WO2013075296A1 - 碳氢燃料抗氧化剂及其使用方法 - Google Patents

碳氢燃料抗氧化剂及其使用方法 Download PDF

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WO2013075296A1
WO2013075296A1 PCT/CN2011/082707 CN2011082707W WO2013075296A1 WO 2013075296 A1 WO2013075296 A1 WO 2013075296A1 CN 2011082707 W CN2011082707 W CN 2011082707W WO 2013075296 A1 WO2013075296 A1 WO 2013075296A1
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Prior art keywords
antioxidant
hydrocarbon fuel
group
bond
vitamin
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PCT/CN2011/082707
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English (en)
French (fr)
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熊靓
朱核光
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Xiong Liang
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Application filed by Xiong Liang filed Critical Xiong Liang
Priority to US14/370,687 priority Critical patent/US20150225660A1/en
Priority to PCT/CN2011/082707 priority patent/WO2013075296A1/zh
Priority to CN201180075411.1A priority patent/CN104039936A/zh
Priority to EP11876113.9A priority patent/EP2789676A4/en
Publication of WO2013075296A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013075296A1/zh

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Definitions

  • Hydrocarbon fuel antioxidant and method of use thereof
  • the invention relates to a hydrocarbon fuel antioxidant and a method for adding the same, which can be applied to gasoline, diesel, fuel oil, biomass oil, lubricating oil and aviation engine oil, and can promote light stability and oxygen of fuel It has stability and plays a role in promoting fuel combustion efficiency and reducing exhaust emissions.
  • hydrocarbon fuels such as gasoline, diesel, fuel oil, lubricating oil and biodiesel are oxidized by oxygen and ultraviolet rays in the air during production, transportation and storage.
  • Oxygen in the air dissolves into these fuels through surface contact and mixing.
  • these oxygens oxidize with the surrounding reducing substances, and the oxidation reaction is accompanied by the generation of free radicals (free radica ls ), and free radicals cause a new oxidation reaction to initiate a certain chain reaction.
  • free radicals free radica ls
  • a large amount of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons are present in the hydrocarbon fuel, and the chain reaction caused by the oxidation reaction causes them to undergo polymerization to form a resin res inous compound.
  • the properties of the formed polyester compound are similar to those of paints and asphalts.
  • the accumulation of such tough polyesters (g bacteria) can cause valve sticking, piping and filter clogging of fuel utilization systems such as internal combustion engines to affect their normal operation. . Oxidation also causes the color of the oil to become darker and turbid, which affects the appearance and function.
  • other types of additives added to the fuel such as anticoagulants, lubricants, antistatic agents, ignition promoters, octane improvers, cetane number improvers, antioxidants, etc. are also oxidized. Lost activity.
  • Ultraviolet (ul t ra violet ) is found in natural light, which causes decomposition of many organic compounds.
  • the decomposition of ultraviolet light also causes oxidation (called photooxidation), because the decomposition of ultraviolet light is often accompanied by the generation of free radicals, and the generation of free radicals causes the oxidation of chains.
  • photooxidation because the decomposition of ultraviolet light is often accompanied by the generation of free radicals, and the generation of free radicals causes the oxidation of chains.
  • the material to be irradiated should thus be degraded and denatured.
  • U.S. Patent No. 6,964,002 B2 discloses hydrogenated pyrolysis gasoline and cracked gasoline compared to other hydrocarbons. Fuel is more susceptible to oxidation and its deposits.
  • hydrocarbon fuels are susceptible to oxidation
  • other similar industrial products that are susceptible to oxidation are plastics and rubber (causing aging), fat (causing decomposition and acidification), gearboxes and turbine oils (which can cause sludge deposits). ()), flavors and fragrances (causing odor) and cosmetics (causing discoloration).
  • antioxidants are often added to the production and storage of hydrocarbon fuels to prevent the negative effects of fuel oxidation.
  • These antioxidants are known to be natural and synthetic, including certain phenols (such as hindered phenol, phenols such as catechol and hydroquinone), and some other than phenol.
  • phenols such as hindered phenol, phenols such as catechol and hydroquinone
  • Aromatic compounds and some amine compounds are known to be natural and synthetic, including certain phenols (such as hindered phenol, phenols such as catechol and hydroquinone), and some other than phenol.
  • the widely used phenolic antioxidants are hindered phenols such as 2,6-di-tert-butylisophenol and its derivatives, such as 3,5-di-tert-butyl 3,5-di-ter t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl chloride, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (3,5_di_tert-butyl-4) -hydroxybenzyl alcohol ) , methyl _3_ ( 3 , 5 - di-tert-butyl 4 - hydroxybenzyl ) propionic acid ( methyl-3- (3, 5-di-ter t-butyl-4-hydroxylphenyl) -propionate , 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol (2,6_di_tert_buty paracresol), 2,4-dimethyl-6-tert-butyl phenol;
  • the aromatic compound antioxidants are dimethyl hydroxytoluene (which is
  • U.S. Patent No. 6,964,002 B2 discloses antioxidants for hydrocarbon fuels such as biodiesel, which are composed of at least one aromatic diamine and at least one spatially separated two. Consisting of sterically hindered phenols.
  • antioxidants have been discovered in the study of the oxidation and antioxidant effects of biological cells, including water-soluble ascorbic acid (vitamin 0, glutathione, lipoid acid, Uric acid, oligomeric proanthocyanidins and oil-soluble carotenoids (beta-carotene and retinol, vitamin A), tocopherol, vitamins E), ubiquinol (coenzyme Q), chlorophyl 1 , organic sulphur compounds, etc. These antioxidants often require very low concentrations (mg/L) in the body. Very good anti-oxidation effect. However, many of them are unstable after being isolated, and are susceptible to oxidation and loss of activity in the presence of light and oxygen.
  • antioxidants The anti-oxidation mechanism of antioxidants is mostly caused by the oxidation of the antioxidant itself to quench the free radicals, that is, free radicals that are not paired with free radicals, so that the radicals are removed and the oxidation of the oxidant is resolved.
  • Some antioxidants such as 2,6-di-tert-butyl isophenol (2,6-di-ter t-butyl i sophenol) and 2,4-dimethyl-6-tert-butylbenzene (2, 4-dimethyl-6) -ter t-butylpheno l ), they do not absorb ultraviolet light by themselves, but they can be used as plastic rubber products, skin care products, etc.
  • U.S. Patent No. discloses an ultraviolet ray absorbing ultraviolet absorbing agent for skin care products, which is substituted with a methylene group, a hydroxyl group or a keto group, or a few The methylene-linked fragment bridges (forms space-separated) an organic compound composed of two aromatic ring groups.
  • the existing hydrocarbon fuel antioxidants lack the ability to absorb ultraviolet light and effectively resist and inhibit photooxidation. In the actual production, more effective antioxidants are needed, which can absorb and resist ultraviolet oxidation, and at the same time promote the combustion efficiency of hydrocarbon fuels and reduce pollutant emissions.
  • the present invention is directed to the above-mentioned drawbacks of current hydrocarbon fuel antioxidants, and provides a novel antioxidant for hydrocarbon fuel, which has good ability to absorb ultraviolet light and resist ultraviolet light oxidation, and There are advantages in that it can suppress oxidation of oxygen from air, promote combustion efficiency of fuel, reduce emissions of pollutants, and the like, and the present application also includes a method of using such a new oxidizing agent.
  • a hydrocarbon fuel antioxidant as described in the present application comprising a compound having the following molecular structure And a precursor or derivative of the compound, wherein the molecular structure is: R1-(CnHm)-R2, wherein N and M are positive integers, and the (CnHm) group is greater than or equal to 3 carbon atoms, less than or equal to 50 carbon atoms are covalently linked to a linear molecular fragment, R1 and R2 include an aromatic ring or a carboxylic acid or a hydroxyl or alkyl group, and the aromatic ring group may be monocyclic or polycyclic, or may contain oxygen or nitrogen.
  • the antioxidant containing more than one linear or cyclic conjugated bond composed of a conjugated double bond, the cyclic conjugated double bond On the aromatic ring at the end, the linear conjugated double bond is located on the carbon chain in the middle, and the antioxidant has a significant absorption peak in the ultraviolet wavelength range of 250-400 nm.
  • the free electrons around the carbon atom are saturated with hydrogen atoms, and some of the hydrogen atoms may be substituted by a methyl group, a hydroxyl group or a carbonyl group.
  • the hydrocarbon fuel antioxidant comprises carotenoids, vitamin A or vitamin E.
  • carotenoids represented by phytoene or phytof luene
  • retinol retinol
  • retinyl palmitate retinyl pa lmi tate
  • vitamin A represented by retinyl s tearate
  • a -, ⁇ -, ⁇ - fertility Represents vitamin E.
  • the above compounds may be natural products extracted from plants, algae or other biological materials, including pure extracts or crude extracts of low purity, or artificial synthetics, which are usually soluble in ethanol, isooctane. (i sooctane), chloroform and other organic solvents.
  • the present application also provides the use of the hydrocarbon fuel antioxidant as a hydrocarbon fuel additive.
  • the present application also provides a method for using the above hydrocarbon fuel antioxidant, the hydrocarbon fuel resistant
  • the oxidizing agent may be added to the hydrocarbon fuel at a concentration of 0. 2-50 mg (antioxidant) / kg (hydrocarbon fuel).
  • the preferred concentration range is 0. 8-10 mg/kg, and the most preferred range is 1- 5 mg/kg.
  • the hydrocarbon fuel antioxidant may be used singly or in any combination and in a ratio, but a mixture of compounds having different ultraviolet absorption peaks is preferable, for example, a compound having two different ultraviolet absorption peaks.
  • the resulting mixture such as a component selected from phytoerythrine and vitamin E (having an absorption peak near 290 nm) and a component selected from hexahydro red and vitamin A (having an absorption peak near 325 nm)
  • a mixture of the components for example, a mixture of hexahydro red tomato and octahydro red tomato, the mixing ratio is taken as 10: 1-1:10.
  • Another object of the present application is to provide a method of using the above hydrocarbon fuel antioxidant, which can be used in combination with any other antioxidant or heat stabilizer.
  • the antioxidants which can be used together include, but are not limited to, phenolic antioxidants, amine antioxidants, aromatic antioxidants or various types of antioxidants derived from organisms which have no significant ultraviolet absorbing effect.
  • Phenolic antioxidants such as hindered phenols ( 2, 6-d i-ter t-butylpheno l ), 4-methyl-2 , 6 -di-tert-butyl ( 4-methyl -2, 6-di - ter t-butylphenol ), 2, 4-dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol (methylene chloride) Methylene br idged polya lkylphenol s (eg 4-4, -methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butyl) (4, 4, -methylenebi s (2, 6-di-ter t-) Butylphenol)) and two.
  • hindered phenols 2, 6-d i-ter t-butylpheno l
  • 4-methyl-2 , 6 -di-tert-butyl 4-methyl -2, 6-di - ter t-butylphenol
  • 2, 4-dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol methylene chloride
  • Amine anti-oxidant 4 n n n, n, - ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ _Dioctyldiphenylamine
  • aromatic antioxidants such as p -thiazine, quinolines, and methylene or keto-substituted methylene or polymethylene groups consisting of methylene or polymethylene groups A fragment, or a biaryl ring compound bridged by an oxygen atom.
  • quinoline, hindered phenol and some diamine antioxidants are preferred.
  • Carotenoids ⁇ -carotene, ret inol (also known as vitamin A), tocopherol (vitamin E), ubiquinol (also known as cumin Q) Chlorophyll, organic sulphur compounds, etc.; water-soluble ascorbic acid (vitamin C), glutathione, lipoid acid, uric acid, Oligomeric proanthocyanidins and the like.
  • the mixing addition ratio may take 1: 10-10: 1, wherein a range of 2: 1-1: 2 is preferred.
  • the antioxidants described herein may be used, but not necessarily, with other types of combustion promoters such as cetane number improver, smoke point promoters.
  • a combustion promoter which can be used together also includes 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (also known as 2-isohexyl nitrate), and the mixing ratio of the antioxidant and the combustion accelerator is not particularly limited, depending on the respective Depending on the amount of addition.
  • hydrocarbon fuel antioxidant may also optionally be added to other hydrocarbon combustion Additives such as detergents, antiknock agents, pour point depressants, rust inhibitors, fungicides, antistatic agents
  • the antioxidant described in the application of the invention can effectively reduce the photooxidation effect of ultraviolet light on the hydrocarbon fuel and various additives thereof, and can also have a good anti-oxidation effect when no ultraviolet light is irradiated, thereby greatly increasing
  • the range of action of the antioxidant is to promote the light stabilizing effect of the fuel and to promote the oxygen stabilization of the fuel.
  • the antioxidants are used in combination with other cetane improvers, octane improvers, etc., as well as promoting fuel combustion efficiency and reducing pollutant emissions.
  • Figure 1 is the ultraviolet absorption spectrum of octahydro ⁇
  • Figure 2 shows the ultraviolet absorption spectrum of hexahydro red.
  • the present invention relates to anti-UV oxidants, which are typically phytoene, hexahydropan Phytof luene, retinol, retinyl palmitate, retinyl stearate, o-, ⁇ -, ⁇ -fertility ( ⁇ - , ⁇ -, ⁇ -tocopherol ), their absorption of UV in organic solvents such as ethanol, chloroform and isooctane are shown in the following table:
  • ⁇ -tocopherol 290 As can be seen from the above table, the above compounds have strong absorption peaks around 290 nm and around 325 nm, and hexahydro red is also having absorption peaks near the legs 348 and 267.
  • Figure 1 and Figure 2 show the absorption spectra of phytoene red and hexahydro red, and it can be seen that the mixture of these two substances can absorb ultraviolet light in a large wavelength range.
  • UVA 315-400nm
  • UVB 280-315nm
  • UVC 150-280
  • UVA 315-400nm
  • UVB 280-315nm
  • UVC 150-280
  • the rest UVB
  • the above compounds are effective for absorbing ultraviolet light in sunlight.
  • an anti-UV oxidant with an absorption peak around 290 nm and an anti-UV oxidant with an absorption peak at 325-367 nm can absorb most of the ultraviolet light in the sunlight, thereby eliminating and suppressing the harm caused by ultraviolet light.
  • the ultraviolet light wavelength that can be effectively absorbed ranges from 260 to 375 nm.
  • the antioxidant activity of antioxidants can be determined by the DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl) test.
  • DPPH is a relatively stable free radical in liquid.
  • the absence of paired electrons in DPPH causes a peak at 515.
  • the absorption band of nm and makes the liquid dark purple.
  • an antioxidant ie, a free radical scavenger
  • no paired electrons are paired, and the absorption peak at 515 nm disappears, and the color fades with the addition of the antioxidant. This change in color reflects the amount of free electrons that are absorbed.
  • the ability of the antioxidant to eliminate free radicals is expressed as a semi-eliminating concentration (denoted as EC50 in g/kg DPPH), which is the concentration of antioxidant required to make a 50% DPPH reaction.
  • EC50 in g/kg DPPH concentration of antioxidant required to make a 50% DPPH reaction.
  • the antioxidant capacity of the antioxidant can be compared with the EC50 value of the standard and the EC50 of a standard such as tocopherol. Its EC50 value is smaller than the EC50 of the standard, and its antioxidant capacity is considered to be strong.
  • the amount of antioxidant capacity is also related to the time to reach the semi-elimination concentration (TEC50, min), which is the rate of antioxidant reaction. When it is less than 5 min, the anti-oxidation rate is considered to be very fast. If it is more than 30 min, the reaction is considered to be relatively high.
  • TEC50, min semi-elimination concentration
  • antioxidants such as EC50 tocopherol (vitamin E),, TEC50 and AE were 201 g / kgDPPH, 9. 05 min and 0 ⁇ 52 * 10-3.
  • the smoke point is measured in the smoke meter and is an indicator of the combustion performance of the reaction fuel.
  • the smoke meter works like an old-fashioned kerosene lamp, when the height of the wick is fixed, the height of the flame And the presence or absence of black smoke in the flame depends on the quality of the kerosene and the oxygen entering the combustion zone near the wick. When the oxygen is insufficient, black smoke is generated at the top of the flame and the flame is unstable. For a fixed oil, the amount of air can be adjusted until the black smoke just disappears, the flame is stable at this time, and the flame height is constant, and the measured flame height is called a smoke point.
  • Comparing the smoke point sizes of different fuels can compare the combustion performance of these fuels, and the lower the smoke point, the better the combustion performance.
  • the smoke point of aviation kerosene with ⁇ -carotene and tomato red is added.
  • 25% of the second is added to aviation kerosene. Toluene.
  • the preparation method of the ⁇ -carotene additive concentrate Take 0.3 g of the commercial ⁇ -carotene (30%), and slowly add it to 99. 7 g of a certain aviation kerosene, and then add Q. 05 g of B. Oxyquinoline ( ethoxy quino l ine ), and mixed evenly.
  • the cetane number of diesel or alternative products can be quickly and accurately measured using the US standard method. (ASTM D6890-3 and IP 498/03).
  • the table below shows the cetane number after adding different tomato red to automotive diesel.
  • the formula of the auxiliary concentrate is: 2-ethylhexyl nitrate, 133 g; xylene, 33 g; ethoxyquinoline, 0.2 g.
  • the combination of octahydro and hexahydro red from Dunaliella salina has a function of increasing the cetane number of diesel, which is more effective than the combination of octahydrogen and hexahydro red from tomatoes.
  • the effect of retinoid on the cetane number of diesel is basically equivalent to that of ⁇ -carotene, but it is slightly worse than tomato red from Dunaliella salina, and slightly better than tomato red from tomato.
  • the hydrocarbon fuel antioxidant provided by the present application includes a compound having a molecular structure of R1-(CnHm)-R2, wherein N and M are positive integers, and the (CnHm) group is 3 or more carbon atoms or less. 50 carbon atoms are covalently linked to a linear molecular fragment, R1 and R2 include an aromatic ring or a carboxylic acid or a hydroxyl or alkyl group, and the aromatic ring group may be monocyclic or polycyclic, or may contain oxygen or nitrogen.
  • the antioxidants include phytoene, hexahydro red (phytof luene), ret inol, ret inyl pa lmi tate, ret inyl s tearate and o —, ⁇ , ⁇ -fertility ( ⁇ -, ⁇ -, ⁇ -tocopherol).
  • the most preferred concentration range is 0. 8-10 mg/kg, most preferably, the concentration of the above-mentioned hydrocarbon fuel antioxidant is 0. 2 _50 mg (antioxidant) / kg (hydrocarbon fuel). The range is 1-5 mg/kg.
  • the hydrocarbon fuel antioxidant described in Example 6 may be used alone (as described in Example 5), or may be used in any combination and in any ratio, but a mixture of compounds having different ultraviolet absorption peaks is preferred, such as from a mixture of components selected from phytoene red and vitamin E (having an absorption peak near 290 nm) and a component selected from hexahydro red and vitamin A (having an absorption peak near 325 nm); for example, A mixture of hexahydro red tomato and octahydro red tomato, the mixing ratio is taken as 10: 1-1: 10.
  • various components in the following ratios can be used: Component Proportion
  • antioxidants described in the present application may be used in combination with any other antioxidant or heat stabilizer, including but not limited to phenolic antioxidants, amine antioxidants. Agents, aromatic antioxidants or various types of antioxidants derived from organisms that do not have significant UV absorption.
  • the antioxidant may be used in combination with other antioxidants or heat stabilizers in the following proportions:
  • the antioxidants described in the present application may also, but need not, be used with other types of combustion promoters such as cetane number improver, smoke point promoters.
  • a combustion promoter which can be used together includes 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (also known as 2-isohexyl nit rate), and the mixing ratio of the anti-oxidant and the combustion accelerator is not particularly limited, depending on the respective Depending on the amount of addition.
  • the hydrocarbon fuel antioxidant of the present application may optionally be added with other hydrocarbon fuel additives such as detergents, antiknock agents, pour point depressants, rust inhibitors, bactericides, antistatic agents ( Conduct ivi ty addi t ive ) and so on.
  • hydrocarbon fuel additives such as detergents, antiknock agents, pour point depressants, rust inhibitors, bactericides, antistatic agents ( Conduct ivi ty addi t ive ) and so on.
  • the use of the antioxidant does not affect the function of these additives. On the contrary, the addition of the antioxidant can increase the stability of these additives, and the mixing ratio is not particularly limited, depending on the respective optimum filling amount.

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Abstract

一种碳氢燃料抗氧化剂,包括具有如下分子结构的化合物、该化合物的前体或衍生物:R1-(CnHm)-R2,其中,n和m为正整数,-(CnHm)-基团为大于或等于3个、小于或等于50个碳原子共价连接组成的直链分子片段,R1和R2包括芳环或羧酸或羟基或烷基基团,芳环基团可以是单环或多环,也可以是含有氧或氮的杂环,可以带有取代基或不带有取代基,所述的抗氧化剂含有一个以上的直链或环状的由共轭双键构成的共轭键,该环状共轭双键处在位于端部的芳环上,直链共轭双键位于中部的碳链上,所述的抗氧化剂在250-400nm的紫外波长范围内有显著的吸收峰。所述碳氢燃料抗氧化剂包括类胡萝卜素、维生素A或维生素E。还提供该抗氧剂的应用及使用方法。所述抗氧剂能促进燃料的紫外光稳定作用,也能促进燃料的氧稳定作用,尤其是当其与十六烷值改进剂、辛烷值改进剂等添加剂联合使用时,能促进燃料的燃烧效率、降低污染物的排放。

Description

碳氢燃料抗氧化剂及其使用方法
技术领域
本发明申请涉及一种碳氢燃料抗氧化剂及其添加使用方法, 该抗氧化剂可 应用于汽油、 柴油、 燃料油、 生物质油、 润滑油和航空发动机油, 能够促进燃 料的光稳定性和氧稳定性, 并且起到促进燃料的燃烧效率和降低废气排放的作 用。
背景技术
众所皆知, 汽油、 柴油、 燃料油、 润滑油及生物柴油等碳氢燃料在生产、 运输、 储存过程中会受到空气中氧气和紫外线的氧化作用。 空气中的氧气通过 表面接触和混合会溶解到这些燃料中去, 在适当的物理或化学条件下这些氧气 会和周围的还原性物质发生氧化反应, 氧化反应会伴随着生成自由基(free radica l s ), 而自由基又会引起新的氧化反应从而启动某种链式反应。 在碳氢燃 料中存在着大量的饱和及不饱和烃类物质, 氧化反应所引发的链式反应会引起 它们发生聚合反应, 形成聚酯类 (res inous )化合物。 形成的聚酯化合物的性 质类似于油漆和沥青, 这种带韧性的聚酯物(g菌) 的积累会造成内燃机等燃料 利用系统的阀门粘结、 管路和过滤器堵塞从而影响其正常工作。 氧化作用还会 造成油料颜色变深, 出现浑浊等现象, 从而影响外观和使用功能。 此外, 在燃 料中添加的其它各类添加剂如抗凝剂、 润滑剂、 抗静电剂、 点火促进剂、 辛烷 值改进剂、 十六烷值改进剂、 抗氧剂等也会受到氧化作用而失去活性。
紫外线 (ul t ra violet )存在于自然光中, 它会造成许多有机化合物的分 解。 紫外线的分解作用同时也会带来氧化作用 (称为光氧化作用), 这是因为紫 外线的分解作用经常伴随着自由基的产生, 而自由基的产生造成链式的氧化反 应从而使得所照射到的材料发生退化和变性。
不同的碳氢燃料受到氧化包括光氧化作用影响的程度会有所不同, 美国专 利 US Pat No 7, 964, 002 B2 揭示加氢热解汽油和催化裂解汽油 (cracked gasoline )相比其它的碳氢燃料比较容易受到氧化及其沉积物作用的影响。
除了碳氢燃料容易受到氧化作用外, 其它类似的易受到氧化作用影响的工 业产品还有塑料和橡胶(引起老化), 脂肪(引起分解酸化), 变速箱和透平油 (会产生污泥沉积物), 香精香料(引起变味)和化妆品 (引起变色)等。
由于氧化作用的存在, 在碳氢燃料的生产和储运中往往要添加抗氧化剂 (antioxidants ) 来防止燃料因氧化作用而造成的负面影响。 已知的这类抗氧 化剂有天然的和人工合成的,它们包括某些酚类(如受阻酚( hindered phenol )、 邻苯二酚和对苯二酚等二酚等)、 酚以外的某些芳香族化合物和一些胺类化合 物。 已获得广泛使用的酚类抗氧剂有受阻酚, 如 2, 6-二叔丁基-异苯酚 ( 2, 6- di- tert- butylisophenol )及其衍生物, 如 3, 5 -二叔丁基- 4 -羟基苯甲 基氯 ( 3, 5-di-ter t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl chloride ), 3, 5 -二叔丁基 _4_ 羟基苯甲基醇 ( 3, 5_di_tert - butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol ) , 甲基 _3_ ( 3 , 5 - 二 叔 丁 基 _4_ 羟 基 苯 甲 基 ) 丙 酸 ( methyl-3- (3, 5-di-ter t-butyl-4-hydroxylphenyl) -propionate ) , 2 , 6- 二叔丁基-对甲苯酚( 2, 6_di_tert_buty paracresol ), 2, 4_二甲基 _6 -叔丁 基酚( 2, 4-dimethyl-6-tert-butyl phenol ); 芳香族化合物类抗氧剂有二甲 基羟基甲苯( butylated hydroxyl toluene, 它是一种 Vitamine E的相似物) 和 p分^1秦 ( henothiazines )等; 胺类抗氧剂有对苯二胺 ( henylenediamine (PDA) ), 二笨胺 ( diphenylamine ) , 二茶胺 ( dinaphthylamines ) , 和笨茶 胺 ( henylnaphthylamines ), 亚胺二千 ( imino ( bisbenzyl )等,它们可以是 含取代基或不含取代基的)。 美国专利 (US Pat No 7,964, 002 B2 )披露了用于 生物柴油等碳氢燃料的抗氧剂,它们由至少一种的芳香二胺 (aromatic diamine) 和至少一种在空间上受分隔的二纷(sterically hindered phenols)混合所组 成。
美国专利 (US Pat No 3026264, 3211652, 3297575 )揭示了一些酚类抗氧 剂, 它们的分子结构中间含有一个亚甲基桥(methylene bridges )。 美国专利 (US Pat No 4222884 )揭示了一种中间含有一个由 1-10 个由亚甲基桥连接的 烃基酚单元 (hydrocarbyl phenol units )所组成的片段, 在其两端含有 3, 5_ 二烃基 -4-羟基-苯甲基 ( 3, 5- dihydrocarbyl- 4- hydroxy- benzyl )基团。
在研究生物细胞的氧化和抗氧化作用中已经发现了许多高效的抗氧化分 子, 它们包括水溶性的抗坏血酸( ascorbic acid, 维生素 0、 谷胱甘肽 ( glutathione ), 类脂酸(lipoid acid), 尿酸(uric acid), 低聚原花青素 ( oligomeric proanthocyanidins )和油溶性的类胡萝卜素 ( carotenoids ) ( β -胡萝卜素( β -carotene )和视黄醇( retinol, 维生素 A)、 生育纷( tocopherol , 维生素 E)、 泛醌(ubiquinol, 辅酶 Q)、 叶绿体( chlorophyl 1 )、 有机疏化 物 ( organic sulphur compounds )等。 这些抗氧剂在体内往往只需极低的浓度 (数 mg/L)便能起到很好的抗氧效果。 但是它们中的许多在离体后不稳定, 在 光和氧的存在下易受到氧化而失去活力, 这些化合物在碳氢燃料中用作抗氧剂 的方法还没有专利文献述及。 美国专利 ( US2005/0160662A1、 US5826369 , US2010/0223841 A1 )揭示了用胡萝卜素( carotenes )和叶绿素( chlorophyll ) 等带有共轭双键 ( conjugated double band) 的化合物来提高碳氢燃料的燃烧 效率和降低气体排放, 提高柴油的十六烷值和燃烧烟点的方法。 但是这些专利 并无述及其促进燃烧的作用机理, 也无涉及这些化合物的抗氧化作用。 抗氧剂的抗氧作用机理大多是通过抗氧剂自身被氧化而让自由基淬灭, 即 从自由基吸收没有配对的自由电子, 从而使得自由基得到清除, 化解氧化剂的 氧化作用 。 有些抗氧化剂 , 如 2 , 6-二叔丁基异苯酚 ( 2 , 6-di-ter t-butyl i sophenol ) 和 2 , 4- 二 甲 基 -6 叔 丁 基 苯 纷 ( 2, 4-dimethyl-6-ter t-butylpheno l ), 它们本身不能吸收紫外光线, 但可以 不受到紫外线的光氧化作用, 在紫外光的作用下仍然能发挥抗氧化作用, 因而 已经被用作塑料橡胶制品、 护肤用品等工业产品的光稳定剂。 但是由于它们本 身不能吸收紫外光, 它们的防御紫外线的作用是被动的和緩慢的, 传统的抗氧 剂普遍不具备抗紫外线氧化的能力, 这就严重影响了它们抗氧化的效果。 美国 专利 (US Pat No 7, 906, 684 B2 )揭示了一种用于护肤品的防紫外线照射的紫 外线吸收剂, 它们由亚甲基、 羟基或酮基取代的亚甲基、 或几个这样的亚甲基 的连接片段桥接(形成空间分隔) 两个芳环基团所组成的有机化合物。
综上所述, 现有的碳氢燃料抗氧化剂缺乏吸收紫外线并能有效抵抗和抑制 光氧化的能力。 在生产实际中需要更有效的抗氧剂, 能够吸收并抵抗紫外光氧 化, 并同时能促进碳氢燃料的燃烧效率, 降低污染物排放。
发明内容
本发明申请即是针对目前碳氢燃料抗氧化剂存在的上述缺陷, 提供了一种 新的用于碳氢燃料的抗氧化剂, 该抗氧化剂具有良好的吸收紫外光和抵抗紫外 光氧化的能力, 并具有能够抑制来自空气的氧的氧化、 促进燃料的燃烧效率、 降低污染物的排放等优点, 本发明申请还包括这类新氧化剂的使用方法。
本发明申请的一个目的是提供一种碳氢燃料抗氧化剂, 该目的是通过下述 的技术方案来实现的:
本发明申请所述的一种碳氢燃料抗氧化剂, 包括具有如下分子结构的化合 物、 该化合物的前体或衍生物, 所述的分子结构为: Rl- (CnHm) -R2 , 其中, N 和 M为正整数, (CnHm)基团为大于等于 3个碳原子、 小于等于 50个碳原子共价 连接组成的直链分子片断, R1和 R2包括芳环或羧酸或羟基或烷基基团, 芳环 基团可以是单环或多环, 也可以是含有氧或氮的杂环, 可以带有取代基或不带 有取代基, 所述的抗氧化剂含有一个以上的直链或环状的由共轭双键构成的共 轭键, 该环状共轭双键处在位于端部的芳环上, 直链共轭双键位于中部的碳链 上, 所述的抗氧化剂在 250-400 nm的紫外波长范围内有显著的吸收峰。
进一步的, 所述的碳氢燃料抗氧化剂的(CnHm)基团中, 连接碳原子的共价 键包括饱和键、 不饱和键或饱和键与不饱和键混杂, 除了 C-C或 C=C键外, 碳 原子周围的自由电子被氢原子所饱和, 部分氢原子可以被甲基、 羟基或羰基基 团取代。
进一步的,所述的碳氢燃料抗氧化剂包括类胡萝卜素、维生素 A或维生素 E。 更进一步的, 典型的这类化合物包括: 以八氢番茄红(phytoene )或六氢 番茄红(phytof luene)为代表的类胡萝卜素; 以视黄醇( ret inol ), 视黄醇棕榈 酸酯 (ret inyl pa lmi tate )或视黄醇硬脂酸 ( ret inyl s tearate)为代表的维 生素 A; 和以 a -、 β -、 γ -生育纷( a -、 β -、 γ - tocopherol )为代表的维生 素 E。
上述化合物可以是从植物、 藻类或其它生物材料中提取的天然物, 包括较 纯净的精提物或纯度不高的粗提物, 也可以是人工合成物, 它们通常溶于乙醇、 异辛烷( i sooctane )、 氯仿等有机溶剂中。
本发明申请还提供所述的碳氢燃料抗氧化剂作为碳氢燃料添加剂的应用。 本发明申请还提供上述碳氢燃料抗氧化剂的使用方法, 所述的碳氢燃料抗 氧化剂可以以 0· 2-50 mg (抗氧化剂 ) /kg (碳氢燃料) 的浓度加入碳氢燃料中, 较优选的浓度范围为 0. 8-10 mg/kg, 最优选的范围为 1-5 mg/kg。
进一步的, 所述的碳氢燃料抗氧化剂可以单独使用也可以以任何组合方式 和比例混合使用, 但优选具有不同紫外吸收峰的化合物所组成的混合物, 例如 为具有两种不同紫外吸收峰的化合物所组成的混合物, 如从八氢番茄红和维生 素 E中选取的组分(在 290nm附近有吸收峰)和从六氢番茄红和维生素 A中选 择的组分(在 325nm 附近有吸收峰)所组成的混合物; 例如, 以六氢番茄红和 八氢番茄红所组成的混合物, 混合比例取为 10: 1-1: 10。
本发明申请的另一个目的是提供上述碳氢燃料抗氧化剂的使用方法, 所述 的抗氧化剂可以和其它任何抗氧化剂或热稳定剂联合使用。
所述的可以一起使用的抗氧化剂包括但不限于酚类抗氧化剂、 胺类抗氧化 剂、 芳香族化合物类抗氧化剂或各类源于生物体的但没有明显紫外线吸收效果 的抗氧剂一起使用。
酚类抗氧化剂如受阻酚( 2 , 6 -二叔丁基酚( 2, 6-d i-ter t-butylpheno l )、 4 -甲基 -2 , 6 -二叔丁基纷( 4-methyl-2, 6-di - ter t-butylphenol ), 2 , 4 -二 甲基- 6-叔丁基酚( 2, 4- dimethyl- 6- ter t- butylphenol ) ), 亚甲基桥连的多烃 基纷 ( methylene br idged polya lkylphenol s ) (如 4-4, -亚甲基二 ( 2 , 6 -二 叔丁基纷)(4, 4, -methylenebi s (2, 6-di-ter t-butylphenol) )和二纷等。
胺类抗氧 4匕剂^口 n, n,—二笨基对笨二胺 ( n, n, -d iphenylphenylenedi amine )■ p - 辛基二 苯胺 ( -octy Id i phenyl amine ) , p, p_二 辛 基二 苯胺
( , p-dioctyldiphenylamine ), n -笨基 _1 -茶胺 ( n-phenyl-l-naph thy 1 amine )■ n -苯基 _2 -萘胺 ( n-phenyl-2-naphthylamine ) , n_ (p -十二基)苯基 _2 -萘胺
( n- (p-dodecyl) phenyl-2-naph thy 1 amine ), 二- 1 -茶胺 ( di-l-naph thy 1 amine )■ 二- 2 -茶胺 ( di_2_naphthylamine ) , 亚胺二苄, 环烷基二低烷基胺 ( cycloalkyl-di-lower alkyl amines ), 笨二胺 ( henylenediamines ), n, n' -二低坑基笨二胺 ( n, n' -di-lower-alkyl phenylenediamines ) 如 n, n, —二 仲丁基 _P_笨二胺 ( n, n' -di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenedi amine )等。
其它的芳香族化合物类抗氧化剂如 p分噻嗪、 喹啉 ( quinolines )和由亚甲 基或多亚甲基组成的亚甲基片断、 羟基或酮基取代的亚甲基或多亚甲基片断, 或氧原子桥接的双芳环化合物。 其中以喹啉, 受阻酚和一些二胺抗氧剂为优先 选择。 胡萝卜素( carotenoids )、 β -胡萝卜素( β -carotene )、视黄醇( ret inol , 又 称维生素 A)、 生育纷 ( tocopherol, 维生素 E ), 泛醌 ( ubiquinol, 又称辅 醉 Q) , 叶绿体 (chlorophyll ), 有机石克化物 ( organic sulphur compounds ) 等;水溶性的抗坏血酸( ascorbic acid, 维生素 C)、 谷胱甘肽( glutathione )、 类脂酸( lipoid acid ), 尿酸(uric acid )、 低聚原花青素 (oligomeric proanthocyanidins )等。
当本发明的抗氧化剂和这些已有的抗氧化剂联合使用时, 混合添加比例可 取 1: 10-10: 1, 其中以 2: 1-1: 2的范围为优先选择。
作为另一种选择, 本发明申请所述的抗氧化剂还可以 (但不是必须)和其 它的各类燃烧促进剂如十六烷值改进剂 (cetane number improver ), 烟点促进 剂一起使用。 可以一起使用的这类燃烧促进剂还包括 2-乙基己基硝酸盐 (2-ethylhexyl nitrate, 亦叫 2-硝酸异辛酯), 对抗氧化剂和燃烧促进剂的混 合比例没有特别限定, 视各自的最佳添加量而定。
本发明所涉及的碳氢燃料抗氧剂的使用, 也可以选择性地加入其它碳氢燃 料的添加剂如清净剂、 抗爆剂、 倾点抑制剂、 防锈剂、 杀菌剂、 抗静电剂
( conduct ivi ty addi t ive ) 中的一种或几种的混合物。 抗氧剂的使用并不会影 响这些添加剂使用功能, 相反, 抗氧剂的添加可以增加这些添加剂的稳定性, 混合比例没有特别限定, 视各自的最佳添加量而定。
本发明申请所述的抗氧化剂可以有效地降低紫外光对碳氢燃料及其各类添 加剂的光氧化作用, 在没有紫外光照射的时候也能起到很好的抗氧作用, 因此 可以大大增加抗氧剂的作用范围, 使其既能起到促进燃料的光稳定作用, 又能 起到促进燃料的氧稳定作用。 所述的抗氧化剂尤其是和其它的十六烷值改进剂、 辛烷值改进剂等联合使用, 还有促进燃料的燃烧效率、 降低污染物的排放等功 效。
附图说明
图 1为八氢番茄红的紫外线吸收光谱;
图 2为六氢番茄红的紫外线吸收光谱。
具体实施方式
以下结合具体的实施方式, 对本发明申请所述的抗氧化剂进行描述, 目的 是为了公众更好的理解本发明申请所述的技术方案, 而不是对所述技术内容的 限制, 在以本领域技术人员熟知的原理和规律, 对具有上述分子结构的抗氧化 剂进行的适当修饰和添加所得到的衍生物, 以及对所述抗氧化剂使用方法进行 的改进, 以实现基本相同的技术效果为目的, 则都在本发明申请所要求保护的 技术方案之内。
实施例 1
本发明涉及抗紫外线氧化剂, 其典型的如八氢番茄红(phytoene )、 六氢番 茄红(phytof luene) ,视黄醇(retinol ),视黄醇棕榈酸酯( ret inyl palmitate ), 视黄醇硬脂酸( retinyl stearate) , o -、 β -、 γ -生育纷( α-、 β -、 γ -tocopherol ), 它们在乙醇, 氯仿和异辛烷等有机溶剂中对 UV的吸收见下表:
化合物 最大紫外光吸收峰 (nm)
八氢番 红 ( phytoene ) 288
六氢番 红 ( phytof luene ) 330, 348, 367
视黄醇 ( retinol ) 325
视黄醇椋榈酸酯(retinyl palmitate) 325
视黄醇硬脂酸(retinyl stearate) 325
oc-生育臉 ( -tocopherol ) 290
β -生育 ( β -tocopherol ) 290
γ-生育 ( γ -tocopherol ) 290 由上表可知, 上述化合物在 290 nm附近和 325 nm附近有很强的吸收峰, 其中六氢番茄红在 348和 267腿附近也有吸收峰。
图 1和图 2所显示的是八氢番茄红和六氢番茄红的吸收光谱, 可以看出这 两种物质的混合物可以吸收艮大波长范围内的紫外光。
紫外光根据波长可分为 UVA( 315- 400nm)、UVB( 280- 315nm )和 UVC( 150-280 ), 由于到达地球表面的紫外光中 98.7%是1^^, 其余的绝大部分是 UVB, 显然上述 化合物能有效地吸收阳光中的紫外光。 尤其是吸收峰在 290 nm附近的抗 UV氧 化剂和吸收峰在 325-367nm的抗 UV氧化剂混合使用, 就可以吸收阳光中大部分 的紫外光, 从而消除和抑制紫外光所带来的危害。 当使用八氢番茄红和六氢番 茄红的组合时, 能有效吸收的紫外光波长范围为 260-375nm。 实施例 2
抗氧化剂的抗氧化作用可以用 DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl)试 验来测定, DPPH是一种在液体中较为稳定的自由基, DPPH中没有得到配对的电 子会造成一个峰值位于 515 nm的吸收带, 并且使得液体呈暗紫色。 当有抗氧剂 (即自由基清除剂)存在时, 无配对电子得以配对, 515nm处的吸收峰便会随之 消失, 颜色也会随着抗氧剂的加入而发生消退。 这种颜色上的变化反应了自由 电子被吸收的数量。 抗氧剂消除自由基的能力用半消除浓度(记作 EC50 , 单位 为 g/kg DPPH )来表示, 即使得 50%的 DPPH反应所需要的抗氧剂的浓度。 抗氧 剂的 EC50值越低则其清除自由基即抗氧化性能力越强, 评价该抗氧化剂的抗氧 化能力可以巴它的 EC50值和标准物如维生素 E ( tocopherol ) 的 EC50来比较, 当其 EC50值比标准物的 EC50小, 则认为它的抗氧化能力较强。
抗氧化能力的大小还和达到半消除浓度的时间 (TEC50 , min )有关, 这个 时间反应的是抗氧化反应的速度。 当它小于 5 min就认为抗氧化速度很快, 如 大于 30 min则认为反应较†曼。
抗氧化剂的抗氧化效率( AE )可用下列表达式来计算: AE = 1/ ( EC50*TEC50 ); 低的 AE小于 1 * 10— 4, 而中等的 AE在 1-2*10— 4之间, 大的 AE值则大于 20* 10— 4
本发明申请所述的抗氧化剂如生育酚(维生素 E ) 的 EC50 , TEC50 和 AE分 别为 201 g/kgDPPH, 9. 05 min 和 0· 52* 10— 3
实施例 3
烟点 (smoke point )是在烟点仪中所测得的, 是反应燃料的燃烧性能的一 个指标。 烟点仪的工作原理类似老式煤油灯, 当灯芯的高度固定, 火焰的高度 及火焰有无黑烟取决于煤油的质量和进入灯芯附近燃烧区的氧气, 当氧气不足 时火焰顶部会产生黑烟并且火焰不稳定。 对于一种固定的油料, 可以调节空气 量至黑烟刚好消失, 此时的火焰稳定, 并且火焰高度恒定, 此时所测得的火焰 高度称作烟点。 比较不同燃料的烟点大小可以比较这些燃料的燃烧性能, 烟点 越低则燃烧性能越好。 下表中为添加有 β -胡萝卜素和番茄红的航空煤油的烟点, 为了更好地显示 β -胡萝卜素和番茄红队煤油烟点的影响, 在航空煤油中预先加入了 25%的二甲 苯。
β -胡萝卜素添加剂浓缩液的配制方法: 取 0. 3 克商品化的 β -胡萝卜素 ( 30% ), 将其慢慢加入到 99. 7 克某航空煤油, 再加入 Q. 05 克的乙氧基喹啉 ( ethoxy quino l ine ), 并混合均匀。 八氢番茄红和六氢番茄红混合浓缩液配制 方法:八氢番茄红和六氢番茄红混合试样中含八氢番茄红和六氢番茄红 1 mg/mL , 取 0. 3克这样的混合试样, 将其慢慢加入到 99. 7克某航空煤油, 并混合均匀。 从表中可以看出, 添加八氢 /六氢番茄红后, 航空煤油的烟点为 25 匪, 对 照没有添加番茄红的航空煤油的烟点提高了 2 匪, 而添加 β -胡萝卜素的航空煤 油, 其烟点对照无添加剂的烟点则无明显变化。 试样 烟点 ( mm )
航空煤油 (含 25%二甲苯) 23
200 g航空煤油 (含 25%二甲苯) + 1. 2 g β _胡萝卜 23
素添加剂浓缩液
200 g航空煤油 (含 25%二甲苯) + 1. 2 g八氢 /六氢番 25
茄红混合浓缩液 实施例 4
利用 Advanced Engine Technology Ltd的自动点火质量实验机 ( automated i gni t ion qua l i ty tes ter (IQT™) )可以快速准确地测量柴油或替代产品的十 六烷值, 该实验机采用了美国标准方法 (ASTM D6890-3和 IP 498/03 )。 下表为 汽车柴油添加不同的番茄红后的十六烷值。
辅助浓缩液的配方为: 2-乙基己基硝酸盐, 133克; 二甲苯, 33克; 乙氧基 喹啉, 0. 2 克。
先在辅助浓缩液中配成 1000倍的浓缩抗氧剂液, 然后在 200 g柴油中依次 加入 0. 2克浓缩抗氧剂液, 配成如表中所示的各种添加配方, 其中 β -胡萝卜素 购自 S igma-Aldr ich, IBR+AAC®、 IBR+CLC®、 IBR+CLCR®浓缩、 和 IBR+TCLC®购 自 IBR Ltd, IBR+AAC®含有 0. 035mg/ml来自杜氏盐藻的八氢和六氢番茄素及少 量 β -胡萝卜素、 IBR+CLC®含有 0. 023mg/ml的来自杜氏盐藻的八氢和六氢番茄 红、 IBR+CLCR®浓缩含有 lmg/ml的来自杜氏盐藻的八氢和六氢番茄红、 IBR+TCLC® 含有 0. 74mg/ml的来自西红柿的八氢和六氢番茄红。
从表中可以看出, 来自于杜氏盐藻的八氢和六氢番茄红的组合具有提高柴 油十六烷值的功能, 它们比来自于西红柿的八氢和六氢番茄红的组合更有效。 视黄素提高柴油十六烷值的作用于 β -胡萝卜素基本相当, 但比来自杜氏盐藻的 番茄红差, 比来自西红柿的番茄红略好。
样品 十六烷值 ( DCN ) ) 柴油 47. 01 200g 柴油 + Q. 2 g辅助浓缩液 51. 21
200g 柴油 + 0. 2g辅助浓缩液 + 0. 21mg β -胡萝卜素 51. 41
200g 柴油 + 0. 2g辅助浓缩液 + 6 ml lBR+AAC® 52. 23
200g 柴油 + 0. 2g辅助浓缩液 + 9 ml lBR+CLC® 52. 66
200g 柴油 + 0. 2g辅助浓缩液 + 0. 21ml IBR+CLCR®浓缩 51. 55
200g 柴油 + 0. 2g辅助浓缩液 + 0. 28ml IBR+TCLC® 51. 29
200g 柴油 + 0. 2g辅助浓缩液 + 0. 21 mg视黄醇 51. 56
实施例 5
本发明申请提供的碳氢燃料抗氧化剂, 包括具有分子结构为 Rl- (CnHm) -R2 的化合物, 其中, N和 M为正整数, (CnHm)基团为大于等于 3个碳原子、 小于等 于 50个碳原子共价连接组成的直链分子片断, R1和 R2包括芳环或羧酸或羟基 或烷基基团, 芳环基团可以是单环或多环, 也可以是含有氧或氮的杂环, 可以 带有取代基或不带有取代基, 所述的抗氧化剂含有一个以上的直链或环状的由 共轭双键构成的共轭键, 该环状共轭双键处在位于端部的芳环上, 直链共轭双 键位于中部的碳链上, 所述的抗氧化剂在 250-400 nm的紫外波长范围内有显著 的吸收峰; 进一步的, 所述的碳氢燃料抗氧化剂的(CnHm)基团中, 连接碳原子 的共价键包括饱和键、 不饱和键或饱和键与不饱和键混杂, 除了 C-C或 C=C键 外, 碳原子周围的自由电子被氢原子所饱和, 部分氢原子可以被甲基、 羟基或 羰基基团取代。
例如, 所述的抗氧化剂包括八氢番茄红 ( phytoene )、 六氢番茄红 (phytof luene) , 视黄 S享(ret inol )、 视黄 S享宗 4罔酸酯 ( ret inyl pa lmi tate ), 视黄醇硬脂酸( ret inyl s tearate)和 o —、 β―、 γ—生育纷( α—、 β―、 γ -tocopherol )。 上述的碳氢燃料抗氧化剂可以以 0. 2_50 mg (抗氧化剂) /kg (碳氢燃料) 的浓度加入碳氢燃料中, 较优选的浓度范围为 0. 8-10 mg/kg, 最优选的范围为 1-5 mg/kg。
实施例 6 所述的碳氢燃料抗氧化剂可以单独使用 (如实施例 5所述), 也可以以任何 组合方式和比例混合使用, 但优选具有不同紫外吸收峰的化合物所组成的混合 物, 如从八氢番茄红和维生素 E中选取的组分(在 290nm附近有吸收峰)和从 六氢番茄红和维生素 A中选择的组分(在 325nm附近有吸收峰)所组成的混合 物; 例如, 以六氢番茄红和八氢番茄红所组成的混合物, 混合比例取为 10: 1-1: 10。 例如, 可以采用以下比例的各种组分: 组分 比例
八氢番茄红 + α -生育酚 10: 1
六氢番茄红 +视黄醇 1: 10
六氢番茄红 +八氢番茄红 3: 6
实施例 7 本发明申请所述的抗氧化剂可以和其它任何抗氧化剂或热稳定剂联合使 用, 所述的可以一起使用的抗氧化剂包括但不限于酚类抗氧化剂、 胺类抗氧化 剂、 芳香族化合物类抗氧化剂或各类源于生物体的但没有明显紫外线吸收效果 的抗氧剂一起使用。 例如, 所述的抗氧化剂可以以下述的比例与其他抗氧化剂或热稳定剂联合 使用: 组分 比例
八氢番茄红 +2 , 6-二叔丁基酚 10: 1
视黄醇 +n,n, -二苯基对苯二胺 1: 10
β -生育酚 +喹啉 1: 2
六氢番茄红 +谷胱甘肽 2: 1
实施例 8 本发明申请所述的抗氧化剂还可以 (但不是必须)和其它的各类燃烧促进 剂如十六坑值促进剂 (cetane number improver ), 烟点促进剂一起使用。 可以 一起使用的这类燃烧促进剂包括 2 -乙基己基硝酸盐 (2_ethylhexyl ni t rate , 亦叫 2-硝酸异辛酯), 对抗氧化剂和燃烧促进剂的混合比例没有特别限定,视各 自的最佳添加量而定。
实施例 9 本发明申请所述的碳氢燃料抗氧剂可以选择性地加入其它碳氢燃料的添加 剂如清净剂、 抗爆剂、 倾点抑制剂、 防锈剂、 杀菌剂、 抗静电剂 (conduct ivi ty addi t ive )等。 抗氧剂的使用并不会影响这些添加剂使用功能, 相反, 抗氧剂 的添加可以增加这些添加剂的稳定性, 混合比例没有特别限定, 视各自的最佳 添力口量而定。

Claims

1、 一种碳氢燃料抗氧化剂, 其特征在于: 所述的碳氢燃料抗氧化剂包括具 有: Rl- (CnHm) -R2分子结构的化合物、 该化合物的前体或衍生物, 其中, n和 m 为正整数, (CnHm)基团为大于等于 3个碳原子、 小于等于 50个碳原子共价连接 组成的直链分子片断, R1和 R2包括芳环或羧酸或羟基或烷基基团, 芳环基团 可以是单环或多环, 也可以是含有氧或氮的杂环, 可以带有取代基或不带有取 代基, 所述的抗氧化剂含有一个以上的直链或环状的由共轭双键构成的共轭键, 该环状共轭双键处在位于端部的芳环上, 直链共轭双键位于中部的碳链上, 所 述的抗氧化剂在 250-400 nm的紫外波长范围内有显著的吸收峰。
2、 根据权利要求 1所述的碳氢燃料抗氧化剂, 其特征在于: 所述的碳氢燃 料抗氧化剂的(CnHm)基团中, 连接碳原子的共价键包括饱和键、 不饱和键或饱 和键与不饱和键混杂, 除了 C-C或 C=C键外, 碳原子周围的自由电子被氢原子 所饱和, 部分氢原子可以被甲基、 羟基或羰基基团取代。
3、 根据权利要求 1或 2所述的碳氢燃料抗氧化剂, 其特征在于: 所述的碳 氢燃料抗氧化剂包括类胡萝卜素、 维生素 A或维生素 E。
4、 根据权利要求 3所述的碳氢燃料抗氧化剂, 其特征在于: 所述的类胡萝 卜素包括八氢番茄红或六氢番茄红; 所述的维生素 A 包括视黄醇、 视黄醇棕榈 酸酯或视黄醇硬脂酸;所述的维生素 E包括 a -生育酚、 β -生育酚或 γ -生育酚。
5、 权利要求 1-4所述的碳氢燃料抗氧化剂作为碳氢燃料添加剂的应用。
6、 根据权利要求 5所述的应用, 其特征在于: 所述的碳氢燃料抗氧化剂以 0. 2-50 mg (抗氧化剂 ) /kg (碳氢燃料) 的浓度加入碳氢燃料中。
7、 根据权利要求 6所述的应用, 其特征在于: 所述的碳氢燃料抗氧化剂以 0. 8-10 mg/kg的浓度加入碳氢燃料中。
8、 根据权利要求 7所述的应用, 其特征在于: 所述的碳氢燃料抗氧化剂以 1-5 mg/kg的浓度加入碳氢燃料中。
9、 根据权利要求 5所述的应用, 其特征在于: 所述的碳氢燃料抗氧化剂单 独添加入碳氢燃料中。
1 0、 根据权利要求 5 所述的应用, 其特征在于: 所述的碳氢燃料抗氧化剂 混合添加入碳氢燃料中。
1 1、 根据权利要求 10所述的应用, 其特征在于: 所述的碳氢燃料抗氧化剂 为具有不同紫外吸收峰的化合物所组成的混合物。
12、 根据权利要求 11所述的应用, 其特征在于: 所述的碳氢燃料抗氧化剂 为具有两种不同紫外吸收峰的化合物所组成的混合物。
1 3、 根据权利要求 12所述的应用, 其特征在于: 所述的碳氢燃料抗氧化剂 的混合比例为 10: 1-1: 10。
14、 权利要求 1-4 所述的碳氢燃料抗氧化剂的使用方法, 其特征在于: 所 述的抗氧化剂和其它抗氧化剂或热稳定剂联合使用。
15、 权利要求 14所述的碳氢燃料抗氧化剂的使用方法, 其特征在于: 所述 的其它抗氧化剂包括酚类抗氧化剂、 胺类抗氧化剂、 芳香族化合物类抗氧化剂
16、 权利要求 15所述的碳氢燃料抗氧化剂的使用方法, 其特征在于: 所述 酚类抗氧化剂包括受阻酚、 4-甲基 -2 , 6-二叔丁基酚、 2 , 4-二甲基 -6-叔丁基 酚、 亚甲基桥连的多烃基酚或二酚。
17、 权利要求 15所述的碳氢燃料抗氧化剂的使用方法, 其特征在于: 所述 胺类抗氧化剂包括 n,n, -二苯基对苯二胺、 P-辛基二苯胺、 p,p-二辛基二苯胺、 n-苯基- 1-萘胺、 n-苯基- 2-萘胺、 n- (p-十二基)苯基- 2-萘胺、 二- 1-萘胺、 二 _2_萘胺、 亚胺二苄、 环烷基二低烷基胺、 苯二胺、 n,n, -二低烷基苯二胺、 或 η, η' -二仲丁基 _ρ -苯二胺。
18、 权利要求 15所述的碳氢燃料抗氧化剂的使用方法, 其特征在于: 所述 的芳香族化合物类抗氧化剂包括喻噻嗪、 喹啉、 由亚甲基或多亚甲基组成的亚 甲基片断、 羟基或酮基取代的亚甲基或多亚甲基片断、 或氧原子桥接的双芳环 化合物。
19、 权利要求 15所述的碳氢燃料抗氧化剂的使用方法, 其特征在于: 所述 的源于生物体的但没有明显紫外线吸收效果的抗氧剂包括脂溶性的类胡萝卜 素、 β -胡萝卜素、 视黄醇、 生育酚、 泛醌、 叶绿体、 有机硫化物、 水溶性的 抗坏血酸、 谷胱甘肽、 类脂酸、 尿酸或低聚原花青素。
20、 权利要求 15所述的碳氢燃料抗氧化剂的使用方法, 其特征在于: 所述 的碳氢燃料抗氧化剂与酚类抗氧化剂、 胺类抗氧化剂、 芳香族化合物类抗氧化
1 0-10: 1。
21、 权利要求 20所述的碳氢燃料抗氧化剂的使用方法, 其特征在于: 所述 的碳氢燃料抗氧化剂与酚类抗氧化剂、 胺类抗氧化剂、 芳香族化合物类抗氧化 剂或源于生物体的但没有明显紫外线吸收效果的抗氧剂的混合添加比例为 2 : 1-1: 2。
22、 权利要求 1-4 所述的碳氢燃料抗氧化剂的使用方法, 其特征在于: 所 述的碳氢燃料抗氧化剂与燃烧促进剂或烟点促进剂一起使用。
23、 权利要求 22所述的碳氢燃料抗氧化剂的使用方法, 其特征在于: 所述 的燃烧促进剂包括 2-乙基己基硝酸盐。
24、 权利要求 1-4 所述的碳氢燃料抗氧化剂的使用方法, 其特征在于: 所 述的碳氢燃料抗氧剂可以选择性地加入清净剂、 抗爆剂、 倾点抑制剂、 防锈剂、 杀菌剂或抗静电剂中的一种或几种的混合物。
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