy state and characteristics depending on the production method, any conventionally known production method can be applied without any problem.
- an alloy in the form of a thin film having the above composition can be obtained by utilizing a multi-element PVD method (sputtering method, resistance heating method, laser ablation method), a multi-element CVD method (chemical vapor deposition method) or the like.
- Such an alloy thin film can be used as a negative electrode by directly forming a film on a current collector, and is excellent in that the process can be simplified and simplified. Moreover, it is not necessary to use other components constituting the negative electrode active material layer, such as a binder other than the alloy and a conductive additive, and the alloy thin film as the negative electrode active material can be used as the negative electrode as it is. Therefore, it is excellent in that it can achieve a high capacity and a high energy density that satisfy the practical application level of the vehicle application, and further, it is suitable for examining the electrochemical characteristics of the active material.
- a multi-element DC magnetron sputtering apparatus can be used.
- Si—Sn—Zn alloy thin films having various alloy compositions and thicknesses can be freely formed on the surface of the substrate (current collector).
- target 1 (Si), target 2 (Sn), and target 3 (Zn) are used.
- the sputtering time is fixed, and for example, the power of the DC power source is changed such that Si is 185 W, Sn is 0 to 45 W, and Zn is 0 to 180 W, respectively.
- ternary alloy samples having various composition formulas can be obtained.
- the sputtering conditions are different for each sputtering apparatus, it is desirable to grasp a suitable range through preliminary experiments as appropriate for each sputtering apparatus.
- the Si—Sn—Zn alloy thin film can be used for the negative electrode active material layer of the present embodiment.
- the negative electrode active material layer can be a layer containing particles of the Si—Sn—Zn alloy as a main component.
- the “main component” refers to a component having a content of 50 mol% or more in the negative electrode active material layer.
- a method for producing such a particle-shaped alloy for example, a mechanical alloy method, a quenching roll method after arc plasma melting, or the like can be used.
- a slurry is prepared by adding a binder, a conductive aid, a viscosity adjusting solvent, etc. to the alloy particles.
- a negative electrode is obtained by forming a negative electrode active material layer on a current collector using this slurry. Therefore, it is excellent in that it is easily mass-produced and is easily put into practical use as an actual battery electrode.
- the average particle diameter will not be restrict
- it is preferably in the range of 1 to 20 ⁇ m. As long as the above-described effects can be expressed effectively, the above-mentioned range may be excluded.
- the “particle diameter” is the contour line of the active material particles (observation surface) observed using an observation means such as a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or a transmission electron microscope (TEM). It means the maximum distance among the distances between any two points.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- the average particle diameter of particles observed in several to several tens of fields using an observation means such as a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or a transmission electron microscope (TEM). A value calculated as a value is adopted.
- the particle diameters and average particle diameters of other components can be defined in the same manner.
- the negative electrode for an electric device uses a negative electrode active material made of the Si—Sn—Zn alloy.
- Typical examples of such an electric device include a lithium ion secondary battery and an electric double layer capacitor.
- the lithium ion secondary battery generally includes a positive electrode 11 in which a positive electrode current collector is coated with a positive electrode active material, and a negative electrode 12 in which a negative electrode current collector is coated with a negative electrode active material.
- the lithium ion secondary battery generally includes a positive electrode 11 in which a positive electrode current collector is coated with a positive electrode active material, and a negative electrode 12 in which a negative electrode current collector is coated with a negative electrode active material.
- it has the structure where it connected through the electrolyte layer 13 and was accommodated in the exterior body.
- the configuration and materials of such a lithium ion secondary battery will be described.
- the positive electrode 11 has a structure in which the positive electrode active material layer 11B is formed on one surface or both surfaces of the positive electrode current collector 11A.
- the positive electrode 11A is preferably made of a conductive material such as an aluminum foil, a copper foil, a nickel foil, or a stainless steel foil.
- the thickness of the positive electrode current collector 11A is not particularly limited, and is generally preferably about 1 to 30 ⁇ m. Moreover, the compounding ratio of these positive electrode active materials, conductive assistants, and binders in the positive electrode active material layer 11B is not particularly limited.
- Examples of the positive electrode active material include lithium-transition metal composite oxides, lithium-transition metal phosphate compounds, lithium-transition metal sulfate compounds, solid solution systems, ternary systems, NiMn systems, NiCo systems, and spinel Mn systems. Can be mentioned.
- lithium-transition metal composite oxide examples include LiMn 2 O 4 , LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , Li (Ni, Mn, Ce) O 2 , Li (Li, Ni, Mn, Ce) O 2 , LiFePO 4 and Examples thereof include those in which a part of these transition metals is substituted with other elements.
- the solid solution system includes xLiMo 2 ⁇ (1-x) Li 2 NO 3 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, M is one or more transition metals having an average oxidation state of 3+, and N is an average oxidation state of 4+), LiRO 2- LiMn 2 O 4 (transition metal elements such as R—Ni, Mn, Co, Fe) and the like.
- Examples of the ternary system include nickel / cobalt / manganese (composite) positive electrode materials.
- Examples of the spinel Mn system include LiMn 2 O 4 .
- As the NiMn system include LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 and the like.
- Examples of the NiCo system include Li (NiCo) O 2 .
- two or more positive electrode active materials may be used in combination.
- a lithium-transition metal composite oxide is used as a positive electrode active material from the viewpoint of capacity and output characteristics.
- the particle size of the positive electrode active material is not particularly limited, but generally finer is more desirable. Considering work efficiency and ease of handling, the average particle diameter may be about 1 to 30 ⁇ m, and more preferably about 5 to 20 ⁇ m. Moreover, positive electrode active materials other than those described above may be used. When the optimum particle size for expressing the unique effect of each active material is different, the optimum particle size for expressing each unique effect may be blended and used. It is not always necessary to make the particle size uniform.
- the binder in the positive electrode active material layer 11B is added for the purpose of maintaining the electrode structure by binding the active materials or the active material and the current collector.
- a binder examples include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinyl acetate, polyimide (PI), polyamide (PA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polymethyl acrylate (PMA), Thermosetting resins such as thermoplastic resins such as polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyether nitrile (PEN), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN), epoxy resins, polyurethane resins and urea resins.
- a resin or a rubber material such as styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) can be used.
- the conductive additive in the positive electrode active material layer 11B is also referred to as a conductive agent, and means a conductive additive blended to improve conductivity.
- the conductive aid used in the present invention is not particularly limited, and conventionally known ones can be used, and examples thereof include carbon black such as acetylene black, and carbon materials such as graphite and carbon fiber.
- the negative electrode 12 has a structure in which a negative electrode active material layer 12B is formed on one side or both sides of a negative electrode current collector made of a conductive material.
- the negative electrode current collector 12A is preferably made of a conductive material such as an aluminum foil, a copper foil, a nickel foil, or a stainless steel foil.
- the thickness of the negative electrode current collector 12A is preferably about 1 to 30 ⁇ m, like the positive electrode current collector 11A.
- the negative electrode active material according to the present embodiment contains a Si—Sn—Zn alloy having the above-described composition as an essential component.
- the negative electrode active material 12B according to the present embodiment may be a thin film made of the Si—Sn—Zn alloy.
- the negative electrode active material layer may be formed only from the Si—Sn—Zn-based alloy, or may contain a negative electrode active material described later.
- the negative electrode active material layer 12B may be a layer containing particles of the Si—Sn—Zn alloy as a main component. In this case, you may make the negative electrode active material layer 12B contain the said conductive support agent and binder which can be contained in the positive electrode active material layer 11B as needed.
- a negative electrode active material made of a Si—Sn—Zn alloy having the above composition was used.
- the negative electrode active material made of such an alloy is contained as an essential component, there is no problem in using a conventionally known negative electrode active material capable of reversibly inserting and extracting lithium.
- Examples of such negative electrode active materials include graphite (natural graphite, artificial graphite, etc.), which is highly crystalline carbon, low crystalline carbon (soft carbon, hard carbon), carbon black (Ketjen black, acetylene black, channel).
- Carbon materials such as black, lamp black, oil furnace black, thermal black, fullerene, carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber, carbon nanohorn, carbon fibril, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Al, In, Zn, H, Ca, Alloying with lithium such as Sr, Ba, Ru, Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt, Ag, Au, Cd, Hg, Ga, Tl, C, N, Sb, Bi, O, S, Se, Te, Cl Elemental elements and oxides containing these elements Containing (SiO), SiO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2), tin dioxide (SnO 2), SnO x ( O ⁇ x ⁇ 2), etc.
- lithium metal and a lithium-transition metal composite oxide such as lithium-titanium composite oxide (lithium titanate: Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 ).
- the negative electrode 12 is formed by applying the negative electrode active material and a slurry containing a conductive additive and a binder to the surface of the negative electrode current collector 12A to form the negative electrode active material layer 12B. Also good.
- a negative electrode active material alloy thin film formed directly on the surface of the negative electrode current collector 12A by a multi-element PVD method, a CVD method, or the like can be used.
- a positive electrode active material layer can be formed on one surface of a current collector, and a negative electrode active material layer can be formed on the other surface.
- Such an electrode is applied to a bipolar battery.
- the electrolyte layer 13 is a layer containing a non-aqueous electrolyte, and the non-aqueous electrolyte contained in the electrolyte layer functions as a lithium ion carrier that moves between the positive and negative electrodes during charge and discharge.
- the thickness of the electrolyte layer 13 is preferably as thin as possible from the viewpoint of reducing the internal resistance, and is usually in the range of about 1 to 100 ⁇ m, preferably 5 to 50 ⁇ m.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte contained in the electrolyte layer 13 is not particularly limited as long as it can function as a lithium ion carrier, and a liquid electrolyte or a polymer electrolyte can be used.
- the liquid electrolyte has a form in which a lithium salt (electrolyte salt) is dissolved in an organic solvent.
- organic solvent include ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate (BC), vinylene carbonate (VC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), And carbonates such as methylpropyl carbonate (MPC).
- the lithium salt Li (CF 3 SO 2) 2 N, Li (C 2 F 5 SO 2) 2 N, LiPF 6, LiBF 4, LiAsF 6, LiTaF 6, LiClO 4, LiCF 3 SO 3 , etc.
- a compound that can be added to the active material layer of the electrode can be used.
- the polymer electrolyte is classified into a gel polymer electrolyte containing an electrolytic solution (gel electrolyte) and an intrinsic polymer electrolyte containing no electrolytic solution.
- the gel polymer electrolyte preferably has a configuration in which the liquid electrolyte is injected into a matrix polymer (host polymer) made of an ion conductive polymer.
- a gel polymer electrolyte as the electrolyte is superior in that the fluidity of the electrolyte is lost and it is easy to block ion conduction between the layers.
- the ion conductive polymer used as the matrix polymer (host polymer) is not particularly limited.
- polyethylene oxide PEO
- polypropylene oxide PPO
- polyvinylidene fluoride PVDF
- copolymer of polyvinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene PVDF-HFP
- PEG polyethylene glycol
- PAN polyacrylonitrile
- PMMA Polymethyl methacrylate
- the ion conductive polymer may be the same as or different from the ion conductive polymer used as the electrolyte in the active material layer, but is preferably the same.
- the type of the electrolyte solution, that is, the lithium salt and the organic solvent is not particularly limited, and an electrolyte salt such as the above lithium salt and an organic solvent such as carbonates are used.
- the intrinsic polymer electrolyte is obtained by dissolving a lithium salt in the above matrix polymer and does not contain an organic solvent. Therefore, by using an intrinsic polymer electrolyte as the electrolyte, there is no fear of liquid leakage from the battery, and the reliability of the battery is improved.
- the matrix polymer of the gel polymer electrolyte or the intrinsic polymer electrolyte can exhibit excellent mechanical strength by forming a crosslinked structure.
- a polymerization treatment may be performed on a polymerizable polymer for forming a polymer electrolyte (for example, PEO or PPO) using an appropriate polymerization initiator.
- a polymerization treatment such as thermal polymerization, ultraviolet polymerization, radiation polymerization, or electron beam polymerization can be used.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte contained in the electrolyte layer 13 may be a single one or a mixture of two or more.
- the electrolyte layer 13 is comprised from a liquid electrolyte or a gel polymer electrolyte, it is preferable to use a separator for the electrolyte layer 13.
- the separator include a microporous film made of polyolefin such as polyethylene or polypropylene.
- the lithium ion secondary battery 1 of the present embodiment has a configuration in which a battery element 10 to which a positive electrode tab 21 and a negative electrode tab 22 are attached is enclosed in an exterior body 30.
- the positive electrode tab 21 and the negative electrode tab 22 are led out in the opposite direction from the inside of the exterior body 30 to the outside.
- the positive electrode tab and the negative electrode tab may be led out in the same direction from the inside of the exterior body toward the outside.
- such a positive electrode tab and a negative electrode tab can be attached to the positive electrode current collector 11A and the negative electrode current collector 12A by, for example, ultrasonic welding or resistance welding.
- the positive electrode tab 21 and the negative electrode tab 22 are made of materials such as aluminum, copper, titanium, nickel, stainless steel (SUS), and alloys thereof. However, the material is not limited to these, and a conventionally known material used as a tab for a lithium ion secondary battery can be used.
- the positive electrode tab 21 and the negative electrode tab 22 may be made of the same material or different materials. Further, as in the present embodiment, a separately prepared tab may be connected to the positive electrode current collector 11A and the negative electrode current collector 12A, or each of the positive electrode current collector 11A and each negative electrode current collector 12A is extended. A tab may be formed. Although not shown, it is preferable that the positive electrode tab 21 and the negative electrode tab 22 taken out from the outer package 30 are covered with a heat-shrinkable heat-shrinkable tube or the like. As a result, the positive electrode tab 21 and the negative electrode tab 22 contact with peripheral devices, wiring, and the like to leak, thereby reducing the risk of affecting, for example, automobile products, particularly products such as electronic devices.
- a current collector plate may be used for the purpose of taking out the current outside the battery.
- the current collector plate is electrically connected to the current collector and the lead and is taken out of the exterior body 30.
- the material which comprises a current collector plate is not specifically limited, The well-known highly electroconductive material conventionally used as a current collector plate for lithium ion secondary batteries can be used.
- As a constituent material of the current collector plate for example, metal materials such as aluminum, copper, titanium, nickel, stainless steel (SUS), and alloys thereof are preferable, and aluminum, copper and the like are used from the viewpoint of light weight, corrosion resistance, and high conductivity. More preferred. Note that the same material may be used for the positive electrode current collector plate and the negative electrode current collector plate, or different materials may be used.
- the exterior body 30 is preferably formed of a film-shaped exterior material from the viewpoint of size reduction and weight reduction.
- the conventionally well-known material used for the exterior body for lithium ion secondary batteries can be used. That is, a metal can case can also be applied.
- a polymer-metal composite laminate sheet with excellent thermal conductivity is used.
- an exterior body formed of an exterior material such as a laminate film having a three-layer structure in which PP, aluminum, and nylon are laminated in this order can be applied.
- the lithium ion secondary battery includes the battery element 10 formed by stacking a plurality of battery elements (electrode structures) 14 in which the positive electrode and the negative electrode are connected via the electrolyte layer. ing. And it has the structure which accommodated the battery element 10 in battery cases, such as a can and a laminate container (packaging body).
- the battery element 14 is largely used for a wound battery having a structure in which the positive electrode 11, the electrolyte layer 13 and the negative electrode 12 are wound, and a stacked battery having a structure in which the positive electrode 11, the electrolyte layer 13 and the negative electrode 12 are stacked.
- the battery of FIG. 8 and the bipolar battery have a stacked structure.
- it may be called what is called a coin cell, a button battery, a laminate battery, etc. according to the shape and structure of a battery case.
- the sputtering time was fixed to 10 minutes, and the power of the DC power source was changed within the above range.
- the power of the DC power source was changed within the above range.
- an amorphous alloy thin film was formed on the Ni substrate, and negative electrode samples provided with alloy thin films having various compositions were obtained.
- Example 4 the DC power source 1 (Si target) was 185 W, the DC power source 2 (Sn target) was 22 W, and the DC power source 3 (Zn target) was 100 W.
- the DC power source 1 (Si target) was 185 W
- the DC power source 2 (Sn target) was 30 W
- the DC power source 3 (Zn target) was 0 W.
- the DC power source 1 (Si target) was 185 W
- the DC power source 2 (Sn target) was 0 W
- the DC power source 3 (Zn target) was 25 W.
- the component compositions of these alloy thin films are shown in Tables 1 and 2 and FIG.
- the obtained alloy thin film was analyzed by the following analysis method and analyzer.
- the battery In the charging process, that is, the process of inserting Li into the negative electrode to be evaluated, the battery was charged from 2 V to 10 mV at 0.1 mA as a constant current / constant voltage mode. Thereafter, in the discharge process (Li desorption process from the negative electrode), the constant current mode was set, and discharge was performed from 0.1 mA, 10 mV to 2 V. The above charging / discharging cycle was made into 1 cycle, and this was repeated 100 times.
- the discharge capacity of 50th cycle and 100th cycle was calculated
- the results are shown in Tables 1 and 2 and shown in FIGS.
- the discharge capacity maintenance rate at the 50th cycle was calculated as ((discharge capacity at the 50th cycle) / (discharge capacity at the first cycle)) ⁇ 100.
- the discharge capacity indicates a value calculated per alloy weight.
- the negative electrode active material of the Si—Sn—Zn alloy within the range X of FIG. 1 has a discharge capacity of 92% or more after 50 cycles and more than 50% even after 100 cycles. It was confirmed that the maintenance rate was shown.
- the Si—Sn—Zn ternary alloy having the above composition range is used as the negative electrode active material for electric devices. For this reason, by applying such a negative electrode active material to an electric device such as a lithium ion secondary battery, the cycle life of the battery can be improved and the capacity and cycle durability can be improved.
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Abstract
Description
本発明の電気デバイス用負極活物質は、23%を超え64%未満のケイ素(Si)と、4%以上58%以下の錫(Sn)と、0を超え65%未満の亜鉛(Zn)とを含み、残部が不可避不純物である合金を含む。なお、この数値範囲は、図1の符号Xで示す範囲に相当する。そして、この負極活物質は、電気デバイス、例えばリチウムイオン二次電池の負極に用いられる。この場合、上記負極活物質に含有される合金は、電池の充電の際にリチウムイオンを吸収し、放電の際にリチウムイオンを放出する。
本発明の実施形態に係る電気デバイス用負極は、上記Si‐Sn‐Zn系合金からなる負極活物質を用いたものである。このような電気デバイスとして、代表的にはリチウムイオン二次電池や電気二重層キャパシタを挙げることができる。そして、当該リチウムイオン二次電池は、図8に示すように、一般に、正極集電体に正極活物質等を塗布した正極11と、負極集電体に負極活物質等を塗布した負極12とが、電解質層13を介して接続され、外装体内に収納された構造を有している。以下、このようなリチウムイオン二次電池の構成やその材料などについてそれぞれ説明する。
本実施形態のリチウムイオン二次電池1において、正極11は、正極集電体11Aの片面又は両面に正極活物質層11Bを形成した構造を有している。正極11Aは、アルミニウム箔、銅箔、ニッケル箔、ステンレス箔などの導電性材料からなることが好ましい。
負極12は、正極11と同様に、導電性材料からなる負極集電体の片面又は両面に、負極活物質層12Bを形成した構造を有している。負極集電体12Aは、正極集電体11Aと同様に、例えばアルミニウム箔、銅箔、ニッケル箔及びステンレス箔などの導電性材料からなることが好ましい。また、負極集電体12Aの厚さは、正極集電体11Aと同様に、1~30μm程度であることが好ましい。
電解質層13は非水電解質を含む層であって、電解質層に含まれる非水電解質は、充放電時に正負極間を移動するリチウムイオンのキャリアとしての機能を有する。なお、電解質層13の厚さとしては、内部抵抗を低減させる観点から薄ければ薄いほどよく、通常1~100μm程度、好ましくは5~50μmの範囲とする。
図3に示すように、本実施形態のリチウムイオン二次電池1は、正極タブ21及び負極タブ22が取り付けられた電池要素10が外装体30の内部に封入された構成を有している。そして、本実施形態においては、正極タブ21及び負極タブ22が、外装体30の内部から外部に向かって、反対方向に導出されている。なお、図示しないが、正極タブ及び負極タブが、外装体の内部から外部に向かって同一方向に導出されていてもよい。また、このような正極タブ及び負極タブは、例えば超音波溶接や抵抗溶接などにより正極集電体11A及び負極集電体12Aに取り付けることができる。
外装体30は、例えば、小型化、軽量化の観点から、フィルム状の外装材で形成されたものであることが好ましい。ただ、これに限定されるものではなく、リチウムイオン二次電池用の外装体に用いられている従来公知の材料を用いることができる。即ち、金属缶ケースを適用することもできる。
上述のように、本実施形態に係るリチウムイオン二次電池は、正極と負極とが電解質層を介して接続された電池素子(電極構造体)14を複数積層してなる電池要素10を有している。そして、電池要素10を缶体やラミネート容器(包装体)などの電池ケースに収容した構造を有している。
スパッタ装置として、独立制御方式の3元DCマグネトロンスパッタ装置(大和機器工業株式会社製、コンビナトリアルスパッタコーティング装置、ガン‐サンプル間距離:約100mm)を使用した。この装置を用い、厚さ20μmのニッケル箔からなる基板(集電体)上に、下記のターゲット及び成膜条件のもとで、各組成を有する負極活物質合金の薄膜をそれぞれ成膜することによって、32種の負極サンプルを得た。
Si:50.8mm径、3mm厚さ(厚さ2mmの無酸素銅製バッキングプレート付)
Sn:50.8mm径、5mm厚さ
Zn:50.8mm径、3mm厚さ
(2)成膜条件
ベース圧力:~7×10-6
スパッタガス種:Ar(99.9999%以上)
スパッタガス導入量:10sccm
スパッタ圧力:30mTorr
DC電源:Si(185W)、Sn(0~40W)、Zn(0~150W)
プレスパッタ時間:1min
スパッタ時間:10min
基板温度:室温
組成分析:SEM・EDX分析(日本電子株式会社製)、EPMA分析(日本電子株式会社製)
膜厚測定(スパッタレート算出のため):膜厚計(株式会社東京インスツルメンツ製)
膜状態分析:ラマン分光測定(ブルカー社)
上記により得られた各負極サンプルとリチウム箔からなる対極(正極)とをセパレータを介して対向させた後、電解液を注入することによってCR2032型コインセルをそれぞれ作製した。なお、リチウム箔は、本城金属株式会社製リチウムフォイルを使用し、直径15mm、厚さ200μmに打ち抜いたものを使用した。また、セパレータは、セルガード社製セルガード2400を使用した。また、上記電解液としては、エチレンカーボネート(EC)とジエチルカーボネート(DEC)を1:1の容積比で混合した混合非水溶媒中に、LiPF6を1Mの濃度となるように溶解させたものを用いた。
上記により得られたそれぞれの電池に対して下記の充放電試験を実施した。すなわち、充放電試験機を使用し、300K(27℃)の温度に設定された恒温槽中にて充電、及び放電した。充電試験機としては、北斗電工株式会社製HJ0501SM8Aを使用し、恒温槽としては、エスペック株式会社製PFU‐3Kを使用した。
10 電池要素
11 正極
12 負極
12A 負極集電体
12B 負極活物質層
13 電解質層
30 外装体
Claims (13)
- 質量比で、23%を超え64%未満のケイ素と、4%以上58%以下の錫と、0を超え65%未満の亜鉛を含有し、残部が不可避不純物である合金を有することを特徴とする電気デバイス用負極活物質。
- 錫含有量が34%未満であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の電気デバイス用負極活物質。
- ケイ素含有量が44%未満、錫含有量が34%以上であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の電気デバイス用負極活物質。
- 亜鉛含有量が27%を超え61%未満であることを特徴とする請求項2に記載の電気デバイス用負極活物質。
- ケイ素含有量が34%未満であることを特徴とする請求項3に記載の電気デバイス用負極活物質。
- 錫含有量が24%未満、亜鉛含有量が38%を超えることを特徴とする請求項4に記載の電気デバイス用負極活物質。
- ケイ素含有量が38%未満、ケイ素含有量が24%以上であることを特徴とする請求項4に記載の電気デバイス用負極活物質。
- ケイ素含有量が38%未満、錫含有量が40%未満、亜鉛含有量が27%を超えることを特徴とする請求項3に記載の電気デバイス用負極活物質。
- ケイ素含有量が29%未満、錫含有量が40%以上であることを特徴とする請求項3に記載の電気デバイス用負極活物質。
- 請求項1~9のいずれか1つの項に記載の負極活物質を備えることを特徴とする電気デバイス用負極。
- 請求項1~9のいずれか1つの項に記載の電気デバイス用負極活物質を備えることを特徴とする電気デバイス。
- 請求項10に記載の電気デバイス用負極を備えることを特徴とする電気デバイス。
- リチウムイオン二次電池であることを特徴とする請求項11に記載の電気デバイス。
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EP12856913.4A EP2793301B1 (en) | 2011-12-16 | 2012-10-29 | Negative electrode active material for electrical device |
US14/364,157 US9843040B2 (en) | 2011-12-16 | 2012-10-29 | Negative electrode active material for electric device |
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WO2014080896A1 (ja) * | 2012-11-22 | 2014-05-30 | 日産自動車株式会社 | 電気デバイス用負極、及びこれを用いた電気デバイス |
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TWI779200B (zh) * | 2019-06-12 | 2022-10-01 | 達興材料股份有限公司 | 鋰離子電池負極活性材料、鋰離子電池負極以及鋰離子電池 |
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KR101735897B1 (ko) | 2017-05-15 |
JP5945903B2 (ja) | 2016-07-05 |
EP2793301A1 (en) | 2014-10-22 |
US9843040B2 (en) | 2017-12-12 |
EP2793301A4 (en) | 2014-12-31 |
KR20140111281A (ko) | 2014-09-18 |
CN103999270A (zh) | 2014-08-20 |
US20140319414A1 (en) | 2014-10-30 |
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